Dr. Bob Bors Department of Plant Sciences€¦ · Dr. Bob Bors Department of Plant Sciences....
Transcript of Dr. Bob Bors Department of Plant Sciences€¦ · Dr. Bob Bors Department of Plant Sciences....
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Dr. Bob Bors
Department of
Plant Sciences
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Outline of talk
�Introduction
� Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
� Haskaps Saskatoons Dwarf Sour Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
� Conclusion
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Outline of talk
� Introduction
�Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
� Haskaps Saskatoons Dwarf Sour Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
� Conclusion
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Key Concept:
Mechanized harvesting can be
higher quality than hand picked
� Fewer hands are touching fruit
� Fruit can be allowed to fully ripen
� Can harvest at night when temperatures are lower� Most Saskatoon growers
do this, their fruit ripens during hottest time of summer!
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Key Concept:
It’s harder to find pickers
�Especially rural areas
�Young people often avoid it
� In BC they attract kids from colder provinces
� Immigrant Workers
�Paperwork
�Prefer to go to places with a longer growing season (make work?)
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Key Concept:
Varieties for Mechanized
harvesting need certain
characteristics
�Fruit
�Durable (or be processed quickly)
�Optimum fruit retention force
�Uniform ripening
�Plants
�Flexible branches
�Proper canopy shape
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Purple colored fruits often look
ready a few days before they
are ripe
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Uneven ripening is made
worse by:
�Machine Harvesting once instead of
several times
�Common if grower relies on someone
else’s harvester
�Grower has several varieties
�Vibration Settings too fast, pulls off
unripe fruit
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Uneven ripening is made
worse by:
�Poor light penetration from not pruning
�Fluctuating temperatures at bloom
�A cool season
�Having seedlings instead of clones
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Uneven ripening
solutions:
�Hand sorting
�Electronic color
sorting
�Processing
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Uneven ripening
solutions:
�Harvest twice but lower vibration
�Less unripe berries come off
�Ethylene?
�U-Pick/machine combo
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Key Concept:
Potential for diseases to spread
�There is always some branch and leaf injury
� Which machines and settings cause more injury? Take it slow?
�Machines will spread disease, if it is there
� Strategies?
� Prune or spray after harvest
� Sanitation
� Grants to plant pathologists
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Key Concept:
Upright Harvester characteristics
�Greater fruit loss
�Greater fruit damage
�Less plant damage
�Best with single
trunks and upright
canopy
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Key Concept:
Sideways harvester characteristics
�Less fruit loss
�Less fruit damage
�More plant damage
�Best with multiple trunks and spreading canopy
�Can pick up fruit closer to ground
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Key Concept:
Ag Economists claim that 40
acres of fruit justifies buying a
mechanical harvester
�Based on Saskatoon berry industry studies
�Hand-picking expenses can be ½ the final price
�Could share among smaller farms?
�Lower end new ~40K?
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Outline of talk
� Introduction
� Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
� Haskaps Saskatoons Dwarf Sour Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
� Conclusion
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Building a repertoire
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Building a repertoire
crops that go well together
�Use the same harvester but have different
ripening seasons
�Similar pruning and training
�Can be made into similar products
�Similar processing equipment
�Simpler marketing
�Same customers
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Building a repertoire
crops that go well together
�Better use of equipment and facilities
�Spreads cost
�Steady work for employees
�Better cash flow
�especially appreciated if taking on an
earlier crop
�Reduced risk
�One crops fails? Still have 2 more!
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JuneJune JulyJuly AugustAugust
Haskap
(Blue Honeysuckles) Saskatoons Sour Cherries
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Outline of talk
� Introduction
� Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
�Haskaps Saskatoons Dwarf Sour Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
� Conclusion
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‘Haskap’�An Anui name
� Ancient people of Japan
�Oldest name for this plant, still used in Japan
�Also spelled as: Haskap, Hascup, Haskappu
�Good marketing name to sell into Japan
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Blue Honeysuckles
“Honeyberries TM”
Sweetberry Honeysuckles
Edible Honeysuckles
Swamp Fly Honeysuckle
Lonicera edulus (old)
Lonicera villosa (old)
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800 wild
accessions
collected7 clones
45 clones
2000 seedlings
32
Cultivars
20 seed
lines
Lonicera caerulea germplasm
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Haskap Sabbatical
2008/2009
800 wild Canadian plants gathered from 250 locations
100’s of new seedlings are from Japan and Russia
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Flavour: Highly variable
according to variety�Sweet and/or Sour
�Some have fruity flavours:
�Blueberry + raspberry
�Blueberry
�Blackberry
�Saskatoon
�Mild Black Current
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Flavour: Highly variable
according to variety� Grassy
� Unripe
� Wild types
� Bitter
� Some wild types
� Quinine
� Has been used in Russia to fight malaria
� Some Russian breeders deliberately bred for more bitterness: grow your own Tonic Water
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Haskap Wine: grape/cherry like
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Bush Characteristics� Never suckers
� Naturally branches out well
� 4ft spacing between row
� 4 to 6 ft high according to variety
� Have seen 30yr old productive bushes in Japan
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Pests and diseases� Aphids
� Grasshoppers
� Powdery mildew
� Botrytis
� on shoots, not fruit
� Sunscald?
� There is high levels of resistance to diseases in the germplasm
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Cold Hardiness� Dormant shrubs: -45oC
� In 2003, at U of S-47oC
� Young, actively growing shoots: -18oC
� Open flowers:
� -8oC (per Russians)
� -10oC (per Japanese)
� - 7oC (lab tests at U of S)
M.Thompson, 2001
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Flowers� Need 2 or more varieties to
cross pollinate
� Can withstand -7C to open
flowers!
� Blooms a month before the last
frost
� 1st food for bees?
� In the boreal forest it is one of
the first plants to bloom
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Haskaps
are different!
� Not in the rose family
� More closely related to
tomatoes and potatoes than
other fruit crops
� Small not noticed seeds
� Frozen fruit: Skin dissolves in
mouth
� High in antioxidants
� As high or better than
blueberries
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Preliminary Results Dr. Mitsko Ukai, University of Hokkaido
� Green Tea : Most popular ‘antioxidant’ in Japan
� Japan haskap, freeze-dried � 10x stronger than green tea
� Sk. Haskap, freeze dried� 20 to 100x stronger than green tea
� Depends on variety
� Haskap better than blueberries?
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Lonicera
caerulea
germplasm
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Learn how to grow using
existing varieties but expect
major improvements in new
varieties in the next few years
from our program
� A large collection of Japanese and Russian
germplasm has not been brought together before
� Each type has traits to improve the other
� Hybrid vigor
� 20,000 seedlings from controlled crosses are
beginning to fruit
� Selecting for Early, mid and late ripening
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‘Tundra’
• 2nd Largest Fruit
• 2nd ‘Best’ flavour
• Durable
• Commercial
potential
New U of S variety for 2008
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‘Borealis’
� Largest Fruit
� ‘Best’ flavour
� Delicate
� For home gardens
New U of S variety for 2008
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Outline of talk
� Introduction
� Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
� Haskaps Saskatoons Dwarf Sour
Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
� Conclusion
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Saskatoons
Amelanchier alnifoliaJuneberry
Serviceberry
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Saskatoons: A pome fruit� Many pests, like other pomes
� Wooly apple aphid
� Wooly apple aphid
� Various worm and maggots
� Diseases
� Fireblight*******
� Saskatoon/Juniper Rust
� Entomosporium
� At least it fruits early (a bit after strawberries)
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Saskatoons Flavour� Mild mild berry flavour
� Sometimes hint of almonds
� people often add almond extract when making pies
� Low sweetness
� Not tart
� Some are bland
� Flavor influenced strongly based on location
� Hard to tell which variety is which by flavour
� Nostalgia?
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Fruit characteristics
influencing uses
� Pies are a major use
� Very firm, especially smaller fruited varieties
� Fruit stays intact when cooked
� Not used as a natural dye
� Purple outside
� Green, white, pink inside when fresh
� Cooking spreads skin colour to the inside
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Fruit characteristics
influencing uses
� Pressing for juice results in
making dark brown ‘applesauce’
� But no one makes
Saskatoonsauce
� Probably good for fruit leather
� Difficult, but possible to make a
juice, often blended with
another fruit
� Fruit wines not that great
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Uses
� Common
� Pies
� Jam
� Topping
� Sometimes
� Juice
� Salad dressing
� Ice cream
� Rare
� Wine
� dried
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Saskatoon Bushes� All Saskatoons make rhyzomes
� Making constant problems for upright harvesters
� Some are strongly upright
� Difficult for sideways harvesters
� Fruit is borne on last year’s wood
� Tall = fruit out of reach
� Can renew by pruning and burning
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Saskatoons
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Saskatoons
� Stockpiled fruit
� Foodbank donation
� Stockpiled seeds
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Is Big Better?
Theissen Vs Northline� Big fruited berries need shallow trays
� Small ones can have deeper containers
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Northline� Best variety for sideways mechanical harvesting
� The only seed variety
� Plants are cheeper
� Higher quality
� Unifom from seed
� Smaller, tough berries
� Multi-trunks, flexible
� #1 choice for recent plantings
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Univ. of Sask.
Saskatoon Seedling
Evaluations
� Field of ~3000 seedlings maintained from former
Native Fruit Program
� Planted 7 years ago
� “No Funding”
� ‘Favourite wild Saskatoons’ from Western Producer
ad
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Univ. of Sask.
Saskatoon Seedling
Evaluations
� Evaluated ~50 families of seedlings
� Common traits:
� Superior Flavour
� Average or small size fruit
� Variable: Machine adaptable
� Very Rare Traits
� Uniform ripening
� True from seeds
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Saskatoons
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Saskatoons
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Saskatoons
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Saskatoons
� Stockpiled fruit
� Foodbank donation
� Stockpiled seeds
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Saskatoons
Row 5: Rarest of Rare!
� Uniform ripening
� True from seed
� Machine adapted
� But only “ok” flavour
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Outline of talk
� Introduction
� Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
� Haskaps Saskatoons Dwarf Sour Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
� Conclusion
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Outline of talk
� Introduction
� Bush Harvesters: Key Concepts
� Building a repertoire
� Haskap Saskatoons Dwarf Sour Cherries
� What are they?
� Flavours & Uses
� Advantages & Disadvantages
�Conclusion
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Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada 2000
Fruit Breeding in Canada
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Fruit Program Field Plots
(started in 1920)
1.17 km
Apples
Apples
ApplesCherries HaskapHaskap
S’toons
Choke
Cherries
Misc.
////////////////
///
Haskap
Haskap
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Selection for
Mechanical
harvesting &
processing
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Initial Selection
For Upright harvesters
�Low Suckering
�Upright Growth
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Cherries
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Upright harvesters
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Carmine Jewel, 4 yrs old
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Outline of talk� Introduction
� Breeding Program
� History
� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
� Training
� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
� Growth and Production
�Conclusion
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Bush Fruit Differences
Harvest
season
Organic
Honeysuckles June Yes
Saskatoons July No
Sour Cherries August Yes
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Bush Fruit Differences
Harvest
season
Shake by
hand into
tarp
Mech.
Harvest
Honeysuckles June Yes Yes
Saskatoons July No Yes
Sour Cherries August Yes Yes
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Bush Fruit Uses
Pies Jam Juice
Wine
Health
food
Dried
Honeysuckles Mushy Yes Yes Yes ?
Saskatoons Great Yes No Yes Poor
Sour Cherries Great Yes Yes Yes Great
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Obtaining varieties
� U of Sask Cherries:
� Gardens Alive
� U of Sask Haskap
� See our website: www.fruit.usask.ca
� Canadian companies can ship to USA
� Saskatoons
� www.saskatoonfarm.com
� www.Prairieplant.com
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Gardens Alive
www.fruit.usask.ca
www.cherryproducers.com
U. of Sask. Fruit Program:
Cherry Grower Group: