DR AS4685.0-2015 Playground Equipment and Surfacing - Development Installation Inspection...

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102275 AS 4685 0 Public Comment.docx - 02/03/2015 11:05:28

COMMITTEE CS-005

DR AS 4685.0:2015

(Project ID: 102275)

Draft for Public Comment

Australian Standard

LIABLE TO ALTERATION—DO NOT USE AS A STANDARD

BEGINNING DATE

FOR COMMENT:

10 March 2015

CLOSING DATEFOR COMMENT:

12 May 2015

Important: The procedure for public comment has changed – please

read the instructions on the inside cover of this document .

Playground equipment and surfacingPart 0: Development, installation, inspection,maintenance and operation(Revision of AS/NZS 4486.1:1997)

COPYRIGHT


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Australian Standard

The committee responsible for the issue of this draft comprised representatives of organizationsinterested in the subject matter of the proposed Standard. These organizations are listed on theinside back cover.

Comments are invited on the technical content, wording and general arrangement of the draft.The method for submission of comment on this document is to register and fill in an online form viaStandards Hub Website. Instructions and examples of comment submission are available on the website. Please use the fol lowing l ink—

https://hub.standards.org.au/hub/public/listOpenCommentingPublication.action

Comment must be via Hub, any emails or forms sent to us by fax or mail will not be considered bythe Committee when it reviews the Public Comment received.

Please place relevant clause numbers beside each comment.

Editorial matters (i.e. spelling, punctuation, grammar etc.) will be corrected before final publication.

The coordination of the requirements of this draft with those of any related Standards is of particularimportance and you are invited to point out any areas where this may be necessary.

Please provide supporting reasons and suggested wording for each comment. Where you considerthat specific content is too simplistic, too complex or too detailed please provide an alternative.

If the draft is acceptable without change, an acknowledgment to this effect would be appreciated.

Once you have registered and submitted your comments via the online form, your comments areautomatically submitted to the committee for review.

Normally no acknowledgment of comment is sent. All comments received via the Standards HubWebsite by the due date will be reviewed and considered by the relevant drafting committee. Wecannot guarantee that comments submitted in other forms will be considered along with thosesubmitted via the Standards Hub online form. Where appropriate, changes will be incorporatedbefore the Standard is formally approved.

If you know of other persons or organizations that may wish to comment on this draft Standard, couldyou please advise them of its availability. Further copies of the draft are available from the Publisher

SAI Global at http://www.saiglobal.com/

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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Committee CS-005—Playground Equipment

DRAFT

Australian Standard

Playground equipment and surfacing

Part 0: Development, installation, inspection, maintenance and operation

(Revision of AS/NZS 4486.1:1997)

(To be AS 4685.0:201X)

Comment on the draft is invited from people and organizations concerned with this subject.

It would be appreciated if those submitting comment would follow the guidelines given on

the inside front cover.

Important: The procedure for public comment has changed – pleaseread the instructions on the inside cover of this document

This document is a draft Australian Standard only and is liable to alteration in the light ofcomment received. It is not to be regarded as an Australian Standard until finally issued as

such by Standards Australia.


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DRAFT ONLY 2 DRAFT ONLY


PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee CS-005, Playground

Equipment, to supersede AS/NZS 4486.1:1997, Playgrounds and playground equipment ,Part 1: Development, installation, inspection, maintenance and operation . It also

incorporates the portions of AS/NZS 4422:1996, Playground surfacing — Specifications,

requirements and test method , dealing with the specifications and requirements for

surfacing. AS/NZS 4422:1996 underwent review concurrently with this Standard and

remains current solely to deal with the test method for impact attenuating surfacing.

This Standard will apply from the date of publication.

This Standard has been designated Part 0 of the AS 4685 series of Standards as it deals with

the development and installation of the playground, so in many respects is a precursor to the

requirements of the other Parts of the Standard that specify equipment requirements and test

methods.

The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the

appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only intended for information

and guidance.


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FOREWORD

Play is a significant aspect of children’s lives through which they develop and demonstrate

knowledge, skills, concepts and dispositions. It is an important context for all aspects ofchildren’s learning and development including problem solving, social-emotional

development, the acquisition and mastery of physical skills, self-awareness, imaginative

abilities, exploration of natural environments, and relaxation. Consideration of play

provision should not be limited to formal equipped areas but also extend to natural elements

in the surrounding areas. Provision should also be made to cater for the needs of users of all

abilities.

The management of risk in a playground is the responsibility of all involved in the

provision of play, including designers, manufacturers and operators.

It should be recognized that risk-taking is an essential feature of play provision and of all

environments in which children legitimately spend time playing. Play provision aims to

offer children the chance to encounter acceptable risks as part of a stimulating andchallenging learning environment. Play provision should aim at managing the balance

between the need to offer risk and the need to keep children safe from serious harm.

The most effective way to minimize unacceptable risks in a playground is to eliminate them

in the planning and design stage. As maintenance or safety issues arise this Standard

provides directions for the operator on the management of such issues.

This Standard covers the development of playgrounds, requirements for the manufacturer or

supplier to provide relevant documentation and for the operator in managing the ongoing

operation of the playground.

Designers and providers of playground equipment are strongly urged to reduce the potential

for foreseeable misuse of their products. Among other appropriate design measures,unintended access should be actively discouraged through the elimination of unnecessary

handholds and footholds, the inclusion of physical barriers, and the use of dimensions and

profiles that are intrinsically difficult for children to climb.

Designers and providers of playgrounds are strongly urged to minimize the harmful effects

of UV exposure to children and other users by incorporating shade structures and natural

shade within the design. The Committee noted that the provision of shade has the additional

benefit of reducing the potential for skin burns from exposed hot surfaces.


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CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. 3

1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 5

2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................... 5

3 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 5

4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 5

5 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 6

6 PLAYGROUND DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................ 8

7 PLAYGROUND SURFACING ................................................................................ 11

8 MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER INSTRUCTIONS ............................................ 13

9 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...................................................................... 15

APPENDICES

A SHADE/SUN PROTECTION .................................................................................... 21

B PLAYGROUND SAFETY CHECKLIST .................................................................. 23


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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Playground equipment and surfacing

Part 0: Development, installation, inspection, maintenance and operation

1 SCOPE

This Standard specifies requirements for the development, installation, inspection,

maintenance and operation of playgrounds, including playground equipment and surfacing,

to ensure a continuing level of functionality and safety. It also contains requirements for

information to be supplied by the manufacturer or supplier and the responsibilities of the

operator once the playground is in operation.

This Standard is applicable to all playground equipment (excluding equipment exclusively

used for domestic purposes) and is intended to be read in conjunction with, AS 4685,

Parts 1 to 6 and 11; and AS/NZS 4422.

2 OBJECTIVE

This Standard is intended to minimize the risk of injury to children using playgrounds. It

provides guidelines for siting and developing playgrounds, for the selection of appropriate

equipment and other design elements, for product information requirements, instructions

and operating procedures, and for the minimization of operational hazards. The Standard is

intended for use by designers and installers of playground equipment, as well as the

operators of playgrounds.

3 APPLICATION

The same hazards face a child from playground equipment and surfacing whether it is

produced by a commercial organization (such as a specialist manufacturer), a voluntary

group (such as a service group or a parent organization) or a single individual. The

requirements of this Standard therefore apply to all playgrounds excluding equipment

designed for domestic use.

4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:

AS

1428 Design for access and mobility

1428.1 Part 1: General requirements for access—New building work

4685 Playground equipment and surfacing

4685.1 Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods

4685.2 Part 2: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for swings

4685.3 Part 3: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for slides

4685.4 Part 4: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for

cableways

4685.5 Part 5: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for

carousels4685.6 Part 6: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for rocking

equipment


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AS

4685.11 Part 11: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for spatial

network

AS/NZS

1170 Structural design actions1170.0 Part 0: General principles

1170.1 Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions

1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions

1170.3 Part 3: Snow and ice actions

1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia

4422 Playground surfacing—Specifications, requirements and test method

SA/SNZ

HB 436 Risk management guidelines—Companion to AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009

AS/NZS ISO

31000 Risk management—Principles and guidelines

5 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard the definitions in AS 4685.1:2014 and AS/NZS 4422

together with the following apply.

5.1 Competent person

A person who has acquired through training qualifications or experience or a combination

of these, the knowledge and skills enabling that person to perform a specified task.

5.2 Critical fall height (CFH)

The maximum free height of fall for which a surface will provide an acceptable level ofimpact attenuation. The CFH approximates the maximum fall height from which a life

threatening head injury would not be expected to occur.

NOTE: AS/NZS 4422 provides the test method for determining the critical fall height.

5.3 Impact attenuation

Property of a surface, whereby the kinetic energy of an impact is dissipated by localized

deformation or displacement such that the acceleration is reduced.

5.4 Loose-fill material

Surfacing material supplied for the purpose of impact attenuation in playgrounds, consisting

of bulk, granular, chipped or fibrous elements such as sand, wood fibre, bark mulch, wood

chips or other materials. These may be of organic or inorganic.

5.5 Manufacturer

The party responsible for the design, fabrication and/or supply of playground equipment,

components, built elements and surfacing products.

5.6 Nature play

The elements of a playground consisting of natural, non-manufactured items that are

incorporated into the playground, including items such as logs, boulders, plant materials,

paths and surfaces, changes of level and other landscape elements.

5.7 Operator

The person(s) or organization(s) that own, operate, oversee and/or are responsible for the

playground in its entirety.


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5.8 Playground

An area designed for children’s play, including the site, natural features, built landscape,

and any manufactured equipment and surfacing.

This does not include domestic playgrounds, nor sites and equipment intended for use in

formal sport.It does not include fitness equipment unless these items are integrated into the playground

along with other play equipment.

5.9 Playground equipment

Equipment and structures, including components and constructional elements with, or on

which, children can play outdoors or indoors, either individually or in groups, according to

their own rules or own reasons for playing which can change at any time.

5.10 Risk assessment

The identification, evaluation, and estimation of the levels of risks involved in a situation

and the likelihood of its occurrence, its comparison against benchmarks or standards, anddetermination of an acceptable level of risk.

AS/NZS ISO 31000 provides guidance on how risk management should be implemented

and integrated into organizations. SA/SNZ HB 436 provides more detailed guidance on the

implementation of risk management within organizations such as local government

authorities.

Risk management in playgrounds does not require the automatic removal of all risks and

that risk benefit assessment is frequently a more appropriate method of assessment.

5.11 Risk benefit assessment

A tool to aid risk management that explicitly brings together consideration of risks and

benefits of play in a single judgement.

5.12 Safety management system

The procedures set up by the operator of the playground to assess, maintain and document

actions aimed at injury prevention in playgrounds.

5.13 Supervised early childhood services (SECS)

A defined play space used by an education and care service or children’s services, for

children under school age, which is supervised by educators.

NOTE: Educators are early childhood practitioners who work directly with children in education

and care services or children’s services.

5.14 Shall

Indicates that a requirement is mandatory.

5.15 Should

Indicates a recommendation.

5.16 Trip hazard

An unexpected change in height or level on which a playground user can trip or fall.

5.17 Unitary surfacing

An impact attenuating surface consisting of one or more material components (such as

shredded rubber bound together with urethane) formed into a sheet, tile or other continuoussurface.


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6 PLAYGROUND DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Planning and development considerations

Playgrounds are typically provided in many settings, including—

(a) public parks, both supervised and unsupervised;

(b) commercial or community premises, both free access and paid access;

(c) educational centres including primary schools and high schools;

(d) SECS, including pre-schools, kindergartens, childcare centres; and family day care;

and

(e) playgroups.

Each of these environments has its own specific requirements and in some cases (such as

SECS), its own regulations that also need to be taken into account.

When developing a playground, the design needs to take into account the purpose of the

play space, the likely ages and abilit ies of users, the likely level of supervision, and the potential number of users at any given time. Access for people of all abilities to the

playground and to play activities is an important consideration.

Other important factors include the types of other play experiences available locally, the

demographic context, the physical, social and environmental site conditions, and the

provision of regular maintenance.

6.2 Site selection

6.2.1 General considerations

When the need for a playground has been established, the following questions should be

considered in the selection and development of a site:

(a) Does it have natural interest and provide a community focus for families?

(b) Does it have safe pedestrian access to the play area?

NOTE: Refer to the AS 1428 (series) .

(c) Does it have vehicular access (for ongoing maintenance)?

(d) Is the new play area integrated into an overall open space system or part of a pathway

system through a locality?

(e) Has it been chosen with regard to the local climatic conditions, e.g. sun, shade and

proximity to the ocean?

(f) Can any water hazards, such as rivers, creeks, lakes and ponds, be managed

effectively to reduce the risk of harm to children?

(g) Is the site free from adverse environmental conditions (e.g. air pollution, noise and

soil toxicity)?

(h) Is it located a safe distance from hazards that may be present from neighbouring sites

(e.g. roads or industrial installations)?

(i) Does it recognize the rights of local residents with regard to their privacy and the

possible noise factor?

(j) Does it have clear lines of sight for supervision?

6.2.2 Site conditions

The following physical properties should be considered to determine the suitability of the

site and the approximate site preparation cost:

(a) Surface levels and gradients.


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NOTES:

1 Loose-fill impact attenuating surfacing typically needs to be contained within a space that

is approximately level to limit the migration of material.

2 Site slopes will affect how paths need to be located and set out to achieve wheelchair

accessible gradients. Refer to AS 1426 (series).

(b) Proximity of trees and extent of tree protection zones.

(c) Soil, subsoil and geotechnical characteristics.

(d) Drainage characteristics, water table levels, and susceptibility to flash flooding.

(e) Location of nearest sewer connection points, water supply and power, if required.

(f) Location of nearest stormwater drains and discharge points.

(g) Presence of easements, overhead power lines, covenants, heritage or inundation

overlays, or other restrictions on land use.

6.2.3 Services

The need for electricity, water, sewerage and garbage services and telephone andemergency services should be considered. Access for the latter should be clearly defined.

Care should be taken to avoid damage to existing underground services such as power,

water, drainage and communications. Supply authorities should be contacted regarding the

location of underground services.

Drainage of the site and installation of the required services should comply with the

requirements of the appropriate authorities and the particular characteristics of the site.

6.2.4 Regulations and covenants

A close liaison should be maintained with the authority or government department which

has jurisdiction over the area regarding any regulations, covenants or restrictions. In somestates, playground structures require structural engineering certification, e.g. compliance

with AS 1170 (series).

6.3 Playground design

6.3.1 Purpose

Every playground should be designed to meet the particular needs of its likely users,

whether these be young children in a SECS, school students of various ages and abilities, or

members of the general community using a public playground.

The design should take into account—

(a) the needs of the children or community;

(b) the likely age range, scale and ability level of the users;

(c) the degree of crowding; and

(d) the level and type of supervision.

6.3.2 Provision of amenities and facilities

The design of public playgrounds needs to take into account the classification of the space

and benchmarks and service levels established by any local authorities, where applicable.

These typically take into account the site size, catchments and anticipated intensity of use.

These will in turn determine the types of amenities and facilities that will be required

including paths and levels of accessibility; shade and shelter; toilets; barbeques; drinkingfountains; seating and tables; lighting and litter bins.


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6.3.3 Design for access and inclusion

Playgrounds should be designed so that people with disabilities and those using mobility

aids can enter the playground, can participate in a choice of play activities, and can use the

amenities and facilities on the site. Inclusive design makes it easier for all users including

carers with prams, the elderly, for children with wheeled toys, and for staff and

maintenance workers.

It is important for designers and providers to include play and recreation settings for

children and adults with disabilities. In particular, where the design of play equipment and

surfaces provides access for users with wheelchairs or mobility aids to elevated surfaces,

care is needed to ensure that the design protects these users from falls through elevated

openings. Refer to the AS 1428 (series), Design for access and mobility, for further

guidance regarding inclusive environments.

6.3.4 Selection of play elements

Playgrounds should offer a diverse range of play activities, experiences and settings to

users. They should offer internal variety and should also vary from site to site. Playgrounds

should offer varying degrees of challenge and usability, to enable children of varying agesand abilities to participate safely at their own level.

Playgrounds can comprise any combination of playground equipment and natural/landscape

features, and should ideally offer children a variety of textures and materials, spatial

characteristics and surfaces. They should offer opportunities for physical movement and

challenge; for creative/sensory expression; for cognitive and imaginative play; and for

social interaction, role-play and fantasy. The availability of some loose materials for play is

important.

The landscape itself provides many valuable play opportunities and adds value to the

equipment. Natural features of a site, such as trees, rocks, logs and sloping banks, can be

incorporated into the design.The layout of the space as a whole affects both the play value and the safety of every

playground.

The playground should be laid out to avoid conflicts between active areas involving

movement and areas for quieter, sedentary activities.

The design of playground should encourage active supervision by adults, though accessible

design and the provision of accessible seating close to the play activities.

6.3.5 Nature play

Consideration shall be given to the application of the requirements of other parts of

AS 4685 to natural play elements incorporated into a playground. A risk assessment may berequired to determine the suitability of such equipment within the application.

For example, it may not be practical or desirable to place barriers or handrails on a log or

boulder.

Adequate impact attenuating surfacing shall be provided in the impact area corresponding

to the free height of fall.

The impact area shall be free of obstacles that could cause injury.

Hazardous situations that may cause entrapment shall be avoided.

Consideration should be given to the ease of access to higher areas.

Where the contents of this Standard do not apply directly to natural elements, a risk benefitassessment should be applied, taking into account the basic principles of injury prevention

that underlie the AS 4685 series of Standards.


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6.3.6 Placement of moving equipment to minimize injury

Equipment with components that swing or move vigorously, (such as many types of swings,

some overhead rocking/spinning equipment, rotating digging equipment, and flying foxes),

offer important and beneficial play experiences to users but can pose a serious hazard to

others (especially young children) crossing their path. These items shall be located out of

the main paths of travel within a playground, and shall be located where they do notconflict with more sedentary activities or users. This is particularly important in confined

spaces and in SECS.

6.3.7 Maintenance access

From the earliest stages of the design process, the design of a playground should take into

account the need for maintenance access to the site, and to equipment, surfacing, areas of

lawn, vegetation and other features.

6.3.8 Plant selection

Plants are valuable design elements in playgrounds and should be selected for their

potential to provide for play as well for their visual amenity; sensory properties; potentialfor shade; and potential to withstand compaction, extremes of climate and the impact of

users.

Avoid plants with sharp thorns, leaves or spikes; poisonous species, or those with foliage,

flowers and seeds that cause choking hazards. Avoid species notorious for limb dropping.

6.3.9 Shade and sun protection

Playgrounds should be designed with areas of effective summer shade from either trees or

built elements, or both. The design should take into account the reflective index of various

surfaces and materials to minimize UV exposure.

The availability of winter sun is also desirable.

NOTE: More detailed information on shade and sun protection is provided in Appendix A.

6.3.10 Signs

Where signs are appropriate for public playgrounds, they should include the following

information:

(a) The name of the playground.

(b) The address of the playground.

(c) A general emergency telephone number.

(d) A telephone number to contact maintenance personnel.

(e) Any information that may be needed to guide carers regarding use of the equipment.

(f) Other relevant local information, as applicable.

Where information relates to the use of the equipment, it should be positive in nature. The

use of pictograms is preferable so the message is understandable to all users.

7 PLAYGROUND SURFACING

7.1 General requirements

7.1.1 Trip hazards

Surfacing shall be free of trip hazards.

NOTE: AS 1428.1 provides guidance on the minimum acceptable requirements for trip hazards.

AS 1428.1 should be applied for paths and circulation spaces generally within playgrounds

and to their impact absorbing surfaces.


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7.1.2 Protrusion hazards

Playground surfacing and methods used to retain or fix surfaces shall be free of hazardous

sharp edges or protrusions. Loose fill shall be free of sharp materials. Pins or pegs used to

anchor matting or tiles shall be designed and fixed so they cannot protrude.

7.1.3 Toxicity hazardsPlayground surfacing shall not contain any component known to present a toxic hazard, e.g.

wood chips or other loose materials treated with pesticides or other hazardous chemicals.

7.1.4 Inhalation hazard

The surfacing should not contain any component known to present an inhalation hazard to

users (e.g. sawdust or finely shredded or granulated rubber).

7.2 Specific requirements for impact attenuation

7.2.1 Fall heights less than 600 mm and without forced movement

For playground equipment with a free height of fall not exceeding 600 mm and which does

not cause forced movement on the body of the user, it is not necessary to provide an impactattenuating surface beneath or surrounding that equipment item.

7.2.2 Fall heights greater than 600 mm or with forced movement

For playground equipment with a free fall height of greater than 600 mm and/or equipment

causing a forced movement on the body of the user (e.g. swings, slides, rocking equipment,

cableways, carousels, rotating poles, etc.), surfacing shall have a critical fall height greater

than the free height of fall required in the impact area for each item of equipment.

7.3 Impact testing requirements for playground surfacing

7.3.1 General

Tests for the impact attenuation of the surface shall be carried out in accordance withAS/NZS 4422.

The requirements for laboratory testing and on-site testing vary. In the case of on-site

testing, the critical fall height for that material within the impact area of each piece of

equipment shall exceed the free height of fall for that piece of equipment.

7.4 Loose-fill material

7.4.1 General

The impact absorbing capabilities of any type of loose-fill will depend on the material type

and depth. Loose-fill is extremely susceptible to scuffing and displacement, which may

result in the material becoming too shallow to provide the required impact attenuation.

Loose-fill shall therefore be regularly inspected, and topped up as necessary, in order to

ensure that the correct material depth is maintained.

In addition, these surfaces require maintenance tasks, such as raking, de-compaction and the

removal of litter, sticks, syringes or other potential hazards.

7.4.2 Compaction, deterioration and displacement of loose-fill material

Loose-fill materials may compact and will disperse while in use. To allow for this

compaction and dispersion, loose-fill material shall be installed to a minimum depth as

defined within AS/NZS 4422.

NOTE: As a supplement to loose fill, in intensively used areas, unitary surfacing may be installed

to reduce the impact of wear under swing seats, and at the base of slides and fireman’s poles.

These should be placed with care and large enough to avoid catching the feet of users in motion.


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8 MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER INSTRUCTIONS

8.1 Information to be supplied by the manufacturer or supplier of equipment

8.1.1 General product information

The manufacturer or supplier shall provide instructions for the installation, operation,

inspection and maintenance of the equipment. These shall include the following:

(a) Approximate life expectancy of the different components of the product, any warranty

conditions, and the possible effects of environmental conditions on the product, such

as UV exposure, excessive heat or cold, saline conditions, or abrasion due to sand on

users’ feet.

(b) Information drawing the operator’s attention to the need to increase

inspection/maintenance if the equipment is subject to heavy use; if the stability of the

equipment relies on one post; and where moving parts may need regular inspection or

replacement.

(c) Advice to prevent access by users during installation, dismantling or maintenance.

(d) Supply of copies of test reports to purchasers upon request. This may include reports

on impact attenuating surfacing and structural integrity of the equipment.

Instructions shall be printed legibly and in a simple format. Illustrations shall be used

wherever possible instead of text.

8.1.2 Pre-installation information

The manufacturer or supplier shall provide information concerning the safety of the

installation prior to the acceptance of the order, e.g. a catalogue data sheet.

This information shall include at least the following, where relevant:

(a) Minimum space requirements, including required impact areas and circulation zones.

(b) Surfacing requirements (including free height of fall and extent of surfacing).

(c) Overall dimensions of the largest part(s).

(d) Mass of the heaviest part/section, in kilograms.

(e) Guidance regarding the target user group for the equipment.

(f) The need to place the item away from pedestrian traffic routes, where extreme

movement is involved.

(g) Whether the equipment is intended only for indoor use or under supervised

conditions.

(h) Availability of spare parts.

(i) Certification of conformity with relevant parts of the AS 4685 series.

8.1.3 Installation information

The manufacturer or supplier shall supply an equipment parts list with the equipment at the

time of delivery.

The manufacturer or supplier shall supply installation instructions for the correct assembly,

erection and placing of the equipment.

This information shall include at least the following:

(a) Minimum space requirements, impact areas and safety clearances.(b) Equipment and parts identification.

(c) Erection sequence (assembly instruction and installation details).


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(d) Matching aids where necessary, e.g. signs on parts accompanied by appropriate

instructions.

(e) Need for any special tools, lifting devices, templates or other assembly aids to be

used and any precautionary measures to be taken.

(f) Manufacturer’s recommended torque values shall be used for assembly, whereappropriate.

(g) Constructional space required to install the item of equipment.

(h) Orientation, where necessary, in relation to sun and wind.

(i) Details of the required foundation, under normal conditions, anchorage in the ground

and the design and location of the foundation (with a note to take care in abnormal

conditions).

(j) Specific instructions where a particular landscape profile is necessary for safe

operation, e.g. profiling the surfacing for safe operation beneath cableways.

(k) Free height of fall (for the calculation of impact attenuation surfacing requirements).(l) Need for and details of the application of any painting or treatment.

(m) Removal of assembly aids before the equipment is used.

Drawings and diagrams shall clearly specify the principal dimensions of the equipment and

the relevant space, heights and areas required for installation.

The manufacturer or supplier shall supply the details necessary for inspection of the

playground equipment prior to its first use.

8.1.4 Maintenance information

The manufacturer or supplier shall provide drawings and diagrams necessary for

maintenance, inspection and checking of correct operation and, when appropriate, repair ofthe equipment.

The instructions shall specify the frequency with which the equipment or its components

should be inspected or maintained and shall include guidance on the following, where

relevant:

(a) If necessary, the servicing points and methods of servicing, e.g. lubrication,

tightening of bolts, re-tensioning of ropes.

(b) Any special tools that will be required for maintenance or repairs.

(c) That replacement parts shall conform to manufacturer’s specifications.

(d) Whether special disposal treatment is required for any equipment or parts.(e) Identification of spare parts.

(f) Any additional measures to be taken during the run-in period, e.g. tightening of

fastenings, tensioning of ropes.

(g) Need to keep drainage holes clear.

(h) That surfacing is maintained. In particular, the levels of loose fill materials.

(i) To replace or repair GRP (glass-reinforced plastics) before the glass fibres become

exposed through wear or damage.


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8.2 Information to be supplied by the manufacturer, supplier or installer of impact-

attenuating surfacing

8.2.1 Pre-installation information

Prior to the acceptance of the order the manufacturer, supplier or installer shall provide

information on the following as a minimum:(a) The maximum critical fall height and impact-attenuation performance of the

surfacing, as tested in accordance with AS/NZS 4422.

(b) Anticipated service life of the product when installed and maintained in accordance

with the supplier’s recommendations.

(c) Warranty information and clear lines of responsibility in the case of unitary materials

cracking, subsiding, lifting, or parting where colours join.

(d) Suitability of the product for installation on a slope, and any special anchoring, fixing

or retaining requirements, and prevention of wrinkling or slippage.

(e) The effects of other adjacent materials on the effectiveness of the product (especiallyon impact attenuation), such as the effect of sand spilling onto porous wet pour

rubber.

(f) Whether a loose crumb (sand or rubber) backfill is required.

(g) Off-gassing and flammability information (for both the surface and any underlay) and

suitability for use indoors in SECS.

(h) The effects of UV exposure on the material, on its impact attenuating properties, and

on the life expectancy of colours.

(i) The usability of the material when exposed to direct sun and heat, especially for

children in bare feet.

(j) The permeability of the product and suitability for use in tree root protection zones,

for use directly in contact with timbers or metal posts, and over drainage pits.

(k) The actual chemical constituents of all components of the product and end-of-life

disposal instructions.

Suppliers of loose fill of any kind shall supply to the purchaser a true sample of the product

for approval prior to delivery.

8.2.2 Installation

The manufacturer or supplier of playground surfacing shall provide instructions on the

correct site preparation, drainage requirements, edge detailing and fixing.

8.2.3 Inspection and maintenance

The manufacturer or supplier of playground surfacing shall provide detailed instructions on

maintenance and inspection procedures.

8.2.4 Labelling of impact-attenuating playground surfacing

The surfacing shall either be labelled by the manufacturer or supplier, or where this is

impractical, written information shall be provided to the purchaser for its identification and

performance.

9 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

9.1 General

Operation of playgrounds shall include the establishment of a safety management system.


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The safety management system shall comprise systematic documentation and record

keeping processes, the establishment of risk assessment and reporting procedures, the

training of relevant staff, incident and emergency procedures, and the carrying out of timely

inspections, maintenance and repairs.

All such procedures shall be periodically and systematically assessed for their

effectiveness, and amended or updated as required.

Relevant work health and safety legislation in respective states or territories may apply

when developing these procedures.

9.2 Risk benefit assessments

The importance of risk-taking behaviour in childhood has been outlined in AS 4685.1, as

well as in the Foreword of this document.

When assessing the risk associated with any particular playground, the operator(s) shall

also take into account the context of the playground, its purpose and likely users, and the

need for risk benefit assessment procedures instead of standard risk removal.

Operators of playgrounds in SECS in particular need to take into account the role ofsupervisors in injury prevention, and to minimize unnecessary or inappropriate restrictions

on play in these services. Operators shall consult senior educators before intervening or

modifying a playground due to safety concerns.

9.3 Systematic documentation and record keeping

As part of a safety management system, accurate records relating to playground

procurement, installation, maintenance and repairs shall be systematically stored and kept

up to date.

Such records should include—

(a) records of suppliers, manufacturers, designers and installers for each site;(b) inspection and maintenance instructions;

(c) operating instructions, if applicable;

(d) dates of installation;

(e) any certificates of inspection and testing, if applicable;

(f) all operator’s records, of inspections, maintenance, repairs and modifications; and

(g) incident records and subsequent actions.

These documents should be accessible when needed for maintenance, inspection, repair and

in the event of an accident.

9.4 Accident procedure

Operators shall develop written operational procedures covering the measures to be taken in

the event of accidents. Relevant staff of first contact such as telephone operators shall be

trained in collecting information and reporting it to those responsible for the playground.

The following details shall be collected immediately the incident is reported:

(a) Date and time of accident.

(b) Age and gender of victim.

(c) Clothing worn, including footwear, helmet, jewellery, etc.

(d) Equipment involved.

(e) Presence or role of supervisor(s) at the time.

(f) Number of people on site at the time of the accident.


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(g) Description of accident.

(h) The nature and severity of any injury sustained including part(s) of body affected.

(i) Nature of any medical intervention/hospitalisation or other action required,

(j) Witness statements.

(k) Weather conditions.

(l) Relevant photos of equipment and condition of surfacing at the time.

(m) Any subsequent action on site, such as surfacing or equipment modification.

(n) Follow up information regarding the victim outcome and any legal action.

(o) Any other relevant information.

This information shall be brought to the attention of the manager responsible and suitable

action taken. The records shall be retained in a systematic manner.

9.5 Inspections

9.5.1 Frequency and objective of inspections

Regular inspections of playground equipment and surfacing shall be conducted. As

potentially hazardous situations are identified, it is crucial that corrective actions are carried

out in a timely manner.

Assessing, and if necessary upgrading, equipment that does not meet the current Standards

is covered in Clause 9.8.

The inspection and maintenance process is hierarchical. Less complex inspections are

conducted more frequently and can be undertaken by grounds staff who may be also

carrying out maintenance tasks during the same visit. More rigorous and thorough

inspections do not typically need to be conducted as frequently and require more expertise.

The following inspections shall be carried out:

(a) Comprehensive post-installation inspection—Level 3 (see Clause 9.5.2).

(b) Routine inspection and maintenance—Level 1 (see Clause 9.5.3).

(c) Operational inspection and maintenance—Level 2 (see Clause 9.5.4).

(d) Comprehensive annual inspection—Level 3 (see Clause 9.5.5).

9.5.2 Post installation inspections (Level 3)

A comprehensive post installation inspection shall be conducted by a competent person

prior to opening the playground. This inspection shall verify that the playground is hazard

free and complies with the requirements of the relevant parts of the AS 4685 series and theimpact attenuating surfacing test in AS/NZS 4422, and shall identify and detail the tasks

that need to be carried out to achieve compliance.

The report shall also include the results of any risk assessments and/or risk benefit

assessments that have been carried out where non-conformances have been identified.

A playground may be opened if it contains non-conformances that do not present hazards to

the users.


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9.5.3 Routine visual inspections (Level 1)

A visual inspection intended to identify obvious hazards that can result from wear and tear,

vandalism or weather conditions. This inspection shall be carried out regularly on a daily to

weekly basis, unless there are compelling reasons to deviate from this inspection frequency.

The inspection frequency should take into account local conditions, frequency of use and

the manufacturer’s instructions. For playgrounds subject to heavy use or vandalism, dailyinspections of this type may be necessary.

Any potentially hazardous situations shall be reported immediately and/or rectified.

Routine visual inspections should include the following:

(a) Checking that debris in the playground that may be hazardous, such as broken glass

or needles has been removed.

(b) Checking that loose-fill surfacing levels are maintained at a depth of 300 mm.

(c) Checking for damage to unitary surfacing.

(d) Checking for equipment that is broken or missing as a result of use or vandalism.(e) Checking for graffiti.

(f) Checking the condition of ancillary items, such as barbecues, tables, rubbish bins, etc.

(g) Checking for dead overhanging branches that may potentially fall onto the

playground.

9.5.4 Operational inspections (Level 2)

An operational inspection shall be carried out regularly, on a monthly or quarterly basis

unless there are compelling reasons to deviate from this inspection frequency.

Operational inspections should include the following:

(a) All issues listed in Clause 9.5.3.

(b) Checking for excessive wear of moving or ‘sealed-for-life’ parts (including chain

links).

(c) Ensuring that bolts and fasteners are secure.

(d) Checking for any protrusions and sharp edges.

(e) Checking the structural integrity and/or stability of all playground equipment

including ancillary items. Equipment that relies on a single anchor or attachment

point should be carefully inspected.

(f) Checking for excessive corrosion, particularly within structural members.

(g) Checking wire ropes for fraying.

(h) Check cableway main cable tension and the maximum speed of the traveller.

(i) Check impact and attenuating edges of swing seats, pommels and other moving

equipment that can impact users.

(j) Check clearances beneath carousels and ensure that the underside is clear of

protrusions and sharp edges.

(k) Checking foundations for exposed concrete, rot and corrosion.

(l) Check that gate closer and locking mechanism is operational and that the gate has no

finger entrapments (i.e. gaps are greater than 12 mm).


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9.5.5 Comprehensive inspections (Level 3)

A comprehensive inspection is intended to establish the overall level of safety of the

equipment, foundations and playground surfaces. This inspection shall be carried out

annually.

NOTE: Appendix B contains examples of factors that should be included in a comprehensive

inspection.

9.5.6 Regular testing of impact attenuating surfaces

As a minimum, unitary surfacing shall be tested in accordance with AS/NZS 4422 at least

every 3 years.

Loose-fill surfaces need not be impact attenuation tested on a regular basis provided—

(a) the generic product typically complies with the requirements of AS/NZS 4422 when

tested; and

(b) that the material is maintained at a minimum depth of 300 mm (or greater where free

heights of fall require a greater material depth).

9.5.7 Competence of persons performing inspections

Individuals performing tasks such as assessment, inspection, repair and maintenance of a

playground shall be competent to do so (see Clause 5.1).

NOTE: It is advisable for these individuals or organizations to maintain relevant insurance.

All playground inspections shall be performed by a competent person.

The post installation and comprehensive inspections shall be performed by a person who

has training and experience that enables them to perform a full compliance check to

AS 4685 (all relevant parts). Impact testing for compliance with AS/NZS 4422 requires the

capability to operate specialized equipment and interpret the results. These inspections do

not need to be carried out by the same person or organization.9.6 Maintenance

9.6.1 General

To reduce accidents, the owner or operator shall ensure that an appropriate maintenance

schedule is established, implemented and maintained. This shall take into account local

conditions and the manufacturer’s instructions relating to the necessary inspection

frequency.

The schedule should list the components to be maintained and should also give procedures

for dealing breakdowns.

The maintenance of playground equipment and surfaces shall consist of preventativemeasures that maintain their level of safety, performance and compliance with the relevant

part(s) of AS 4685. Such measures should include the following:

(a) Removal of broken glass, needles, animal fouling and other debris or contaminates.

(b) Raking and topping up loose-fill impact attenuating surfacing if there is insufficient

material or if it is compacted.

(c) Maintenance to unitary impact attenuating surfacing.

(d) Repairing or replacing equipment that is broken or missing.

(e) Removing graffiti.

(f) Emptying of bins and removal of rubbish.

(g) Maintenance of ancillary items, such as barbecues, tables, rubbish bins, etc.

(h) Removal of dead overhanging branches.


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(i) Lubrication of bearings and bushes as required.

(j) Confirming the structural integrity of all equipment.

(k) Ensuring there are no strangulation hazards.

9.6.2 Corrective action and maintenance procedures

The operator shall develop and maintain procedures for corrective action where hazards are

identified (e.g. following an inspection, in incident reports, or by other people notifying the

operator).

Hazards may be caused by non-compliant design, defective installation, wear and tear,

material failure or damage from external sources.

An immediate risk assessment shall be undertaken to assess the safety implications of non-

compliance or defects. This will set a priority for repair, maintenance, removal and/or

replacement.

Any defect that puts the safety of users at risk shall either be corrected without delay, or the

item shall be secured against use or removed. Care should be taken that repairs are notcarried out in a manner that creates an additional hazard.

Until unsafe equipment is repaired and safe for use, access by the public should be

prevented.

9.6.3 Removal of equipment

If a piece of equipment is to be temporarily removed from the site (e.g. for maintenance)

any anchorages or foundations left in the ground shall be safeguarded and the site made

safe.

If a piece of equipment is to be permanently removed, any anchorages or foundations shall

be removed or otherwise made safe.

If equipment cannot be repaired and it is hazardous it shall be removed and destroyed to

prevent its use as playground equipment elsewhere.

9.7 Modifications to equipment

Alterations to parts of a structure that could affect the essential safety of the equipment

should only be carried out after consultation with the manufacturer or a competent person.

NOTE: In some circumstances, the person altering existing equipment takes over or shares the

legal responsibilities of a manufacturer for the purposes of this Standard. It is recommended that

advice be sought regarding possible impact on warranties and supplier responsibilities.

Whenever playground equipment is modified, refurbished or upgraded the entire play

structure shall be made compliant with the current Standard and all the published

Amendments.


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APPENDIX A

SHADE/SUN PROTECTION

(Informative)

A1 SCOPE

This Appendix gives general guidance on factors that should be considered in deciding on

the amount and type of shade and sun protection provided in a playground.

A2 GENERAL

Australia has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world. Most forms of shade can reduce

UV exposure by up to 75%. When used in conjunction with other protective measures, such

as sun-protective clothing, hats, sunglasses and sunscreen, shade is the best way to provide

maximum protection against UV radiation.Factors to be considered when selecting an appropriate means of sun protection and shade

include the following:

(a) UV radiation The amount of ultraviolet radiation and heat likely in the area (UV

radiation will vary according to location, climate and time of day).

(b) Built shade This can be stand-alone or it can be built onto existing buildings or

structures. All built shade consists of two parts: the supporting structure that keeps

the shade structure in place and the primary shading element. Certification may be

required from a qualified structural engineer to ensure structural integrity and safety.

(c) Natural shade Use of natural shade from trees is an essential part of shade planning,

as it is one of the most effective and attractive ways of providing shade. Theeffectiveness of natural shade depends on the density of the foliage and the size of the

canopy. As a general rule, trees with a canopy that is dense and closer to the ground

provide the best protection from direct UV radiation.

(d) Existing shade Plans should be made to optimize the use of existing shade. For

example, play equipment could be moved to a shaded area, or low branches could be

removed from trees to allow children to play underneath.

(e) Site usage patterns Consider the usage patterns at the site, particularly the time of

day and time of year it is most in use, and maximize shade at peak use times. Shade

can be provided by trees and canopies (natural or built); shadows from buildings

nearby; and areas underneath platforms. Consider performing a shade audit to

document shade at different times of the day. Guidelines on how to perform a shade

audit can be found at www.sunsmart.com.au/shade-audit/

(f) Climatic conditions Consider the characteristics of the climate zone as well as any

local weather conditions. These factors will affect the design of a shade structure as

well as the selection of tree species.

(g) Seasonal conditions Ensure shade does not make an area uncomfortable and cold in

winter. A shade structure may also provide rain protection for children. Summer

shade provision should minimize UV radiation levels as well as reduce heat and light.

Winter shade provision should minimize UV radiation levels, while allowing for

transmission of sufficing levels of heat and light. Care needs to be taken that

providing shade in summer does not create other problems (such as the introductionof slipping hazards where moss might propagate or dark, cold areas in winter).


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A playground in the north of Australia may also require a larger and more permanent

canopy because of the higher temperatures over a greater proportion of the year than

would one in Tasmania. UV levels in Tasmania, on the other hand may be higher.

(h) Indirect UV radiation Materials used for playground equipment, shade structures

and surfacing can all attract indirect UV radiation. Consider the best materials to use

for individual locations. Shade can provide protection by putting a physical barrierbetween sunlight and playground users. The degree of protection provided by shade is

determined by the effectiveness of different materials, its placement, and its height

above the ground. Research has confirmed that harmful levels UV exposure can occur

from reflected UV radiation. Consideration should be given to exposure to reflected

UV radiation from playground surfacing outside the shade canopy. Care should be

taken to site equipment so that it is correctly positioned with respect to sun exposure.

Poorly shaded platforms and playground surfacing materials (such as rubber surfaces)

can become unacceptably hot if exposed to too much direct sunlight.

Large flat or inclined surfaces, especially metal ones, likely to be contacted by the

user (e.g. on a slide) may heat up and cause serious burns. Protecting the impact

attenuating surface and the slide from direct sunlight by the use of trees or shade

cloth are examples of ways in which this hazard may be reduced.

(i) Ground surfaces Barefoot play on unshaded ground surfaces, including unitary

safety surfaces, may expose children to burns on very warm and hot days. Playground

operators, in particular childcare centres, shall assess burn hazards on such days and

take appropriate countermeasures.

(j) Safety It is important to ensure that shade structures do not create safety hazards by

users climbing onto the shade cover. The lowest accessible edge of the shade cover

should provide a minimum clearance height of 2.5 m from any part of the play

structure to prevent access by climbing.


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APPENDIX B

PLAYGROUND SAFETY CHECKLIST

(Informative)

B1 SCOPE

This Appendix gives guidance on the type of information that should be considered when

developing a playground safety checklist.

B2 GENERAL

The questions needed in a playground safety checklist will vary according to the particular

circumstances, which include the following:

(a) Whether the playground has been designed and installed in accordance with the

current Standards or to previous (now superseded) Standards.

(b) Whether it is intended for use as part of the visual, operational or comprehensive

inspection. Examples of items to be assessed as part of visual and operational

inspections are provided in Clauses 9.5.3 and 9.5.4 respectively. Examples of items to

be assessed during a comprehensive inspection are found in Paragraph B3 below.

It is recommended that checklist questions be formulated in a consistent tone. The use of a

positive tone is preferred. A positive response means that no action is necessary, while a

negative response requires action. For example, the question ‘ Is the impact surface free of

any obstacles that may be hazardous?’ is preferable to ‘ Are there any obstacles in the

impact area that may be hazardous?’

B3 COMPREHENSIVE INSPECTIONS

Examples of questions that should be included in a checklist when conducting

comprehensive inspections are as follows:

(a) Surfacing

(i) Is the depth adequate (in the case of loose-fill surfaces)?

(ii) Is the surface in good repair (in the case of unitary surfaces)?

(iii) Is the surface free of any trip hazards?

(iv) Is the surface free of objects that may cause injury, e.g. broken glass?

(v) If the surface is likely to reach extreme temperatures when exposed to direct

sun, are measures in place (e.g. signage) to warn users to avoid playing in bare

feet?

(vi) Does the surface meet or exceed the impact attenuation requirements of

AS/NZS 4422?

(b) Equipment (general)

(i) Are all footings adequately covered?

(ii) Are the foundations stable and free of movement?

(iii) Is the equipment free of protrusions or sharp edges?

(iv) Are all components present and secure?

(v) Is the equipment in good repair (i.e. free from excessive rust, cracked welds,

splintering timber, etc.)?


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(c) Protection against falling

(i) Is the impact area adequate for the free height of fall?

(ii) Is the falling space free of obstacles that could cause injury?

(iii) Is the free space adequate for forced movement items?

(iv) Are barriers, guardrails and handrails appropriate and at correct heights?

(d) Protection against entrapment

(i) Is the equipment free of head and neck entrapments?

(ii) Is the equipment free of finger entrapments?

(iii) Is the equipment free of clothing entrapments?

(iv) Is the equipment free of whole body entrapments?

(v) Is the equipment free of foot or leg entrapments?

(e) Moving parts

(i) Is the equipment free of crush or shear points?

(ii) Are chains and connectors free of excessive wear (40% worn)?

(iii) Are moving and ‘sealed for life’ parts moving freely?

(iv) Are gaps between moving parts greater than 12 mm?

(v) Is the impact attenuating leading-edge of all moving equipment adequate to

cushion potential collisions with children?

*** END OF DRAFT ***


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PREPARATION OF AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

Australian Standards are prepared by a consensus process involving representatives

nominated by organizations drawn from all major interests associated with the subject.

Australian Standards may be derived from existing industry Standards, from establishedinternational Standards and practices or may be developed within a Standards Australia

technical committee.

During the development process, Australian Standards are made available in draft form at

all sales offices and through affiliated overseas bodies in order that all interests concerned

with the application of a proposed Standard are given the opportunity to submit views on

the requirements to be included.

The following interests are represented on the committee responsible for this draft

Australian Standard:

Australian Industry Group

Australian Institute of Landscape Architects

Department for Health and Ageing, SA

Early Childhood Australia

Education and Early Childhood Services Registration and Standards Board

Engineers Australia

Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia

Kidsafe

Monash University

National Association of Testing Authorities Australia

NSW Fair Trading

Occupational Therapy Australia

Play Australia

The Play Equipment Importers and Exporters


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Standards Australia

Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes

most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are

developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are

invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government,

Standards Australia is recognized as Australia’s peak national standards body.

Australian Standards

Aust ralian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers

and other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are

a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from

other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept

under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing

technology.

International Involvement

Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring that the Australian viewpoint is considered in the

formulation of international Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in

national Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets.

Standards Australia represents Australia at both ISO (The International Organization

for Standardization) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

Electronic Standards

All Aust ralian Standards are available in electronic ed itions, either downloaded ind ividually from SAI

Global, or via on-line and CD ROM subscription services. For more information phone 131 242 or visit

www.saiglobal.com/shop

DR AS4685.0-2015 Playground Equipment and Surfacing - Development Installation Inspection...

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