Dr. ALSHIKH YOUSSEF Haiyan · pelvis 2-Visceral peritoneum-covers the viscera 3- Peritoneal cavity...
Transcript of Dr. ALSHIKH YOUSSEF Haiyan · pelvis 2-Visceral peritoneum-covers the viscera 3- Peritoneal cavity...
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Dr. ALSHIKH YOUSSEF Haiyan
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General features The peritoneum is a thin serous
membrane Consisting of:1- Parietal peritoneum -lines the ant. Abdominal wall and the
pelvis2- Visceral peritoneum- covers the viscera3- Peritoneal cavity - the potential space between the parietal
and visceral layer of peritoneum- in male, is a closed sac- but in the female, there is a
communication with the exterior through the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina
▪
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Peritoneum cavity
divided into
Greater sac
Lesser sac
Communication
between them by
the epiploic
foramen
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The peritoneum The peritoneal cavity is the largest one in the body.
Divided into tow sac :
Greater sac; extends from diaphragm down to the pelvis.
Lesser sac or omental bursa; lies behind the stomach.
Both cavities are interconnected through the epiploicforamen(winslow ).
In male : the peritoneum is a closed sac .
In female : the sac is not completely closed because it communicates with the exterior through the uterine tubes, uterus and vagina.
Lesser Sac
Greater Sac
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Peritoneum in transverse section
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The relationship between viscera and peritoneum
Intraperitoneal viscera viscera is almost totally covered with visceral
peritoneum example, stomach, 1st & last inch of duodenum,
jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, transverse and sigmoid colons, spleen and ovary
Intraperitoneal viscera
Interperitoneal viscera
Retroperitoneal viscera
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Interperitoneal viscera Such organs are not completely wrapped by
peritoneum
one surface attached to the abdominal walls or
other organs.
Example
liver, gallbladder, urinary bladder and uterus
Upper part of the rectum, Ascending and
Descending colon
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Retroperitoneal viscera
some organs lie on the posterior abdominal wall
Behind the peritoneum
they are partially covered by peritoneum on their anterior surfaces only
Example
kidney, suprarenal gland, pancreas, upper 3rd of rectum
duodenum, and ureter, aorta and I.V.C
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The Peritoneal Reflection
The peritoneal reflection include: omentum,
mesenteries, ligaments, folds, recesses, pouches
and fossae.
Many of them contain the blood vessels,
lymphatics, and nerves that from the abdominal
wall passed to viscera.
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Folds of the peritoneum
•Type :
•Omenta-
•Mesentery -
•Ligamentes-
•Fossae and recesse-
•Pouches -
•-
•-
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Omenta
Two layered fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach to another viscus.
The lesser omentum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.
The greater omentum connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.
Greater
omentum
Lesser omentum
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Greater omentum
Greater omentum
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Greater omentum• The largest peritoneal fold, contains some
adipose tissue.
• It consists of a double sheet of peritoneum,
folded on itself so that it is made up of four
layers (anterior 2 layers + posterior 2 layers).
• The two layers which descend from the
greater curve of the stomach and
commencement of the duodenum, pass
downward in front of the small intestines,
then turn upon themselves, and ascend to the
transverse colon, where they separate and
enclose it.
• The left border of the greater omentum is
continuous with the gastrosplenic ligament.
• Its right border extends as far as the
commencement of the duodenum.
• Contents : the anastomosis between the
right and left gastroepiploic vessels.
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Greater omentum
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This thin flesh-colored covering is
the greater omentum.
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Lesser omentum Extends between the liver and the lesser
curvature of the stomach.
• It is continuous with the two layers of
peritoneum which cover the anterior &
posterior surfaces of stomach and 1st part of
the duodenum.
• Ascend as a double fold to the porta hepatis
of liver, and fissure for ligamentum venosum.
• To the left of porta hepatis it is carried to the
diaphragm.
• Its right border is a free margin; constitutes
the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen.
Contents between the two layers of
the lesser omentum :
• Close to the right free margin, are the hepatic
artery, the common bile duct, the portal vein,
lymphatics, and the hepatic plexus of nerves.
• At the attachement to the stomach, run the
right and left gastric vessels.
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Hepatogastric ligamentfrom porta hepatis to lesser curvature of stomach
Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Extends from porta hepatis
to superior part of
duodenum,
- at its free margine enclose 3
structures(3 key structures)
common bile duct Ant.
proper hepatic a At the Lt. of the
common bile duct
hepatic portal v post.
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Blood vessels Rt. & Lt. gastric vessels
Lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels
Fat
Autonomic N.S sympathetic +
parasympathetic (vagus nerve)
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2. Lesser and Greater Omenta
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Lesser and Greater Omenta
Lesser
Omentum
hepatogastric ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament
the epiploic foramen
(of Winslow)
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Omental bursa,(Lesser Sac)
It is a part of the peritonial cavity behind the stomach.
Boundaries of the omental bursa ;
Anterior wall, from above downward, by the caudate lobe of the liver, the lesser omentum, back of the stomach, and the anterior two layers of the greater omentum.
Posterior wall, from below upward, by the posterior two layers of the greater omentum, the transverse colon, and the ascending layer of the transverse mesocolon, the upper surface of the pancreas, the left suprarenal gland, and the upper end of the left kidney.
Lesser Sac
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Walls: Superior-peritoneum
which covers the caudate lobe of liver and diaphragm
Anterior-lesser omentum, peritoneum of posterior wall of stomach, and anterior two layers of greater omentum
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Inferior-conjunctive
area of anterior and
posterior two layers of
greater omentum
Posterior-posterior
two layers of greater
omentum, transverse
colon and transverse
mesocolon, peritoneum
covering posterior
abdominal wall.
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Left-spleen,
gastrosplenic
ligament
splenorenal ligament
Right-omental
foramen
Omental bursa
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Boundaries
Anteriorlly
- Free border of lesser
omentum contain1- Bile duct( Rt & ant)
2- Hepatic artery(Lt & anT)
3- Portal vein(post.)
Posteriorly
I.V.C
Superiorly
Caudate process of caudate
lobe of liver
Inferiorly
First part of duodenum
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The Omental foramen( winslow)
Boundaries:
• Anterior: Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct contained within the lesser omentum.
• Posterior: Inferior vena cava & right crus of the diaphragm covered with parietal peritoneum.
• Superior: Caudate lobe of the liver covered with visceral peritoneum.
• Inferior: First part of the duodenum
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Epiploic Foramen: BoundariesAnterior: free margin of lesser omentum, containing (hepatic
artery, bile duct and portal vein)
Posterior: peritoneum covering IVC.
Superior: Caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver.
Inferior: 1st inch of the1st part of duodenum.
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II) The mesenteries and mesocolons :
large intestine
small intestine
ileocecal valve
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Mesentery of the small intestine
• The mesentery
suspends the
jejunum and ileum
from the posterior
abdominal wall.
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• Mesentery
Two layers of peritoneum connecting small intestine to post abdominal wall.
It has 2 borders
1- Attached border: to post abdominal wall &
2- Free border: which encloses the jejunum & ileum.
• Vessels, nerves. Lymphatic enter small intestine between the two layers.
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1- Mesentery of small
intestine -suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall-Broad and a fan-
shaped
Root of mesentery
• 15 cm long
• Directed obliquely from left side of L2 vertebra to right sacroiliac joint
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- the jejunal and ilealbranches of the superior mesenteric artery &veins
- nerve plexuses - lymphatic vessels- the lymphatic nodes,- connective tissue - fat
Contents of the mesentery
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2. The mesoappendix (mesentery of the appendix)
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The mesenteries
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon
mesentery of the
small intestine
Contents ?
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3. The transverse mesocolon (mesentery of the transverse colon)
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4. The sigmoid mesocolon (mesentery of the sigmoid colon)
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3- ligaments of the peritoneum
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1- The Falciform ligament of liver
2- The Ligamentum teres hepatis
3- The coronary ligament
4- The right triangular ligament
5- The left triangular ligament
6- The Hepatogastric ligament
7- The hepatoduonedenal ligament
8- The Ligamentum Venoosum
1. The ligaments of the liver
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III) The ligaments
1. The ligments of the liver
Falciform ligament
Ligamentum teres hepatis
Coronary ligament
Right triangular ligament
Left triangular ligament
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Falciform ligament of
liver
• Consists of double
peritoneal layer
• Sickeleshape
• Extends from anterior
abdominal wall
(umbilicus) to liver
• Free border of the
ligament contains
Ligamentum teres
(obliterated umbilical
vein)
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Peritoneal folds related to the Liver
• The Falciform ligament:
Passes from the parietal
peritoneum on the anterior
abdominal wall to the
visceral peritoneum on the
surface of the liver.
• The round ligament of the
liver (ligamentum teres
hepatis):
• Is the obliterated umbilical
vein and it is found in the
inferior free margin of the
Falciform ligament.
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Coronary ligamentthe area between upper
and lower layer of the
coronary ligament is the
bare area of liver which
contract with the
diaphragm;
Left and right
triangular
ligaments formed by
left and right extremity of
coronary ligament
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• Coronary ligament:
Attaches the liver to the
diaphragm. Two peritoneal
ligaments are parts of the
coronary ligament:
1. Left triangular ligament:
Is between the left lobe of
the liver and the diaphragm.
2. Right triangular ligament:
Is between the right lobe of
the liver and the diaphragm.
Peritoneal folds related to the Liver
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Anterior coronary ligament
Posterior coronary ligament
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Left triangular ligament
Ligamentum teres hepatis
Ligament venosum
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2. The ligaments of the stomach
① The gastrohepatic ligament
② The gastrocolic ligament
③ The gastrosplenic ligament
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2- Ligaments of stomach
Hepatogastric ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastropancrestic ligament
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Hepatogastric lig.
Hepatodudenal lig.
Omentum
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. The ligaments of the stomach
Hepatogastric lig.
Gastrocolic lig.
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3. The ligaments of the spleen
Splenorenal lig.
Gastiosplenic lig.
Hepatorenal recess
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Spleen• Peritoneum• The spleen is completely covered
with peritoneum intraperitonealorgan
• Two ligaments
1- the gastrosplenic omentum (ligament) between the spleen &the greater curvature of the stomach (carrying the short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels)
2- splenicorenal ligament between spleen & kidney (carrying the splenic vessels and the tail of the pancreas).
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Phrenicosplenic ligament
Splenocolic ligament
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4. The suspensory ligament of the duodenum
Ligament of Treitz it
is a fold containing
the suspensory
muscle of duodenum.
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5. The phrenicocolic ligament
It is a fold of peritoneum which is
continued from the left colic flexure to
the diaphragm opposite the 10th and 12th
ribs.
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2. The pouches
Rectovesical pouchRectouterine pouch
Vesicouterine pouch
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Pouches In male
rectovesical pouch lies between rectum and
urinary bladder (or the
seminal vesicles and
ampullae ductus
deferentes).
The rectovesical pouch is
the lowest part of the
peritoneal cavity in
anatomical position in
male.
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In female
1- Rectouterine pouch(douglas)
between rectum and uterus
2- Vesicouterine pouch
between bladder and uterus
- The rectouterine pouch is formed between the anterior surface of the
rectum and the posterosurface of the uterus and the upper part of vagina.
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IV) The peritonal recesses, pouches, fossae and folds
1. The recesses
(1) The duodenal recesses
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1. Duodenal Recesses
The superior duodenal recess
The inferior duodenal recess
The paraduodenal recess
The duodenojejunal recess
2. Cecal recesses
The superior ileocecal,
The inferior ileocecal
The retrocecal recesses
The rectocolic recess
3. The intersigmoid recess
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Human Anatomy 71
The Peritoneal Reflections
4. The folds
1) supraduodenal
fold
2) infraduodenal
fold
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Human Anatomy 72Dept. of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University
The Peritoneal Reflections
3) retrocecal recess
4) hepatorenal recess
5) intersigmoid recess
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(2) The cecal recesses
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(3) The intersigmoid recess
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Retrocecal recess
in which the appendix
frequently lies
Hepatorenal recess
lies between the right
lobe of liver, right
kidney, and right colic
flexure, and is the
lowest parts of the
peritoneal cavity when
the subject is supine
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(4) The hepatorenal recess
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3. The folds and fossa
Median umbilical fold
Lateral umbilical fold
Medial umbilical foldMedian umbilical lig.
Medial umbilical lig.
Inferior epigastric a.Lateral umbilical fossa
Medial umbilical fossa
Supravesical fossa
Urinary bladder
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The transverse colon and transverse mesocolon divides the greater sac into
- Supracolic compartments- Infracolic compartments.- Rt.extraperitoneal space.( bare
area of liver & diaphragm)
Supracolic compartmentsSubphrenic spaceSub hepatic space
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The supra-colic compartment
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Rt. anterior subphrenic space Lt. anterior subphrenic space
Rt. posterior subphrenic
(Rt. Subhepatic)
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Morison’s pouch
left subhepatic
Space
(Lt. posterior subphrenic)
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Subphrenic space Divided by the
attachment of Falciform
ligament into
Rt.subphrenic
space
Lt.subphrenic
space
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Subhepatic space divided into:
Rt.subhepatic space(morison’s
pouch)
Lt.subhepatic space( lesser sac)
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Infracolic compartment- lies below the transverse
colon and transverse
mesocolon
Divided by root of the
mesentery of small intestine
into:
Rt. Infracolic
compartment
Lt. infracolic
compartment
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Infracolic compartments
Right paracolic sulcus (gutter)
Subdivide into:
- Rt.medial.paracolic
- Rt.Lateral.paracolic
Rt.Lateral.paracolic communicates with the hepatorenal recess and the pelvic cavity.
It provides a route for the spread of infection between the pelvic and the upper abdominal region.
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Subdivide into:
- Lt.medial.paracolic
- Lt.Lateral.paracolic
- Lt. lateral paracolic separated
from the area around the
spleen by the phrenicocolic
ligament( a fold of peritoneum
that passes from the colic
flexure to the diaphragm)
- Lt.medial.paracolic open to
the outside through the pelvis
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• Peritoneal fluid
• Peritoneal fluid is pale yellow
fluid rich in leukocytes
• Mobile viscera glide easily on
one another.
• Peritoneal fluid moves upward towards subphrenic spaces-
whatever the position of the
body- by:
• 1- Movements of diaphragm.
• 2- Movements of abdominal muscles
• 3- Peristaltic movements.
• Peritoneum is extensive in the
region of diaphragm.
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Nerve supply to the peritoneum
The parietal peritoneumphrenic nerve Intercostal (T7-T12)
first lumbar nerves(L1)obturator nerve for pelvis
The visceral peritoneumautonomic
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Function of the peritoneum
Secretes a lubricating serous fluid that continuously moistens the associated organs
Fat storage
Defense role the presence of lymphatic vessels &
nodes , Greater omentum is called the
policeman of abdomen to prevent spread of
infection
It secretes the peritoneal fluid
Support viscera Absorb
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