Dowsing 1

Dowsing

A dowser, from an 18th century French book aboutsuperstitions.

Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts tolocate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil,gravesites,[1] and many other objects and materials, as wellas so-called currents of earth radiation, without the use ofscientific apparatus. Dowsing is also known as divining(especially in reference to interpretation of results),[2]

doodlebugging (in the US), or (when searchingspecifically for water) water finding or water witching.

A Y- or L-shaped twig or rod, called a dowsing rod,divining rod (Latin: virgula divina or baculusdivinatorius) or witching rod is sometimes used duringdowsing, although some dowsers use other equipment orno equipment at all.

Dowsing appears to have arisen in the context ofRenaissance magic in Germany, and it remains popularamong believers in Forteana or radiesthesia[3] althoughthere is no accepted scientific rationale behind the conceptand no scientific evidence that it is effective.

History

Dowsing as practiced today may have originated inGermany during the 15th century, when it was used to findmetals. As early as 1518 Martin Luther listed dowsing formetals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., asoccultism). The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rodin hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation. The rod is labelled "Virgula Divina – Glück rüt"(Latin: divine rod; German: fortune rod or stick), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By 1556 GeorgiusAgricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore, De Re Metallica, included a detailed description of dowsing formetal ore.[4]

In 1662 dowsing was declared to be "superstitious, or rather satanic" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott, though he laternoted that he wasn't sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement of the rod.[5]

An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick (1651) runs thus:Virgula divina."Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod,Gather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice,And (borne about) will strangely nodTo hidden Treasure where it lies;Mankind is (sure) that Rod divine,For to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline."

The use of divining rods was a popular branch of folk magic in early 19th century New England. The early leaders in Mormonism, a religion that erupted out of that environment, were not exempt. Oliver Cowdery, the Book of

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Mormon scribe and "Second Elder" of the Church, used a divining rod for revelatory purposes.[6] In a revelationgiven to Joseph Smith through his seer stone, God affirmed Cowdery's use of "working with the rod", and said that itwas a divine gift through which Cowdery could learn the "mysteries of God".[6] This gift later became known in therevelation as "the gift of Aaron", referencing Moses' brother Aaron's use of a rod in the Old Testament.[6]

In the late 1960s during the Vietnam War, some United States Marines used dowsing to attempt to locate weaponsand tunnels.[7] An extensive book on the history of dowsing was published by Christopher Bird in 1979 under thetitle of The Divining Hand. James Randi’s 1982 book Flim-Flam! devotes 19 pages to comprehensive double-blindtests done in Italy which yielded results no better than chance.

Dowsing rods

A forked tree branch

Traditionally, the most common dowsing rod is a forked (Y-shaped)branch from a tree or bush. Some dowsers prefer branches fromparticular trees, and some prefer the branches to be freshly cut. Hazeltwigs in Europe and witch-hazel in the United States are traditionallycommonly chosen, as are branches from willow or peach trees. Thetwo ends on the forked side are held one in each hand with the third(the stem of the "Y") pointing straight ahead. Often the branches aregrasped palms down. The dowser then walks slowly over the placeswhere he suspects the target (for example, minerals or water) may be,and the dowsing rod supposedly dips, inclines or twitches when adiscovery is made. This method is sometimes known as "WillowWitching."

Two L-shaped metal wire rods

Many dowsers today use a pair of simple L-shaped metal rods. One rodis held in each hand, with the short arm of the L held upright, and thelong arm pointing forward. When something is found, the rods crossover one another making an "X" over the found object. If the object islong and straight, such as a water pipe, the rods will point in oppositedirections, showing its orientation. Some dowsers claim best successwith rods made of particular metals, commonly brass, although othersthink that the material is irrelevant if it is the human body itself thatdoes the detecting.[8] The rods are sometimes fashioned from wire coathangers, and glass or plastic rods have also been accepted. Straightrods are also sometimes used for the same purposes, and were not

uncommon in early 19th century New England.

In all cases, the device is in a state of unstable equilibrium from which slight movements may be amplified.[9]

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Revelatory rods

A man demonstrating dowsing technique using aY-shaped branch

Besides dowsing, divining rods were also used as revelatory devices.Sometimes a rod would be held up in the air, and the rodman wouldask a question. If the rod moved, the answer was "yes". If it did notmove, the answer was "no". The source for this was believed to beeither magical spirits or God; sometimes these types of rods werereferred to as a "Mosaic rod" or "rod of Aaron", referencing the OldTestament prophet Moses and his brother Aaron, who both used rods(presumably straight ones).

Other equipment used for dowsing

A pendulum of crystal, metal or other materials suspended on a chainis sometimes used in divination and dowsing. In one approach the userfirst determines which direction (left-right, up-down) will indicate"yes" and which "no" before proceeding to ask the pendulum specificquestions, or else another person may pose questions to the personholding the pendulum. The pendulum may also be used over a pad orcloth with "yes" and "no" written on it and perhaps other words writtenin a circle. The person holding the pendulum aims to hold it as steadily as possible over the center and its movementsare held to indicate answers to the questions. In the practice of radiesthesia, a pendulum is used for medicaldiagnosis.

Suggested explanationsEarly attempts at a scientific explanation of dowsing were based on the notion that the divining rod was physicallyaffected by emanations from substances of interest. The following explanation is from William Pryce's 1778Mineralogia Cornubiensis:

The corpuscles ... that rise from the Minerals, entering the rod, determine it to bow down, in order to render itparallel to the vertical lines which the effluvia describe in their rise. In effect the Mineral particles seem to beemitted from the earth; now the Virgula [rod], being of a light porous wood, gives an easy passage to theseparticles, which are also very fine and subtle; the effluvia then driven forwards by those that follow them, andpressed at the same time by the atmosphere incumbent on them, are forced to enter the little intersticesbetween the fibres of the wood, and by that effort they oblige it to incline, or dip down perpendicularly, tobecome parallel with the little columns which those vapours form in their rise.

Such explanations have no modern scientific basis.A 1986 article in Nature included dowsing in a list of "effects which until recently were claimed to be paranormalbut which can now be explained from within orthodox science."[10] Specifically, dowsing could be explained interms of sensory cues, expectancy effects and probability.[10]

Skeptics and some supporters believe that dowsing apparatus has no power of its own but merely amplifies slightmovements of the hands caused by a phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect: people's subconscious minds mayinfluence their bodies without their consciously deciding to take action. This would make the dowsing rods a conduitfor the diviner's subconscious knowledge or perception.There is disputed evidence that dowsers have subliminal sensitivity to the environment (through electroception, magnetoception, telluric currents or otherwise) or other paranormal faculties. Soviet geologists have made claims for the abilities of dowsers,[11] which are difficult to account for in terms of the reception of normal sensory cues. Some

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authors suggest that these abilities may be explained by postulating human sensitivity to small magnetic fieldgradient changes.[12] [13] [14]

EvidenceA 1948 study tested 58 dowsers' ability to detect water. None of them was more reliable than chance.[15] A 1979review examined many controlled studies of dowsing for water, and found that none of them showed better thanchance results. [16]

In a study in Munich 1987-1988 by Hans-Dieter Betz and other scientists, 500 dowsers were initially tested for their"skill" and the experimenters selected the best 43 among them for further tests. Water was pumped through a pipe onthe ground floor of a two-storey barn. Before each test the pipe was moved in a direction perpendicular to the waterflow. On the upper floor each dowser was asked to determine the position of the pipe. Over two years the dowsersperformed 843 such tests. Of the 43 pre-selected and extensively tested candidates at least 37 showed no dowsingability. The results from the remaining 6 were said to be better than chance, resulting in the experimenters'conclusion that some dowsers "in particular tasks, showed an extraordinarily high rate of success, which can scarcelyif at all be explained as due to chance ... a real core of dowser-phenomena can be regarded as empiricallyproven."[17]

Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology and a leading skepticwho emphasised correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely consistent withstatistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided "the most convincing disproofimaginable that dowsers can do what they claim,"[18] stating that the data analysis was "special, unconventional andcustomized." Replacing it with "more ordinary analyses,"[19] he noted that the best dowser was on average 4millimeters out of 10 meters closer to a mid-line guess, an advantage of 0.0004%. The study's authors responded,saying "on what grounds could Enright come to entirely different conclusions? Apparently his data analysis was toocrude, even illegitimate."[20] The findings of the Munich study were also confirmed in a paper by Dr. S. Ertel,[21] aGerman psychologist who had previously intervened in the statistical controversy surrounding the "Mars effect", butEnright remained unconvinced.[22]

More recently a study[23] was undertaken in Kassel, Germany under the direction of the Gesellschaft zurWissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (GWUP) [Society for the Scientific Investigation of theParasciences]. The three-day test of some 30 dowsers involved plastic pipes through which water flow could becontrolled and directed. The pipes were buried 50 centimeters under a level field, the position of each marked on thesurface with a colored strip. The dowsers had to tell whether water was running through each pipe. All the dowserssigned a statement agreeing this was a fair test of their abilities and that they expected a 100 percent success rate,however the results were no better than chance.Some researchers have investigated possible physical or geophysical explanations for alleged dowsing abilities. Onestudy concluded that dowsers "respond" to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field, but this response does not occur if thekidney area or head are shielded.[24]

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Commercial and "hi-tech" dowsing devicesA number of devices resembling "high tech" dowsing rods have been marketed for modern police and military use:none have been shown to be effective.[25] The more notable of this class of device are ADE 651, Sniffex, and theGT200.[26] [27] A US government study advised against buying "bogus explosive detection equipment".[25]

Devices:• Sandia National Laboratories tested the MOLE Programmable System manufactured by Global Technical Ltd. of

Kent, UK and found it ineffective.[26]

• The ADE 651 is a device produced by ATSC (UK) and widely used by Iraqi police to detect explosives.[27]

Many[27] [28] have denied its effectiveness and contended that the ADE 651 failed to prevent many bombings inIraq. On 22nd January 2010, the director of ATSC, Jim McCormick was arrested on suspicion of fraud bymisrepresentation.[29] Earlier, the British Government had announced a ban on the export of the ADE-651 [30]

• SNIFFEX was the subject of a report by the United States Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal that concluded"The handheld SNIFFEX explosives detector does not work."[31]

• Global Technical GT200 is a dowsing type explosive detector which contains no scientific mechanism.[32] [33]

List of well-known dowsersWell-known dowsers include:• Karl Spiesberger• Ludwig Straniak• A. Frank Glahn• J. Francis Hitching• Hellmut Wolff• Uri Geller• Thomas Charles Lethbridge[34]

See also• Rhabdomancy• Long range locator• Michel Moine• Reveal the Power of the Pendulum by Karl Spiesberger• Pigeon Post• Professor Calculus• Geopathic stress• ADE 651

External links• Mystery Robot Said to Solve Crimes, Find Mines in Chile [35] - Manuel Salinas, a 39-year-old inventor, claims he

has built a machine that has extraordinary capabilities for finding buried objects.• Dowsing Archaeological Features [36] An empirical study at Cressing Temple, Witham, Essex.• George P. Hansen: Dowsing: A Review of Experimental Research [37]. In: Journal of the Society for Psychical

Research, Band 51, Nr. 792, Oktober 1982, S.343–67• Linda K. Barrett und Evon Z. Vogt: The Urban American Dowser. In: The Journal of American Folklore 325

(1969), S. 195-213• Adolphe Landspurg [38], Honorary President of the Dowser and Geobiologist's Association of Europe.

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• ISD - International Society of Dowsing Research [39]

• International Digital Dowsers Forum Board [40]

• ASD - American Society of Dowsers [41]

• BSD - British Society of Dowsers [42]

• CSD - Canadian Society of Dowsers [43]

• SIDG - School of Indian Dowsers and Geomancy [44]

• James Randi on Dowsing [45]

• The Skeptics Dictionary [46] - Includes details of various scientific tests.• Australian Skeptics Divining Test [47]

• An Australian television program [48] about the above divining test at Google Video.• Dowsing In Connecticut [49] - by Perry DeAngelis• "Beyond Science" video [50] PBS show Scientific American Frontiers on dowsing featuring Ray Hyman,

November 19, 1997• Experimental protocol: Dowsing [51] - Scientific test conducted by the Observatoire Zetetique• The Straight Dope: Does dowsing for water really work? [52]

(2007)

References[1] Kenney, Andrew. The Herald (Johnson County, North Carolina) (http:/ / www. theherald-nc. com); "Grave Hunters." http:/ / www.

theherald-nc. com/ front/ story/ 10836. html; 29 July 2009, page 1. Article also reproduced as a source document at WeRelate (http:/ / www.werelate. org/ wiki/ Source:United_States,_North_Carolina,_Johnston. _Grave_Hunters).

[2] Discovering Dowsing and Divining, p. 5 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=8vBAX1_UPGsC& pg=PA5), Peter Naylor[3] As translated from a preface of the Kassel experiments, "roughly 10,000 active dowsers in Germany alone can generate a

conservatively-estimated annual revenue of more than 100 million DM (US$50 million)". GWUP-Psi-Tests 2004: Keine Million Dollar fürPSI-Fähigkeiten (http:/ / www. gwup. org/ psitest/ ) (in German) and English version (http:/ / www. phact. org/ e/ z/ kassel. htm).

[4] William Barrett and Theodore Besterman. The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. (1926) Kessinger Publishing,2004: p.7

[5] Michel Eugène Chevreul, De La Baguette Divinatoire du pendule dit explorateur at des table tournants au point de vue de l'histoire, de lacritique, and de la méthode expérimentale, Paris, 1854. "Le père Gaspard Schott (jés.) considère l'usage de la baguette comme superstitieuxou plutôt diabolique, mais des renseignements qui lui furent donnés plus tard par des hommes qu'il considérait comme religieux et probe, luifirent dire dans une notation à ce passage, qu'il ne voudrait pas assurer que le demon fait toujours tourner la baguette." (Physica Curiosa,1662, lib. XII, cap. IV, pag. 1527). See facsimile (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=kzsAAAAAQAAJ) on Google Books

[6] BYU Studies Volume 24: "The Mature Joseph Smith and Treasure Searching," by Richard Lloyd Anderson[7] FIX ME (could not access entire article) Claudia Sandlin (1989-11-30). "Divining Ways; Dowsers Use Ancient Art in Many Kinds of

Searches" (http:/ / www. highbeam. com/ doc/ 1P2-1225953. html). Washington Post. . "[Louis Matacia] worked as a Marine Corps analyst atQuantico during The Vietnam War teaching Marines how to dowse..."

[8] http:/ / www. devondowsers. co. uk/ whatis. htm[9] http:/ / www. randi. org/ library/ dowsing/[10] Marks, David F. (March 13, 1986). "Investigating the paranormal". Nature (Nature Publishing Group) 320: 119–124.

doi:10.1038/320569b0. ISSN 0028-0836.[11] Williamson, T. New Scientist 81, 371 (1979)[12] Rocard, Y. La Recherche 12, 792 (1981)[13] Presti, D. & Pettgrew, J. Nature 285, 99 (1980)[14] Baker, R. Nature 301, 78 (1983)[15] Ongley, P. (1948). "New Zealand Diviners". New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 30: 38–54. via Hines, Terence (2003).

Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 9781573929790.[16] Vogt, Evon Z.; Ray Hyman (1979). Water Witching U.S.A. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 9780226862972. via Hines,

Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 9781573929790.[17] Wagner, H., H.-D. Betz, and H. L. König, 1990. Schlußbericht 01 KB8602, Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie. As quoted

by Enright in Skeptical Enquirer[18] Enright, Jim T. (Jan/Feb 1999). "The Failure of the Munich Experiments" (http:/ / www. csicop. org/ si/ show/

testing_dowsing_the_failure_of_the_munich_experiments). Skeptical Inquirer. Paul Kurtz. . Retrieved 2006-11-14. "The researchersthemselves concluded that the outcome unquestionably demonstrated successful dowsing abilities, but a thoughtful re-examination of the dataindicates that such an interpretation can only be regarded as the result of wishful thinking."

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[19] Enright, J. T. 1995. Water dowsing: The Scheunen experiments (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ n43h56431w17j5v7/?p=87fa35b761de4e7dbf1cdcd4d317f48b& pi=4). Naturwissenschaften 82: 360-369.

[20] Betz, H.-D., H. L. König, R. Kulzer, R. Trischler, and J. Wagner. 1996. Dowsing reviewed — the effect persists (http:/ / www. springerlink.com/ content/ x5p4458g31777814/ ?p=87fa35b761de4e7dbf1cdcd4d317f48b& pi=5). Naturwissenschaften 83: 272-275.

[21] Ertel, S. (May, 1996). "The dowsing data defy Enright's unfavorable verdict" (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/h7577m1087734mlh/ ). Naturwissenschaften (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 83 (5): 232–235. doi:10.1007/BF01143332. ISSN 1432-1904. .Retrieved 2009-09-26.

[22] Enright, J. T. (June, 1996). "Dowsers lost in a Barn" (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ km4q44357k557w90/ ). Naturwissenschaften(Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 83 (6): 275–277. doi:10.1007/BF01149601. ISSN 1432-1904. . Retrieved 2009-09-26.

[23] GWUP-Psi-Tests 2004: Keine Million Dollar für PSI-Fähigkeiten (http:/ / www. gwup. org/ psitest/ ) (in German) and English version(http:/ / www. phact. org/ e/ z/ kassel. htm).

[24] Harvalik, Z. V. (1978). "Anatomical localization of human detection of weak electromagnetic radiation: experiments with dowsers.". PhysiolChem Phys 10 (6): 525–34.

[25] Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 100-99), Chapter 7.WARNING: DO NOT BUY BOGUS EXPLOSIVES DETECTION EQUIPMENT (http:/ / www. ncjrs. gov/ pdffiles1/ nij/ 178913-2. pdf)

[26] Double-Blind Field Evaluation of the MOLE Programmable Detection System, [[Sandia National Laboratories (http:/ / www. justnet. org/Lists/ JUSTNET Resources/ Attachments/ 440/ moleeval_apr02. pdf)]]

[27] Iraq Swears by Bomb Detector U.S. Sees as Useless (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 11/ 04/ world/ middleeast/ 04sensors. html?_r=1&ref=world)

[28] A Direct, Specific, Challenge From James Randi and the JREF (http:/ / www. randi. org/ site/ index. php/ swift-blog/231-a-direct-specific-challenge-from-james-randi-and-the-jref. html)

[29] "'Bomb detector' maker arrested" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ 8476381. stm). BBC News. 2010-01-23. . Retrieved 2010-05-01.[30] "Government statement on 'bomb detectors' ban" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ programmes/ newsnight/ 8475875. stm). BBC News.

2010-01-22. . Retrieved 2010-05-01.[31] Test Report: The detection capabilities of the SNIFFEX explosive detector, p.8 (http:/ / s3. amazonaws. com/ propublica/ assets/ docs/

NavyReport. pdf)[32] http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2010/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 02/ 16/ thailand. bomb. scanner/ index. html?eref=rss_topstories&

utm_source=feedburner& utm_medium=feed& utm_campaign=Feed:+ rss/ cnn_topstories+ (RSS:+ Top+ Stories)[33] http:/ / www. e-k9. net/ gt200main. php[34] Tom Lethbridge's dowsing measurments (http:/ / www. thewhitegoddess. co. uk/ articles/ general_pagan/ dowsing. asp)[35] http:/ / news. nationalgeographic. com/ news/ 2006/ 05/ 060522-robots. html[36] http:/ / www. dowsingarchaeology. org. uk/ Pages/ Page0. htm[37] http:/ / www. tricksterbook. com/ ArticlesOnline/ Dowsing. htm[38] http:/ / www. landspurg. com/ html/ en/[39] http:/ / www. dowsingworks. com/[40] http:/ / www. digitaldowsers. org/[41] http:/ / www. dowsers. org/[42] http:/ / www. britishdowsers. org/[43] http:/ / www. canadiandowsers. org/[44] http:/ / www. indiandowsers. org/[45] http:/ / www. randi. org/ library/ dowsing/[46] http:/ / skepdic. com/ dowsing. html[47] http:/ / www. skeptics. com. au/ publications/ articles/ australian-skeptics-divining-test/[48] http:/ / video. google. com/ videoplay?docid=7461912885649996034[49] http:/ / www. theness. com/ articles. asp?id=57[50] http:/ / vvi. onstreammedia. com/ cgi-bin/ visearch?user=pbs-saf& template=template. html& squery=Beyond+ Science[51] http:/ / www. zetetique. fr/ divers/ Experiment%20-%20dowsing%20-%202007. pdf[52] http:/ / www. straightdope. com/ classics/ a1_168. html

Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and ContributorsDowsing  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=363926029  Contributors: 17boat, 999, Afluent Rider, Akeron, Alai, Alansohn, Alex Peppe, Alexlds, Alienlifeformz, Altenmann,Amatulic, Andre Engels, Antelan, Anthony Appleyard, Anticipation of a New Lover's Arrival, The, Anuraagvaidya, Appleseed, Art Carlson, Arthur Warrington Thomas, Ask123, Aspro, AuntEntropy, Beetstra, BillC, Billwhittaker, BlackAndy, Bobo192, Bobstay, Bongwarrior, Brinerustle, Bryan Derksen, BullRangifer, CDN99, Captain Disdain, CatchE22, Cdynas, Charliemeyers,Chris the speller, ChrisO, CliffC, Coffee, Cédric Boissière, DE, DR04, Daveclarkecb, Davidhorman, Davkal, Dbachmann, Dchall1, Diberri, Diza, Dorien Thomas, Dr Amit K Saiya, Dr.K.,Dude33369, Dukemeiser, Dumbo1, Eggdude50770, Epbr123, Excirial, Exexpert, Famousdog, Favonian, FivePointPalmExplodingHeart, FrancisDrake, Freederick, Friday, Friman, Froth,Furrykef, GSlicer, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, GarnetRChaney, Gary D, Geni, Geo8rge, Geoff B, Geotech, Gillyweed, Gingermint, Glenn, Globetour, Gores95, Guyonthesubway, HaeB, Haikupoet,Harry Mudd, Hatmaskin, Havermayer, Heron, Herorev, Hosiah, Hu12, Idahorover, Infophile, Ino5hiro, Irbisgreif, Itai, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDCAce, Jason Recliner, Esq., Jcbutler, Jefffire, Jni,JoeSmack, John Turner 67, John.Conway, Johnuniq, JoshuaZ, Joyous!, Jusdafax, Just plain Bill, Juxtatype, Jw21, JzG, Kaiwhakahaere, Kampen, Karada, Kcfru, KeithHilborn, Kenneth Cooke,Kingmundi, Kjkolb, Konusmotor, Kpjas, Kuebi, Kumioko, LabFox, Leandrod, LeoO3, Leperous, Liftarn, Linas, Lord Kenneth, LorenzoB, Lottiotta, Lowellian, Lozeldafan, Luna Santin,Madball9er, Malcolm Farmer, MarkAnthonyBoyle, MartinHarper, MartinPoulter, Martinphi, Mattingly23, Maustrauser, Maximus Rex, Mddake, Mellibere, Mentifisto, Metao, Michael Hardy,Michael Shields, MickWest, Minderbinder, Mlewis000, Monedula, Moriori, Mortene, Murderbike, Mütze, Neilbeach, Nemodomi, Nev1, Nightscream, Northmeister, NurseryRhyme, Osioni,Otheus, Pablo X, Perfectblue97, Pesco, PeteShanosky, Phil Harley, PierreAbbat, Pigman, Pjacobi, PlasmaDragon, Plazak, Pramanujan, Pro Game Master87, Pseudomonas, Qutezuce, RPGAdvocate, Radionica VISAK, Ravanosh, Redheylin, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Riluve, Rjwilmsi, Rodhullandemu, Ronz, RossPatterson, Rrburke, Ruakh, RyanGerbil10, Sam Hocevar,Sapphic, Satori Son, ScienceApologist, Secasc, Self-ref, Septegram, Shantavira, Shpoffo, Sig, Skeptic za, Smithbcs, Spdrder, Spinfisher, StaticGull, StoatBringer, Storkk, Stupid Corn, Sunray,Synchronism, Tabithacat, Tappel, Tarquin, Taweetham, Tevildo, The Anome, Thenickdude, Thumperward, Timc, Timwi, Toby D, Tom Hartley, Tom harrison, TomEarth, Toussaint, Unibond,Varnav, Vassyana, Verbal, Vsb, Warut, Wbrameld, WhoMadeGod, Wik, WikHead, WikiLambo, WinterSpw, WoweeeZoweee, Xenon chile, Yath, ZimZalaBim, Zuytdorp Survivor, 417anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:18th century dowser.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18th_century_dowser.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Akeron, Skipjack, 3 anonymous editsFile:Houten wichelroede.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Houten_wichelroede.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader wasRinus at nl.wikipediaFile:Allemanswiro.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Allemanswiro.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Rinus atnl.wikipediaFile:Wrlhout1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wrlhout1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Rinus at nl.wikipedia

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