Downloaded from 1 CRM An Introduction Bryan Neville Aviation Safety Inspector Salt Lake City FSDO.
Downloaded from . Teaching Landings : General Aviation: 100 Years of Safety Experience.
-
Upload
myrtle-tyler -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Downloaded from . Teaching Landings : General Aviation: 100 Years of Safety Experience.
Downloaded from www.avhf.comDownloaded from www.avhf.com
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
TeachingTeachingLandingsLandings::
General Aviation:100 Years of Safety
Experience
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What’s a landing?
A landing is the successful transition of an aircraft from flying … to a stop on the surface where the pilot intended.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What’s a good landing?• Helpful definitions:
• If you can walk away, it’s a good landing.• If you can reuse the airplane, it’s a great landing.
• Alternate definition:• Airplane on ground. Crew alive. Mission success.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Why am I here?
• Reduce the number of landing accidents, and
• Reduce the number of fatalities • Exchange ideas• Improve teaching
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Landings Number Four on the NTSB List
• Landings are 30.3% of Accidents . . . and are 4.7% of Fatal Accidents
compared to • Climb phase accidents are 2.9% of Total . . . and are 4.7% of Fatal Accidents
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
How dangerous is landing?
Year 2009 per 2010 Nall report: • 348 landing accidents• Only 6 were fatal.
•TOO MANY FATALITIES!!!
•TOO MANY ACCIDENTS!!!
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Why fatalities? -- NTSBYear 2006 per NTSB 2010 report:• Botched crosswind approach, hit tree on go-
around at approach end• Bounce, PIO, VMC roll on go-around (multi-
engine)• Botched water landing (seaplane)• Wheels-down water landing (seaplane)• Broken crankshaft, off-field
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Who’s most likely to have an accident?
Accident Pilot Total Time in Aircraft Type 2006
184
35
20
36
24
34
44
71
111
176
565
93
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
>1000
901-1000
801-900
701--800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
101-200
0-100
0-10
Fli
gh
t H
ou
rs
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Which is more important, long life or check ride?
• Saving lives should be our first concern.
• It’s more important to teach safety than to prepare for the check ride.
• Do we agree?
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Skill Retention ScoresPrivate Pilot Task Checkride 8 mo 16 mo 24 mo
Approach Stall 98 84 80 76Forced Landing 95 74 67 76
Traffic Pattern (Uncontrolled Field) 89 70 52 56
Landing (Uncontrolled Field) 94 68 55 51Short Field Landing 90 67 54 51Crosswind Landing 93 81 58 68Go-Around 100 90 85 78
Landing (Controlled Field) 94 68 65 54
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Forum Priorities• Primarily, we’ll talk about preventing landing
accidents.
• How to teach the necessary skills so they won’t be forgotten.
• Afterwards, we can talk about making beautiful landings.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
If landing is safe,what is dangerous?
• A badly executed approach• A botched go-around
• In 2008 one fatal undershoot• In 2008 three fatal overshoots
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Two elements of landing
• Directional Control• Energy Management
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What are the results of bad Directional Control?
• Directional Control problems lead to bent airplanes and bruised egos, but generally, not to fatalities.
• We’ll return to this topic
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What is energy management?
• Use of• Throttle• Elevator
• To get the aircraft down to runway• At the right place• At the right speed
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What are the principles of energy management?
• Landing will not occur if the airplane is going too fast.
• Arrival will be rough if the airplane is going too slow.
• Damage is related to kinetic energy.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What does it look like?
• “ . . . a constant angle glidepath towards a predetermined point on the landing runway.”
• “. . . during a stabilized approach the apparent runway shape does not change.”
What is a Stabilized Approach?
Reference Airplane Flying Handbook page 8-8.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Where should you aim?
• Aim 1/6 of the way down the runway• The descent angle should be controlled
throughout the approach so that the airplane will land in the center of the first third of the runway.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What is the right approach speed?
• What the manufacturer suggests• Or in its absence, 1.3 x VSO
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What is the right approach speed in gusty conditions?
• What the manufacturer suggests• Or in its absence
• 1.3 x stall speed plus• Half the gust factor
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Do you agree?
If you fly a stabilized approach at the right speed, you are unlikely to hurt yourself.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What do bounces and PIO have in common?
• Are they the result of a preoccupation with landing?
• … rather than maintaining a landing attitude at the runway ?
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Secrets to the Perfect Landing
• There are three secrets to a perfect landing.
• Unfortunately, no one knows what they are.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
How many crosswind approach techniques are there?
The Airplane Flying Handbook describes two:• Wing-low (sideslip) method• Crab method
Which do you teach? Why?
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
How many crosswind touchdown techniques are there?
The Airplane Flying Handbook describes one:
Wing-low (sideslip)
Even if using a crab, the approach must be converted to wing-low before touchdown.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What about special situations?
• When, if ever, do you retract flaps on a short-field landing?
• What is different in an engine-out situation?
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
What about particular airplanes?
• What is different about retractable landing gear?
• Do we need to talk about conventional gear?
• Any ski plane instructors here?• Any seaplane instructors here?
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
Any closing advice?• Every takeoff is optional; landings are
mandatory.• NOT SO.
• Every landing is optional, unless you are on fire or out of gas.
• If in doubt, GO AROUND.
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
SummarySummary
• Retention of pilot skills• Energy management• Stabilized approach• Different crosswind techniques
LandingsLandings::
Downloaded from www.avhf.com
WWW.SAFEPILOTS.ORG
WWW.FAASAFETY.GOV
Best in Flight MorristownWWW.BESTINFLIGHT.net
Thanks
Thank you to Robert Hadow, BEST in FLIGHT,for his insight, time, and expertise in developing this Forum.
Please give credit to these organizations when using the presentation or material from the presentation.