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Transcript of Download · economically and ecologically sustainable The produce is poison-free as the soil is...

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CURRENT AFFAIRS

DIGEST. Most Important current affairs collected for school students from The HINDU / The Indian Express / Press Information Bureau etc..

Vol.4

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INTERNATIONAL NEWS

1. NASA‟s Juno data points to

new volcano on Jupiter

moon Io

Using data collected by NASA‘s Juno

spacecraft, scientists have got clues to a

previously undiscovered volcano on the

Jupiter moon Io

Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper

(JIRAM) instrument, the Juno spacecraft

found a new heat source close to the south

pole of Io

Juno is a NASA spacecraft that was

launched in 2011 to study the planet

Jupiter

Previous trips to Jupiter have relied on

nuclear power because of the distance

from the sun. Juno is the first spacecraft to

venture this far out on solar power

It will study Jupiter's composition,

gravity field, magnetic field, and polar

magnetosphere

Juno will also search for clues about how

the planet formed, including whether it

has a rocky core, the amount of water

present within the deep atmosphere,

mass distribution, and its deep winds

2. Century‟s longest total

lunar eclipse to be seen in

Dubai on July 27

According to the Dubai Astronomy Group,

the eclipse will last for about one hour

and 43 minutes in the century and will

also feature “blood moon”.

Blood Moon or copper Moon- During a

lunar eclipse the moon looks reddish

because Earth‘s atmosphere absorbs the

other colors while it bends some sunlight

towards the moon.

3. NASA postpones James

Webb Space Telescope

launch to 2021

The NASA has delayed expected launch of

James Webb Telescope to March 30,2021

JWST is a space telescope developed in

collaboration between NASA, the

European Space Agency that will be the

scientific successor to the Hubble Space

Telescope.

Webb will not Orbit Earth as Hubble does

as it will orbit the sun in spot on the other

side of moon

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4. First satellite “Remove

DEBRIS” to collect space

junk set deployed from ISS

The first ever satellite to set possible

solution in cleaning up space junk has

been deployed by the International

Space Station and would be soon begin

experiments in orbit The Britain Built satellite it to remove

space debris along the space orbiting the

Earth The 100-kg Remove Debris Spacecraft will

attempt to capture simulated space debris

sing a net and a harpoon. It was launched on a space dragon

Spacecraft from Florida.

5. Underground lake detected

on Mars

This sub glacial lake, discovered by a

ground-penetrating radar on the Mars

Express spacecraft, is about 20

kilometers (12.4 miles) wide and perhaps

no more than a meter deep

Arriving at Mars in 2003, 14 years, 7

months and 1 day ago (and counting), it is

the second longest surviving, continually

active spacecraft in orbit around a planet

other than Earth, behind only NASA's still

active 2001 Mars Odyssey

7. IMF cuts India growth

forecast for 2018 by a notch

to 7.3% India‘s growth rate is expected to rise

from 6.7% in 2017 to 7.3% in 2018 and

7.5% in 2019, as the currency exchange

initiative and the introduction of the

Goods and Services Tax dilemmas are

disappearing.

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India continues to outperform China as

per IMF‘s World Economic

Outlook(WEO)

8. S-400 triumf

S-400 Triumf is one of the world‘s most

advanced air defense systems that can

simultaneously track numerous incoming

objects — all kinds of aircraft, missiles

and UAVs

It is now bang in the middle of the

ongoing stand-off between Russia and

Western nations. Among the countries

under pressure from the U.S. not to buy

this weapon is India

The highly automated S-400 has radars

that can pick up an incoming object up to

a 1,000 kilometers away, track several

dozen incoming objects simultaneously,

distribute the targets to appropriate

missile systems and ensure a high success

rate.

9. Iran becomes India‟s No. 2

oil supplier Iran was the second-biggest oil supplier

to Indian state refiners between April and

June, replacing Saudi Arabia as

companies took advantage of steeper

discounts offered by Tehran

10. Modi gifts 200 cows to

villagers in Rwanda

In an unusual gift, Prime Minister

Narendra Modi on July 24 presented 200

cows to poor villagers in Rwanda to

support President Paul Kagame‘s

ambitious initiative for poverty reduction

and tackling childhood malnutrition.

The Girinka Programme was initiated by

Mr. Kagame in 2006 to provide one cow

per poor family for their nutritional and

financial security.

The Programme has contributed to an

increase in agricultural production in

Rwanda — especially milk production

and products, reduced malnutrition and

increased incomes

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11. Test-tube embryos may

save northern white rhino

When the world's last remaining male

Northern White Rhino (NWR) died in

March

In a bid to save the subspecies from

extinction, scientists announced they had

created embryos in the lab containing

northern white rhino DNA

12. Pulses imports to fall

hitting Canada, others Pulses imports to India, the world‟s

biggest buyer

The reduction in imports illustrates the

government‘s steps to raise the prices of

pulses, like peas and lentils, to reduce

payouts to farmers under its food subsidy

scheme

Farmers in Canada, Australia and

Russia that rely on Indian demand will

likely intensify their cutbacks in pulses

cultivation and continue to seek other

markets in response

13. 24 new sites joins

UNESCO‟s World network

of Biosphere Reserve

Khangchendzonga became the

11thBiosphere Reserve to be added to

UNESCO‘S World Network

Biosphere Reserves sites is for the

conservation of biodiversity and human

activity through the sustainable use of

Natural Resources

14. 10th BRICS Summit in

Johannesburg The theme of this year‘s summit is BRICS

in Africa- collaboration for inclusive

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growth and shared prosperity in the 4th

Industrial revolution

Originally the first four were grouped as

BRIC before the induction of South Africa

in 2010

The first summit was in

Yeaterinburg,Russia in 2009

15. From cricketing legend

to prime minister of

Pakistan, the rise of Imran

Khan

The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) chief,

who is poised to take over as Pakistan's

19th prime minister, outlined his vision

for 'naya Pakistan'

Khan was one of the few people who did

them proud. Winning the Cricket

World Cup in 1992 was a rare moment

when Pakistan distinguished itself

internationally

After more than two decades of political

campaigning, much of it spent in the

political wilderness, Imran Khan will

finally become Prime Minister of

Pakistan

16. India gets its 37th World

UNESCO heritage site

India‘s nomination of the Victorian and Art

Deco Ensembles of Mumbai has been

inscribed on UNESCO‘s World Heritage

list

As recommended by the World Heritage

committee of UNESCO India accepted

renaming of ensemble as “Victorian

Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of

Mumbai”

India now has overall 37 world Heritage

Site with 29 cultural, 07 Natural and 1

Mixes sites.

NATIONAL NEWS

17. In Manipur, incursions

on the border

Latest media reports states that certain

boundary pillars in the Manipur sector of

the India-Myanmar international boundary

have been allegedly shifted.

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The spotlight is on this frontier for alleged

incursions by Myanmar soldiers.

The External Affairs Ministry has said

India has not shifted pillars demarcating

the border with Myanmar and the

boundary is settled and there is no

confusion over its alignment

The 1,643-km border with Myanmar often

has more to do with smuggling of drugs,

gold and wildlife body parts, as well as

raids by the northeastern extremist

groups from their hideouts beyond the

boundary

States bordering with Myanmar:

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,

Manipur and Mizoram

18. National Moth Week India is among 40 countries in which

enthusiasts and citizen scientists are

devoting the week from July 21 to 29 to

document the insects

The National Moth Week, which

encourages people to observe and

document moths in backyards and

neighborhoods, is underway across the

world

The main aim of the National Moth Week,

initiated in 2012 by scientists in America,

is to increase awareness on moths

India is home to more than 10,000 moth

species, including the large and

flamboyant Indian moon moth Actias

Selene.

It is an important food sources for many

animals, moths can be indicators of

ecosystem health.

19. 40% study loan NPAs are

from T.N. Tamil Nadu accounts for over 40% of non-

performing assets (NPAs) in education

loans given by public sector banks

Education loans are treated similar to

commercial loans and if there are three

continuous defaults, they are declared as

NPAs

Promises by political parties to waive

education loans is also leading to wilful

defaults

20. Green Mahanadi

Mission A total of two crore sapling will be

planted on the banks of

Mahanadi,Tel,Ib, rivers under this

mission

Objective is to stop soil erosion on the

river banks and recharge the ground

water reserve

The plantation drive would be jointly

implemented by the departments of

Forest, Horticulture and Water

Development

Major tributaries of Mahanadi: Seonath,

Jonk, Hasodo, Mand, Ib, Ong ,Tel etc.

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21. SC pulls up Centre for its

delay in appointing a

Lokpal The „Lokpal‟ is the central governing

body that has jurisdiction over all

members of parliament and central

government employees in case of

corruption

The selection of Chairperson and

Members of Lokpal shall be through a

Selection Committee consisting of –

a) Prime Minister;

b) Speaker of Lok Sabha;

c) Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha;

d) Chief Justice of India or a sitting

Supreme Court Judge nominated by CJI;

e) An eminent jurist to be nominated by

the President of India

Lokpal will have power of

superintendence and direction over any

investigation agency including CBI for

cases referred to them by Lokpal

22. AndraPradesh to adopt

Zero Budget Natural

Farming

Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu

declared all 60 lakh farmers in the state

would take up ZBNF by 2024.

ZBNF demands farmers recreate a diverse

ecosystem in their farms, without any

external inputs, such as chemical

fertilizers or pesticides

It eliminates water and labor

requirements, thus, making farming

economically and ecologically

sustainable

The produce is poison-free as the soil is

devoid of any inorganic pesticide or

fertilizer, benefitting both the farmer and

the consumer

23. Rhino‟s Habitat under

threat of mining

Considering the destructive impact of

quarrying/mining activity, all stone

mining/ quarrying and crusher units

need to be closed down immediately.

Then there is a high risk of Kaziranga

National Park may lose its corridor

and habitat connectivity with the

larger Karbi Anglong landscape

permanently.

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Lack of corridors and habitat

contiguity for wildlife dispersal will

have serious implications for long-

term conservation of wide ranging

species like tigers and Indian

elephants of Kaziranga Tiger

Reserve

24. PM to inaugurate the

statue of unity on October

31

PM will inaugurate the Statue of Unity on

31st October, the birth anniversary of

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

The statue of unity , being built near the

Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river

The construction of plinth and pillars of the

182m tall structure is over

The ambitious Statue of Unity, supposed to

be the tallest in the world

25. Winged guests arrive at

Bhitarkanika for nesting

The birds build nests and lay eggs atop

the mangrove trees

Bhitarkanika It is a national park located in

Kendrapara district of Odisha ,National

Park since 1998

It is home to Saltwater Crocodile

(Crocodylus porosus), White Crocodile,

Indian python, King Cobra, black ibis,

darters and many other species of flora

and fauna

The sanctuary is the second largest

mangrove ecosystem in India.

26. Consult UPSC for

selecting police chiefs, SC

tells States

The State government concerned has to

send to the service commission the names

of the probable three months before the

incumbent DGP is to retire. The UPSC will prepare a list of three

officers fit to be DGP and send it back

Importance would be given to merit &

length of service rendered.

―It’s primarily to reduce pressure of state

government on the Police‖

27. VVPATs will be ready for

Lok Sabha polls, says EC

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In early 2017 in the wake of assembly

elections a large number of political

parties had alleged EVM tampering that

the EC had announced the conduct of an

EVM challenge and also declared that it

would be conducting all future assembly

elections with the use of VVPAT.

In the VVPAT system, when a voter

presses the button for a candidate of his

choice in the electronic voting machines

(EVM), a paper ballot containing the

serial number, the name of the candidate

and poll symbol will be printed for the

voter

28. West Bengal Assembly

passes the resolution to

rename State as Bangla

The west Bengal Assembly passes the

resolution to change the name of state as

Bangla in three languages – Bengali,

English and Hindi

The move was aimed at climbing the

alphabetical sequence of state names in

which West Bengal appears last now

29. The 19th anniversary for

Kargil Vijay Diwas being

celebrated

It marks India‘s victory over Pakistan in

the 1999 Kargil war and remembers those

who sacrificed their lives for the country

On 26th July 199, India took command of

the high outpost which had lost to Pakistan

Intruders. The war was fought for 60 days

The conflict is also referred to as

Operation Vijay which was the name of the

Indian Operation to clear the Kargil Sector

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30. NMCG Organizes

“Ganga Vriksharopan

Abhiyan” National Mission for Clean Ganga

(NMCG) is running ―Ganga

Vriksharopan Abhiyan‖ in five main stem

Ganga basin states – Uttarakhand, Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West

Bengal.

The campaign, which has been initiated

as part of the Forest Interventions in

Ganga (FIG) component of Namami

Ganga Programme, is significant as

it aims to bring greater awareness

among people and other stakeholders

regarding the importance of afforestation

for the task of Ganga Rejuvenation

A number of schools, colleges and

departments have been requested to

―Adopt a Plant‖ for turning this

campaign into a people‘s movement.

Various seminars, workshops, lectures,

drawing and painting competitions etc.

are being organized

Forests cause higher rainfall and raise

water level in the rivers. Through their

foliage, craggy bark and abundant leaf

litter, trees and forests decrease the

speed of water dispersion and favor slow

but greater infiltration of rainwater to

ensure smooth functioning of the

hydrological cycle

Presence of healthy forest cover along

the river provides self-cleaning ability

to the rive

31. Samgra Shiksha scheme Aims at unifying learning from pre-school

to class 12 levels by treating education

holistically as continuum from pre-school

to class 12.

Ministry/Department : Ministry of Human

Resource Development

Objectives of scheme

Provision of quality education

Enhancing learning outcomes of

students

Bridging social and gender gaps in

school education

Promoting vocationalisation of

education

Strengthening teacher education

institutions like SCERTs and Diets to

improve quality of teachers

Providing annual grant of Rs 5,000 to Rs

20,000 per school for strengthening of

libraries

32. Dolphin population

declines in India‟s only

dolphin sanctuary The population of the endangered

Gangetic river dolphin has declined at

the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin

Sanctuary (VGDS) in Bihar‘s Bhagalpur

district, India‟s only sanctuary for its

national aquatic animal

Gangetic river dolphin is India‘s

national aquatic animal but frequently

falls prey to poachers. Dolphins are also

sometimes killed without intention by

being trapped in fish nets or hit by

propellers.

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The Vikramshilla Gangetic Dolphin

Sanctuary came into existence in 1991

but a proper management plan is still

awaited

SPORTS NEWS 33. Hima Das: From

obscurity to fame in 51.46

seconds For a country starved of success at the top

level, Hima‘s shining 400m gold at the

World U20 Championships has provided

a ray of hope

The girl from the remote Kandhulimari

village near Dhing town in Assam has

made light of the hardships of staying

alone in Guwahati to break one barrier

after another.

34. France beats Croatia 4-2

to be FIFA World Cup 2018

champions France brings FIFA World cup home

after 20 years

BEST PLAYER Golden Ball: Luka Modric

(Croatia)

TOP GOALSCORER Golden Boot: Harry

Kane (England), six goals

BEST GOALKEEPER Golden Glove:

Thibaut Courtois (Belgium)

BEST YOUNG PLAYER FIFA Young

Player: Kylian Mbappe (France)

35. Wimbledon 2018:

Djokovic Triumph

Inspired and almost error-free, Novak

Djokovic swept aside South Africa‘s Kevin

Anderson in straight sets 6-2, 6-2, 7-6(3) to

win his fourth Wimbledon singles title

and 13th Grand Slam

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Important One liner

Nelson Mandela International Day is an annual international day in honor of Nelson Mandela on-18

July (Mandela's birthday) The state has topped tops in per capita revenue collection under Goods & Service Tax

-Haryana.

Integrated Indian Visa Application Centre was inaugurated in Bangladesh.

Which country declared a 60-day state of emergency on its Colombian border to ensure security from

the menace of drug trafficking in the region-Peru

The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has launched a rural cleanliness Programme to rank all

states and districts on the basis of qualitative and quantitative evaluation -Swachh Survekshan

Grameen 2018.

The Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari has proposed a cruise route from -

Mumbai-Bali cruise route

The 'two-plus-two dialogue' between India and the United States will be held in New Delhi.

President Donald Trump and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin will hold their first summit

meeting to discuss bilateral relations in Helsinki

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has launched the country-wide Emergency Ambulance service through

video conferencing for Sri Lanka

The first India Tourism Mart (ITM) 2018 will be organized at ____Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.

The Indian Army has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the bank on defence salary

package ____State Bank of India (SBI)

. The World Population Day is observed across the world every year on ___11th July.

The State Government has granted religious minority status to Jews in the state___ Gujarat.

Who has launched the much-awaited 'Anna Canteens' in various parts of the state___ N Chandrababu

Naidu.

The state govt. will appoint girls as a district Brand Ambassador, who have recorded significant

achievements in any field under the Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao scheme____ Madhya Pradesh.

The state government has constituted Heritage Cabinet to preserve the history and culture of state

__Odisha

The state govt will launch ‗One farmer one transformer‘ scheme from 15th August to curb electricity

losses___ Maharashtra government

The Union Human Resource Development (HRD) Minister Prakash Javadekar has inaugurated the five-

day 17th World Sanskrit Conference in ____Vancouver, Canada.

Who has decided to scrap an annual government mobilization drill this year as part of a suspended

joint exercise with the United States___ South Korea.

The novel has won the 2018 Golden Man Booker Prize____ The English Patient.

India's premier gymnast clinched a gold medal (Scored 14.150) in the vault event of FIG Artistic

Gymnastics World Challenge Cup in Mersin, Turkey____Dipa Karmakar.

Who will lead the 18-member Indian men‘s hockey squad in the 18th Asian Games___ PR Sreejesh

(Goalkeeper).

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IN-DEPTH

STUDY NOTES FOR

RACE2IAS AND OTHER

COMPETITIVE EXAMS

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WINTOSH HISTORY44

War and theMessenger of peace

CausesOn may 10 1857 sepoys stationed atMeerut, led by Mangalpande mutiniedand straight away marched to delhi andproclaimed the 80 year old Mughal Em-peror Bhadur shah zafar as the emperorof india.This mutiny set off the popularrevolt of 1857 which engulfed northernand central india and nearly swept awaythe British rule.

The policy of conquest pursued by theBritish had created unrest among manyIndian rulers and chiefs. The revolt of1857 represented the culmination ofpopular discontent with British policiesin india.

The storm centers of the revolt wereDelhi, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jhansi.

Revolt of 1857

Reason for failureA central organization by the sepoyswere not present. There was no unifiedaction also. Bahadur Shah, Nana Saheb,Lakshmi Bai, no one had acceptance asa real leader. They had different goalsand times again they had contradictions

The British had a huge number of forces.New groups of soldiers were sent to In-dia after the end of Crimean war. Fresharmy men came from Singapore. As aresult of these, in the middle of the revoltthe strength of the British force wasdoubled. The chance of a win becameremote.

The sepoys had no modern arms withthem. On the other hand, the British forcehad huge and improved armory. Theycould not match improved guns andri¬fles with their old model musket,spears and sword. So the defeat wasalmost certain.

PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)The decision on the Partition of Bengalwas announced on 19 July 1905 by then

CENTERS LEADERS

Delhi Mangal Pande

Kanpur Nana Sahib &Tantia Tope

Lucknow Begum of Awadh

Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bhai

HISTORY

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Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. Thepartition took effect on 16 October 1905.

The objective was to set up a communalgulf between Hindus and Muslims. Amighty upsurge swept the countryagainst the partition. National movementfound real expression in the movementagainst the partition of Bengal in 1905.

On 1905 October 16 the people of Bengalcelebrate it as the day of lamentation.

A movement broke out as a result of Ben-gal partition was Swadheshi movement.

Swadeshi Movement (1905)

Bonfires of foreign goods were con-ducted at various places

Formation of Muslim League (1906)Setup in 1906 under the leadership ofAga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhakaand Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk

It was a loyalist, communal and conser-vative political organization whichsupported the partition of Bengal,opposed the Swadeshi movement,demanded special safeguards to itscommunity and a separate electorate forMuslims.

Home Rule Movement (1916)Started by B. G. Tilak (April, 1916) atPoona and Annie Besant and S.SubramaniaIyer at Adyar, near Madras(Sept, 1916).

Annie Besant starts the Home RuleLeague in 1st August 1916.

She founded the organization 'AllIndia Home Rule League', and it wasthrough this organization she had popu-larized the movement.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a celebrated leaderof the Indian national movement, alsostarted Home Rule movement at aboutthe same time Mrs. Annie Besanthad begun her own.

Tilak founded the 'Home Rule for IndiaLeague' in 1916. It was during thisperiod of his political career that Tilakwas given the honorific title 'Lokmanya'by the people in recognition of his boldleadership.

The term 'Home Rule' means self-gov-ernment. The object of the Home Rulemovement was to attain Home Rule or self-government within the British Empire.

The Swadeshi Movement had its originin the anti-partition movement which wasstarted to oppose the British decision toPartition Bengal

The word swadeshi is derived from San-skrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskritwords ‘Swa’ means ‘self or own’ and‘desh’ means ‘country’, So ‘swadesh’means ‘own country’.

Swadeshi Movement was primarily amass resolution to use only Indian madegoods rather than British made goods.

Lala Lajpat Roy, Bipin Chandra Pal,BalGangadar Thilak and AurobindoGhosh played the important role.

Indian National Congrees took the Swadeshicall first at the Banaras Session, 1905presided over by G. K. Gokhale.

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Rowlett Act (March 18, 1919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre(April 13, 1919)

Sir Sidney Rowlett

The Rowlett Act was passed by the Im-perial Legislative Council in 1919. TheIndian members did not support the Act,but it was passed; nevertheless. The Actgave enormous powers to the govern-ment to repress political activities. It al-lowed detention of political prisonerswithout trial for two years.

This law enabled the Government to sus-pend the right of Habeas Corpus, whichhad been the foundation of civil libertiesin Britain

It caused a wave of anger in all sections.It was the first country-wide agitation byGandhiji and marked the foundation ofthe Non Cooperation Movement

People were agitated over the arrest ofDr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10,1919.

General O'Dyer fires at people who as-sembled in the Jallianwala Bagh,Amritsar.

As a result hundreds of men, womenand children were killed and thousandsinjured.

Rabindranath Tagore returned hisKnighthood in protest. Sir ShankaranNair resigned from Viceroy's ExecutiveCouncil after this.

Hunter Commission was appointed toenquire into it.

On March 13, 1940, Sardar UdhamSingh killed O'Dyer when the later wasaddressing a meeting in Caxton Hall,London.

WINTOSH HISTORY

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WINTOSH BASIC SCIENCE

70

HabitatA habitat is a place where a plant oranimal live. It is a part of an ecosystem.

Habitats are classified into two domains:

Terrestrial/ Land habitat :

Aquatic/Water habitat.:

AdaptationA habitat consists of two componentsbiotic and abiotic components.

All living organisms in a biospher are

The surrounding where livingorganisms survive is known ashabitat

considered to be the biotic componentsof a habitat

While all non-living things like rocks,soil, water etc. are abiotic components.

These components determine thenumber and type of species existing in aregion.

Therefore, they have to evolve and adoptcertain behavior or structural modifications.

SCIENCE

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WINTOSH BASIC SCIENCE71

71

These physiological, behavioral andmorphological patterns differ from regionto region as per conditions of that terrain.

Adaptation is the modifications in eitherphysical, behavioral or both character-istics in an organism in order to live in itshabitat.

1) Terrestrial habitat:

Plants and animals that survive on land.

Exp : Desert:, Mountain , Grassland

2) Aquatic habitat:

Plants and animals that live under water.

Exp : Ponds, Oceans:

ForestsForests can be divided into 5 maincategories, depending on the types oftrees found in them. They are –

1) Coniferous Forest

As the name suggests, the trees foundin these forests mainly consists of cone-bearing trees like the spruce, pine, fir andhemlock.

Characteristics of living organism:

Need food to growfor the process

Characteristicsof the

living organism

Respiration process:Plants breathe in

carbon dioxide whileanimals take in oxygen

Growth of livingorganism takes place

Reproduction of livingorganism

2) Deciduous Forest

The trees of these forests are broadleaved and fall off the tree during latesummer to early autumn.

The leaves are usually green but lateracquire the yellow, red and orange colorgradually.

3) Mixed Forests

Deciduous and Coniferous trees – bothtypes’ forms mixed forests, which aremostly found in Mountain areas.

4) Mediterranean Forests

They are also called scrublands as itstemperature is suitable for short oaks andpines to grow.

5) Tropical Rainforest

These forests are situated in the areaswith hot temperature, like South America,Africa, Asia and Australia, thus arecalled as Tropical and due to continuousrainfall throughout the year, they arecalled Rainforest.

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WINTOSH BASIC SCIENCE

72

Natural vegetation in IndiaDue to a diverse geographical and climaticcondition, an extensive range of naturalvegetation grows in India.

The types of natural vegetation differaccording to precipitation, soil, climateand topography.

The cultivated crops and fruits, orchardsform part of vegetation, but not naturalvegetation.

Types of Natural vegetationin India

Tropical evergreen rain forests

Deciduous or Monsoon type of forests

Dry deciduous forests

Mountain forests

Tidal or Mangrove forests

Semi- deserts and Deserts vegetations

Polar habitatsWhat are polar habitats?

Polar habitats are located at the verytop and very bottom of the Earth.

They are cold, windy and have a lotof snow and ice.

It’s even too cold for trees to grow.

Tundra takes up a lot of the area ofpolar habitats.

It’s the place where any plants cangrow, but the ground only thaws justenough for short grasses and moss – treeroots can’t go as far down into the groundas they need to because it’s frozen.

Animals who live in polar regionshave adapted by having thick fur orfeathers, and hunting fish or each otherrather than relying on plants

Jagadish Chandra BosePhysicist, biologist and archaeologist who pioneered the investigationof radio and microwave optics.

YOU KNOW ?!

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WINTOSH POLITY12

The State Executive

GovernorExecutive Head of States

The constitution of India envisages thesame pattern of government in the states asthat for the center, that is, parliamentarysystem.

Acts on advice of Chief minister

Same person can be appointed asGovernor of one or more state

All executive actions of state are takenin his name

Acts as a link between center & state &it’s his duty to send reports to the Presidentof the affairs of the state fortnightly

Dual responsibility ’! head of the states+ representatives of center in state

Governor

Chief MinisterCouncil of Ministers

Minister

Secretary Additional Secretary Joint Secretary

Present Kerala governor isSri. Palanisamy Sathasivam. He was the40th supreme court chief justice of India.Hewas the first chief justice of supreme courtto become governor of a state

CHIEF MINISTERTHE FUNCTIONS OF THECHIEF MINISTER

Cabinet Formation

Leader of Council of Ministers

Coordination and Conflict Resolution

Advisor to Governor

Main Information Source for Governor

Leader of Ruling Party in Legislature

Leader of his Legislative Party

INDIAN POLITY

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WINTOSH POLITY13

CHIEF MINISTERS OF KERALANo Name Tenure Days

1 E. M. S. Namboodiripad 5 April 1957 31 July 1959 848 days

2 Vacant (President’s rule) 31 July 1959 22February1960

3 Pattom A. Thanu Pillai 22February1960 26September1962 583 days

4 R. Sankar 26September1962 10September1964 715 days

5 Vacant(President’s rule) 10September1964 6 March 1967

6 E. M. S. Namboodiripad 6 March 1967 1 November 1969 972days[Total1,820days]

7 C. Achutha Menon 1 November 1969 1 August 1970 273 days

8 Vacant(President’s rule) 4 August 1970 3 October 1970

9 C. Achutha Menon 4 October 1970 25 March 1977 2,365days[Total2,638days]

10 K. Karunakaran 25 March 1977 25 April 1977 32 days

11 A. K. Antony 27 April 1977 27 October 1978 550 days

12 P. K. Vasudevan Nair 29 October 1978 7 October 1979 343 days

13 C. H. Mohammed Koya 12 October 1979 1 December 1979 51 days

14 Vacant(President’s rule) 5 December 1979 25 January 1980

15 E. K. Nayanar 25 January 1980 20 October 1981 635 days

16 Vacant(President’s rule) 21 October 1981 28 December1981

17 K. Karunakaran 28 December1981 17 March 1982 81 days

18 Vacant(President’s rule) 17 March 1982 23 May 1982

19 K. Karunakaran 24 May 1982 25 March 1987 1,766 days

20 E. K. Nayanar 26 March 1987 17 June 1991 1,544 days

21 K. Karunakaran 24 June 1991 16 March 1995 1,361days[Total3,240days]

22 A. K. Antony 22 March 1995 9 May 1996 415 days

23 E. K. Nayanar 20 May 1996 13 May 2001 1,820days[Total3,999days]

24 A. K. Antony 17 May 2001 29 August 2004 1,201days[Total2,166days]

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25 Oommen Chandy 31 August 2004 12 May 2006 619 days

26 V. S. Achuthanandan 18 May 2006 14 May 2011 1,822 days

27 Oommen Chandy 18 May 2011 20 May 2016 1829 days[Total 2448 days]

28 Pinarayi Vijayan 25 May 2016 Incumbent

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WINTOSH POLITY14

Power to Drop a Minister

Guiding and Controlling Minister

Power to overrule other Ministers

Main Spokesman of Government

Link between Centre and State

Dissolution of State Legislature

Council Of MinistersCOMs with CM at its apex aid & advicethe governor in exercise of his functions

Governor is bound to follow advice ofCOMs except in cases where he can usehis discretionary powers

COMs is collectively responsible tolegislative assembly of the state

Any person can be appointed as theminister but ceases to be one, if he is notelected as a member of the statelegislature within 6 months after hisappointment as a minister

Connect the line and find out the person hiding behind your pencil point

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KNOW THE

SERVICE Introducing all the 26 services one gets

on qualifying UPSC Civil Service

Examination

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Indian Audit and Accounts Service The IAAS, also shortened IA&AS is a Group ‗A‘ service. It comprises the middle and top level

management of the Indian Audit & Accounts Department (IA&AD). It is headed by the Comptroller

and Auditor General of India (CAG). The functions of this department are twofold – accounting

and auditing. IAAS has the mandate of auditing the Central and State government accounts and

public sector organizations, and also of maintaining the State government accounts. They also

handle the entitlement function such as Pension and Provident Fund and for state government

employees. The IA&AD also has three overseas offices in London, Washington DC and Kuala

Lumpur since the CAG of India also conducts auditing for international organizations like the

United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization, etc.

Pros of IAAS For people who are not big fans of publicity that the IAS exposes one to, the IAAS is a good

option. You can lead a quieter life. There will not be much political interference in your work. This

is an excellent option for people interested in accounting. According to a government survey,

amongst all the three All India Services and the seven central services, the IAAS had the highest

percentage of job satisfaction amongst its officers. You can even get overseas postings in the

IAAS.All postings would be in metro cities or state capitals. Hardly there would be any rural

postings here.

Designation in field Designation in HQ Pay Scale (Rs.) Grade

Assistant Accountant General Assistant Director 8000-275-13500 Junior Time Scale

Deputy Accountant General Deputy Director 10000-325-

15200

Senior Time Scale

Senior Deputy Accountant

General

Director 12300-375-

16500

Junior Administrative Grade

Senior Deputy Accountant

General

Director 14300-400-

18300

NFSG of Junior Administrative

Grade

Accountant General Principal Director 18400-500-

22400

Senior Administrative Grade

Principal Accountant General Director General 22400-525-

24500

Additional Deputy

CAG

24050-650-

26000

Deputy CAG (6 posts) 26000 (fixed)

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