Download · economically and ecologically sustainable The produce is poison-free as the soil is...
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CURRENT AFFAIRS
DIGEST. Most Important current affairs collected for school students from The HINDU / The Indian Express / Press Information Bureau etc..
Vol.4
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INTERNATIONAL NEWS
1. NASA‟s Juno data points to
new volcano on Jupiter
moon Io
Using data collected by NASA‘s Juno
spacecraft, scientists have got clues to a
previously undiscovered volcano on the
Jupiter moon Io
Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper
(JIRAM) instrument, the Juno spacecraft
found a new heat source close to the south
pole of Io
Juno is a NASA spacecraft that was
launched in 2011 to study the planet
Jupiter
Previous trips to Jupiter have relied on
nuclear power because of the distance
from the sun. Juno is the first spacecraft to
venture this far out on solar power
It will study Jupiter's composition,
gravity field, magnetic field, and polar
magnetosphere
Juno will also search for clues about how
the planet formed, including whether it
has a rocky core, the amount of water
present within the deep atmosphere,
mass distribution, and its deep winds
2. Century‟s longest total
lunar eclipse to be seen in
Dubai on July 27
According to the Dubai Astronomy Group,
the eclipse will last for about one hour
and 43 minutes in the century and will
also feature “blood moon”.
Blood Moon or copper Moon- During a
lunar eclipse the moon looks reddish
because Earth‘s atmosphere absorbs the
other colors while it bends some sunlight
towards the moon.
3. NASA postpones James
Webb Space Telescope
launch to 2021
The NASA has delayed expected launch of
James Webb Telescope to March 30,2021
JWST is a space telescope developed in
collaboration between NASA, the
European Space Agency that will be the
scientific successor to the Hubble Space
Telescope.
Webb will not Orbit Earth as Hubble does
as it will orbit the sun in spot on the other
side of moon
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4. First satellite “Remove
DEBRIS” to collect space
junk set deployed from ISS
The first ever satellite to set possible
solution in cleaning up space junk has
been deployed by the International
Space Station and would be soon begin
experiments in orbit The Britain Built satellite it to remove
space debris along the space orbiting the
Earth The 100-kg Remove Debris Spacecraft will
attempt to capture simulated space debris
sing a net and a harpoon. It was launched on a space dragon
Spacecraft from Florida.
5. Underground lake detected
on Mars
This sub glacial lake, discovered by a
ground-penetrating radar on the Mars
Express spacecraft, is about 20
kilometers (12.4 miles) wide and perhaps
no more than a meter deep
Arriving at Mars in 2003, 14 years, 7
months and 1 day ago (and counting), it is
the second longest surviving, continually
active spacecraft in orbit around a planet
other than Earth, behind only NASA's still
active 2001 Mars Odyssey
7. IMF cuts India growth
forecast for 2018 by a notch
to 7.3% India‘s growth rate is expected to rise
from 6.7% in 2017 to 7.3% in 2018 and
7.5% in 2019, as the currency exchange
initiative and the introduction of the
Goods and Services Tax dilemmas are
disappearing.
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India continues to outperform China as
per IMF‘s World Economic
Outlook(WEO)
8. S-400 triumf
S-400 Triumf is one of the world‘s most
advanced air defense systems that can
simultaneously track numerous incoming
objects — all kinds of aircraft, missiles
and UAVs
It is now bang in the middle of the
ongoing stand-off between Russia and
Western nations. Among the countries
under pressure from the U.S. not to buy
this weapon is India
The highly automated S-400 has radars
that can pick up an incoming object up to
a 1,000 kilometers away, track several
dozen incoming objects simultaneously,
distribute the targets to appropriate
missile systems and ensure a high success
rate.
9. Iran becomes India‟s No. 2
oil supplier Iran was the second-biggest oil supplier
to Indian state refiners between April and
June, replacing Saudi Arabia as
companies took advantage of steeper
discounts offered by Tehran
10. Modi gifts 200 cows to
villagers in Rwanda
In an unusual gift, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on July 24 presented 200
cows to poor villagers in Rwanda to
support President Paul Kagame‘s
ambitious initiative for poverty reduction
and tackling childhood malnutrition.
The Girinka Programme was initiated by
Mr. Kagame in 2006 to provide one cow
per poor family for their nutritional and
financial security.
The Programme has contributed to an
increase in agricultural production in
Rwanda — especially milk production
and products, reduced malnutrition and
increased incomes
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11. Test-tube embryos may
save northern white rhino
When the world's last remaining male
Northern White Rhino (NWR) died in
March
In a bid to save the subspecies from
extinction, scientists announced they had
created embryos in the lab containing
northern white rhino DNA
12. Pulses imports to fall
hitting Canada, others Pulses imports to India, the world‟s
biggest buyer
The reduction in imports illustrates the
government‘s steps to raise the prices of
pulses, like peas and lentils, to reduce
payouts to farmers under its food subsidy
scheme
Farmers in Canada, Australia and
Russia that rely on Indian demand will
likely intensify their cutbacks in pulses
cultivation and continue to seek other
markets in response
13. 24 new sites joins
UNESCO‟s World network
of Biosphere Reserve
Khangchendzonga became the
11thBiosphere Reserve to be added to
UNESCO‘S World Network
Biosphere Reserves sites is for the
conservation of biodiversity and human
activity through the sustainable use of
Natural Resources
14. 10th BRICS Summit in
Johannesburg The theme of this year‘s summit is BRICS
in Africa- collaboration for inclusive
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growth and shared prosperity in the 4th
Industrial revolution
Originally the first four were grouped as
BRIC before the induction of South Africa
in 2010
The first summit was in
Yeaterinburg,Russia in 2009
15. From cricketing legend
to prime minister of
Pakistan, the rise of Imran
Khan
The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) chief,
who is poised to take over as Pakistan's
19th prime minister, outlined his vision
for 'naya Pakistan'
Khan was one of the few people who did
them proud. Winning the Cricket
World Cup in 1992 was a rare moment
when Pakistan distinguished itself
internationally
After more than two decades of political
campaigning, much of it spent in the
political wilderness, Imran Khan will
finally become Prime Minister of
Pakistan
16. India gets its 37th World
UNESCO heritage site
India‘s nomination of the Victorian and Art
Deco Ensembles of Mumbai has been
inscribed on UNESCO‘s World Heritage
list
As recommended by the World Heritage
committee of UNESCO India accepted
renaming of ensemble as “Victorian
Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of
Mumbai”
India now has overall 37 world Heritage
Site with 29 cultural, 07 Natural and 1
Mixes sites.
NATIONAL NEWS
17. In Manipur, incursions
on the border
Latest media reports states that certain
boundary pillars in the Manipur sector of
the India-Myanmar international boundary
have been allegedly shifted.
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The spotlight is on this frontier for alleged
incursions by Myanmar soldiers.
The External Affairs Ministry has said
India has not shifted pillars demarcating
the border with Myanmar and the
boundary is settled and there is no
confusion over its alignment
The 1,643-km border with Myanmar often
has more to do with smuggling of drugs,
gold and wildlife body parts, as well as
raids by the northeastern extremist
groups from their hideouts beyond the
boundary
States bordering with Myanmar:
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
Manipur and Mizoram
18. National Moth Week India is among 40 countries in which
enthusiasts and citizen scientists are
devoting the week from July 21 to 29 to
document the insects
The National Moth Week, which
encourages people to observe and
document moths in backyards and
neighborhoods, is underway across the
world
The main aim of the National Moth Week,
initiated in 2012 by scientists in America,
is to increase awareness on moths
India is home to more than 10,000 moth
species, including the large and
flamboyant Indian moon moth Actias
Selene.
It is an important food sources for many
animals, moths can be indicators of
ecosystem health.
19. 40% study loan NPAs are
from T.N. Tamil Nadu accounts for over 40% of non-
performing assets (NPAs) in education
loans given by public sector banks
Education loans are treated similar to
commercial loans and if there are three
continuous defaults, they are declared as
NPAs
Promises by political parties to waive
education loans is also leading to wilful
defaults
20. Green Mahanadi
Mission A total of two crore sapling will be
planted on the banks of
Mahanadi,Tel,Ib, rivers under this
mission
Objective is to stop soil erosion on the
river banks and recharge the ground
water reserve
The plantation drive would be jointly
implemented by the departments of
Forest, Horticulture and Water
Development
Major tributaries of Mahanadi: Seonath,
Jonk, Hasodo, Mand, Ib, Ong ,Tel etc.
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21. SC pulls up Centre for its
delay in appointing a
Lokpal The „Lokpal‟ is the central governing
body that has jurisdiction over all
members of parliament and central
government employees in case of
corruption
The selection of Chairperson and
Members of Lokpal shall be through a
Selection Committee consisting of –
a) Prime Minister;
b) Speaker of Lok Sabha;
c) Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha;
d) Chief Justice of India or a sitting
Supreme Court Judge nominated by CJI;
e) An eminent jurist to be nominated by
the President of India
Lokpal will have power of
superintendence and direction over any
investigation agency including CBI for
cases referred to them by Lokpal
22. AndraPradesh to adopt
Zero Budget Natural
Farming
Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu
declared all 60 lakh farmers in the state
would take up ZBNF by 2024.
ZBNF demands farmers recreate a diverse
ecosystem in their farms, without any
external inputs, such as chemical
fertilizers or pesticides
It eliminates water and labor
requirements, thus, making farming
economically and ecologically
sustainable
The produce is poison-free as the soil is
devoid of any inorganic pesticide or
fertilizer, benefitting both the farmer and
the consumer
23. Rhino‟s Habitat under
threat of mining
Considering the destructive impact of
quarrying/mining activity, all stone
mining/ quarrying and crusher units
need to be closed down immediately.
Then there is a high risk of Kaziranga
National Park may lose its corridor
and habitat connectivity with the
larger Karbi Anglong landscape
permanently.
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Lack of corridors and habitat
contiguity for wildlife dispersal will
have serious implications for long-
term conservation of wide ranging
species like tigers and Indian
elephants of Kaziranga Tiger
Reserve
24. PM to inaugurate the
statue of unity on October
31
PM will inaugurate the Statue of Unity on
31st October, the birth anniversary of
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
The statue of unity , being built near the
Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river
The construction of plinth and pillars of the
182m tall structure is over
The ambitious Statue of Unity, supposed to
be the tallest in the world
25. Winged guests arrive at
Bhitarkanika for nesting
The birds build nests and lay eggs atop
the mangrove trees
Bhitarkanika It is a national park located in
Kendrapara district of Odisha ,National
Park since 1998
It is home to Saltwater Crocodile
(Crocodylus porosus), White Crocodile,
Indian python, King Cobra, black ibis,
darters and many other species of flora
and fauna
The sanctuary is the second largest
mangrove ecosystem in India.
26. Consult UPSC for
selecting police chiefs, SC
tells States
The State government concerned has to
send to the service commission the names
of the probable three months before the
incumbent DGP is to retire. The UPSC will prepare a list of three
officers fit to be DGP and send it back
Importance would be given to merit &
length of service rendered.
―It’s primarily to reduce pressure of state
government on the Police‖
27. VVPATs will be ready for
Lok Sabha polls, says EC
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In early 2017 in the wake of assembly
elections a large number of political
parties had alleged EVM tampering that
the EC had announced the conduct of an
EVM challenge and also declared that it
would be conducting all future assembly
elections with the use of VVPAT.
In the VVPAT system, when a voter
presses the button for a candidate of his
choice in the electronic voting machines
(EVM), a paper ballot containing the
serial number, the name of the candidate
and poll symbol will be printed for the
voter
28. West Bengal Assembly
passes the resolution to
rename State as Bangla
The west Bengal Assembly passes the
resolution to change the name of state as
Bangla in three languages – Bengali,
English and Hindi
The move was aimed at climbing the
alphabetical sequence of state names in
which West Bengal appears last now
29. The 19th anniversary for
Kargil Vijay Diwas being
celebrated
It marks India‘s victory over Pakistan in
the 1999 Kargil war and remembers those
who sacrificed their lives for the country
On 26th July 199, India took command of
the high outpost which had lost to Pakistan
Intruders. The war was fought for 60 days
The conflict is also referred to as
Operation Vijay which was the name of the
Indian Operation to clear the Kargil Sector
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30. NMCG Organizes
“Ganga Vriksharopan
Abhiyan” National Mission for Clean Ganga
(NMCG) is running ―Ganga
Vriksharopan Abhiyan‖ in five main stem
Ganga basin states – Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West
Bengal.
The campaign, which has been initiated
as part of the Forest Interventions in
Ganga (FIG) component of Namami
Ganga Programme, is significant as
it aims to bring greater awareness
among people and other stakeholders
regarding the importance of afforestation
for the task of Ganga Rejuvenation
A number of schools, colleges and
departments have been requested to
―Adopt a Plant‖ for turning this
campaign into a people‘s movement.
Various seminars, workshops, lectures,
drawing and painting competitions etc.
are being organized
Forests cause higher rainfall and raise
water level in the rivers. Through their
foliage, craggy bark and abundant leaf
litter, trees and forests decrease the
speed of water dispersion and favor slow
but greater infiltration of rainwater to
ensure smooth functioning of the
hydrological cycle
Presence of healthy forest cover along
the river provides self-cleaning ability
to the rive
31. Samgra Shiksha scheme Aims at unifying learning from pre-school
to class 12 levels by treating education
holistically as continuum from pre-school
to class 12.
Ministry/Department : Ministry of Human
Resource Development
Objectives of scheme
Provision of quality education
Enhancing learning outcomes of
students
Bridging social and gender gaps in
school education
Promoting vocationalisation of
education
Strengthening teacher education
institutions like SCERTs and Diets to
improve quality of teachers
Providing annual grant of Rs 5,000 to Rs
20,000 per school for strengthening of
libraries
32. Dolphin population
declines in India‟s only
dolphin sanctuary The population of the endangered
Gangetic river dolphin has declined at
the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin
Sanctuary (VGDS) in Bihar‘s Bhagalpur
district, India‟s only sanctuary for its
national aquatic animal
Gangetic river dolphin is India‘s
national aquatic animal but frequently
falls prey to poachers. Dolphins are also
sometimes killed without intention by
being trapped in fish nets or hit by
propellers.
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The Vikramshilla Gangetic Dolphin
Sanctuary came into existence in 1991
but a proper management plan is still
awaited
SPORTS NEWS 33. Hima Das: From
obscurity to fame in 51.46
seconds For a country starved of success at the top
level, Hima‘s shining 400m gold at the
World U20 Championships has provided
a ray of hope
The girl from the remote Kandhulimari
village near Dhing town in Assam has
made light of the hardships of staying
alone in Guwahati to break one barrier
after another.
34. France beats Croatia 4-2
to be FIFA World Cup 2018
champions France brings FIFA World cup home
after 20 years
BEST PLAYER Golden Ball: Luka Modric
(Croatia)
TOP GOALSCORER Golden Boot: Harry
Kane (England), six goals
BEST GOALKEEPER Golden Glove:
Thibaut Courtois (Belgium)
BEST YOUNG PLAYER FIFA Young
Player: Kylian Mbappe (France)
35. Wimbledon 2018:
Djokovic Triumph
Inspired and almost error-free, Novak
Djokovic swept aside South Africa‘s Kevin
Anderson in straight sets 6-2, 6-2, 7-6(3) to
win his fourth Wimbledon singles title
and 13th Grand Slam
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Important One liner
Nelson Mandela International Day is an annual international day in honor of Nelson Mandela on-18
July (Mandela's birthday) The state has topped tops in per capita revenue collection under Goods & Service Tax
-Haryana.
Integrated Indian Visa Application Centre was inaugurated in Bangladesh.
Which country declared a 60-day state of emergency on its Colombian border to ensure security from
the menace of drug trafficking in the region-Peru
The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has launched a rural cleanliness Programme to rank all
states and districts on the basis of qualitative and quantitative evaluation -Swachh Survekshan
Grameen 2018.
The Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari has proposed a cruise route from -
Mumbai-Bali cruise route
The 'two-plus-two dialogue' between India and the United States will be held in New Delhi.
President Donald Trump and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin will hold their first summit
meeting to discuss bilateral relations in Helsinki
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has launched the country-wide Emergency Ambulance service through
video conferencing for Sri Lanka
The first India Tourism Mart (ITM) 2018 will be organized at ____Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
The Indian Army has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the bank on defence salary
package ____State Bank of India (SBI)
. The World Population Day is observed across the world every year on ___11th July.
The State Government has granted religious minority status to Jews in the state___ Gujarat.
Who has launched the much-awaited 'Anna Canteens' in various parts of the state___ N Chandrababu
Naidu.
The state govt. will appoint girls as a district Brand Ambassador, who have recorded significant
achievements in any field under the Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao scheme____ Madhya Pradesh.
The state government has constituted Heritage Cabinet to preserve the history and culture of state
__Odisha
The state govt will launch ‗One farmer one transformer‘ scheme from 15th August to curb electricity
losses___ Maharashtra government
The Union Human Resource Development (HRD) Minister Prakash Javadekar has inaugurated the five-
day 17th World Sanskrit Conference in ____Vancouver, Canada.
Who has decided to scrap an annual government mobilization drill this year as part of a suspended
joint exercise with the United States___ South Korea.
The novel has won the 2018 Golden Man Booker Prize____ The English Patient.
India's premier gymnast clinched a gold medal (Scored 14.150) in the vault event of FIG Artistic
Gymnastics World Challenge Cup in Mersin, Turkey____Dipa Karmakar.
Who will lead the 18-member Indian men‘s hockey squad in the 18th Asian Games___ PR Sreejesh
(Goalkeeper).
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IN-DEPTH
STUDY NOTES FOR
RACE2IAS AND OTHER
COMPETITIVE EXAMS
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WINTOSH HISTORY44
War and theMessenger of peace
CausesOn may 10 1857 sepoys stationed atMeerut, led by Mangalpande mutiniedand straight away marched to delhi andproclaimed the 80 year old Mughal Em-peror Bhadur shah zafar as the emperorof india.This mutiny set off the popularrevolt of 1857 which engulfed northernand central india and nearly swept awaythe British rule.
The policy of conquest pursued by theBritish had created unrest among manyIndian rulers and chiefs. The revolt of1857 represented the culmination ofpopular discontent with British policiesin india.
The storm centers of the revolt wereDelhi, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jhansi.
Revolt of 1857
Reason for failureA central organization by the sepoyswere not present. There was no unifiedaction also. Bahadur Shah, Nana Saheb,Lakshmi Bai, no one had acceptance asa real leader. They had different goalsand times again they had contradictions
The British had a huge number of forces.New groups of soldiers were sent to In-dia after the end of Crimean war. Fresharmy men came from Singapore. As aresult of these, in the middle of the revoltthe strength of the British force wasdoubled. The chance of a win becameremote.
The sepoys had no modern arms withthem. On the other hand, the British forcehad huge and improved armory. Theycould not match improved guns andri¬fles with their old model musket,spears and sword. So the defeat wasalmost certain.
PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)The decision on the Partition of Bengalwas announced on 19 July 1905 by then
CENTERS LEADERS
Delhi Mangal Pande
Kanpur Nana Sahib &Tantia Tope
Lucknow Begum of Awadh
Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bhai
HISTORY
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Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. Thepartition took effect on 16 October 1905.
The objective was to set up a communalgulf between Hindus and Muslims. Amighty upsurge swept the countryagainst the partition. National movementfound real expression in the movementagainst the partition of Bengal in 1905.
On 1905 October 16 the people of Bengalcelebrate it as the day of lamentation.
A movement broke out as a result of Ben-gal partition was Swadheshi movement.
Swadeshi Movement (1905)
Bonfires of foreign goods were con-ducted at various places
Formation of Muslim League (1906)Setup in 1906 under the leadership ofAga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhakaand Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk
It was a loyalist, communal and conser-vative political organization whichsupported the partition of Bengal,opposed the Swadeshi movement,demanded special safeguards to itscommunity and a separate electorate forMuslims.
Home Rule Movement (1916)Started by B. G. Tilak (April, 1916) atPoona and Annie Besant and S.SubramaniaIyer at Adyar, near Madras(Sept, 1916).
Annie Besant starts the Home RuleLeague in 1st August 1916.
She founded the organization 'AllIndia Home Rule League', and it wasthrough this organization she had popu-larized the movement.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a celebrated leaderof the Indian national movement, alsostarted Home Rule movement at aboutthe same time Mrs. Annie Besanthad begun her own.
Tilak founded the 'Home Rule for IndiaLeague' in 1916. It was during thisperiod of his political career that Tilakwas given the honorific title 'Lokmanya'by the people in recognition of his boldleadership.
The term 'Home Rule' means self-gov-ernment. The object of the Home Rulemovement was to attain Home Rule or self-government within the British Empire.
The Swadeshi Movement had its originin the anti-partition movement which wasstarted to oppose the British decision toPartition Bengal
The word swadeshi is derived from San-skrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskritwords ‘Swa’ means ‘self or own’ and‘desh’ means ‘country’, So ‘swadesh’means ‘own country’.
Swadeshi Movement was primarily amass resolution to use only Indian madegoods rather than British made goods.
Lala Lajpat Roy, Bipin Chandra Pal,BalGangadar Thilak and AurobindoGhosh played the important role.
Indian National Congrees took the Swadeshicall first at the Banaras Session, 1905presided over by G. K. Gokhale.
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Rowlett Act (March 18, 1919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre(April 13, 1919)
Sir Sidney Rowlett
The Rowlett Act was passed by the Im-perial Legislative Council in 1919. TheIndian members did not support the Act,but it was passed; nevertheless. The Actgave enormous powers to the govern-ment to repress political activities. It al-lowed detention of political prisonerswithout trial for two years.
This law enabled the Government to sus-pend the right of Habeas Corpus, whichhad been the foundation of civil libertiesin Britain
It caused a wave of anger in all sections.It was the first country-wide agitation byGandhiji and marked the foundation ofthe Non Cooperation Movement
People were agitated over the arrest ofDr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10,1919.
General O'Dyer fires at people who as-sembled in the Jallianwala Bagh,Amritsar.
As a result hundreds of men, womenand children were killed and thousandsinjured.
Rabindranath Tagore returned hisKnighthood in protest. Sir ShankaranNair resigned from Viceroy's ExecutiveCouncil after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed toenquire into it.
On March 13, 1940, Sardar UdhamSingh killed O'Dyer when the later wasaddressing a meeting in Caxton Hall,London.
WINTOSH HISTORY
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WINTOSH BASIC SCIENCE
70
HabitatA habitat is a place where a plant oranimal live. It is a part of an ecosystem.
Habitats are classified into two domains:
Terrestrial/ Land habitat :
Aquatic/Water habitat.:
AdaptationA habitat consists of two componentsbiotic and abiotic components.
All living organisms in a biospher are
The surrounding where livingorganisms survive is known ashabitat
considered to be the biotic componentsof a habitat
While all non-living things like rocks,soil, water etc. are abiotic components.
These components determine thenumber and type of species existing in aregion.
Therefore, they have to evolve and adoptcertain behavior or structural modifications.
SCIENCE
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WINTOSH BASIC SCIENCE71
71
These physiological, behavioral andmorphological patterns differ from regionto region as per conditions of that terrain.
Adaptation is the modifications in eitherphysical, behavioral or both character-istics in an organism in order to live in itshabitat.
1) Terrestrial habitat:
Plants and animals that survive on land.
Exp : Desert:, Mountain , Grassland
2) Aquatic habitat:
Plants and animals that live under water.
Exp : Ponds, Oceans:
ForestsForests can be divided into 5 maincategories, depending on the types oftrees found in them. They are –
1) Coniferous Forest
As the name suggests, the trees foundin these forests mainly consists of cone-bearing trees like the spruce, pine, fir andhemlock.
Characteristics of living organism:
Need food to growfor the process
Characteristicsof the
living organism
Respiration process:Plants breathe in
carbon dioxide whileanimals take in oxygen
Growth of livingorganism takes place
Reproduction of livingorganism
2) Deciduous Forest
The trees of these forests are broadleaved and fall off the tree during latesummer to early autumn.
The leaves are usually green but lateracquire the yellow, red and orange colorgradually.
3) Mixed Forests
Deciduous and Coniferous trees – bothtypes’ forms mixed forests, which aremostly found in Mountain areas.
4) Mediterranean Forests
They are also called scrublands as itstemperature is suitable for short oaks andpines to grow.
5) Tropical Rainforest
These forests are situated in the areaswith hot temperature, like South America,Africa, Asia and Australia, thus arecalled as Tropical and due to continuousrainfall throughout the year, they arecalled Rainforest.
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WINTOSH BASIC SCIENCE
72
Natural vegetation in IndiaDue to a diverse geographical and climaticcondition, an extensive range of naturalvegetation grows in India.
The types of natural vegetation differaccording to precipitation, soil, climateand topography.
The cultivated crops and fruits, orchardsform part of vegetation, but not naturalvegetation.
Types of Natural vegetationin India
Tropical evergreen rain forests
Deciduous or Monsoon type of forests
Dry deciduous forests
Mountain forests
Tidal or Mangrove forests
Semi- deserts and Deserts vegetations
Polar habitatsWhat are polar habitats?
Polar habitats are located at the verytop and very bottom of the Earth.
They are cold, windy and have a lotof snow and ice.
It’s even too cold for trees to grow.
Tundra takes up a lot of the area ofpolar habitats.
It’s the place where any plants cangrow, but the ground only thaws justenough for short grasses and moss – treeroots can’t go as far down into the groundas they need to because it’s frozen.
Animals who live in polar regionshave adapted by having thick fur orfeathers, and hunting fish or each otherrather than relying on plants
Jagadish Chandra BosePhysicist, biologist and archaeologist who pioneered the investigationof radio and microwave optics.
YOU KNOW ?!
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WINTOSH POLITY12
The State Executive
GovernorExecutive Head of States
The constitution of India envisages thesame pattern of government in the states asthat for the center, that is, parliamentarysystem.
Acts on advice of Chief minister
Same person can be appointed asGovernor of one or more state
All executive actions of state are takenin his name
Acts as a link between center & state &it’s his duty to send reports to the Presidentof the affairs of the state fortnightly
Dual responsibility ’! head of the states+ representatives of center in state
Governor
Chief MinisterCouncil of Ministers
Minister
Secretary Additional Secretary Joint Secretary
Present Kerala governor isSri. Palanisamy Sathasivam. He was the40th supreme court chief justice of India.Hewas the first chief justice of supreme courtto become governor of a state
CHIEF MINISTERTHE FUNCTIONS OF THECHIEF MINISTER
Cabinet Formation
Leader of Council of Ministers
Coordination and Conflict Resolution
Advisor to Governor
Main Information Source for Governor
Leader of Ruling Party in Legislature
Leader of his Legislative Party
INDIAN POLITY
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WINTOSH POLITY13
CHIEF MINISTERS OF KERALANo Name Tenure Days
1 E. M. S. Namboodiripad 5 April 1957 31 July 1959 848 days
2 Vacant (President’s rule) 31 July 1959 22February1960
3 Pattom A. Thanu Pillai 22February1960 26September1962 583 days
4 R. Sankar 26September1962 10September1964 715 days
5 Vacant(President’s rule) 10September1964 6 March 1967
6 E. M. S. Namboodiripad 6 March 1967 1 November 1969 972days[Total1,820days]
7 C. Achutha Menon 1 November 1969 1 August 1970 273 days
8 Vacant(President’s rule) 4 August 1970 3 October 1970
9 C. Achutha Menon 4 October 1970 25 March 1977 2,365days[Total2,638days]
10 K. Karunakaran 25 March 1977 25 April 1977 32 days
11 A. K. Antony 27 April 1977 27 October 1978 550 days
12 P. K. Vasudevan Nair 29 October 1978 7 October 1979 343 days
13 C. H. Mohammed Koya 12 October 1979 1 December 1979 51 days
14 Vacant(President’s rule) 5 December 1979 25 January 1980
15 E. K. Nayanar 25 January 1980 20 October 1981 635 days
16 Vacant(President’s rule) 21 October 1981 28 December1981
17 K. Karunakaran 28 December1981 17 March 1982 81 days
18 Vacant(President’s rule) 17 March 1982 23 May 1982
19 K. Karunakaran 24 May 1982 25 March 1987 1,766 days
20 E. K. Nayanar 26 March 1987 17 June 1991 1,544 days
21 K. Karunakaran 24 June 1991 16 March 1995 1,361days[Total3,240days]
22 A. K. Antony 22 March 1995 9 May 1996 415 days
23 E. K. Nayanar 20 May 1996 13 May 2001 1,820days[Total3,999days]
24 A. K. Antony 17 May 2001 29 August 2004 1,201days[Total2,166days]
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25 Oommen Chandy 31 August 2004 12 May 2006 619 days
26 V. S. Achuthanandan 18 May 2006 14 May 2011 1,822 days
27 Oommen Chandy 18 May 2011 20 May 2016 1829 days[Total 2448 days]
28 Pinarayi Vijayan 25 May 2016 Incumbent
WINTOSH POLITY14
Power to Drop a Minister
Guiding and Controlling Minister
Power to overrule other Ministers
Main Spokesman of Government
Link between Centre and State
Dissolution of State Legislature
Council Of MinistersCOMs with CM at its apex aid & advicethe governor in exercise of his functions
Governor is bound to follow advice ofCOMs except in cases where he can usehis discretionary powers
COMs is collectively responsible tolegislative assembly of the state
Any person can be appointed as theminister but ceases to be one, if he is notelected as a member of the statelegislature within 6 months after hisappointment as a minister
Connect the line and find out the person hiding behind your pencil point
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KNOW THE
SERVICE Introducing all the 26 services one gets
on qualifying UPSC Civil Service
Examination
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Indian Audit and Accounts Service The IAAS, also shortened IA&AS is a Group ‗A‘ service. It comprises the middle and top level
management of the Indian Audit & Accounts Department (IA&AD). It is headed by the Comptroller
and Auditor General of India (CAG). The functions of this department are twofold – accounting
and auditing. IAAS has the mandate of auditing the Central and State government accounts and
public sector organizations, and also of maintaining the State government accounts. They also
handle the entitlement function such as Pension and Provident Fund and for state government
employees. The IA&AD also has three overseas offices in London, Washington DC and Kuala
Lumpur since the CAG of India also conducts auditing for international organizations like the
United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization, etc.
Pros of IAAS For people who are not big fans of publicity that the IAS exposes one to, the IAAS is a good
option. You can lead a quieter life. There will not be much political interference in your work. This
is an excellent option for people interested in accounting. According to a government survey,
amongst all the three All India Services and the seven central services, the IAAS had the highest
percentage of job satisfaction amongst its officers. You can even get overseas postings in the
IAAS.All postings would be in metro cities or state capitals. Hardly there would be any rural
postings here.
Designation in field Designation in HQ Pay Scale (Rs.) Grade
Assistant Accountant General Assistant Director 8000-275-13500 Junior Time Scale
Deputy Accountant General Deputy Director 10000-325-
15200
Senior Time Scale
Senior Deputy Accountant
General
Director 12300-375-
16500
Junior Administrative Grade
Senior Deputy Accountant
General
Director 14300-400-
18300
NFSG of Junior Administrative
Grade
Accountant General Principal Director 18400-500-
22400
Senior Administrative Grade
Principal Accountant General Director General 22400-525-
24500
Additional Deputy
CAG
24050-650-
26000
Deputy CAG (6 posts) 26000 (fixed)
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