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Additional Aspects of Financial
Reporting and Financial Analysis
Additional Aspects of Financial
Reporting and Financial Analysis
Chapter5
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1. Describe an auditor’s report.
2. Explain the disclosure in management’s discussions and analysis.
3. Understand the meaning of an operating segment.
4. Describe the disclosure in a segment report.
5. Explain interim reporting.
ObjectivesObjectives
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6. Prepare an interim report.
7. Understand intracompany and intercompany comparisons.
8. Prepare horizontal and vertical percentage analysis.
9. Perform ratio analysis.
ObjectivesObjectives
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Market EfficiencyMarket Efficiency
The prices of securities traded in the
capital market fully reflect all publicly
available information.
The prices of securities traded in the
capital market fully reflect all publicly
available information.
Evidence from research on an efficient market hypothesis tends to show--
These prices are adjusted almost
immediately based on new information and
in an unbiased manner.
These prices are adjusted almost
immediately based on new information and
in an unbiased manner.
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Auditor’s Report (Opinion)Auditor’s Report (Opinion)
The auditor is independent. The audit was performed on specified
financial statements. The financial statements are the responsibility
of the company’s management; the opinion is the responsibility of the auditors.
The audit was conducted according to generally accepted auditing standards.
An auditor’s standard report includes these
statements...
An auditor’s standard report includes these
statements...
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
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Auditor’s Report (Opinion)Auditor’s Report (Opinion)
The audit was planned and performed to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatements.
The audit included examination, assessment, and evaluation stages.
The audit provides a reasonable basis for an opinion.
An opinion is expressed concerning the fair presentation.
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An unqualified opinion contains three paragraphs.
An unqualified opinion contains three paragraphs.
Auditor’s Report (Opinion)Auditor’s Report (Opinion)
The first (introductory) paragraph lists the
financial statements that were audited, declares
that management is responsible for those
statements, and asserts that the auditor is responsible for
expressing an opinion on them.
The first (introductory) paragraph lists the
financial statements that were audited, declares
that management is responsible for those
statements, and asserts that the auditor is responsible for
expressing an opinion on them.
The second (scope) paragraph describes what
the auditor has done.
The second (scope) paragraph describes what
the auditor has done.
The third (opinion) paragraph gives the auditor’s opinion.
The third (opinion) paragraph gives the auditor’s opinion.
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An unqualified opinion is not a “clean bill of health.”
An unqualified opinion provides no assurance of the future success of the company.
An audit report does not provide an assurance that fraud has not been committed by a member, or members, of the company unless such fraud would cause a material misstatement in the financial statements.
Auditor’s Report (Opinion)Auditor’s Report (Opinion)
There are three things that the audit report does not say.
There are three things that the audit report does not say.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
The MD&A provides a narrative explanation of the financial
statements so that investors can judge the “quality” of earnings
and the likelihood that past performance is indicative of
future performance in regard to cash flows.
The MD&A provides a narrative explanation of the financial
statements so that investors can judge the “quality” of earnings
and the likelihood that past performance is indicative of
future performance in regard to cash flows.
The MD&A provides information regarding liquidity, capital resources, and the results
of operations, as well as other information necessary to understand its financial
condition and changes in financial condition.
The MD&A provides information regarding liquidity, capital resources, and the results
of operations, as well as other information necessary to understand its financial
condition and changes in financial condition.
Where knowledge of segment information is useful to
understanding a company’s business, the discussion is to
focus on each relevant, reportable operating segment, as well as on the whole company.
Where knowledge of segment information is useful to
understanding a company’s business, the discussion is to
focus on each relevant, reportable operating segment, as well as on the whole company.
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Liquidity Capital Resources Results of Operations General Information
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
Major discussion issues that may involve intracompany and
intercompany comparisons.
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Segment ReportingSegment Reporting
that engages in business activities to earn revenues and incur expenses,
whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the company’s chief operating officer to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and to assess its performance, and
for which financial information is available.
An operating segment is a component of a company--
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Segment ReportingSegment Reporting
An operating segment is considered significant and is a reportable segment if it satisfies at least one of the
following tests:
An operating segment is considered significant and is a reportable segment if it satisfies at least one of the
following tests:
Revenue TestProfit TestAsset Test
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13TEAL COMPANYOperating Segment Financial Resultsfor Year Ended December 31, 2000
Reportable Operating Segments All Other Total A B C Segments Results
Segment revenues $ 300 $2,530 $ 370 $ 600 $ 3,800 Segment operating profit (pretax) $ 70 $ 495 $ 105 $ 140 $ 810 General corporate expenses (100)Corporate interest expense (80) Pretax income from cont’g operations $ 630 Segment assets at 12/31/2000 $1,800 $9,400 $2,000 $2,800 $16,000 Gen. corp. assets 3,000 Total assets 12/31/2000 $19,000
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Interim Income TaxesInterim Income Taxes
Estimated Annual Income:
First quarter $20,000 actual incomeSecond quarter 26,000 actual incomeThird quarter 25,000 estimated incomeFourth quarter 29,000 estimated income
$100,000 estimated annual income
ContinuedContinued
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Interim Income TaxesInterim Income Taxes
Estimated Effective Income Tax Rate:
ContinuedContinued
$ 3,/4 3m
15% x $20,000 = $ 3,00030% x ($100,000 - $20,000) = 24,000
Estimated total tax = $27,000
27% Effective tax rate =$27,000 Estimated income tax$100,000 Estimated Income
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Interim Income TaxesInterim Income Taxes
Estimated Income Tax for First Six Months:$ 3,
/4 3m$46,000 x 27% = $12,420 estimated income tax on first six months’ income
Estimated Income Tax for Second Quarter:$ 3,
/4 3m$12,420 estimated income tax on first six months
of income(5,220) estimated income tax on first-quarter
income$7,200 estimated income tax on second-quarter
income
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Preparation of Disclosure of Summarized Interim Financial Data
Preparation of Disclosure of Summarized Interim Financial Data
When publicly held companies report interim summaries of financial information, the following data must be reported at a minimum.
When publicly held companies report interim summaries of financial information, the following data must be reported at a minimum.
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Preparation of Disclosure of Summarized Interim Financial Data
Preparation of Disclosure of Summarized Interim Financial Data
Sales or gross revenues, income taxes, extraordinary
items (net of tax), the cumulative effect of a change in accounting
principle, and net income.
Sales or gross revenues, income taxes, extraordinary
items (net of tax), the cumulative effect of a change in accounting
principle, and net income.
Earnings per share for each
period presented.
Earnings per share for each
period presented.
Seasonal revenues, costs, and expenses.
Seasonal revenues, costs, and expenses.
Significant changes in
estimates of income taxes.
Significant changes in
estimates of income taxes.
Contingent items.Contingent items.Changes in accounting
principles or estimates.
Changes in accounting
principles or estimates.
Significant changes in
financial position.
Significant changes in
financial position.
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SEC ReportsSEC Reports
Two SEC forms that are important to
accountants are--
Two SEC forms that are important to
accountants are--
Form 10-K
Form 10-Q
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SEC ReportsSEC Reports
Form 10-K is the most common SEC annual report
form and is required to be filed with the SEC within 90 days of
a company’s fiscal year-end.
Form 10-K is the most common SEC annual report
form and is required to be filed with the SEC within 90 days of
a company’s fiscal year-end.
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SEC ReportsSEC Reports
Form 10-Q is used to report a company’s quarterly financial information to the SEC and is
required to be filed within 45 days of the end of the company’s first
three fiscal quarters.
Form 10-Q is used to report a company’s quarterly financial information to the SEC and is
required to be filed within 45 days of the end of the company’s first
three fiscal quarters.
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Financial Analysis ComparisonFinancial Analysis Comparison
Financial Analysis
ComparisonsIntracompany Intercompany
Percentage Analyses
HorizontalVertical
Ratio
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Horizontal AnalysisHorizontal Analysis
In horizontal analysis, changes in a company’s operating results
and financial position over time are shown in percentages as well
as in dollars.
In horizontal analysis, changes in a company’s operating results
and financial position over time are shown in percentages as well
as in dollars.
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from 12/31/00 to 12/31/01
Base Year% =
Horizontal AnalysisHorizontal Analysis
Sales $138,000 $130,00012/31/01 12/31/00
$8,000
$8,000
$130,000% = = 6.2%
Now, using the data from Exhibit 5-5, let’s try gross profit from
December 31, 1999 to December 31, 2001.
Now, using the data from Exhibit 5-5, let’s try gross profit from
December 31, 1999 to December 31, 2001.
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from 12/31/99 to 12/31/01
Base Year% =
Horizontal AnalysisHorizontal Analysis
Gross profit $55,900 $42,000
12/31/01 12/31/ 99
$13,900
$13,900
$42,000% = = 33.1%
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Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)
In vertical analysis, the monetary relationships between items on the financial statements are shown in percentages as well as in dollars.
In vertical analysis, the monetary relationships between items on the financial statements are shown in percentages as well as in dollars.
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2001
Amount Percent
Sales $138,000 Sales returns (8,000)Sales, net $130,000 Cost of goods sold (74,100)Gross profit $ 55,900
Sales, net $130,000 100.0
106.2Sales, $138,000
Sales, net, $130,000=
106.2
Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)
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2001
Amount Percent
Sales $138,000 Sales returns (8,000)Sales, net $130,000 Cost of goods sold (74,100)Gross profit $ 55,900
Sales, net $130,000 100.0
(6.2)%Sales returns, ($8,000)
Sales, net , $130,000=
106.2(6.2)
Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)
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2001
Amount Percent
Sales $138,000 Sales returns (8,000)Sales, net $130,000 Cost of goods sold (74,100)Gross profit $ 55,900
Sales, net $130,000 100.0
(57.0)%Cost of goods sold, ($74,100)
Sales, net , $130,000=
106.2(6.2)
(57.0)
Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)
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2001
Amount Percent
Sales $138,000 Sales returns (8,000)Sales, net $130,000 Cost of goods sold (74,100)Gross profit $ 55,900
Sales, net $130,000 100.0
43.0%Gross profit, $55,900
Sales, net , $130,000=
106.2(6.2)
(57.0)43.0
Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)Vertical Analysis (Income Statement)
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Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)
2001
Amount Percent
Cash $ 3,900Receivables (net) 7,600Inventories 8,900Prepaid Items 1,000Total current assets $ 21,400Noncurrent assets (net) 107,800Total Assets $129,200
3.2%Cash, $3,900
Total Assets, $129,200=
3.0
Total Assets $129,200 100.0
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Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)
2001
Amount Percent
Cash $ 3,900Receivables (net) 7,600Inventories 8,900Prepaid Items 1,000Total current assets $ 21,400Noncurrent assets (net) 107,800Total Assets $129,200
3.0
Total Assets $129,200 100.0
5.9%Receivables (net), $7,600
Total Assets, $129,200=
5.9
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Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)
Using this approach on the rest of the
assets, this section can be completed.
Using this approach on the rest of the
assets, this section can be completed.
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Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)
2001
Amount Percent
Cash $ 3,900Receivables (net) 7,600Inventories 8,900Prepaid Items 1,000Total current assets $ 21,400Noncurrent assets (net) 107,800Total Assets $129,200
3.0
Total Assets $129,200 100.0
5.9 6.9 .8
16.6 83.4
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In calculating vertical analysis amounts for
liabilities and stockholders’ equity, all items are divided
by “total liabilities and stockholders’ equity.”
In calculating vertical analysis amounts for
liabilities and stockholders’ equity, all items are divided
by “total liabilities and stockholders’ equity.”
Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)Vertical Analysis (Balance Sheet)
3.9%Accounts Payable, $5,000
Total L& SE, $129,200=
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Stockholders’ Profitability RatiosStockholders’ Profitability Ratios
Earnings per share is probably the most frequently cited ratio in a financial analysis.
Net Income - Preferred Dividends
Average Common Shares Outstanding
$11,000 $1,200
5,400
= $1.81
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Stockholders’ Profitability RatiosStockholders’ Profitability Ratios
Price/earnings is used by actual and potential stockholders to evaluate the attractiveness of an
investment in the stock of a company.
Market Price per Common Share
Earnings per Share
$14.25
$1.81
= 7.9 times
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Stockholders’ Profitability RatiosStockholders’ Profitability Ratios
Dividend yield provides the stockholders’ their individual rates of return based on the actual dividends received as
compared with the ending market price of the stock.
Dividends per Common Share
Market Price per Common Share
$1.00
$14.25
= 7.0%
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Company Profitability RatiosCompany Profitability Ratios
Profit margin is used to evaluate a company’s efficiency in controlling costs
and expenses in relation to sales.
Net Income
Net Sales
$11,000
$130,000
= 8.5%
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Return on total assets indicates how efficiently a company uses its economic resources.
Net Income + Interest Expense (net of tax)
Average Total Assets
$11,000 + ($3,000 x 0.7)
($129,200 + $112,000)/2
= 10.9%
Company Profitability RatiosCompany Profitability Ratios
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Return on stockholders’ equity shows the residual returns on the owners’ equity.
Company Profitability RatiosCompany Profitability Ratios
Net Income
Average Stockholders’ Equity
$11,000
($93,000 + $79,000)/2
= 12.8%
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
The current ratio is used to evaluate a company’s short-run liquidity.
Liquidity RatiosLiquidity Ratios
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
$21,400
$11,200
= 1.91 times
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
The acid-test ratio is a more severe test of a company’s short-term debt-paying abilities.
Liquidity RatiosLiquidity Ratios
Quick Assets
Current Liabilities
$11,500
$11,200
= 1.03 times
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Inventory turnover indicates the number of times the inventory is “turned over” or
sold during that period.
Activity RatiosActivity Ratios
Cost of Goods Sold
Average Inventory
$74,100
($8,900 + $10,100)/2
= 7.8 times or 47 days365
7.8
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Receivables turnover indicates how many times receivables are “turned
over” or collected each period.
Activity RatiosActivity Ratios
Net Credit Sales
Average Net Receivables
$130,000 x 0.70
($7,600 + $8,600)/2
= 11.2 times or 33 days365
11.2
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
The payables turnover ratio measures the number of times accounts payable
turns over during the year.
Activity RatiosActivity Ratios
Cost of Goods Sold
Average Accounts Payable
$74,100
($5,000 + $6,600)/2
= 12.8 times or 29 days 365
12.8
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
The debt ratio indicates the percentage of total assets contributed by creditors.
Stability RatiosStability RatiosStability RatiosStability Ratios
Total Liabilities
Total Assets
$36,200
$129,200
= 28%
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Times interest earned is used to evaluate the ability of a company to cover its interest obligations through its annual earnings.
Stability RatiosStability RatiosStability RatiosStability Ratios
Pretax Operating Income
Interest Expense
$15,700 + $3,000
$3,000
= 6.2 times
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Book value per common share shows the net assets per share of stock.
Stability RatiosStability RatiosStability RatiosStability Ratios
Common Stockholders’ Equity
Outstanding Common Shares
$93,000 - ($140 x 150)
5,400
= 13.33 per common share
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Cash flow from operations to sales ratio is used to evaluate the cash generated from sales.
Cash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow Ratios
Cash Flow From Operations
Sales
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Cash flow from operations to net income ratio enables users to understand how the earnings of net income relates to the cash
flow from operations.
Cash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow Ratios
Cash Flow From Operations
Net Income
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Cash flow from operations per share is expressly prohibited. However, users
may wish to compute it for internal use.
Cash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow Ratios
Cash Flow From Operations
Average Shares of Common Stock Outstanding
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Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis
Cash flow from operations divided by the amount of debt maturing next year ratio measures the
ability of a company to make principal payments.
Cash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow RatiosCash Flow Ratios
Cash Flow From Operations
Debt Maturing Next Year
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Chapter5