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Designation of wind power plants with the Reference Designation System for Power Plants – RDS-PP®

Jörg Richnow, Clemens Rossi and Helmut Wank

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Designation of wind power plants with RDS-PP VGB PowerTech 7 l 2014

Authors

Kurzfassung

Kennzeichnung von Windkraftanlagen mit RDS-PP®

Die effiziente Planung und Errichtung von Windkraftanlagen sowie der spätere Betrieb und die Instandhaltung erfordern die klare und eindeutige Strukturierung der einzelnen An-lagenteile mit alphanumerischen Kennzeichen. Diese Kennzeichen dienen beispielsweise im En-gineeringprozess als eindeutige Bezugsadresse und in Betriebsführungssystemen als „Techni-scher Platz“ für durchzuführende Instandhal-tungsaufgaben.Für Windkraftanlagen hat sich seit nunmehr fast 10 Jahren die Kennzeichnung nach RDS-PP® durchgesetzt. Die hierfür in 2006 veröffentlichte Anwendungserläuterung VGB-B 116 D2 ist auf Grund von Marktanforderungen, technischen Weiterentwicklungen in der Windenergiebran-che sowie Anpassungen an internationale Nor-men, insbesondere IEC 81346-2, umfassend überarbeitet worden und als VGB-S-823-32 im März 2014 neu erschienen. Sie gibt damit den neuesten Stand der Kennzeichnungsanforde-rungen für Windkraftwerke wieder. Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert die wesent-lichen Inhalte dieser Richtlinie und zeigt ei-nige Beispiele der Anwendung von RDS-PP®. Abschließend wird auf die Notwendigkeit und Konsequenzen des Markeneintrags von RDS-PP® für den Anwender eingegangen.Anmerkung: dieser Artikel ist auch in deutscher Sprache erhältlich. l

Designation of wind power plants with the Reference Designation System for Power Plants RDS-PP®Jörg Richnow, Clemens Rossi and Helmut Wank

Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirtschafts-Ing. Jörg RichnowRWE Technology GmbH Essen/GermanyDipl.-Ing. (FH) Clemens RossiRWE Innogy GmbH Essen/GermanyDipl.-Ing. (FH) Helmut WankSiemens AG Erlangen/Germany

Introduction: Why should reference designation codes be used for wind power plants?

The designation system for industrial equipment like wind power plants has a long tradition. For just as long, however, there have been discussions about whether such a system is necessary or even benefi-cial.

The question: “What is the benefit of as-signing standard reference codes to a wind power plant?” is answered by the following key points:

– A reference identification system is like a language of its own and forms the basis for consistent communication among all players involved throughout the entire lifecycle of a wind power plant. It applies cross-nationally and beyond all borders of technology. For example, the designa-tion =G001 MDL10 MZ010 -MA001 is understood unambiguously across all wind power plants in every country: it is motor 1 of the 1st wind turbine’s yaw drive 1.

– This uniform classification system ap-plies across the entire lifecycle of a wind power plant, from planning through construction and operation to demoli-tion at the end of its lifespan. This means that all actors are always referring to the same component when they talk about =G001 MDL10 MZ010 -MA001.

– A clearly structured and precise sys-tem of identification is the basis for the systematic and accurate recording and evaluation of, for example, the opera-tion, maintenance, and financial data of either a complete wind power plant or its individual elements. Such informa-tion can easily be included in a uniform hierarchy that extends beyond national and technology limits. This permits the comparison of these data by the owners or operators of completely diverse wind power plants.

– The assignment of information – for example, documents or technical plant data – to the individual components is also possible through the same proce-dure. This ensures a well-structured ref-erencing of information – and RDS-PP® points the way to this information.

– In conclusion, the still-widespread “chaos of information collection and as-signment” will be avoided through the

systematic, uniform, and clearly struc-tured classification of the components of a wind power plant. The commercial “added value” of this information safety should not be underestimated!

However, in order to realise these advan-tages, the principles and rules of a “des-ignation language” must be widely un-derstood, and they must be applied in an identical way to every wind power project. In addition, internationally valid sector so-lutions are preferred to each individual´s identification language.

RDS-PP® is the identification language that is used worldwide within the wind power industry. The elements and rules of this language follow international standards and directives whose interrelationships are detailed in F i g u r e 1.

The VGB-S-823-32 mentioned in this Fig-ure is the Application Guideline for the wind power sector.

The more precisely the individual elements of a wind power plant are classified, the lower is the degree of freedom for indi-vidual characteristics and “dialects” – but the probability of a common understand-ing even in the event of a change of owner-ship or operational responsibility increases significantly.

That’s why in the latest edition of the “RDS-PP® Application Guideline for Wind Power Plants”, considerable attention was paid to creating precise reference designations for as many types of components as possible. The resulting “designation dictionary” for wind power plants establishes the basis for a uniform coding for the entire wind industry.

To achieve the advantages listed above, it is highly recommended that this “dictionary” is stipulated as the basis for all wind-power plant project specifications in the future.

Of course it is possible to assign reference codes to wind power plant components that have not yet been given a designation, which will help to lay the foundation for a uniform and systematic assignment of in-formation in the future.

Principles of RDS-PP® designation

The application of RDS-PP® designations to a wind power plant is characterised, among other things, by the following key principles:

1 Reference Designation System for Power Plants

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VGB PowerTech 7 l 2014 Designation of wind power plants with RDS-PP

Hierarchical designation: “From large to small“The assignment of a designation code to a motor, for example, must indicate whether this motor is part of a fan or a pump; and in the former case, if this fan is installed in the brake system of a wind turbine or in the transformer of a substation. The codes according to RDS-PP® are compiled in a hierarchical structure starting from, for example, a complete wind power plant and ending with a single circuit breaker in a control cabinet. It is important to note that each hierarchical level (group of systems, system, group of elements, element) re-presents an independent object. It receives a code of its own, which is derived from the primary designation level. For example, the entire wind turbine is an object with its own RDS-PP® designation, just like the yaw system, its drives, and their drive motors. The code allows the object itself as well as its hierarchical level to be identified. F i g u r e 2 illustrates the designation concept for a wind power plant, while Ta b l e 1 shows the designation hierarchy of RDS-PP®.The designation of systems or subsystems also follows the international standard IEC 81346-2, Table 2 and ISO/TS 16952-10. The Guideline VGB-B 101 shown in F i g u r e 3 enriches the letter codes with additional synonyms for power plant applications.The identification of basic functions and product classes follows the international standard IEC 81346-2, which was enriched by the Guideline VGB-B 102 with addition-al synonyms for power plant applications.

Each object has several aspectsF i g u r e 4 shows that an object can be considered from different aspects. One possibility is the task- or function-related approach: What does the object do, what

task does it perform? Another perspective is product-related: What components does the object consist of? A third perspective is location-related: What amount and type of

space does it need, and is there space for other objects?The designation code must clearly identify the specific aspect of the object. For this purpose, a prefix is allocated to each code in RDS-PP®, for example, an equal sign (=) for the functional aspect, a minus sign (-) for the product aspect, and plus sign (+) or plusplus (++) for the location aspect.Ta b l e 2 illustrates the classification of the various aspects of several objects.

Objects with similar characteristics are bundled in classesWithin RDS-PP®, objects with similar tasks (basic functions) are bundled into classes so that diverse technical disciplines can “speak the same language”. This approach supports the standardisation of detail engineering as well as operation and maintenance (O&M) tasks. This means that the maintenance activities for the gear boxes of all wind tur-bines will be assembled and consistently evaluated within the basic function “rota-tion conversion” irrespectively whether an automatic gearbox, a regulating transmis-sion or a reduction gear is installed.

Industrial systems, installations, equipment and industrial productsStructuring principles and reference designations

Basic

Stan

dard

s[R

DS]

IEC 81346-1Structuring principlesand reference designation basic rules

IEC 81346-2Classification of objectsand codes for classes

ISO 81346-3Application rules for areference designationsystem

Sect

or s

pecifi

c St

anda

rdLe

tter C

odes

and

App

licat

ion

Gui

delin

es [R

DS-P

P]

ISO/TS 16952-10 being transferred to ISO/TS 81346-10Reference designation system - Part 10: Power plants

VGB B101RDS-PP Letter Codes for Power Plant SystemsVGB B102RDS-PP Letter Codes for Basic Functions and Product Classes

VGB-S-823-01 Power Plants General • Mechanical • Civil • Electrical and I&C • Process control

VGB-S-823 – 31 Hydro Power Plants – 32 Wind Power Plants

Fig. 1. Interrelationships between designation standards and guidelines for RDS-PP®.

Conjoint designation for Wind Power Plant:#5154N00883E.DE_NW.ELI_1WN

Main system designation e.g. forWind Turbine Generator: =G001

System designation e.g. forYaw System: =G001 MDL

Subsystem designation e.g. forYaw Drive System: =G001 MDL10

Basic Function designation e.g. forYaw Drive 1: =G001 MDL10 MZ010

Product designation e.g. forYaw Motor 1: =G001 MDL10 MZ010–MA001Product designation e.g. forYaw Gear 1: =G001 MDL10 MZ010–TL001

=G002

=B001

=G003 =G001=G004

=G005

=W601

=U001 =C001

(c) Enercon

Fig. 2. Hierarchical designation with RDS-PP®.

Tab. 1. RDS-PP® designation concept: “From large to small”.

Conjoint Designation

#5154N00883E.DE_NW.ELI_1WN

Main System System Subsystem Basic Function Product Class

Wind Turbine 1 =G001


Yaw System MDL


Yaw System MDL

Drive Subsystem 10


Yaw System MDL

Drive Subsystem 10

Drive 1 MZ010


Yaw System MDL

Drive Subsystem 10

Drive 1 MZ010

Motor 1 –MA001

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Another example is illustrated in F i g u r e 5. All tasks related to storage (energy, ma-terial, information) are grouped in a class named “storing” (C). The second letter de-fines the subcategory (electrical, informa-tion/signals, or mechanical/civil) of the respective task. The basic concept is established in the gen-eral standard IEC 81346-2 and further de-scribed in the above-mentioned guideline VGB-B 102.

Designation of wind power plants with RDS-PP®

In recent years, especially the development in the wind power industry has gained considerable momentum. This has led to a significant increase in the complexity of power plant technologies. To take this de-velopment into account, the first version of the VGB Application Explanation for Wind Power Plants from 2006 has been com-pletely revised and considerable enlarged.

Naturally, there is a special focus on the wind turbine itself. But now the entire in-frastructure, for example, the innerpark cabling and substation and communica-tion networks for power plant manage-ment, has been comprehensively covered. F i g u r e 6 offers an overview of the scope of RDS-PP® codes for wind power plants.Comprehensive designation specifications were stipulated for each main system and linked to their respective systems, subsys-tems, and basic functions. One of the main systems is called =G “en-ergy conversion” (wind turbine), which is then broken down into systems as illustrat-ed in F i g u r e 7. In addition to other systems, a wind tur-bine consists primarily of the wind turbine system (=MD). The wind turbine system is subdivided into other systems, which are listed in Table 3.One part of the wind turbine system (=MD) is the drive train system (=MDK), which contains subsystems as illustrated in F i g u r e 8.The major tasks and system boundaries to adjacent (sub) systems of all systems and subsystems are defined in the VGB Applica-tion Guideline VGB-S-823-32.

IEC 81346-2 Table 3

A

B..

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

.

Systems for common tasks

Systems of the main process(power plants)

System for storage ofmaterials or goods

Systems for administrativeor social purposes

Ancilliary systems

Communication andinformation systems

Structure and areas for systems outside of thepower plant process

BCD

E

FG

H

JKL

M

NPQRSTU

Electrical auxiliary power supply system

Control and management systems

Functional allocation

Fuel treatment and supply of fossil and renewableenergy sources inclusive residue disposal

Handling of nuclear equipment

Water supply, disposal and treatment

Heat generation by combustion of fossil renewable energysources and heat generation from natural sources

Nuclear heat generation

Nuclear auxiliary systems

Water, steam, condensate syst

Medium supply system, energy

Systems for generation to and transmission of electrical energy

Cooling water systems

Auxiliary systems

Flue gas exhaust and treatment

- reserved for later standardization -

- reserved for later standardization -Structures and areas for systems inside the power plant process

MDMDAMDKMDLMDVMDXMDY

Wind Turbine SystemRotor SystemDrive Train SystemYaw System

Central Lubrication System

Central Hydraulic System

Control System

ISO/TS 16952-10 and VGB-B 101

What does this object do?It operates/switches electrical energy. How is this object constructed?

A metal frame containing electrical components.

Where is an object located?Is there any space for another

object left?

Functional aspect(Function or task)

Product aspect(Design and configuration)

Location aspect

Fig. 4. The three RDS-PP® aspects.

Tab. 3. Systems of the wind turbine system =MD.

F1 Denomination

=MDA Rotor System

=MDK Drive Train System

=MDL Yaw System

=MDV Central Lubrication System

=MDX Central Hydraulic System

=MDY Control System

Tab. 2. Prefixes for distinguishing the three aspects.

Prefix Designation task/aspect Application Example

= Function Designation Main Systems, Systems, Subsystems, Basic Functions

=G001 MDA30 GP001 WTG 1, Tip Hydraulic Oil Pump Brake System Rotor

– Product Designation Product classes –MA001 Electric Motor 1

+ Point of Installation Cabinets, vessels +G001 MDA30 GP001.MA001 WTG 1, Tip Hydraulic Oil Pump Brake System Rotor, Motor Side

++ Site of Installation Building, areas ++G001 MUD10 WTG 1, Nacelle

Fig. 3. System coding using RDS-PP®.

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The individual subsystems are further sub-divided into basic functions and finally into classes of products that fulfil these functions. F i g u r e 9 depicts a PID of the subsystem MDK56, the Cooling System Drive Train, with its basic functions.

Designation codes for product classes were also established wherever possible and ap-propriate, as shown in Ta b l e 4 for the subsystem =MDK56.As already explained above, this far-reach-ing system of designation codes enables the extensive standardisation of individual tasks, with associated cost advantages.

All designation codes within this application guideline have been summarised in a sepa-rate file, which is also available in an execut-able version. For the RDS-PP® Application Guideline that is sold as a print edition or as eBook, single-user or company licenses are available that permit the easy development of company-specific documents.

Basic function Specific RDS Illustration

Storing of energy, information or materialProviding radiant or thermal energy

Direct protection of a flow of energy, signals, personnel or equipment

Initiating a flow of energy or materialProducing a new kind of material orproduct

Providing mechanical energy... for driving purposes

Flow of energy, of signal

Restricting or stabilising motion or aflow of energy, information ormaterial

Position

Guiding o transporting energy,signals, material or products fromone place to another

Connecting objects

..

C

E

F

G

H..

M..Q

R

..U..

W

X..

Lette

r cod

e fo

r cla

sses

ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQ

VWXY

RSTU

Electricenergy

Informationor signals

Mechanical andcivil engineering

CC Storage battery

GC Solar cell

CF Mother board

GF Oscillator

CM Tank, vessel

GP Centrifugal pump

Lette

r cod

e fo

r sub

-cla

sses

Fig. 5. Classification of the basic functions and product classes with RDS-PP®.

#5154N00883E.DE_NW.ELI_1WN

=G002

=B001

=G003 =G001 =G005=G004

=U001=C001

=T001

LC

G

K

W

T

C

B

U

Denomination Examples

Energy Conversion

Common Communication

Transmission of Energy or Resource

Transformation of Energy

Storage of Energy or Material

Common Measurement Systems

Common Enclosure or Support

Wind Turbine Generator System (WTG)Wind power plant managementcommon communication networkHV-, MV-, LV-Cable systemsaccess ways, transport system

Substation

Stores, central energy stores

Met mast

Structures, (compensation-)areas, harbour

Fig. 6. Overview of the main wind power plant systems in RDS-PP®.

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Application of RDS-PP® in asset management systems

One of the main challenges for the opera-tion of wind power plants is to obtain con-sistent information for the entire plant and to draw trustworthy conclusions about the plant condition, asset performance and reliability, as well as component failure rates. This information serves as the back-bone of an efficient operating management in terms of budget planning, material and labour planning, history record managing, etc., in other words: a trustful basis in or-der to actively make decisions.

The basis to gain such information is a uni-fied structure and unambiguous identifica-tion of individual systems and components across countries and machinery types. For various tasks of asset management differ-ent requirements may consist regarding the level of detail of the respective infor-mation. For controlling purposes, for ex-ample, information is needed which relates to the entire wind power plant, while for planning and procurement purposes in-formation has to be provided down to the component level. F i g u r e 10 schemati-cally shows this distribution of informa-tion requirements with respect to its level of detail.

With RDS-PP® the different information hierarchies can be structured clearly and addressed uniquely as illustrated by means of the classical maintenance process (F i g -u r e 11).

This process starts with the determination of the maintenance requirements either as preventive measure( (P) , as reactive, unplanned measure( (R) or as condition-based measure (CB).

– Preventive measures are usually planned in advance and in detail with material usage and labour time in a maintenance

management system (e.g. SAP-PM). RDS-PP® serves here as structuring el-ement in order to link recurring work steps, so-called “Task Lists”, on compo-nent or system level.

– Unplanned measures mostly lead to a corresponding alarm message in the SCADA system. The RDS-PP® coding in the SCADA system is used to uniquely address the relevant system or com-ponent in order to start the respective

workflow in the maintenance manage-ment system.

– The evaluation of system conditions can take place in different ways, e.g. through regular inspections, condition monitor-ing systems or by evaluating SCADA signals. These system conditions are as-signed to the RDS-PP® designated object and enable the unambiguous allocation of the necessary maintenance measures.

The generation of work orders and the fi-nal resource planning typically takes place in the maintenance management system. The performance of these activities can be supported as well via RDS-PP®: e.g. the service team can retrieve additional detail documentation about the respective object as soon as the detail documentation identi-fier is linked to the RDS-PP® code.In the last step, the information regarding the measures carried out are stored and as-signed to the respective object by means of RDS-PP® coding.The entire process and the assignment of information take place always in the same manner, independent of the type of plant or contractual conditions. In order to gain the advantages of the three different RDS-PP® aspects in one single maintenance management system (e.g. SAP-PM) this system has to provide respec-tive structural elements as shown exem-plarily in F i g u r e 12 where a wind turbine generator is structured in this manner:

Tab. 4. Basic functions and product classes of the Cooling System Drive Train MDK56.

F1 F2 P1 Denomination

=MDK56 CM001 Expansion Tank Cooling System Drive Train

=MDK56 CM001 –EQ001 Coolant Cooling System Drive Train

=MDK56 BL001 Level Coolant Cooling System Drive Train

=MDK56 GP001 Coolant Pump Cooling System Drive Train

=MDK56 GP001 –MA001 Motor Coolant Pump Cooling System Drive Train

=MDK56 … … …

F1 Denomination=MD_=MKA=MS_=MU_=MYA=B—=CK_=UMD=WBA=X—=YAA

Wind Turbine SystemPower Generator SystemTransmissionCommon Systems for Wind TurbinesRemote Monitoring SystemElectr. Auxiliary Power Supply System

Process MonitoringTower SystemsPersonnel Rescue SystemAncillary SystemsTelephone System

Wind Turbine System=MD_

Drive Train

Power GeneratorSystem=MK_

G

Electrical Auxiliary Power Supply System=B—

Transmission=MS_

Fig. 7. Overview of systems belonging to main system “G” (energy conversion.

F1=MDK10=MDK20=MDK30=MDK40=MDK50=MDK51=MDK52=MDK53=MDK54=MDK55=MDK56

DenominationRotor Bearing SystemSpeed Conversion SystemBrake System Drive TrainTorque Transmission High Speed ShaftAuxiliary Systems Drive TrainMain Gear Oil System

Common Oil Lubrication System Drive TrainOffline Gear Oil System

Rotor Lock Drive TrainRotor Slewing UnitCooling System Drive Train

Fig. 8. Structure of drive train system =MDK.

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– The function aspect of RDS-PP® is used as a “Functional Location”, therefore as an immobile object. This reflects the basic function without referring to an in-stalled product. At this point mainly en-gineering data are handled, so that the subsequent selection of products can be based on these engineering parameters. Maintenance planning and storage of history is mainly managed with the help of the “Functional Location”.

– The location aspect of RDS-PP®, i.e. point and site of installation is assigned as a property to the “Functional Loca-tion”. Thus, evaluations and gathering of information according to local consid-erations are possible.

– The product aspect (not shown in Figure 12) is to be found in the SAP-PM struc-

ture elements “Equipment” or “Mate-rial”, respectively. If an individual object with serial number has to be tracked, an “Equipment”, a so-called mobile struc-ture object, shall be used. This has also the advantage that the history of the in-dividual object can be made available via the “Equipment” functionality.

With a consistent application of all three RDS-PP® aspects, work and inspection lists can be processed also according to local considerations (F i g u r e 13). This results in an optimised sequence of indi-vidual work steps taking local conditions into account. It supports especially more extensive activities. Also, an on-site guid-ance of staff not being fully aware of the location, such as external experts, can thus be realised. The appropriate working steps

with their necessary work procedures and safety rules can be assigned to each object which is structured in the RDS-PP® man-ner. Thus a consistent HSE concept can be implemented. In addition to the process support for maintenance activities, another major application of RDS-PP® is used in SCADA systems for signal designation. F i g u r e 14 shows an example of a commonly used list of signals with their RDS-PP® coding. Also, the 10min averages often used in wind industry are designated accordingly. This allows historical values being col-lected, aggregated and compared to each other across turbine type boundaries. Thus, branch wide condition evaluation of different wind power plants is enhanced. From this consistent plant-overarching

=MDK56 WN002=MDK56 BT002

TI

=MDK56 BT011TI

=MDK56 BP011PI

=MDK56 BP012PI

=MDK56 BL001LC

Gear oil cooling=MDK51 EQ001

=MDK56 WN001

Hydr. fluid cooling=MDX10 EQ001

=MDK51&MFB010

=MDX10&MFB010

=MDK56 GP001

=MDK56 WN004

=MDK56 CM001

=MDK56 EQ011

=MDK56 QN001=MDK56 WN003

ambient air

F1

=MDK56

Denomination

Cooling System Drive Train

M

Fig. 9. PID of Cooling System Drive Train MDK56 with basic functions.

=G002

=B001

=G003 =G001 =G004=G005

=W601

=U001 =C001

Wind Power Plant:Enterprise view (Controlling,finance, project development, board, ...)

WTG:Procurement, project- and asset management, ...

System, Function, Component:O&M, procurement, ...

Signals:IT (SCADA), asset management, ...© Enercon

Fig. 10. Different information hierarchies for different information requirements.

P R CB

Step 1: Maintenance demand

Step 2: Work order (WO) initiation

Step 3: WO planning & scheduling

Step 4: Work execution

Step 5: Completion & closing

SCA

DASA

P-PM

Fig. 11. Maintenance process and systems (example.

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conclusions can be drawn, which consid-erably improve the performance and reli-ability management.RDS-PP® is the master key to retrieve in-formation which is processed in various systems and to get them connected to each other without redundancy and fault. This allows exchanging and processing large packages of information across affiliated systems, even on digital level using stand-ardized information protocols.The above-mentioned examples show clearly the high potential which can be earned by use of a uniform designation system. If the designation scheme used is not only company-wide, but also industry-unique, the benefit for everyone involved is high: cumbersome utilisation of trans-lation and interpretation tables from one “language” into another is no longer nec-essary. The development of performance improvement strategies for individual com-ponents or larger systems based on branch-wide information is much more effective as if each industry participant can rely only on his own information.

Trademark registration for RDS-PP®: rationale and consequences

RDS-PP® is a registered trademark of VGB Power Tech. The brand has been registered so as to exclude divergent parallel desig-nation concepts, as often has occurred in the past with the designation systems KKS (Power Plant Identification System) used in the conventional power plant sector, at least under the name of “RDS-PP”.

Location

Fig. 12. Display of a wind power plant structure in a maintenance management system (example).

Fig. 13. Maintenance plans within an operating system (example).

The brand registration for RDS-PP® there-fore serves specifically to protect future quality assurance.Products based on RDS-PP® may only carry this “quality label” if they are developed in accordance with the rules of RDS-PP®, which are compiled in the VGB publica-tions. Designation concepts that only par-tially comply with these rules are not al-lowed to use the RDS-PP® trademark.

Next steps

A maintenance team has been established at VGB PowerTech for the ongoing de-velopment of the RDS-PP® Application Guideline for Wind Power Plants. Lessons

learned and updates to the guideline are provided as amendment sheets on the VGB homepage, where they can be downloaded at no charge. The maintenance team of this guideline can be approached via the VGB head office.

Summary

With the new edition of the RDS-PP® Ap-plication Guideline for Wind Power Plants, a practical guide for the complete designa-tion of this type of power plant has been de-veloped and is ready for use. The far-reach-ing and detailed designation requirements are a prerequisite for the standardisation of these tasks in order to reap the associated significant cost reductions. l

Fig. 14. Signal list for SCADA systems.

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