DOS Operating System

© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program

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Operating System (O.S.)

Mr.Anjan Mahanta

LCCT, International Studies Program


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What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a

user of a computer and the computer hardware.

• Operating system goals:

– Execute user programs and make solving user problems

easier.

– Make the computer system convenient to use.

• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.


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Computer System Components

1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,

memory, I/O devices).

2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of

the hardware among the various application programs for

the various users.

3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the

system resources are used to solve the computing

problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video

games, business programs).

4. Users (people, machines, other computers).


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Abstract View of System Components


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Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System


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Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them.


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What is a computer system?

• A computer system consists of hardware and software that are combined to provide a tool to solve specific problems.


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Hardware Resources

• Processor (CPU):

– The brain of the computer. Executes instructions.

• Memory:

– Stores program and data.

• A typical memory hierarchy:

– Registers, Cache, Main Memory(RAM), Magnetic disk, Magnetic Tape.

• Input / Output (I/O) controllers:

– Transfers data to and from I/O devices.

• Disk device: – Long term storage for data.


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Software Classification

• System Programs: Provides a general

environment in which programmers can

create specific applications.

– Operating System, Application Software’s

(compilers, editors, command interpreter, etc.)

• Application Programs: Intended to solve a

specific problem.

– Word processing, spread sheets, database systems.


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Computer System

Application programs

System Programs

Hardware

Banking System

Airline reservation

Web browser

Compilers

Editors Command interpreter

Operating system

Machine language

Micro architecture

Physical devices


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Kernel • Kernel is the central component of operating

systems (OS)

• Its responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication

between hardware and software components).


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Computer-System Architecture


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MS-DOS Execution

At System Start-up Running a Program


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General Structure of Client-Server


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Hardware and Software Differences

• There are two parts to a computer system

– the hardware and

– the software

• Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Examples monitor, keyboard and mouse.

• Software represents the programs which contain a set of instructions written to perform a certain task on the computer.


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DOS

• Microsoft DOS was introduced in 1981

• DOS stands for Disk Operating System

• DOS controls the computer’s hardware and provides an environment for programs to run

• This system program must always be present when working with your computer


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Why we need DOS?

• Because

1. DOS controls the flow of information between you and the computer (translator).

2. DOS allows you to retrieve information

stored on your computer. 3. DOS gives you access to all its function (i.e.

saving, copying, and printing files).


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What’s in DOS?

• The MS-DOS software consists of three files

– MS-DOS.SYS

– IO.SYS

– COMMAND.COM

• These are the system files necessary to boot the computer system


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Commands

• Internal Commands

–The internal commands are stored in COMMAND.COM

–Examples: DIR, DEL, TIME

• External Commands –The external commands are stored

in MS-DOS.SYS

–Examples: FORMAT, DISKCOPY


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BIOS

• IO.SYS is the Basic Input Output Services (BIOS) is a permanent program stored in the memory.


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MS-DOS Commands

1. DATE

Purpose: To view the current system date and change it, if required

Syntax: DATE


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MS-DOS Commands

2. TIME

Purpose: To view the current system time and change it, if required

Syntax: TIME


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MS-DOS Commands

3. VER

Purpose: To display the MS-DOS version number

Syntax: VER


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MS-DOS Commands

4. CLS

Purpose: To clear the screen

Syntax: CLS


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Files and Directories • Files on a disk can be stored in a folder or

directories

• Each file and folder are assigned a name

• DOS provides a hierarchical structure of

directories and subdirectories

• The topmost directory is called as “root directory”

• The root directory is denoted by a backslash (\)


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Hierarchical Directory Structure


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Directory Commands

5. DIR

Purpose: Displays a list of a directory’s files and subdirectories

Syntax: DIR [drive:][path][filename][/p][/w]


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Examples • Example 1

C> DIR

To display a directory listing for drive C

• Example 2

C> DIR D:

To display a directory listing for drive D • Example 3 C> DIR hello.doc

To display the document whose file name is hello.doc


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Examples • Example 4 C> DIR /p To display a directory listing one screen or one page

at a time • Example 5 C> DIR /w To display a directory listing in wide or window

format • Example 6 C> DIR word\hello.doc To display the document whose folder name is word

and the file name is hello.doc


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Exercise 1. What command is used to display the date?

2. What command is used to clear the screen?

3. What command is used to display the current directory?

4. What command is used to view a file whose name is student.doc?

5. What command is used to view a file which is in subdirectory LCCT and the file name is student.doc?


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Explain • DIR /w

• DIR A:LCCT \ Student \ LVT.DOC

• DIR C:QBASIC.PPT

• DIR D:LCCT \ INTER \ COM \ LVTII.DOC


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MD / MKDIR

• Purpose: To create a directory

• Syntax: MD[drive:][path]

• Example 1

• MD LCCT

• This command will create a folder called LCCT

• Example 2

• MD\LCCT\INTER

• This command will create a folder inside the LCCT folder


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RMDIR / RD

• Purpose: Deletes a directory.

• ** Before you can delete a directory, you must delete its files and subdirectories.

• Syntax: RD [drive:]path

• Example:

RD \lcct\inter RD lcct


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Directories (or Folders)

• Single-Level Directory System – All files reside on root directory

Root Directory

Owners


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Directories (or Folders)

• Two-Level Directory System

Root Directory

A C B User Directory

Files


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Create the following Directories

LCCT

INTER

LVT I LVT II LVT III

COM


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Create the following Directories

Language

Foreign

English Chinese Korean

Basic High Low


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DEL

• Purpose: Deletes specified files

• Syntax: del [drive:][path]filename

• Example: DEL hello.doc DEL D: hello.doc


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Delete Command - DEL

• Delete a single file

• Example

DEL student.doc

It will delete the file student


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• Delete a group of file

• Example

DEL *.doc

It will delete all the files with the extension .doc


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• Delete all files in a directory

• Example

DEL *.*

It will delete all the files in the current directory


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FORMAT Command

• Format a Floppy disk

FORMAT A:

It will format the floppy disk in drive A


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DISKCOPY

• To copy all the files from one floppy disk to another.

DISKCOPY A: A:

• When asked to put in the source disk, put in the diskette that has the information you want to copy into drive A and press enter.

• Wait a few seconds. When asked to insert a target disk, take out the diskette from drive A and insert the blank floppy disk and press enter.


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Copy File

• To copy a file from hard drive to floppy

disk

copy <insert filename here> a:

• Example

Copy student.doc g:\


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COPY

• The COPY command lets you copy files from one directory to another.

• copy student.doc D:\lcct

File name Folder name


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COPY

• To copy group of files

• copy *.doc D:\lcct

All files with .doc extension

Folder name


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COPY

• To copy all the files

• copy *. * D:\lcct

All files Folder name


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CD / CHDIR

• Purpose: Displays the name of the current directory or changes the current directory.

• Syntax: CD [drive:][path]

CD .. Goes to the top directory

CD\ is used to go to the root directory


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Change Directory CD

• CD command is used to change the directory

from the current directory to another directory

• CD lcct

– It will change to the directory name lcct

• CD..

– It will move back to the directory.

• CD\

– It will move back to the root directory


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Lab Exercise D:

LCCT

LVT IEP

Score.ppt

Test.xls

Student.doc

Teacher.doc

Student.doc

Hello.doc

Grade.xls

Os.ppt


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Lab Exercise

1. Delete the file Teacher.doc

2. Delete all the .doc files from the IEP

folder

3. Delete all the files in the LVT folder

4. Delete all the files in the IEP folder


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MOVE

• Allows you to move files or directories from

one folder to another, or from one drive to another.

• Syntax

MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]filename1[,...] destination

• Example

move c:\windows\temp\*.* c:\temp


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IPConfig

• Ipconfig to display the network settings currently assigned and given by a network.

• Syntax

ipconfig


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ECHO

• Echo is used to repeat the text typed in

back to the screen

• Syntax

ECHO [message]

• Example

ECHO “Hello”


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Defragmentation

• Defragmentation is a process that

reduces the amount of fragmentation in file systems

• Syntax

Defrag drive:

• Example

Defrag D:


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DOS Command Report

• Make a report on DOS Commands

• About 25 Commands

– Command Name

– Command Description

– Syntax

– Example


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Windows Operating System

Windows XP


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What is Windows?

• Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems produced by Microsoft.

• Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985

• The most recent client version of Windows is Windows Vista


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Creating a Shortcut

1) Click on the desktop with the right button of the mouse. 2) Select the option Shortcut on the New menu. A dialog box will appear so that we can indicate the program

for which we want the shortcut created. 3) Click on Browse button, to find the program. 4) Select the desired unit and look for the file or folder you want. 5) After selecting the file or folder click on Ok. 6) Click Next. 7) Type a name for the Shortcut. 8) Click Finish.


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Changing the Date & Time

1 Double-click on the clock (on the right of the task bar). 2 Select the month, thus displaying the list of the months. 3 Select the year by placing the mouse on the year box and

scrolling accordingly. 4 With the left mouse button click on the day you want. 5 Place the mouse on the hour digits and change them

accordingly. 6 Do the same with the minutes and the seconds 7 Click OK


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Adding or Removing a Task Bar

1 Place the mouse on the Windows task bar, but not on the buttons.

2 Click on the task bar with the right mouse button. 3 Select the option Tool bar. A list of tool bars will appear. 4 Select the tool bar called Desktop. 5 Next to the task bar the new task bar will appear. 6 With this bar we can access the same things we access from the

desktop. 7 We have added a task bar. 8 To remove a task bar the process is similar.


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Creating and Deleting a Folder

1 Click on the Start button. 2 Display the All programs menu and click on Accessories. 3 Select Windows Explorer. 4 Place the pointer on My documents. 5 Select New from the menu File. 7 Select Folder. 8 Once the folder option has been selected you will see that on

the right window a new folder will appear that has the name New Folder and that it is selected. Rename it My folder.


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Copying and Moving Folders

1 Click on Start. 2 Display the All programs menu and select the Accessories option. 3 Select the Windows Explorer. 4 Double-click on the folder My documents. 5 Select the folder My Music from the window to the right. 6 Click on the copy button or Edit --> Copy to Folder... 7 A new window will be displayed 8 Select unit C and click on New Folder. 9 Name it Temporary 10 Then double-click on it to select it. 11 Click OK


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Organizing Folders

1 Click on Start. 2 Display the All programs menu and select Accesories 3 Select the Windows Explorer 4 Select the folder My documents. 5 Open the menu View and select Arrange Icons By. 6 Select the option organize by Size.


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System Tools

• Scandisk

• This tool is used to search errors in the system´s units and to repair those errors.

• When the computer is turned off in an abrupt manner it is possible that some files may be damage.

• To open Scandisk click on the icon My Computer on the desktop


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Scandisk


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Scandisk

• Here you need to choose one of two options available: – Automatically fix file system errors

– Search for and attempt recovery of bad sectors.


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Disk defragmenter

• This tool is in charge of reorganizing the information that is stored in the disk

• It can also fix errors on the units

• Windows incorporates this tool because the disk becomes slow as we save new data and delete old data

• The free spaces that are generated when information from the disk is deleted influence the size that files and programs use


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Disk defragmenter


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System Information

• This tool is in charge of showing information

regarding the system, such as

– the installed applications,

– the drivers,

– the processor

• To use this application from the Start menu, click All Programs, Accessories, System tools

and then choose System Information.


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System Information


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Restore System

• This tool is in charge of restoring the Windows

registry

• The system itself makes a copy of the registry every once in a while

• So with this tool we can restore some of these

copies or we can generate a new copy of the current

registry when we are going to make important changes to the configuration of the system


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Restore System • To run this application select, from the Start menu, All programs,

Accesories and System Tools and then choose System Restore.

• This window gives you the possibility to either Restore my computer to an earlier time or Create a restore point.


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Restore System


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Scheduled Tasks

• The Scheduled Tasks is used to schedule any

program to run at specific times. • For example, schedule the use of the Disk Cleanup for

once a week • To use this tool follow these steps: • Click on Start. • Display the menu All programs.

• Select the menu Accessories.

• Open the menu System Tools. • Lastly select the option Scheduled Tasks.


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Adding or removing programs • Windows has the Adding or removing programs tool,

because a program cannot be uninstalled by simply deleting the files manually

• Click on the Start button and choose Control Panel • Click on Add or Remove Programs option

• Click on Add New Programs.


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Configuring the Mouse

• Select the Control Panel from the Start menu.

• Double-click on the mouse icon and the Mouse properties window will open


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Configuring the Screen

• Click with the right mouse button somewhere that has no icons on the desktop and select the option Properties

• The Display properties window will appear where we can change the configuration parameters

• The background or wallpaper

• Click on the tab labeled Desktop and choose a new

background or wallpaper from the list – Centered: the image will appear in the center of the screen with its

real size.

– Tile: the image will appear with as many images as necessary to

fill the screen.

– Stretch: the image will appear once taking up the entire screen.


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Configuring the Screen


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The screensaver • Sometimes the computer remains inactive a few minutes.

It is recommended to have a screensaver to avoid

having a still image on the screen too long because this can damage the monitor.


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Searching

• Click Start

• Select on the menu Search.


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Searching

• The general search page will be displayed as shown below.


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The Recycle Bin • The Recycle Bin is nothing more than a space on the

hard disk reserved to store information that is deleted so

that in the event of deleting a file or folder by mistake it is possible to retrieve it.

• To open the Recycle Bin place the cursor on Desktop

and double-click on the Recycle Bin icon.


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Restoring Files or Folders

• Restoring files or folders to their original location.

• To restore all of the elements from the Recycle Bin click

on the green arrow on the left side that says Restore all items.

• If we only want to restore some of the elements: – Select the elements to be restored by clicking on them.


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Deleting Files or Folders from the Recycle Bin

• Select the Elements to be deleted.. • Click on this will delete the selected

elements.


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Emptying the Recycle Bin

• Simply right click on the Recycle Bin icon

and a menu with the option Empty the Recycle Bin.


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Installing a Printer • Open the Start menu

• Select the option Printers and Faxes.

• If you do not have the option Printers and faxes on your

Start menu, you can also reach it through the Control Panel, option Printers and other hardware.


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A screen like this one will appear


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• Now, click on the icon Add a printer to launch

the assistant that will help you install a printer.


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The Print Manager

• To manage the print manager you need to open the appropriate window in the following manner:

• Go to Printers and faxes from the Start menu. • Click on the printer that you would like to manage.

• On the left hand panel select See what is printing


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Sharing a Printer

• To do this click on Printer and select Properties.

• After selecting Sharing tab we will see two options; as

shown in this example, you can launch the Network Setup

Wizard, or you can share the printer without launching the assistant taking into account the risks that this entails.


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Formatting a disk

• This is a useful tool if you want to delete all the content

of a disk and at the same time make sure it does not

have a virus.


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Freeing disk space

• This tool is very usefull since it

allows us to empty the disk of

information that we do not use,

– like temporary files, Internet files, even files in the Recycle Bin

• Select All programs, next select

Accessories and then System tools. Finally, select Disk

cleanup


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Character map • The character map is useful to insert symbols that we

do not have on the keyboard

• Click Start and select All Programs, then select

Accesories and then System tools; finally select Character Map


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Project Report

• Apple Mac OS

• LINUX

• IPhone

• Windows Mobile • Blackberry

DOS Operating System

Education

Transcript of DOS Operating System