Development Review

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death is known asa. maturation.b. the perinatal period.c. development.d. childhood.

____ 2. A one-celled organism formed by the union of the sperm and egg is known asa. zygote.b. germinal.c. embryo.d. fetus.

____ 3. The correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development area. germinal, fetal, embryonic.b. embryonic, fetal, germinal.c. germinal, embryonic, fetal.d. fetal, germinal, embryonic.

____ 4. The prenatal period refers toa. the period from conception to implantation.b. the nine months before birth.c. the period of time immediately after birth.d. the time period before conception takes place.

____ 5. Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago and does not yet know she is pregnant. His wife's pregnancy is currently in thea. germinal stage.b. embryonic stage.c. fetal stage.d. placental stage.

____ 6. The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers toa. the formation of a zygote.b. the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall.c. the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development.d. the last seven months of the pregnancy.

____ 7. During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?a. Postnatalb. Placentalc. Fetald. Embryonic

____ 8. The stage of prenatal development during which MOST miscarriages are likely to occur is thea. zygotic stage.b. germinal stage.c. fetal stage.

d. embryonic stage.

____ 9. Chelsey is pregnant and is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies. She should be MOST concerned if her pregnancy is currently at thea. placental stage.b. germinal stage.c. fetal stage.d. embryonic stage.

____ 10. The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through birth, is referred to as thea. postgerminal stage.b. embryonic stage.c. fetal stage.d. postnatal stage.

____ 11. Avery is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus. If Avery can feel her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in thea. embryonic stage.b. germinal stage.c. fetal stage.d. neonatal stage.

____ 12. Premature babies who survive are typically born during thea. germinal stage.b. embryonic stage.c. fetal stage.d. postnatal stage.

____ 13. The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus ____, is reached ____.a. can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeksb. can survive if born prematurely; between 23 and 26 weeksc. first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeksd. experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks

____ 14. Felicia is pregnant, and her blood pressure has become dangerously high. Her doctor wants to deliver her baby by Cesarean section, even though Felicia is only 26 weeks pregnant. If Felicia's baby is delivered at this point in her pregnancy, the baby will havea. less than a 10% chance of survival.b. approximately a 25% chance of survival.c. almost a 75% chance of survival.d. virtually a 100% chance of survival.

____ 15. Both Amy and Barb are pregnant. Currently, Amy's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Barb's is in the longest stage. Amy's pregnancy is in the ____ stage, and Barb's is in the ____ stage.a. germinal; fetalb. embryonic; fetalc. germinal; embryonicd. fetal; germinal

____ 16. The cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____ stage of prenatal development.a. fertilizationb. fetal

c. embryonicd. germinal

____ 17. The structure that allows both oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother's bloodstream is thea. uterine wall.b. zygote.c. placenta.d. proximodistal organ.

____ 18. At the end of the ____ stage of prenatal development, the developing organism is about one inch long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures.a. germinalb. embryonicc. zygoted. fetal

____ 19. Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?a. Respiratory and digestive systems matureb. Sex organs start to developc. Brain cells multiply at a rapid rated. A layer of fat is deposited under the skin

____ 20. Developing structures generally are MOST vulnerable to damage from environmental factors during the ____ of prenatal development.a. germinal stageb. embryonic stagec. fetal staged. last two months

____ 21. Severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk ofa. heart defects and irritability.b. birth complications and neurological defects.c. mental retardation.d. delayed motor and mental development.

____ 22. Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with an increased risk ofa. heart disease and diabetes.b. increased vulnerability to schizophrenia.c. mental retardation.d. delayed motor and mental development.

____ 23. If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother is MOST likely to havea. had smallpox early in her pregnancy.b. been an alcoholic.c. continued to work during pregnancy.d. smoked during pregnancy.

____ 24. The full-blown version of fetal alcohol syndrome is produced bya. heavy drinking during the first three months of pregnancy.b. heavy drinking during the final three months of pregnancy.c. one drunken binge at any time during pregnancy.

d. heavy drinking throughout pregnancy.

____ 25. The potential damage due to prenatal exposure to maternal illness is primarily a function ofa. when the mother contracts the disease.b. the severity of the mother's symptoms.c. the condition of the mother's overall health.d. whether the unborn child is male or female.

____ 26. Sandy suffered from depression while she was pregnant. It is MOST likely that her child will later demonstratea. mental retardation.b. behavioral problems.c. antisocial personality traits.d. schizophrenia.

____ 27. Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy. As a result, her baby is MOST likely to havea. malformations of the arms and legs.b. a small head, heart defects, and irritability.c. attention deficit disorder and die from sudden infant death syndrome.d. complications at birth and neurological deficits.

____ 28. Which of the following is NOT associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?a. Increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirthb. Heart defectsc. Slower than average cognitive developmentd. Increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

____ 29. Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm the developing fetus are known asa. opiates.b. teratogens.c. pathogens.d. prenatals.

____ 30. When Fred's mother was pregnant with him, she lived in an area with very high levels of air pollution. Based on research, Fred will be at increased risk for which of the following at age 5?a. Lung cancerb. Heart diseasec. Impaired cognitive developmentd. Asthma

____ 31. A diet rich in __________ can reduce the risk of many birth defects.a. vitamin Ab. folic acidc. omega 3 fatty acidsd. teratogens

____ 32. Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?a. Increased risk of microcephalyb. Heart defectsc. Conduct problemsd. Decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

____ 33. The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

a. hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.b. shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.c. hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.d. shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.

____ 34. In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs. This motor development sequence is an example ofa. the cephalocaudal trend.b. the proximodistal trend.c. the cephalopedal trend.d. encephalitis.

____ 35. According to the basic progression of motor maturation, which of the following body structures should take the LONGEST to come under effective control?a. Torsob. Shouldersc. Armsd. Fingers

____ 36. The proximodistal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control theira. shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.b. shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.c. hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.d. hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.

____ 37. New research into the process of motor development suggests thata. development gradually unfolds in a sequence of preprogrammed physical changes.b. progress is attributed to infants' experimentation and learning the consequences of their

activities.c. motor development progresses as children gain control over their hips and legs and then

their shoulders and arms.d. genetically programmed physical changes determine when a child crawls and walks.

____ 38. Developmental norms indicatea. the mean age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.b. the median age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.c. the modal age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.d. the exact age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.

____ 39. The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____.a. vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor developmentb. vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor developmentc. do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor developmentd. do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development

____ 40. As children grow older and acquire specialized motor skills, which of the following becomes increasingly critical?a. Maturationb. Experiencec. Genetic predispositionsd. Nutrition

____ 41. According to the ____ trend, you would expect your newborn niece to be able to raise her head before she can sit.a. maturationalb. developmentalc. cephalocaudald. proximodistal

____ 42. Children gain control of their movements in a head-to-foot direction according to the ____ trend and they gain control in a center-outward direction according to the ____ trend.a. cephalodistal; proximocaudalb. cephalocaudal; proximodistalc. proximocaudal; cephalodistald. proximodistal; cephalocaudal

____ 43. Young Benny can reach for his Cheerios with his arm, but cannot yet pick them up with his fingers and hands. Benny's behavior BEST illustrates the ____ trend of motor development.a. proximodistalb. proximocaudalc. cephalocaudald. cephalodistal

____ 44. Maturation isa. the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.b. the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to

death.c. development that reflects experience and learning.d. development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint.

____ 45. Cultural variations in the emergence of basic skills such as sitting and walking demonstrate that environmental factorsa. do not affect early motor development.b. can accelerate or slow early motor development.c. can accelerate early motor development.d. can slow early motor development.

____ 46. Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds and assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is usinga. a longitudinal research design.b. a cross-sectional research design.c. a multifactorial research design.d. a nested condition research design.

____ 47. When the same subjects are repeatedly compared at different points in time, the study is called aa. cross-sectional study.b. longitudinal study.c. cross-cultural study.d. sequential study.

____ 48. When subjects of differing ages are compared at a single point in time, the study is called aa. cross-sectional study.b. longitudinal study.c. cross-cultural study.

d. sequential study.

____ 49. When differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods, this is aa. cross-sectional effect.b. longitudinal effect.c. cohort effect.d. time of testing effect.

____ 50. Cohort effects are MOST closely associated with which research design?a. Longitudinalb. Sequentialc. Cross-sectionald. Time of testing

____ 51. A researcher tests the memories of groups who are 40, 60, and 80 years old, and finds the youngest group better able to memorize information. The researcher concludes memory ability declines with age. You should assume the researcher's conclusion isa. valid, due to sequential effects.b. invalid, due to sequential effects.c. valid, due to cohort effect.d. invalid, due to cohort effect.

____ 52. Tucker is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He selects a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and interviews each group, asking them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Tucker is usinga. a longitudinal research design.b. a cross-sectional research design.c. a multifactorial research design.d. a nested condition research design.

____ 53. Research suggests that a child's temperament is well established bya. three months of age.b. seven months of age.c. one year of age.d. two years of age.

____ 54. Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy. He has a regular schedule, and his parents know that he will sleep through the night without waking, even when he stays overnight with his grandparents. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Gary would MOST likely be considered to havea. a difficult temperament.b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament.c. an uninhibited temperament.d. an easy temperament.

____ 55. Mikaela is a quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot but who also seldom cries. She seems cautious and wary of changes in her surroundings, but eventually she adapts to the change. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Mikaela would MOST likely be considered to havea. a difficult temperament.b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament.c. an easy temperament.d. an uninhibited temperament.

____ 56. Sarah is four months old, actively resists change, has failed to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule, and is generally irritable and unhappy, Sarah is BEST described as temperamentallya. easy.b. difficult.c. slow to warm up.d. mixed.

____ 57. Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung and protests loudly every time her parents try to change her routine in any way. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Ruby would MOST likely be considered to havea. an easy temperament.b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament.c. a difficult temperament.d. an uninhibited temperament.

____ 58. If an infant is temperamentally easy, what would be the BEST prediction to make about the child's temperament at age 10?a. The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament.b. The child is likely to overcompensate by becoming "difficult" later on.c. No reasonable prediction can be made.d. By the age of 10, the child is likely to develop whatever temperament the primary

caregiver has.

____ 59. According to Kagan and colleagues, infants who approach unfamiliar people, objects, and events with little hesitation are said to exhibita. an uninhibited temperament.b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament.c. mixed temperaments.d. inhibited temperament.

____ 60. Ross is a shy, timid child who is uncomfortable around unfamiliar people. Using the temperament categories outlined by Kagan, Ross would MOST likely be considered to havea. an easy temperament.b. an inhibited temperament.c. a slow-to-warm-up temperament.d. an uninhibited temperament.

____ 61. Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum, erratic in sleep and eating, and resistant to change asa. an easy child.b. a slow-to-warm-up child.c. a mixed-temperament child.d. a difficult child.

____ 62. The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant refers to the infant'sa. attachment.b. behavioral qualities.c. personality.d. temperament.

____ 63. Scientific studies that observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time use thea. experimental design.b. cross-sectional design.c. longitudinal design.

d. naturalistic observation design.

____ 64. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic styles of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?a. Slow to warm upb. Anxiousc. Difficultd. Easy

____ 65. If the only information you have concerning one-year-old Jessica is that she is wary or hesitant when having a new experience, MOST likely you should predict that Jessica hasa. an anxious temperament.b. a difficult temperament.c. an easy temperament.d. a slow-to-warm-up temperament.

____ 66. An inhibited temperament is seen more often in _________ children than in American children.a. Frenchb. Chinesec. Germand. Australian

____ 67. Which of the following statements concerning temperament is FALSE?a. Approximately one-third of the children studied by Thomas and Chess could not be easily

classified as having one of the three basic styles of temperamentb. Temperament is not influenced by heredityc. Temperament is generally stable over timed. A child's temperament may be influenced by social experiences

____ 68. The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is calleda. attachment.b. dependency.c. imprinting.d. identification.

____ 69. According to behavioral theory, how do children develop special attachments to their mothers?a. The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.b. The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response

from adult females.c. The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the

reinforcing act of being fed.d. Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.

____ 70. How do children develop special attachments to their mothers, according to John Bowlby?a. The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.b. The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response

from adult females.c. The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the

reinforcing act of being fed.d. Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.

____ 71. You are in a discussion on attachment behavior, and your friend says that she believes that infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adult females. Which theorist is MOST likely to agree with your friend's views?

a. Harry Harlowb. Mary Ainsworthc. John Bowlbyd. Jay Belsky

____ 72. Mercedes takes her one-year-old son, Justice, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him. Justice eagerly explores the playroom as long as Mercedes is present. When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Justice becomes somewhat upset, but when Mercedes returns, he quickly calms down. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent whoa. share an avoidant attachment relationship.b. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.c. share a secure attachment relationship.d. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.

____ 73. Ainsworth’s strategy for studying infant attachment to caregivers is known as the __________ procedure.a. secure-avoidantb. shared inhibitionc. attachment probingd. Strange Situation

____ 74. Kara takes her one-year-old son, Delaney, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him. Delaney appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom, even though Kara is close by. When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Delaney becomes extremely upset. When Kara returns, he clings to her leg but does not calm down and continues to sob. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent whoa. share a secure attachment relationship.b. share an avoidant attachment relationship.c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.d. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.

____ 75. Jasmin takes her one-year-old son, Randy, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him. Randy eagerly explores the playroom, and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, he shows no signs of concern. When Jasmin returns, he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent whoa. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.b. share a secure attachment relationship.c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.d. share an avoidant attachment relationship.

____ 76. Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPTa. greater curiosity.b. better peer relationships.c. higher levels of moral reasoning.d. more self-reliance.

____ 77. In the middle childhood years, the children who have healthier strategies for coping with stress and fewer problems with hostility tend to be children whoa. had several siblings close to their own age.b. had secure attachments during infancy.c. started full-time daycare before the age of two.d. have no same-sexed siblings.

____ 78. At what age does an infant typically first exhibit separation anxiety?a. One to two weeksb. One to two monthsc. Six to eight monthsd. Around one year

____ 79. Separation anxiety typically develops when infants are about ____ months old and peaks at around ____ months.a. 2-4; 10-12b. 6-8; 14-18c. 9-11; 13-15d. 12; 24

____ 80. Harlow's finding that "contact comfort" is an important factor in forming attachment is LEAST consistent with the views expressed bya. Ainsworth.b. Bowlby.c. Skinner.d. evolutionary psychologists.

____ 81. Harlow's research with monkeys raised with two types of artificial mothers found that when frightened, infant monkeys went to the artifical mother thata. provided food.b. did not provide food.c. was made of cloth.d. was made of wire.

____ 82. Avoidant attachments seem to be ____ common in German infants and ____ common in Japanese infants than in American infants.a. more; moreb. more; lessc. less; mored. less; less

____ 83. Typically, infants with ____ attachments exhibit little, if any, distress when their mothers leave the room.a. especially strongb. securec. anxious-ambivalentd. avoidant

____ 84. Assumptions of stage theorists of development include all of the following EXCEPTa. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order.b. each stage builds on the previous stage.c. progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation.d. development is marked by discontinuities that guide in dramatic changes in behavior.

____ 85. Stage theories of development assume thata. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage

builds on the previous stage.b. environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and

return to them later.c. progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age.d. there are few, if any, discontinuities in development.

____ 86. Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points calleda. fixation points.b. psychosocial crises.c. developmental tasks.d. psychosexual crises.

____ 87. A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquirea. an ability to initiate his or her own activities.b. self-sufficiency.c. a sense of competence.d. optimism and trust toward the world.

____ 88. Jerry is eight months old. Based on Erikson's theory of personality development, the fundamental question that Jerry is dealing with at this point in his life is,a. "Is my world predictable and supportive?"b. "Can I do things myself, or must I always rely on others?"c. "Am I good or am I bad?"d. "Am I competent or am I worthless?"

____ 89. The challenge of learning to function, take personal responsibility for feeding, and self-dressing marks Erikson's childhood stage ofa. initiative versus guilt.b. trust versus mistrust.c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.d. industry versus inferiority.

____ 90. For Erikson, the stage during which toilet training occurs isa. trust versus mistrust.b. industry versus inferiority.c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.d. initiative versus guilt.

____ 91. Craig is two years old and likes to put on his own coat and shoes. However, his mother often becomes impatient waiting for him to get ready, so she usually finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for him. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Craig will developa. a general sense of mistrust.b. feelings of shame and doubt.c. a sense of inferiority.d. feelings of autonomy.

____ 92. Anne is five years old and likes to help with jobs around the house. Tonight, when she was clearing the dishes from the table, she dropped a stack of plates and broke them all. Her father scolded her and told her that she could help more by staying out of the way and letting her older brothers clear the table. If her father's reaction is typical of the interactions she has with him, Erikson would suggest that Anne is likely to developa. feelings of guilt.b. feelings of inferiority.c. a general sense of mistrust.d. a sense of initiative.

____ 93. The challenge of learning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson's childhood stage ofa. initiative versus guilt.b. trust versus mistrust.

c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.d. industry versus inferiority.

____ 94. Charlie Brown of the "Peanuts" cartoon strip is always trying to kick the football, but he never seems to succeed. According to Erikson, Charlie will most likely develop the basic characteristic ofa. guilt.b. autonomy.c. inferiority.d. role confusion.

____ 95. During the third stage of psychosocial development, the crisis that must be resolved is initiative versus guilt. By this, Erikson meant that the child must learna. who to trust or not trust.b. how to deal with peers and adults.c. how to pursue his or her own interests and also get along with others.d. how to become self-sufficient.

____ 96. The elementary school-age child who does well in school and receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense ofa. industry.b. superiority.c. generativity.d. trust.

____ 97. Kyler is nine years old and likes to draw and paint. However, he doesn't receive very good grades on his art projects, and his friends often laugh at the pictures Kyler has created. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Kyler will developa. feelings of guilt.b. feelings of inferiority.c. a sense of despair.d. a sense of industry.

____ 98. Shawn is concerned with how he compares to his peer group: for example, he is always trying to kick the football farther than his friends, and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as the other boys in his second-grade class. According to Erikson, Shawn is most likely in the stage ofa. initiative versus guilt.b. autonomy versus shame and doubt.c. identity versus role confusion.d. industry versus inferiority.

____ 99. The major shortcoming of Erikson's psychosocial stages theory of development is thata. he failed to look at adult development.b. he placed too little emphasis on social forces in the development of personality.c. like many stage theories, it pays little attention to explaining individual differences.d. it fails to account for continuity in personality development.

____ 100. If an infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life, the infant will, MOST likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____ stage.a. industry versus inferiorityb. trust versus mistrustc. autonomy versus shame and doubtd. initiative versus guilt

____ 101. During Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a child should begin to take some responsibility for his feeding and dressing. As a result, the child should gain a sense of self-sufficiency. This stage occurs from ____ years of age.a. birth-1b. 1-3c. 2-5d. 3-6

____ 102. Five-year-old Steve gets along well with his parents and siblings, has self-confidence, and believes that he is a good boy. Steve has MOST recently successfully resolved the crisis ofa. initiative versus guilt.b. industry versus inferiority.c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.d. trust versus mistrust.

____ 103. During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to function well in the broader social structure of the neighborhood and school. As a result, the child should gain a sense of competence. This stage occurs froma. birth-1 year.b. 1-3 years.c. 3-6 years.d. 6 years through puberty.

____ 104. To Piaget, cognitive development involvesa. stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes.b. increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age.c. passive reception of environmental stimuli.d. age-related changes in attention and memory.

____ 105. During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child's relations with the world are througha. logical reasoning.b. physical interaction.c. abstract operations.d. systematic hypothesis testing.

____ 106. For children, in which Piagetian stage might we be correct with the old expression, "Out of sight is out of mind"?a. Concrete operationalb. Preoperationalc. Sensorimotord. Formal operations

____ 107. Trey's older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball they are playing with, and Trey quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball and instead picks up another toy that is close by. This suggests that Trey has not yet developeda. the ability to assimilate new experiences.b. an understanding of object permanence.c. a strong attachment to his sister.d. sensorimotor patterns of responding.

____ 108. When Teresa's mother hides her favorite doll under a blanket, Teresa acts as if it no longer exists and makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Teresa is in Piaget'sa. sensorimotor period of cognitive development.

b. formal period of cognitive development.c. concrete period of cognitive development.d. preoperational period of cognitive development.

____ 109. Lane is currently attending preschool. According to the stages outlined by Piaget, Lane would MOST likely be in thea. sensorimotor period of cognitive development.b. formal period of cognitive development.c. preoperational period of cognitive development.d. concrete period of cognitive development.

____ 110. The idea that even if an object changes shape or appearance the underlying quantity of the object remains the same is Piaget's principle ofa. object permanence.b. conservation.c. irreversibility.d. assimilation.

____ 111. Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia's piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has "more" cake. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that shea. has not yet mastered object permanence.b. does not understand the process of assimilation.c. does not yet understand conservation.d. is displaying egocentric reasoning.

____ 112. The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem while neglecting other important aspects is referred to asa. assimilation.b. centration.c. object impermanence.d. reification.

____ 113. Gretchen watches as her preschool teacher forms two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher gives one of the balls of modeling clay to Gretchen and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat pancake. She asks Gretchen if they both have the same amount of clay, and Gretchen confidently states that the teacher has more because the pancake is bigger than the ball. Gretchen's answer illustrates the flaw in thinking that Piaget labeleda. centration.b. conservation.c. egocentrism.d. assimilation.

____ 114. The inability of a child to mentally "undo" something is referred to asa. assimilation.b. object permanence.c. egocentrism.d. irreversibility.

____ 115. Preschoolers generally do not recognize that if 8 - 5 = 3, then 3 + 5 = 8. This is because their thought is characterized bya. irreversibility.b. animism.

c. egocentrism.d. centration.

____ 116. When Matthew saw his older brother's bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew's statement illustrates the type of thinking that Piaget referred to asa. centration.b. animism.c. preformal operations.d. conservation.

____ 117. The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it is an example ofa. egocentrism.b. centration.c. conservation.d. reversibility.

____ 118. You ask a three-year-old why the sky is blue; she says it is because blue is her favorite color. This answer reflects the ____ thinking that is typical of preschoolers.a. irreversibleb. animisticc. egocentricd. operational

____ 119. Children's thought processes are particularly egocentric during which Piagetian stage?a. Sensorimotorb. Preoperationalc. Concrete operationsd. Formal operations

____ 120. Timmy believes he can avoid getting any older by not having any more birthday parties. Timmy is probably in which stage of cognitive development?a. Sensorimotorb. Concrete operationalc. Preoperationald. Formal operational

____ 121. The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" becausea. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects.b. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily.c. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence.d. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events.

____ 122. Water is poured from a short, broad beaker into a tall, skinny beaker. Is there more or less water now? A child answers that it's the same amount, only it's taller. The child is in which stage of cognitive development?a. Sensorimotorb. Concrete operationalc. Preoperationald. Preconventional

____ 123. Eight-year-old Eric watches as you flatten one of two equal-sized balls of clay into a pancake. Eric says they both still have the same amount of clay. When he is asked how he knows that the ball and the pancake have the same amount of clay, he points out that the pancake could once again be rolled up into a ball, demonstrating that hea. is now in the preoperational stage.b. understands the concept of reversibility.c. is unable to decenter.d. is no longer egocentric.

____ 124. A five-year-old boy tells you that his kindergarten class has more boys than children. This indicates that hea. fails to understand the concept of reversibility.b. dislikes girls.c. cannot yet solve problems involving conservation of number.d. cannot handle hierarchical classification problems.

____ 125. Gerard watched as a researcher placed five toy station wagons and three toy convertibles on a table. The researcher asked him if there were more station wagons or more cars, and Gerard correctly answered that there were more cars. Gerard's answer indicates that he has mastereda. conservation of number.b. object permanence.c. preaccommodation.d. hierarchical classification problems.

____ 126. According to Piaget, during the formal operational period of cognitive development, children begin toa. acquire the concept of conservation.b. understand the nature of hierarchical classification.c. think primarily in terms of concrete objects or situations.d. think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities.

____ 127. John approaches problems systematically, considering various solutions and the consequences of each before he decides on the implementation of any one solution. John is probably at which level of cognitive development?a. Formal operationsb. Concrete operationsc. Preoperationsd. Postoperations

____ 128. Byron is planning to ask his parents if he can borrow their car on Friday night. He is thinking both about all the possible reasons they might bring up for not letting him use the car and of a logical reply to each of these possible objections. Based on Piaget's model of cognitive development, Byron's thought processes illustratea. the use of formal operational thought.b. the use of concrete operational thought.c. egocentric reasoning.d. postconventional reasoning.

____ 129. One of the criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is thata. Piaget may have overestimated the cognitive skills of infants and preschool children.b. Piaget may have underestimated the influence of cultural factors on cognitive

development.c. the theory focuses too much on individual differences in development.d. evidence for the theory is based on cross-sectional research.

____ 130. The psychologist who contributed significantly to our understanding of the cognitive development of children isa. Erik Erikson.b. Sigmund Freud.c. Lawrence Kohlberg.d. Jean Piaget.

____ 131. The correct order or sequence of Piaget's stages isa. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor.b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.c. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational.d. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational.

____ 132. The period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately birth to age two is the ____ stage.a. sensorimotorb. formal operationalc. preoperationald. concrete operational

____ 133. If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant will not look for it. Piaget believed that this occurs because the infanta. does not understand the concept of roll.b. has a short attention span.c. has not developed conservation.d. has not developed object permanence.

____ 134. The preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximatelya. birth to age 2.b. age 2 to 7.c. age 7 to 11.d. age 11 onward.

____ 135. When Sam's mother made him a grilled cheese sandwich for lunch, Sam complained that he wanted two sandwiches because he was super hungry. After his mother cut his sandwich in half, Sam was satisfied that he would have enough to eat. Sam's behavior indicates that he does not understand ____ and is probably in the ____ stage of cognitive development.a. object permanence; sensorimotorb. object permanence; preoperationalc. conservation; preoperationald. conservation; concrete operational

____ 136. The concrete operational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximatelya. birth to age 2.b. age 2 to 7.c. age 7 to 11.d. age 11 onward.

____ 137. The period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately age 11 onward is the ____ stage.a. sensorimotorb. formal operationalc. preoperationald. concrete operational

____ 138. Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during thea. concrete operational stage.b. sensorimotor stage.c. formal operational stage.d. preoperational stage.

____ 139. Systematic problem-solving efforts are associated with individuals in the ____ stage of cognitive development.a. formal operationalb. concrete operationalc. preoperationald. sensorimotor

____ 140. It is probably fair to say that Piageta. overestimated the abilities of young children.b. adequately addressed the question of individual differences.c. focused too heavily on the role of maturation.d. relied too much on cross-cultural research.

____ 141. Who was the prominent Russian developmental theorist whose research ended abruptly in 1934 when he died of tuberculoisis?a. Jean Piagetb. Erik Eriksonc. Lev Vygotskyd. Lawrence Kolhberg

____ 142. Your psychology professor tells you that he believes that children's cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with adults and older children who provide guidance to allow the child to gradually increase competence on the task. Which theorist does your professor's view MOST resemble?a. Jean Piagetb. Erik Eriksonc. Lev Vygotskyd. Lawrence Kolhberg

____ 143. In Mrs. Zalinsky's first-grade class, she has fifth-grade students come in and read with her class to allow her students to gradually increase their reading competence. Which theorist has MOST likely influenced Mrs. Zalinsly's teaching practices?a. Jean Piagetb. Erik Eriksonc. Lev Vygotskyd. Lawrence Kolhberg

____ 144. Unlike Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky emphasizes thata. cognitive development is a universal process that unfolds in largely the same way for most

individuals.b. social interactions and culture strongly influence the cognitive development of a child.c. language does not play a crucial role in cognitive development.d. a child's active exploration of the world strongly influences cognitive development.

____ 145. Psychologists who support ____ theories suggest that certain basic cognitive abilities are biologically built or prewired into the neural make-up of humans.a. behavioralb. evolutionary

c. humanisticd. psychoanalytic

____ 146. Jose has just begun to distinguish between mental states and overt behavior. It is likely that Jose is about ______ years old.a. 2b. 5c. 9d. 12

____ 147. The first mental states that children understand area. true beliefs.b. false beliefs.c. desires and emotions.d. motivators.

____ 148. Lawrence Kohlberg believed that moral development is determined bya. cognitive development.b. physical development.c. emotional development.d. social development.

____ 149. If Lawrence Kohlberg were to present you with a moral dilemma, in which of the following would he be MOST interested?a. Your judgment of right and wrong in this situationb. What you would do in this situationc. Whether your intended behavior in this situation is consistent with your moral judgment

about itd. Your reasons for whatever moral judgment you had about the situation

____ 150. At the preconventional level, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of whether theya. are against the law.b. bring punishment or reward.c. are in accord with social rules.d. fit the child's own sense of "rightness."

____ 151. In the 1960s, even though all her friends tried recreational drugs, Maggie refused to experiment because she was afraid she would get caught and end up in jail. Maggie's reasons for NOT experimenting with drugs reflecta. conventional moral reasoning.b. postconventional moral reasoning.c. preconventional moral reasoning.d. authoritarian moral reasoning.

____ 152. Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) ona. the risk of punishment.b. society's laws.c. personal principles.d. the potential rewards.

____ 153. In the 1960s, even though most of his friends tried recreational drugs, Sebastian refused to experiment. He did not think the drugs were likely to be harmful, but using drugs was illegal, and he believes each person has a moral obligation to obey society's rules. Sebastian's reasons for NOT experimenting with drugs reflect

a. preconventional moral reasoning.b. conventional moral reasoning.c. postconventional moral reasoning.d. social moral reasoning.

____ 154. Suggesting that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right because human life takes precedence over rules is an example ofa. postconventional moral reasoning.b. preconventional moral reasoning.c. concrete operational thought.d. conventional moral reasoning.

____ 155. Dr. Wilmark prescribes "medical marijuana" for her chemotherapy patients, even though it is in violation of federal law. She believes it is morally wrong to cause unnecessary human suffering and, if necessary, she is willing to serve time in jail rather than watch others suffer needlessly. Dr. Wilmark's reasons for her actions reflecta. postconventional moral reasoning.b. conventional moral reasoning.c. preconventional moral reasoning.d. authoritarian moral reasoning.

____ 156. When Kohlberg presented moral dilemmas to individuals in order to evaluate their level of moral development, he placed the MOST emphasis ona. whether the individual gave a "yes" or "no" response.b. the level of confidence the individual had in his or her response.c. the explanation the individual gave concerning the reason for his or her response.d. the overt behaviors the individual showed when presented with a similar dilemma in real

life.

____ 157. Both Jason and Bradley believe that their dad should not drive over the speed limit on their family vacation to Florida. While Jason does not want his dad to get a speeding ticket, Bradley believes that rules are rules and laws are laws and need to be obeyed. Jason's reasoning is characteristic of the ____ level, and Bradley's is characteristic of the ____ level of moral development.a. preconventional; postconventionalb. preconventional; conventionalc. conventional; preconventionald. postconventional; preconventional

____ 158. Ashley finds a wallet on the floor at the store. She decides to turn it in to the lost-and-found department because she believes her parents will be proud of her for being honest. Ashley's reasoning reflects the ____ level of moral development.a. postconventionalb. preconventionalc. concreted. conventional

____ 159. Individuals at the ____ level of moral development tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning and behavior.a. postconventionalb. concretec. conventionald. preconventional

____ 160. A consensus is building that Kohlberg's theory led to a constricted focus ona. the development of prosocial behavior.b. the significance of moral emotions.c. the emergence of conscience.d. interpersonal conflicts.

____ 161. Adolescence can be conceptualized as the time period during which individuals are "adults" in terms of their ____ development, but NOT in terms of their ____ development.a. physical; cognitiveb. physical; emotionalc. cognitive; emotionald. emotional; cognitive

____ 162. Physical features NOT directly associated with reproduction that are associated with one's gender are referred to asa. primary sexual characteristics.b. secondary sexual characteristics.c. tertiary sexual characteristics.d. nonsexual characteristics.

____ 163. Females developing wider hips and males developing facial hair are examples ofa. primary sexual characteristics.b. secondary sexual characteristics.c. tertiary sexual characteristics.d. peripheral sexual characteristics.

____ 164. In females, early maturation is associated witha. deterioration of peer relations.b. weight gain.c. higher levels of moral reasoning.d. greater emotional difficulties.

____ 165. Michael and his twin sister Doreen turned 12 a few months ago. Both Michael and Doreen have begun to go through the early signs of puberty. In this case, it is MOST likely thata. compared to Doreen, Michael is at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because he is

maturing early.b. compared to Michael, Doreen is at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because she is

maturing early.c. both Michael and Doreen are at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because they are

both maturing early.d. compared to Doreen, Michael is at lower risk for using drugs or alcohol because he is

maturing early.

____ 166. The adolescent growth spurt begins and puberty occurs approximately ____ in females than in males.a. two years earlierb. one year earlierc. one year laterd. two years later

____ 167. Which of the following has been proposed as a reason puberty is occurring earlier than in previous generations?a. Advances in educationb. Improvements in nutrition

c. Increased parental sensitivityd. Accelerated moral development

____ 168. Boys who mature ____ and girls who mature ____ are more likely than other adolescents to feel subjective distress and emotional difficulties with the transition to adolescence.a. late; lateb. early; latec. late; earlyd. early; late

____ 169. The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is thea. hypothalamus.b. prefrontal cortex.c. occipital cortex.d. medulla.

____ 170. The immaturity of the prefrontal cortex has been used to explaina. why adolescents engage in risky behavior like reckless driving and unprotected sex.b. the 5% increase in brain volume during middle childhood and adolescence.c. the acquisition of conservation skills by adolescents.d. the ability of early adolescents to engage in postconventional moral thinking.

____ 171. The Featured Study in the text demonstrated that adolescent risk-taking is affected bya. drugs.b. alcohol.c. parents.d. peers.

____ 172. According to the Featured Study in the text, the presence of peers affects risk-taking behavior ina. adolescents but not adults.b. adults but not adolescents.c. both adults and adolescents.d. neither adults nor adolescents.

____ 173. Marie is driving with a group of friends and has just run a red light, even though she is usually a careful driver. Based on the Featured Study, we might expect that Marie is about what age?a. 16b. 25c. 50d. 65

____ 174. In Erikson's theory, the psychosocial crisis during adolescence isa. identity versus confusion.b. generativity versus self-absorption.c. industry versus inferiority.d. intimacy versus isolation.

____ 175. Fifteen-year-old Marta has had a relatively smooth adolescent period and, at the urging of her parents, has already decided on a college and a career. If Marta is simply playing a passive role in relationship to her parents, she may well be in a state of identitya. moratorium.b. foreclosure.c. diffusion.

d. achievement.

____ 176. Edwin has just started his third year at college and is still exploring the options for his major. He has taken a number of courses with the intention of obtaining a law degree, but last semester, he also discovered he was very interested in geology. He feels it is important to reach a final decision before the end of the semester and has started investigating both career options in great detail. According to James Marcia, Edwin would be considered to be in a state of identitya. diffusion.b. foreclosure.c. postponement.d. moratorium.

____ 177. Brock was not sure what he wanted to do while he was in college, so he talked to the career counselors last year. His profile showed a strong interest in both medicine and animals, so he got a part-time job at the local Humane Society. He also checked the requirements for veterinary school and has now completed six of the courses required for the veterinary program. He is convinced that this is the ideal career for him. According to James Marcia, Brock would be considered to be in a state of identitya. diffusion.b. foreclosure.c. achievement.d. moratorium.

____ 178. The two dimensions James Marcia described that combine to yield four identity statuses area. completion and confusion.b. commitment and confusion.c. commitment and crisis.d. completion and crisis.

____ 179. A college student who is exploring different subjects and potential majors to help decide on a suitable career can be BEST considered to be in the identity status ofa. identity achievement.b. identity diffusion.c. identity foreclosure.d. identity moratorium.

____ 180. After considering a number of possible majors and careers, Christi has decided to major in business management and work in advertising. Christi has recently established the identity status ofa. identity achievement.b. identity diffusion.c. identity foreclosure.d. identity moratorium.

____ 181. Arnett (2006) has proposed a new developmental stage for the years between age 18 and 25 that he callsa. extended adolescence.b. emerging adulthood.c. adolescent moratorium.d. adult delay.

____ 182. Which of the following would NOT be descriptive of the way Arnett (2006) describes emerging adulthood?a. It is a self-focused time of lifeb. It is a time of great pessimismc. It is a period of identity formationd. It is a situation of unusual autonomy

____ 183. Which of the following statements regarding personality changes in adulthood is MOST accurate?a. Personality stability depends on one's sex and socioeconomic status.b. The overall personality undergoes systematic changes throughout adulthood.c. Personality remains extremely stable after adolescence.d. The adult personality is characterized by both stability and change.

____ 184. Research suggests that ___________ tends to increase from early adulthood through age 60 and then begins to decline.a. optimismb. neuroticismc. mental illnessd. self-esteem

____ 185. According to Erikson, early adulthood is characterized by a psychosocial crisis centering on establishing close, personal relationships with others. This is the stage ofa. generativity versus self-absorption.b. intimacy versus isolation.c. identity versus confusion.d. integrity versus despair.

____ 186. Jocelyn is 25 years old and feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life, she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson's theory, Jocelyn maya. become self-indulgent and self-absorbed.b. develop a sense of isolation.c. experience feelings of despair and bitterness.d. develop feelings of inferiority and doubt.

____ 187. Research concerning personality development in adulthood focuses primarily on examininga. the search for a sense of identity during adulthood.b. gender differences in personality during adulthood.c. the midlife crisis.d. the stability of personality over the lifespan.

____ 188. During Erikson's crisis of intimacy versus isolation, the key concern involves developing the capacity to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated witha. adolescence.b. early adulthood.c. middle adulthood.d. late adulthood.

____ 189. Forty-seven-year-old Jennifer has recently started tutoring students at the elementary school her own children attended many years ago. She enjoys being around the children and feels a great deal of satisfaction from her tutoring. Jennifer appears to be successfully resolving the crisis ofa. integrity versus despair.b. industry versus inferiority.c. intimacy versus isolation.d. generativity versus self-absorption.

____ 190. Erikson's crisis of integrity versus despair is associated witha. adolescence.b. early adulthood.

c. middle adulthood.d. late adulthood.

____ 191. As 79-year-old Joe mentally reviews his life, he cannot help smiling to himself. He believes he married and spent over 40 years with the most wonderful woman in the world, helped to raise three fine children, and was successful in his career as an accountant. At this point in his life, Joe is experiencinga. integrity.b. identity.c. generativity.d. intimacy.

____ 192. Which of the following is NOT a current trend regarding marriage?a. An increase in the average age at first marriageb. An increase in the percentage of couples who voluntarily remain childlessc. An increase in the number of single adultsd. A decrease in the percentage of couples who cohabit prior to marriage

____ 193. By the 1990s, ______ of couples lived together prior to marriage.a. 10%b. 25%c. 40%d. 60%

____ 194. Donald and Marnie have three children under the age of 5. Ralph and Carolyn have three children between the ages of 8 and 13. Based on research into marital satisfaction cycle, you should predict that if these couples are interviewed about their marriage and their overall levels of marital satisfaction,a. Ralph and Carolyn will report increases in their marital satisfaction for the past few years,

while Donald and Marnie will report decreases in their level of satisfaction.b. both couples will report decreases in their overall level of marital satisfaction for the past

few years.c. Ralph and Carolyn will report decreases in their marital satisfaction for the past few years,

while Donald and Marnie will report increases in their level of satisfaction.d. both couples will report increases in their overall level marital satisfaction for the past few

years.

____ 195. Mr. and Mrs. McKavick have three school-age children. Their next-door neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Clancy, have three grandchildren who are about the same age as the McKavick's children. At the present time, based on research into marital satisfaction, it is most likely thata. the McKavicks are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the Clancys are.b. both couples are experiencing high levels of satisfaction in their respective marriages.c. both couples are experiencing low levels of satisfaction in their respective marriages.d. the Clancys are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the McKavicks are.

____ 196. Walter and Camille have been an "empty nest" couple since their youngest son left for college last year. Now that they are alone, it is likely that Walter and Camille will finda. their marital satisfaction will drop considerably.b. the transition to being a "childless" couple will be stressful and depressing.c. their marital satisfaction will start to increase.d. they spend less time together than they did when the children were home.

____ 197. In recent decades, the age at which individuals marry for the first time hasa. increased for men and remained stable for women.b. increased for women and remained stable for men.

c. decreased for both men and women.d. increased for both men and women.

____ 198. Which of the following statements regarding marital satisfaction is FALSE?a. The more children couples have, the lower their level of marital satisfaction.b. Parents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than non-parents.c. Parents of adolescents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than parents of infants.d. Mothers of infants exhibit the largest decrease in marital satisfaction.

____ 199. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?a. Menopause for most women typically occurs around age 40.b. Middle-aged males experience hormonal changes that are equivalent to female

menopause.c. Menopause is almost universally accompanied by severe emotional strain.d. Most women experience relatively modest psychological distress during menopause.

____ 200. In women, menopause typically occurs around agea. 12.b. 40.c. 50.d. 65.

____ 201. The course of progressive deterioration that results in death associated with Alzheimer's disease is typically ____ years in length.a. 1-2b. 3-6c. 8-10d. 10-15

____ 202. Roughly 70% of all cases of dementia result froma. Alzheimer's disease.b. Parkinson's disease.c. strokes and cerebral hemorrhages.d. neuronal loss that is part of the normal aging process.

____ 203. Harry has always been a vital and active individual, but recently he has begun having difficulty remembering newly learned information after brief periods of time. What disorder are his symptoms indicative of?a. Normal agingb. Alzheimers diseasec. Parkinson's diseased. Senility

____ 204. If you were viewing the brain of an individual who had died from Alzheimer's disease, you would expect to seea. a significant reduction in the levels of serotonin within the brain.b. neural abnormalities, including neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.c. enlarged brain ventricles and deep cortical creases.d. a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the hypothalamus.

____ 205. In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, the neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are largely centered in thea. left hemisphere of the cortex.b. the brain stem.

c. hippocampal region.d. the thalamus and hypothalamus.

____ 206. Research suggests that all of the following factors reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease EXCEPTa. participation in regular exercise or recreation.b. participation in mentally challenging work.c. active social engagement.d. a low-fat, low-salt diet.

____ 207. Which of the following does NOT describe a cognitive change associated with adult aging?a. Intellectual productivity begins to decline after age 50.b. Speed in learning, solving problems, and processing information declines with age.c. Memory losses associated with normal aging are moderate.d. There is a small decrease in average intelligence test score after age 60.

____ 208. Bernard is now 80 years old. When he was 20, he took part in a detailed study that assessed various aspects of his intellectual functioning. If Bernard were to complete the same tests today, he would MOST likely discover thata. his fluid intelligence has declined over time, but his crystallized intelligence has remained

stable.b. both his fluid and crystallized intelligence have declined over time.c. his crystallized intelligence has declined over time, but his fluid intelligence has remained

stable.d. his fluid intelligence has remained stable over time, and his crystallized intelligence has

increased.

____ 209. Which of the following is MOST likely to decline in the later years?a. Intellectual accomplishmentb. Procedural memoryc. Problem-solving abilityd. Speed in processing information

____ 210. Which type of intelligence involves basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing?a. Fluidb. Crystallizedc. Episodicd. Procedural

____ 211. Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving?a. Fluidb. Crystallizedc. Episodicd. Procedural

____ 212. Which type of intelligence tends to remain stable as a person ages?a. Fluidb. Crystallizedc. Episodicd. Procedural

____ 213. Tim is 80 years old, and he spends several hours per day reading, writing, and playing board games. Tim's activities reduce his risk of age-related decline in

a. memory.b. processing speed.c. problem-solving.d. cardiovascular health.

____ 214. Differing views on the course and nature of changes in personality across the lifespan illustrates which of the following unifying themes from your text?a. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.b. Psychology is theoretically diverse.c. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.d. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

____ 215. Investigations of complex, real-world issues, such as the effects of daycare, illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes?a. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.c. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.

____ 216. Piaget asserted that the child's experiences in the world combined with maturation together influence the child's cognitive development. This assertion BEST reflects the unifying theme in psychology thata. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.b. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.c. psychology is theoretically diverse.d. our experience of the world is highly subjective.

____ 217. ____ gender stereotypes accurately reflect gender differences.a. Mostb. Relatively manyc. Relatively fewd. No

____ 218. Which of the following statements is FALSE?a. Females tend to score higher on measures of visual-spatial abilities than males.b. Females tend to be more sensitive to nonverbal communication than males.c. Females tend to exhibit slightly better verbal skills than males.d. Males tend to exhibit slightly better mathematical abilities than females.

____ 219. One's sex is ____ determined; one's gender is ____ determined.a. culturally; biologicallyb. culturally; culturallyc. biologically; culturallyd. biologically; biologically

____ 220. Starting in the grade-school years, males show a slight advantage over females in ____ skills.a. visual-spatialb. verbalc. sociald. writing

____ 221. In the United States, gender differences in math abilitya. remain large and stable.b. remain large but are shrinking.

c. have never been demonstrated.d. have largely disappeared.

____ 222. The local school board in Middletown has decided to introduce standardized assessment tests for all students in the sixth grade. The test has separate sections for math and English. Based on the research into gender differences in cognitive abilities, you should expect thata. the male students will score higher than the female students on both sections of the

assessment test.b. the female students will score higher than the male students on both sections of the

assessment test.c. the female students will score higher than the male students on the English section of the

assessment test.d. the female students will score higher than the male students on the math section of the

assessment test.

____ 223. The local school board in Middletown recently asked that the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) be administered to all fifth-grade students. It is particularly interested in the scores from the spatial relations and abstract reasoning sections. Based on the research into gender differences in cognitive abilities, you should expect thata. the male students will score higher than the female students on both these two sections of

the test.b. the male students will score higher than the female students on the spatial relations section

of the test.c. the female students will score higher than the male students on both these two sections of

the test.d. the female students will score higher than the male students on the spatial relations section

of the test.

____ 224. Research has supported the finding that, compared to males, females tend to bea. more sensitive to subtle, nonverbal cues.b. more irrational.c. more emotional.d. more assertive.

____ 225. Women score more highly than men on all of the following traits EXCEPTa. neuroticism.b. extraversion.c. optimism.d. aggreeableness.

____ 226. The major qualification of the research findings on gender differences is thata. the data are indicative of group differences and tell us little about individuals.b. the findings are based on only a few studies and are therefore not very representative of

the population.c. most of the research has been conducted on white middle-class children.d. there is wide variation from study to study in how the variables have been operationalized.

____ 227. The better documented gender differences in cognitive abilities, aggression, and sexual behavior appeara. to depend on culture.b. to be decreasing as more women enter the work force.c. across a wide range of cultures.d. to be increasing as more women enter the work force.

____ 228. Girls exposed prenatally to abnormally high levels of androgens tend to exhibit which of the following during childhood?a. Increased male-typical behaviorb. Increased verbal abilityc. Decreased aggressivenessd. Decreased mathematical ability

____ 229. Based on the research into the effects of hormones on behavior, you should predict that a boy who had an endocrine disorder that caused underproduction of androgens (male hormones) would havea. elevated scores on measures of spatial ability.b. reduced scores on measures of creativity.c. elevated scores on measures of verbal skills.d. reduced scores on measures of leadership skills.

____ 230. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential concerns regarding the evidence suggesting that prenatal hormones contribute to the shaping of gender differences?a. Correlational studies do not prove causation.b. The conclusions are based on large samples from a variety of cultures, making it difficult

to draw general conclusions.c. It is risky to draw conclusions about the population based on small samples.d. The findings are much stronger for females than for males.

____ 231. Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex MOST accurately describesa. gender roles.b. gender stereotypes.c. gender behaviors.d. gender differences.

____ 232. Cognitive theories of gender-role development emphasizea. the development of long-term memory.b. self-socialization.c. observational learning.d. operant conditioning.

____ 233. Yesterday, little Louis saw his brother climb a tree. Today, Louis tried it and fell to the ground, hurting himself. But his mother nevertheless praised him for being a brave boy. Which of the following influences on gender-role socialization are at work here?a. Self-socialization and punishmentb. Self-socialization and extinctionc. Observational learning and reinforcementd. Operant conditioning and classical conditioning

____ 234. According to cognitive theories of gender-role development, self-socialization includesa. being reinforced for gender-appropriate behaviors.b. valuing characteristics associated with the opposite gender.c. learning to classify oneself as male or female.d. responding to praise from parents, teachers, and peers.

____ 235. Which of the following is the safest statement to make regarding the origin of gender differences?a. Hormonal differences between the sexes account for the largest proportion of the

variation.b. The fact that males tend to exhibit more cerebral specialization than females explains the

bulk of the differences.

c. The reinforcement children receive for displaying gender-appropriate behavior determines the differences.

d. As with anything, the explanation of gender differences is complex and must take into account both biological and environmental factors.

____ 236. You and a friend are discussing the importance of fathers in children's overall development. Your friend states that, "If we fail to promote increased involvement of fathers in the parenting process, then we must accept the inevitable breakdown of other social values." This statement is an example of the reasoning fallacy known asa. circular logic.b. a false dichotomy.c. a weak analogy.d. alternative explanations.

____ 237. The assertion that fathers are essential for healthy adjustment of children is contradicted by evidence froma. twin studies.b. adoption studies.c. studies of lesbian parents.d. studies of step-children.

____ 238. An increase in rates of father absence over the years has coincided with an increase in teenage pregnancy and drug abuse. However, conclusions are limited due toa. correlational data.b. false dichotomies.c. slippery slopes.d. experimentation.

____ 239. Typically, individuals concerned with the crisis of initiative versus guilt are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.a. preoperationalb. concrete operationalc. sensorimotord. formal operational

____ 240. Typically, individuals concerned with the crisis of trust versus mistrust are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.a. preoperationalb. sensorimotorc. formal operationald. concrete operational

____ 241. Which of the following developmental theorists is NOT a stage theorist?a. Jean Piagetb. Erik Ericksonc. Lev Vygotskyd. Lawrence Kolhberg

____ 242. A nine-year-old child would be likely to be in the ____ stage of development according to Piaget and in the ____ stage of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg.a. preoperational; preconventionalb. concrete operations; preconventionalc. concrete operations; conventionald. sensorimotor; postconventional

____ 243. In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?a. Separation anxietyb. Babblingc. Postconventional moral reasoningd. Gradual mastery of object permanence

____ 244. In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?a. Development of secondary sex characteristicsb. Autonomy versus shamec. Formal operationsd. Postconventional moral reasoning

____ 245. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescence?a. Identity versus confusionb. Formal operational stage of cognitive developmentc. Preconventional level of moral developmentd. Growth spurt

____ 246. During which stage in Piaget's system is the child FIRST able to handle conservation problems and hierarchical classification problems?a. Sensorimotorb. Preoperationalc. Concrete operationsd. Formal operations

____ 247. For which of the following theorists is language a central organizing factor in child development?a. Piagetb. Vygotskyc. Kohlbergd. Harlow

____ 248. How does the brain change during adolescence?a. It becomes smallerb. It becomes largerc. White matter increasesd. The prefrontal cortex becomes larger

____ 249. Which of the following factors tends to be accompanied by a drop in ratings of marital satisfaction?a. Childlessness during early married lifeb. The birth of the first childc. The first child's departure for colleged. When the last child leaves home

____ 250. Once children discover that their gender is permanent, they are likely to want to engage in behavior that is "sex appropriate" as defined by their culture. This process is referred to asa. operant conditioning.b. observational learning.c. self-socialization.d. classical conditioning.