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DoorinGeorgia

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Adoorisamovingstructureusedtoblockoff,andallowaccessto,anentrancetoorwithinanenclosedspace,suchasabuildingorvehicle.Similarexteriorstructuresarecalledgates.Typicallydoorshaveaninteriorsidethatfacestheinsideofaspaceandanexteriorsidethatfacestheoutsideofthatspace.Whileinsomecasestheinteriorsideofadoormaymatchitsexteriorside,inothercasestherearesharpcontrastsbetweenthetwosides,suchasinthecaseofthevehicledoor.Doorsnormallyconsistofapanelthatswingsonhingesorthatslidesorspinsinsideofaspace.

Whenopen,doorsadmitpeople,animals,ventilationorlight.Thedoorisusedtocontrolthephysicalatmospherewithinaspacebyenclosingtheairdrafts,sothatinteriorsmaybemoreeffectivelyheatedorcooled.Doorsaresignificantinpreventingthespreadoffire.Theyalsoactasabarriertonoise.Manydoorsareequippedwithlockingmechanismstoallowentrancetocertainpeopleandkeepoutothers.Asaformofcourtesyandcivility,peopleoftenknockbeforeopeningadoorandenteringaroom.

Doorsareusedtoscreenareasofabuildingforaesthetics,keepingformalandutilityareasseparate.Doorsalsohaveanaestheticroleincreatinganimpressionofwhatliesbeyond.Doorsareoftensymbolicallyendowedwithritualpurposes,andtheguardingorreceivingofthekeystoadoor,orbeinggrantedaccesstoadoorcanhavespecialsignificance.[1]Similarly,doorsanddoorwaysfrequentlyappearinmetaphoricalorallegoricalsituations,literatureandthearts,oftenasaportentofchange.

Contents

1History2Designandstyles3Typesofmechanism

3.1Hingeddoors3.2Slidingdoors3.3Rotatingdoors3.4HighSpeedDoor3.5Automatic3.6Others

4Applications5Constructionandcomponents

5.1Paneldoors5.2Plankandbattendoors

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20thcenturydoorinKashan,Iran

5.2Plankandbattendoors5.3Ledgedandbraceddoors5.4Impactresistantdoors5.5Frameandfilleddoors5.6Flushdoors5.7Mouldeddoors5.8Swingdirection5.9Types5.10InsulationandWeatherstrips5.11Dimensions

5.11.1UnitedStates5.11.2Europe

5.12Doorwaycomponents5.13Relatedhardware

6Relatedaccidents6.1Outwardandinwardopening6.2Doorstops6.3Doorguards6.4Safetydoors6.5Glassdoors6.6Fire6.7Vehicledoors6.8Aircraftdoors

7Seealso8References

History

TheearliestinrecordsarethoserepresentedinthepaintingsoftheEgyptiantombs,inwhichtheyareshownassingleordoubledoors,eachinasinglepieceofwood.InEgypt,wheretheclimateisintenselydry,therewouldbenofearoftheirwarping,butinothercountriesitwouldbenecessarytoframethem,whichaccordingtoVitruvius(iv.6.)wasdonewithstiles(sea/si)andrails(see:Frameandpanel):thespacesenclosedbeingfilledwithpanels(tympana)letintogroovesmadeinthestilesandrails.Thestilesweretheverticalboards,oneofwhich,tenonedorhinged,isknownasthehangingstile,theotherasthemiddleormeetingstile.Thehorizontalcrosspiecesarethetoprail,bottomrail,andmiddleorintermediaterails.Themostancientdoorswereintimber,thosemadeforKingSolomon'stemplebeinginolivewood(IKingsvi.3135),whichwerecarvedandoverlaidwithgold.ThedoorsdweltuponinHomerwouldappeartohavebeencasedinsilverorbrass.BesidesOlivewood,elm,cedar,oakandcypresswereused.A5,000yearolddoorhasbeenfoundbyarchaeologistsinSwitzerland.[2]

Allancientdoorswerehungbypivotsatthetopandbottomofthehangingstilewhichworkedinsocketsinthelintelandsill,thelatterbeingalwaysinsomehardstonesuchasbasaltorgranite.ThosefoundatNippurbyDr.Hilprecht,alongwithhisassistantNolaBegeja,datingfrom2000B.C.wereindolerite.The

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Stonedoor,Hampi,India

RomanfoldingdoorsatPompeii(1stcenturyAD)

tenonsofthegatesatBalawatweresheathedwithbronze(nowintheBritishMuseum).Thesedoorsorgateswerehungintwoleaves,eachabout8ft4in(2.54m)wideand27ft(8.2m).hightheywereencasedwithbronzebandsorstrips,10in.high,coveredwithrepoussdecorationoffigures,etc.Thewooddoors

wouldseemtohavebeenabout3in.thick,butthehangingstilewasover14inches(360mm)diameter.Othersheathingsofvarioussizesinbronzehavebeenfound,whichprovesthistohavebeentheuniversalmethodadoptedtoprotectthewoodpivots.IntheHauraninSyria,wheretimberisscarcethedoorsweremadeinstone,andonemeasuring5ft4in(1.63m)by2ft7in(0.79m)isintheBritishMuseumthebandonthemeetingstileshowsthatitwasoneoftheleavesofadoubledoor.AtKuffeirnearBostrainSyria,Burckhardtfoundstonedoors,9to10ft(3.0m).high,beingtheentrancedoorsofthetown.InEtruriamanystonedoorsarereferredtobyDennis.

TheancientGreekandRomandoorswereeithersingledoors,doubledoors,slidingdoorsorfoldingdoors,inthelastcasetheleaveswerehingedandfoldedback.InEumachia,isapaintingofadoorwiththreeleaves.InthetombofTheronatAgrigentumthereisasinglefourpaneldoorcarvedinstone.IntheBlundellcollectionisabasreliefofatemplewithdoubledoors,eachleafwithfivepanels.Amongexistingexamples,thebronzedoorsinthechurchofSS.CosmasandDamiano,inRome,areimportantexamplesofRomanmetalworkofthebestperiodtheyareintwoleaves,eachwithtwopanels,andareframedinbronze.ThoseofthePantheonaresimilarindesign,withnarrowhorizontalpanelsinaddition,atthetop,bottomandmiddle.TwootherbronzedoorsoftheRomanperiodareintheLateranBasilica.

TheGreekscholarHeronofAlexandriacreatedtheearliestknownautomaticdoorinthe1stcenturyADduringtheeraofRomanEgypt.[3]ThefirstfootsensoractivatedautomaticdoorwasmadeinChinaduringthereignofEmperorYangofSui(r.604618),whohadoneinstalledforhisroyallibrary.[3]Thefirstautomaticgateoperatorswerelatercreatedin1206bytheArabicinventor,AlJazari.[4]

Copperanditsalloyswereintegralinmedievalarchitecture.ThedoorsofthechurchoftheNativityatBethlehem(6thcentury)arecoveredwithplatesofbronze,cutoutinpatterns.ThoseofHagiaSophiaatConstantinople,ofthe8thand9thcentury,arewroughtinbronze,andthewestdoorsofthecathedralofAixlaChapelle(9thcentury),ofsimilarmanufacture,wereprobablybroughtfromConstantinople,asalsosomeofthoseinSt.Marks,Venice.ThebronzedoorsontheAachenCathedralinGermanydatebacktoaboutAD800.BronzebaptisterydoorsattheCathedralofFlorencewerecompletedin1423byGhiberti.[5](Formoreinformation,see:Copperinarchitecture).

Ofthe11thand12thcenturiestherearenumerousexamplesofbronzedoors,theearliestbeingoneatHildesheim,Germany(1015).TheHildesheimdesignaffectedtheconceptofGnieznodoorinPoland.OfothersinSouthItalyandSicily,thefollowingarethefinest:inSantAndrea,Amalfi(1060)Salerno(1099)Canosa(1111)Troia,twodoors(1119and1124)Ravello(1179),byBarisanoofTrani,whoalsomadedoorsforTranicathedralandinMonrealeandPisacathedrals,byBonanoofPisa.Inallthesecasesthehangingstilehadpivotsatthetopandbottom.Theexactperiodwhenthehingewassubstitutedisnotquite

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Ornatedoor.RomanwallpaintingintheVillaBoscoreale,Italy(1stcenturyAD).

known,butthechangeapparentlybroughtaboutanothermethodofstrengtheninganddecoratingdoors,viz,withwroughtironbandsofinfinitevarietiesofdesign.Asarulethreebandsfromwhichtheornamentalworkspringsconstitutethehinges,whichhaveringsoutsidethehangingstilesfittingontoverticaltenonsrunintothemasonryorwoodenframe.Thereisanearlyexampleofthe12thcenturyinLincolninFrancethemetalworkofthedoorsofNotreDameatParisisperhapsthemostbeautifulinexecution,butexamples

areendlessthroughoutFranceandEngland.

ReturningtoItaly,themostcelebrateddoorsarethoseoftheBattisterodiSanGiovanni(Florence),whichtogetherwiththedoorframesareallinbronze,thebordersofthelatterbeingperhapsthemostremarkable:themodelingofthefigures,birdsandfoliageofthesouthdoorway,byAndreaPisano(1330),andoftheeastdoorwaybyGhiberti(14251452),areofgreatbeautyinthenorthdoor(14021424)GhibertiadoptedthesameschemeofdesignforthepanelingandfiguresubjectsinthemasAndreaPisano,butintheeastdoortherectangularpanelsareallfilled,withbasreliefs,inwhichScripturesubjectsareillustratedwithinnumerablefigures,thesebeingprobablythegatesofParadiseofwhichMichelangelospeaks.

ThedoorsofthemosquesinCairowereoftwokindsthosewhich,externally,werecasedwithsheetsofbronzeoriron,cutoutindecorativepatterns,andincisedorinlaid,withbossesinreliefandthoseinwood,whichwereframedwithinterlaceddesignsofthesquareanddiamond,thislatterdescriptionofworkbeingCopticinitsorigin.ThedoorsofthepalaceatPalermo,whichweremadebySaracenic

workmenfortheNormans,arefineexamplesandingoodpreservation.AsomewhatsimilardecorativeclassofdoortotheselatterisfoundinVerona,wheretheedgesofthestilesandrailsarebeveledandnotched.

IntheRenaissanceperiodtheItaliandoorsarequitesimple,theirarchitectstrustingmoretothedoorwaysforeffectbutinFranceandGermanythecontraryisthecase,thedoorsbeingelaboratelycarved,especiallyintheLouisXIVandLouisXVperiods,andsometimeswitharchitecturalfeaturessuchascolumnsandentablatureswithpedimentandniches,thedoorwaybeinginplainmasonry.WhileinItalythetendencywastogivescalebyincreasingthenumberofpanels,inFrancethecontraryseemstohavebeentheruleandoneofthegreatdoorsatFontainebleau,whichisintwoleaves,isentirelycarriedoutasifconsistingofonegreatpanelonly.

TheearliestRenaissancedoorsinFrancearethoseofthecathedralofSt.SauveuratAix(1503).Inthelowerpanelstherearefigures3ft(0.91m).highinGothicniches,andintheupperpanelsadoublerangeofnicheswithfiguresabout2ft(0.61m).highwithcanopiesoverthem,allcarvedincedar.ThesouthdoorofBeauvaisCathedralisinsomerespectsthefinestinFrancetheupperpanelsarecarvedinhighreliefwithfiguresubjectsandcanopiesoverthem.ThedoorsofthechurchatGisors(1575)arecarvedwithfiguresinnichessubdividedbyclassicpilasterssuperimposed.InSt.MaclouatRouenarethreemagnificentlycarveddoorsthosebyJeanGoujonhavefiguresinnichesoneachside,andothersinagroupofgreatbeautyinthecenter.Theotherdoors,probablyaboutfortytofiftyyearslater,areenrichedwithbasreliefs,landscapes,figuresandelaborateinterlacedborders.

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OlddoubleFrenchdoors(6liteseach),withhingesontheexterior,theymustopenoutwarditisuncertainwhetherthereisacentralmullion,withoutwhichitcouldbecalledaFrenchwindowalbeitnotbeingtypicalLexington,NorthCarolina,USA

DoorofFlorence'sBaptisterycalledGatesofParadise

Whenitcomestotheworld'slargestdoor,thereisnotjustone,infacttherearefourandtheyallbelongtoNASA'sVehicleAssemblyBuildingattheKennedySpaceCenter.TheVehicleAssemblyBuildingwasoriginallybuilttoassemblyofApolloandSaturnvehiclesandwasthenusedtosupportSpaceShuttleoperations.Eachofthefourdoorsare139metersor456feethigh,incomparisontheStatueofLibertyisonly93metersor305feethigh.

TheoldestdoorinEnglandcanbefoundinWestminsterAbbeyanddatesfrom1050.[6]InEnglandinthe17thcenturythedoorpanelswereraisedwithbolectionorprojectingmoldings,sometimesrichlycarved,roundtheminthe18thcenturythemoldingsworkedonthestilesandrailswerecarvedwiththeeggandtongueornament.

Designandstyles

Manykindsofdoorshavespecificnames,dependingontheirpurpose.Themostcommonvarietyofdooristhesingleleafdoorwhichconsistsofasinglerigidpanelthatfillsthedoorway.Manyvariationsonthisbasicdesignarepossible,suchasthedoubleleafdoorordoubledoorsandFrenchwindowsthathavetwoadjacentindependentpanelshingedoneachsideofthedoorway.

AhalfdoororDutchdoor[7]orstabledoorisdividedinhalfhorizontally.Traditionallythetophalfcanbeopenedtoallowahorseorotheranimaltobefed,whilethebottomhalfremainedclosedtokeeptheanimalinside.Thisstyleofdoorhasbeenadaptedforhomes.Saloondoorsareapairoflightweightswingdoorsoftenfoundinpublicbars,andespeciallyassociatedwiththeAmericanwest.Saloondoors,alsoknownascafedoors,oftenusebidirectionalhingeswhichclosethedoorregardlessofwhichdirectionitisopenedbyincorporatingsprings.Saloondoorsthatonlyextendfromkneeleveltochestlevelareknownasbatwingdoors.

Ablinddoor,Gibbdoor,orjibdoorisadoorwithnovisibletrimoroperablecomponents.Itisdesignedtoblendwiththeadjacentwallinallfinishes,andvisuallytobeapartofthewall,adisguiseddoor.[8]

Abarndoorisadoorcharacteristicofabarn.Theyareoften/alwaysfoundonbarns,andbecauseofabarn'simmensesize(often)doorsaresubsequentlybigforutility.

AFrenchdoorisadoorstyleconsistingofaframearoundoneormoretransparentortranslucentpanels(calledlightsorlites)thatmaybeinstalledsingly,inmatchingpairs,orevenasseries.AmatchingpairofthesedoorsiscalledaFrenchwindowasitresemblesadoorheightcasementwindow.WhenapairofFrenchdoorsisusedasaFrenchwindow,theapplicationdoesnotgenerallyincludeacentralmullion(asdosomecasementwindowpairs),thusallowingawiderunobstructedopening.Theframetypicallyrequiresa

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AdoorofaRuinedchoultryatRyaliinSouthIndia

Copperalloydoorsandentranceway

weatherstripatfloorlevelandwherethedoorsmeettopreventwateringress.Anespagnoletteboltmayallowtheheadandfootofeachdoortobesecuredinonemovement.Theslenderwindowjoinerymaximizeslightintotheroomandminimizesthevisualimpactofthedoorwayjoinerywhenconsideredexternally.Often,thedoorsofaFrenchwindowopenoutwardontoabalcony,porch,orterraceandtheymayprovideanentrancetoagarden.

Alouvreddoorhasfixedormovablewoodenfins(oftencalledslatsorlouvers)whichpermitopenventilationwhilepreservingprivacyandpreventingthepassageoflighttotheinterior.Beingrelativelyweakstructures,theyaremostcommonlyusedforwardrobesanddryingrooms,wheresecurityisoflessimportancethangoodventilation,althoughaverysimilarstructureiscommonlyusedtoformwindowshutters.DoublelouvreddoorswereintroducedintoSeagate,builtinFloridain1929byGwendolynandPowelCrosley,thatprovidedthedesiredcirculationofairwithanaddeddegreeofprivacyinthatitisimpossibletoseethroughthefinsinanydirection.

Acompositedoorisasingleleafdoorthatcanbesolidorwithglass,andisusuallyfilledwithhighdensityfoam.IntheUnitedKingdom,itiscommonforcompositedoorstobecertifiedtoBSPAS23/24[9]andbecompliantwithSecuredbyDesign.

Aflushdoorisacompletelysmoothdoor,havingplywoodorMDFfixedoveralighttimberframe,thehollowpartsofwhichareoftenfilledwithacardboardcorematerial.Skinscanalsobemadeoutofhardboards,thefirstofwhichwasinventedbyWilliamHMasonin1924.CalledMasonite,itsconstructioninvolvedpressingandsteamingwoodchipsintoboards.Flushdoorsaremostcommonlyemployedintheinteriorofadwelling,althoughslightlymoresubstantialversionsareoccasionallyusedasexteriordoors,especiallywithinhotelsandotherbuildingscontainingmanyindependentdwellings.

Amouldeddoorhasthesamestructureasthatofflushdoor.TheonlydifferenceisthatthesurfacematerialisamouldedskinmadeofMDF.Skinscanalsobemadeoutofhardboards.

Aledgeandbracedoorisadoormadefrommultipleverticalplanksfixedtogetherbytwohorizontalplanks(theledges)andkeptsquarebyadiagonalplank(thebrace).

Awicketdoorisapedestriandoorbuiltintoamuchlargerdoorallowingaccesswithoutrequiringtheopeningofthelargerdoor.Examplesmightbefoundontheceremonialdoorofacathedralorinalargevehicledoorinagarageorhangar.

Abifolddoorisadoorunitthathasseveralsections,foldinginpairs.Woodisthemostcommonmaterial,anddoorsmayalsobemetalorglass.Bifoldsaremostcommonlymadeforclosets,butmayalsobeusedasunitsbetweenrooms.

Aslidingglassdoor,sometimescalledanArcadiadoororaPatiodoor,isadoormadeofglassthatslidesopenandsometimeshasascreen(aremovablemetalmeshthatcoversthedoor).

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AustraliandoorsareapairofplywoodswingingdoorsoftenfoundinAustralianpublichouses.ThesedoorsaregenerallyredorbrownincolorandbeararesemblancetothemoreformaldoorsfoundinotherBritishColonies'publichouses.

Afalsedoorisawalldecorationthatlookslikeadoor.InancientEgyptianarchitecture,thiswasacommonelementinatomb,thefalsedoorrepresentingagatetotheafterlife.Theycanalsobefoundinthefuneraryarchitectureofthedeserttribes(e.g.,LibyanGhirza).

Designandstyles

AdecorateddoorfromtheNamdrolingMonastery,southernIndia

AcarvedcedardoorintheGreatMosqueofKairouan(alsocalledtheMosqueofUqba),inKairouan,Tunisia

DoorinruralPunjab

Gardenwalldoor,calledmoongate,fromtheJapanesegarden.[10][11]

AFrenchwindow,knownaspatiodoorinUKandknownasPortafinestrainItalywhereitisacommonwindowdoortype

OpeninternaldoorinaShakerpublicbuilding

Frontdoorofahousewithtypicaldoorfurniture:aletterbox,doorknocker,alatchandtwolocks

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Themaintypesofdoormechanisms

Typesofmechanism

Hingeddoors

Mostdoorsarehingedalongonesidetoallowthedoortopivotawayfromthedoorwayinonedirectionbutnotintheother.Theaxisofrotationisusuallyvertical.Insomecases,suchashingedgaragedoors,theaxismaybehorizontal,abovethedooropening.

Doorscanbehingedsothattheaxisofrotationisnotintheplaneofthedoortoreducethespacerequiredonthesidetowhichthedooropens.Thisrequiresamechanismsothattheaxisofrotationisonthesideotherthanthatinwhichthedooropens.Thisissometimesthecaseintrainsorairplanes,suchasforthedoortothetoilet,whichopensinward.

Aswingdoorshasspecialdoubleactionhingesthatallowittoopeneitheroutwardsorinwards,andisusuallysprungtokeepitclosed.

Aselfboltingdooriscalledassuchbecauseofitsspecialhingesthatpermitthepanelleaftomovelaterallysothatthedooritselfbecomesagiantboltforbettersecurityresult.Theselfboltingdoorprinciplecanbeusedbothforhingeddoorsasforrotatingdoors,aswellasupandoverdoors(inthelattercase,theboltsarethenplacedattopandbottomratherthanatthesides).

FrenchdoorsarederivedfromanoriginalFrenchdesigncalledthecasementdoor.Itisadoorwithliteswhereallorsomepanelswouldbeinacasementdoor.AFrenchdoortraditionallyhasamouldedpanelatthebottomofthedoor.CalledaFrenchwindowwhenusedinpairsasdoubleleaveddoorswithlargeglasspanelsineachdoorleaf,andinwhichthedoorsmayswingout(mosttypical)aswellasin.

MeaddoorAdoorthatswingsbothways,developedbySMeadofLeicester.Thistypeofdoor,throughthedesign,issusceptibletoforcedentry.

Dutchdoororstabledoorthetophalfofthedooroperatesindependentlyfromthebottomhalf.Avariantexistsinwhichopeningthetoppartseparatelyispossible,butbecausethelowerparthasalipontheinside,closingthetoppart,whileleavingthelowerpartopen,isnot.

GardendoorresemblesaFrenchwindow(withlites),butismoresecurebecauseonlyonedoorisoperable.Thehingeoftheoperatingdoorisnexttotheadjacentfixeddoorandthelatchislocatedatthewallopeningjambratherthanbetweenthetwodoorsorwiththeuseofanespagnolettebolt.

Slidingdoors

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Itisoftenusefultohavedoorswhichslidealongtracks,oftenforspaceoraestheticconsiderations.

Abypassdoorisadoorunitthathastwoormoresections.Thedoorscanslideineitherdirectionalongoneaxisonparalleloverheadtracks,slidingpasteachother.Theyaremostcommonlyusedinclosets,inordertoaccessonesideoftheclosetatatime.Thedoorsinabypassunitwilloverlapslightlywhenviewedfromthefront,inordernottohaveavisiblegapbetweenthem.

Doorswhichslidebetweentwowallpanelsarecalledpocketdoors.

Slidingglassdoorsarecommoninmanyhouses,particularlyasanentrancetothebackyard.Suchdoorsarealsopopularforusefortheentrancestocommercialstructures,althoughtheyarenotcountedasfireexitdoors.Thedoorthatmovesiscalledthe"activeleaf",whilethedoorthatremainsfixediscalledthe"inactiveleaf".

Rotatingdoors

Arevolvingdoorhasseveralwingsorleaves,generallyfour,radiatingfromacentralshaft,formingcompartmentsthatrotateaboutaverticalaxis.Arevolvingdoorallowspeopletopassinbothdirectionswithoutcolliding,andformsanairlockmaintainingasealbetweeninsideandout.

Apivotdoor,insteadofhinges,issupportedonabearingsomedistanceawayfromtheedge,sothatthereismoreorlessofagaponthepivotsideaswellastheopeningside.Insomecasesthepivotiscentral,creatingtwoequalopenings.

HighSpeedDoor

AHighSpeedDoorisaveryfastdoorsomewithopeningspeedsofupto4m/s,mainlyusedintheindustrialsectorwherethespeedofadoorhasaneffectonproductionlogistics,temperatureandpressurecontrol.HighSpeedCleanRoomDoorsareusedinPharmaceuticalindustriesforthespecialcurtainandstainlesssteelframes.Theyguaranteethetightnessofallaccesses.Thepowerfulhighspeeddoorshaveasmoothsurfacestructureandnoprotrudingedges.Therefore,theycanbeeasilycleanedanddepositingofparticlesislargelyexcluded.HighSpeedDoorsaremadetohandleahighnumberofopenings,generallymorethan200000ayear.Theyneedtobebuiltwithheavydutypartsandcounterbalancesystemsforspeedenhancementandemergencyopeningfunction.ThedoorcurtainwasoriginallymadeofPVC,butwaslateralsodevelopedinaluminiumandacrylicglasssections.HighSpeedrefrigerationandcoldroomdoorswithexcellentinsulationvalueswasalsointroducedwiththeGreenandEnergysavingrequirements.

InNorthAmerica,theDoorandAccessSystemsManufacturingAssociation(DASMA)defineshighperformancedoorsasnonresidential,powereddoors,characterizedbyrolling,folding,slidingorswingingaction,thatareeitherhighcycle(minimum100cycles/day)orhighspeed(minimum20inches(508mm)/second),andtwooutofthreeofthefollowing:madetoorderforexactsizeandcustomfeatures,designedtobeabletowithstandequipmentimpact(breakawayifaccidentallyhitbyvehicle)ordesignedtosustainheavyusagewithminimalmaintenance.

Automatic

Automaticallyopeningdoorsarepoweredopenandclosedeitherbyelectricity,spring,orboth.Thereareseveralmethodsbywhichanautomaticallyopeningdoorisactivated:

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Anupandoverdoormechanismwithcounterweight

1. Asensordetectstrafficisapproaching.Sensorsforautomaticdoorsaregenerally:Apressuresensore.g.,afloormatwhichreactstothepressureofsomeonestandingonit.Aninfraredcurtainorbeamwhichshinesinvisiblelightontosensorsifsomeoneorsomethingblocksthebeamthedooristriggeredopen.Amotionsensorwhichuseslowpowermicrowaveradarforthesameeffect.Aremotesensor(e.g.basedoninfraredorradiowaves)canbetriggeredbyaportableremotecontrol,orisinstalledinsideavehicle.Thesearepopularforgaragedoors.

2. Aswitchisoperatedmanually,perhapsaftersecuritychecks.Thiscanbeapushbuttonswitchoraswipecard.

3. Theactofpushingorpullingthedoortriggerstheopenandclosecycle.Thesearealsoknownaspowerassisteddoors.

Inadditiontoactivationsensorsautomaticallyopeningdoorsaregenerallyfittedwithsafetysensors.Theseareusuallyaninfraredcurtainorbeam,butcanbeapressurematfittedontheswingsideofthedoor.Thepurposeofthesafetysensoristopreventthedoorfromcollidingwithanobjectinitspathbystoppingorslowingitsmotion.

Others

Upandoveroroverheaddoorsareoftenusedingarages.Insteadofhingesithasamechanism,oftencounterbalancedorsprung,thatallowsittobeliftedsothatitrestshorizontallyabovetheopening.Arollershutterorsectionaloverheaddoorisonevariantofthistype.

Atambourdoororrollerdoorisanupandoverdoormadeofnarrowhorizontalslatsand"rolls"upanddownbyslidingalongverticaltracksandistypicallyfoundinentertainmentcentresandcabinets.

Inwardopeningdoorsaredoorsthatcanonlybeopened(orforcedopen)fromoutsideabuilding.Suchdoorsposeasubstantialfirerisktooccupantsofoccupiedbuildingswhentheyarelocked.Assuchdoorscanonlybeforcedopenfromtheoutside,buildingoccupantswouldbepreventedfromescaping.Incommercialandretailsituationsmanufacturershaveincludedinthedesignamechanismthatallowsaninwardopeningdoortobepushedopenoutwardsintheeventofanemergency(whichisoftenaregulatoryrequirement).Thisisknownasa'breakaway'feature.Pushingthedooroutwardatitsclosedposition,throughaswitchmechanism,disconnectspowertothelatchandallowsthedoortoswingoutward.Uponreturningthedoortotheclosedposition,powerisrestored.

Rebateddoors,atermchieflyusedinBritain,aredoubledoorshavingaliporoverlap(i.e.aRabbet)ontheverticaledge(s)wheretheymeet.Fireratingcanbeachievedwithanappliededgeguardorastragalmoldingonthemeetingstile,inaccordancewiththeAmericanFiredoor.

EvolutionDoorisatracklessdoorthatmovesinthesameclosurelevelasaslidingdoor.ThesystemisaninventionoftheAustrianartistKlemensTorggler.FromthetechnicalpointofviewtheEvolutionDoorisafurtherdevelopment(evolution)oftheDrehplattentrorflippaneldoorthatnormallyconsistsoftworotatable,connectedpanelswhichmovetoeachotherwhenopening.[12]

Applications

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EvolutionDoor,2013

Architecturaldoorshavenumerousgeneralandspecializeduses.Doorsaregenerallyusedtoseparateinteriorspaces(rooms,closets,etc.)forprivacy,convenience,security,andsafetyreasons.Doorsarealsousedtosecurepassagesintoabuildingfromtheexteriorforreasonsofsafetyandclimatecontrol.

Doorsalsoareappliedinmorespecializedcases:

Atrapdoorisadoorthatisorientedhorizontallyinafloororceiling,oftenaccessedviaaladder.Blastproofdoorsareconstructedtoallowaccesstoastructurebutalsotoprovideprotectionfromtheforceofexplosions.Agardendoorisanydoorthatopenstoagardenorbackyard.ThistermisoftenusedspecificallyforFrenchwindows,doubleFrenchdoors(withlitesinsteadofpanels),inplaceofaslidingglassdoor.Thetermalsomayrefertowhatisknownaspatiodoors.Ajibdoorisaconcealeddoor,whosesurfacereflectsthemoldingsandfinishesofthewall.ThesewereusedinhistoricEnglishhouses,mainlyasservants'doors.Apetdoor(alsoknownasadogdoororcatflap)isanopeninginadoortoallowpetstoenterandexitwithoutthemaindoorbeingopened.Itmaybesimplycoveredbyarubberflaporitmaybeanactualdoorhingedonthetopthatthepetcanpushthrough.Petdoorsmaybemountedinaslidingglassdoorasanew(permanentortemporary)panel.Petdoorsmaybeunidirectional,onlyallowingpetstoexit.Petdoorsmaybeelectronic,onlyallowingpetswithaspecialelectronictagtoenter.

Constructionandcomponents

Paneldoors

Paneldoors,alsocalledstileandraildoors,arebuiltwithframeandpanelconstruction.EN12519isdescribingthetermswhichareofficiallyusedinEuropeanMemberStates.Themainpartsarelistedbelow:

StilesVerticalboardsthatrunthefullheightofadoorandcomposeitsrightandleftedges.Thehingesaremountedtothefixedside(knownasthe"hangingstile"),andthehandle,lock,boltorlatcharemountedontheswingingside(knownasthe"latchstile").RailsHorizontalboardsatthetop,bottom,andoptionallyinthemiddleofadoorthatjointhetwostilesandsplitthedoorintotwoormorerowsofpanels.The"toprail"and"bottomrail"arenamedfortheirpositions.Thebottomrailisalsoknownas"kickrail".Amiddlerailattheheightoftheboltisknownasthe"lockrail",othermiddlerailsarecommonlyknownas"crossrails".MullionsSmalleroptionalverticalboardsthatrunbetweentworails,andsplitthedoorintotwoormorecolumnsofpanels,thetermisusedsometimesforverticalsindoors,butmoreoften(UKandAustralia)itreferstoverticalsinwindows.MuntinOptionalverticalmembersthatdividethedoorintosmallerpanels.PanelsLarge,widerboardsusedtofillthespacebetweenthestiles,rails,andmullions.Thepanelstypicallyfitintogroovesintheotherpieces,andhelptokeepthedoorrigid.Panelsmaybeflat,orinraisedpaneldesigns.Canbegluedinorstayasafloatingpanel.LightorLiteapieceofglassusedinplaceofapanel,essentiallygivingthedoorawindow.

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Partsofapanelandorglazeddoor

jointbetweenmidrail,lockrailandagunstockstile

Plankandbattendoors

Plankandbattendoorsareanolderdesignconsistingprimarilyofverticalslats:

PlanksVerticalboardsthatextendthefullheightofthedoor,andareplacedsidebysidefillingthedoor'swidth.BattensSmallerslatsthatextendhorizontallyacrossthedoorwhichtheplanksareaffixedto.Thebattensholdtheplankstogether.Sometimesalongdiagonalslatortwoarealsoimplementedtopreventthedoorfromskewing.Onsomedoors,especiallyantiqueones,thebattensarereplacedwithironbarsthatareoftenbuiltintothehingesasextensionsofthedoorsideplates.

Ledgedandbraceddoors

Thistypeconsistsofverticaltongueandgroovedboardsheldtogetherwithbattensanddiagonalbraces.

Impactresistantdoors

Impactresistantdoorshaveroundedstileedgestodissipateenergyandminimizeedgechipping,scratchinganddenting.TheformededgesareoftenmadeofanengineeredmaterialsuchasAcrovyn.Impactresistantdoorsexcelinhightrafficareassuchashospitals,schools,andhotels.

Frameandfilleddoors

Thistypeconsistsofasolidtimberframe,filledononeface,facewithTongueandGroovedboards.Quiteoftenusedexternallywiththeboardsontheweatherface.

Flushdoors

Manymoderndoors,includingmostinteriordoors,areflushdoors:

StilesandrailsAsabove,butusuallysmaller.Theyformtheoutsideedgesofthedoor.Corematerial:Materialwithinthedoorusedsimplytofillspace,providerigidityandreducedrumminess.

HollowcoreOftenconsistsofalatticeorhoneycombmadeofcorrugatedcardboard,orthinwoodenslats.Canalsobebuiltwithstaggeredwoodenblocks.Hollowcoreflushdoorsarecommonlyusedasinteriordoors.

LockblockAsolidblockofwoodmountedwithinahollowcoreflushdoornearthebolttoprovideasolidandstablelocationformountingthedoor'shardware.

StavecoreConsistsofwoodenslatsstackedupononeanotherinamannersimilartoaplank&battendoor(thoughtheslatsareusuallythinner)orthewoodenblockhollowcore(exceptthatthespaceisentirelyfilled).SolidcoreCanconsistoflowdensityparticleboardorfoamusedtocompletelyfillthespace

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Aframeandfilleddoor

Ahollowdoorwithonefaceremoved

withinthedoor.Solidcoreflushdoors(especiallyfoamcoreones)arecommonlyusedasexteriordoorsbecausetheyprovidemoreinsulationandstrength.

SkinThefrontandbackfacesofthedoorarethencoveredwithwoodveneer,thinplywood,sheetmetal,fiberglass,orvinyl.Thewoodenmaterialsareusuallylayeredwiththegrainalternatingdirectionbetweenlayerstopreventwarping.Fiberglassandmetalfaceddoorsaresometimesgivenalayerofcellulosesothattheymaybestainedtolooklikerealwood.

Mouldeddoors

StilesandrailsAsabove,butusuallysmaller.Theyformtheoutsideedgesofthedoor.Corematerial:Materialwithinthedoorusedsimplytofillspace,providerigidityandreducedruminess.

HollowcoreOftenconsistsofalatticeorhoneycombmadeofcorrugatedcardboard,orthinwoodenslats.Canalsobebuiltwithstaggeredwoodenblocks.Hollowcoreflushdoorsarecommonlyusedasinteriordoors.

LockblockAsolidblockofwoodmountedwithinahollowcoreflushdoornearthebolttoprovideasolidandstablelocationformountingthedoor'shardware.

StavecoreConsistsofwoodenslatsstackedupononeanotherinamannersimilartoaplank&battendoor(thoughtheslatsareusuallythinner)orthewoodenblockhollowcore(exceptthatthespaceisentirelyfilled).SolidcoreCanconsistoflowdensityparticleboardorfoamusedtocompletelyfillthespacewithinthedoor.Solidcoreflushdoors(especiallyfoamcoreones)arecommonlyusedasexteriordoorsbecausetheyprovidemoreinsulationandstrength.

SkinThefrontandbackfacesofthedoorarecoveredwithHDF/MDFskins.

Swingdirection

DoorswingsFormostoftheworld,doorswings,orhanding,aredeterminedwhilestandingontheoutsideorlesssecuresideofthedoorwhilefacingthedoor(i.e.,standingonthesideyouusethekeyon,goingfromoutsidetoinside,orfrompublictoprivate).

Itisespeciallyimportanttogetthehandandswingrightonexteriordoors,asthetransomisusuallyslopedandsealedtoresistwaterentry,andtoproperlydrain.Insomecustommillwork(orwithsomemastercarpenters),themanufactureorinstallerwillbeveltheleadingedge(thefirstedgetomeetthejambasthedoorisclosing)sothatthedoorfitstightwithoutbinding.Specifyinganincorrecthandorswingwillcausethedoortobind,notcloseproperlyorleak(forexteriordoors).Fixingthisspecificationerrorwillbeexpensiveortimeconsuming.SeenotebelowforAustraliawhereadifferentorientationisused.

InNorthAmerica,manydoorsnowcomewithfactoryinstalledhinges,prehungonthejambandsills.

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Doorswingdirectionsdiagram.

Todeterminehand,standontheoutside(orlesssecure)sideofthedoor.Whilefacingthedoor,ifthehingeisontherightsideofthedoor,thedooris"Righthanded"orifthehingeisontheleft,itis"Lefthanded".

Ifthedoorswingstowardyou,itis"Reverseswing"orifthedoorswingsawayfromyou,itis"Normalswing".

Inotherwords:

Lefthandhinge(LHH):Standingoutside(oronthelesssecureside,oronthepublicsideofthedoor),thehingesareontheleftandthedooropensin(awayfromyou).Righthandhinge(RHH):Standingoutside(oronthelesssecureside),thehingesareontherightandthedooropensin(awayfromyou).Lefthandreverse(LHR):Standingoutsidethehouse(oronthelesssecureside),thehingesareontheleft,knobonright,onopeningthedooritswingstowardsyou(i.e.thedoorswingsopentowardstheoutside,or"outswing")Righthandreverse(RHR):Standingoutsidethehouse(i.e.onthelesssecureside),thehingesareontheright,knobonleft,openingthedoorbypullingthedoortowardsyou(i.e.openswingstotheoutside,or"outswing")

Note:InAustralia,thisisdifferent.Therefrigeratorruleapplies(youcan'tstandinafridge,thedooralwaysopenstowardsyou)Ifthehingesareontheleftthenitisalefthand(orlefthung)door.Ifthehingesareontherightthenitisarighthand(orrighthung)door.SeetheAustralianStandardsforInstallationofTimberDoorsets,AS19091984pg6.

InEuropeoneoftheoldestDINstandardapplies:DIN107"Buildingconstructionidentificationofrightandleftside"(first192205,current197404)definesthatdoorsarecategorizedfromthesidewherethedoorhingescanbeseen.Ifthehingesareontheleft,it'saDINLeftdoor(DINlinks,DINgauche),ifthehingesareontheright,it'saDINRightdoor(DINrechts,DINdroite).TheDINRightandDINLeftmarkingarealsousedtocategorizematchinginstallationmaterialsuchasmortiselocks(referencedinDIN107).TheEuropeanStandardDINEN12519"Windowsandpedestriandoors.Terminology"includesthesedefinitionsoforientation.

Inpublicbuildings,exteriordoorsshouldopentotheoutsideinordertocomplywithanyfirecodesthatmaybeinforceinthatjurisdiction.Ifthedooropensinwardandthereisafire,therecanbeacrushofpeoplewhorunforthedoorandtheywillnotbeabletoopenit.

Types

Newexteriordoorsarelargelydefinedbythetypeofmaterialstheyaremadefrom:wood,steel,fiberglass,uPVC/Vinyl,aluminum,composite,glass(patiodoors)

Woodendoorsincludingsolidwooddoorsareatopchoiceformanyhomeowners,largelybecauseoftheaestheticqualitiesofwood.Manywooddoorsarecustommade,buttheyhaveseveraldownsides:theirprice,theirmaintenancerequirements(regularpaintingandstaining)andtheirlimitedinsulatingvalue[13](R5toR6,notincludingtheeffectsoftheglasselementsofthedoors).

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Steeldoorsareanothermajortypeofresidentialfrontdoorsmostofthemcomewithapolyurethaneorothertypeoffoaminsulationcoreacriticalfactorinabuilding'soverallcomfortandefficiency.

Mostmodernexteriorwallsaredesignedtoprovidethermalinsulationandenergyefficiency,whichcanbeindicatedbytheEnergyStarlabelorthePassiveHousestandards.Andthatswherepremiumcomposite(includingsteeldoorswithathickcoreofpolyurethaneorotherfoam),fiberglassandvinyldoorsbecomeinteresting.Fromathermalstandpoint,thesedoorscanbenefitfromthematerialstheyaremadefrom.

InsulationandWeatherstrips

ButthereareveryfewdoormodelswithanRvaluecloseto10(whichisfarlessthantheR40wallsortheR50ceilingsofsuperinsulatedbuildingsPassiveSolarandZeroEnergyBuildings).Typicaldoorsarenotthickenoughtoprovideveryhighlevelsofenergyefficiency.

ManydoorsmayhavegoodRvaluesattheircenter,buttheiroverallenergyefficiencyisreducedbecauseofthepresenceofglassandreinforcingelements,orbecauseofpoorweatherstrippingandthewaythedoorismanufactured.

Doorweatherstrippingisparticularlyimportantforenergyefficiency.GermanmadePassiveHousedoorsusemultipleweatherstrips,includingmagneticstrips,tomeethigherstandards.Theseweatherstripsarecriticaltoreducetoaminimumenergylossesduetoairleakage.

Dimensions

UnitedStates

ThestandarddoorsizesintheUSrunalong2"increments.Customarysizeshaveaheightof78"(1981mm)or80"(2032mm)andawidthof18"(472mm),24"(610mm),26"(660mm),28"(711mm),30"(762mm)or36"(914mm).[14]Mostresidentialpassage(roomtoroom)doorsare30"x80"(762mmx2032mm).

AstandardUSresidential(exterior)doorsizeis36"x80"(91x203cm).Interiordoorsforwheelchairaccessmustalsohaveaminimumwidthof3'0"(91cm).Residentialinteriordoorsareoftensomewhatsmallerbeing6'8"high,asaremanysmallstores,offices,andotherlightcommercialbuildings.Largercommercial,publicbuildingsandgrandhomesoftenusedoorsofgreaterheight.Olderbuildingsoftenhavesmallerdoors.

Closets:smallspacessuchasclosets,dressingrooms,halfbaths,storagerooms,cellars,etc.oftenareaccessedthroughdoorssmallerthanpassagedoorsinoneorbothdimensionsbutsimilarindesign.

Garages:Garagedoorsaregenerally7'0"or8'0"wideforasinglecaropening.Twocargaragedoors(sometimescalleddoublecardoors)areasingledoor16'0".Becauseofsizeandweightthesedoorsareusuallysectional.Thatissplitintofourorfivehorizontalsectionssothattheycanberaisedmoreeasilyanddon'trequirealotofadditionalspaceabovethedoorwhenopeningandclosing.Therearesinglepiecedoublegaragedoorsfoundinsomeolderhomes.circa1950's

Europe

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Adiagramillustratingthecomponentsofapaneldoor

ThestandardDINdoorsaredefinedinDIN18101(published195507,198501,201408).Thedoorsizesarealsogivenintheconstructionstandardforwoodendoorpanels(DIN687061).TheDINcommissionwasalsoresponsiblefortheharmonizedEuropeanstandardDINEN143511forexteriordoorsandDINEN143512forinteriordoors(published200607,201008),whichdefinestherequirementsfortheCEmarkinggivingstandardsizesbyexamplesintheappendix.

TheDIN18101standardhasanormativesize(Nennma)slightlylargerthanthepanelsize(Trblatt)asthestandardderivesthepanelsizesfromthenormativesizebeingdifferentsingledoorvsdoubledoorandmoldedvsunmoldeddoors.TheDIN18101/1985definesinteriorsinglemoldeddoorstohaveacommonpanelheightof1985mm(normativheight2010mm)atpanelwidthsof610mm,735mm,860mm,985mm,1110mm,plusalargerdoorpanelsizeof1110mmx2110mm.[15]ThenewerDIN18101/2014dropsthedefinitionofjustfivestandarddoorsizesinfavorofabasicrasterrunningalong125mmincrementswheretheheightandwidthareindependent.Thepanelwidthmaybeintherange485mmto1360mmm,andtheheightmaybeintherangeof1610mmto2735mm.[16]Themostcommoninteriordooris860mmx1985mm(33.8"x78.1").

Doorwaycomponents

Whenframedinwoodforsnugfittingofadoor,thedoorwayconsistsoftwoverticaljambsoneitherside,alintelorheadjambatthetop,andperhapsathresholdatthebottom.Whenadoorhasmorethanonemovablesection,oneofthesectionsmaybecalledaleaf.Seedoorfurnitureforadiscussionofattachmentstodoorssuchasdoorhandles,doorknobs,anddoorknockers.

LintelAhorizontalbeamaboveadoorthatsupportsthewallaboveit.(Alsoknownasaheader)JambsTheverticalpoststhatformthesidesofadoorframe,wherethehingesaremounted,andwithwhichtheboltinteracts.ThresholdAhorizontalsillplatebelowthedoorthatsupportstheframeDoorstopathinslatbuiltinsidetheframetopreventadoorfromswingingthroughwhenclosed,anactwhichmightbreakthehinges.ArchitraveThedecorativemoldingthatoutlinesadoorframe.(calledanArchivoltifthedoorisarched).CalleddoorcasingorbrickmoldinNorthAmerica.

Relatedhardware

Doorfurnitureorhardwarereferstoanyoftheitemsthatareattachedtoadoororadrawertoenhanceitsfunctionalityorappearance.Thisincludesitemssuchashinges,handles,doorstops,etc.

Relatedaccidents

Doorsafetyrelatestopreventionofdoorrelatedaccidents.Suchaccidentstakeplaceinvariousforms,andinanumberoflocationsrangingfromcardoorstogaragedoors.Accidentsvaryinseverityandfrequency.AccordingtotheNationalSafetyCouncilintheUnitedStates,300,000injuriesarecausedbydoorsevery

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"Thedoor"byMexicanartistMauricioGarcaVega.

year.[17]

Thetypesofaccidentsvaryfromrelativelyminorcaseswheredoorscausedamagetootherobjects,suchaswalls,toseriouscasesresultinginhumaninjury,particularlytofingers.Aclosingdoorcanexertupto40tonspersquareinchofpressurebetweenthehinges.Becauseofthenumberofaccidentstakingplace,therehasbeenasurgeinthenumberoflawsuits.Thusorganisationsmaybeatriskwhencardoorsordoorswithinbuildingsareunprotected.

AccordingtotheUSGeneralServicesAdministration:

"...Itisessentialthatchildren'sfingersbeprotectedfrombeingcrushedorotherwiseinjuredinthehingespaceofaswingingdoororgate.Therearesimpledevicesavailabletoattachtothehingeside,ensuringthatthistypeofinjurydoesnotoccur.Asthedoorcloses,thehandispushedoutoftheopening,awayfromharm.Inaddition,youngchildrenarevulnerabletoinjurywhentheyfallagainsttheother(hinged)sideofdoorsandgates,strikingprojectedhinges.Pianohingesarenotrecommendedtoalleviatethisproblemastheytendtosagovertimewithheavyuse.Instead,aninexpensivedevicefittingoverhingesisavailableonthemarketandshouldbeusedtoensuresafety..."[18]

Outwardandinwardopening

Wheneveradoorisopenedoutwardsthereisariskthatitcouldstrikeanotherperson.Inmanycasesthiscanbeavoidedbyarchitecturaldesignwhichfavorsdoorswhichopeninwardsintorooms(fromtheperspectiveofacommonareasuchasacorridor,thedooropensoutwards).Incaseswherethisisinfeasible,itmaybepossibletoavoidanaccidentbyplacingwindowsinthedoor.[19]

However,inwardhingeddoorscanalsoescalateanaccidentbypreventingpeoplefromescapingthebuilding:peopleinsidethebuildingmaypressagainstthedoors,andthuspreventthedoorsfromopening.ThiswaspartlythecaseintheGrueChurchfireinNorwayin1822.

Today,theexteriordoorsofmostlarge(especiallypublic)buildingsopenoutward,whileinteriordoorssuchasdoorstoindividualrooms,offices,suites,etc.openinward,asdomanyexteriordoorsofhouses,particularlyinNorthAmerica.

Doorstops

Doorstopsaresimpledevicesusedtopreventadoorfromcomingintocontactwithanotherobject(typicallyawall).Withoutthedoorstopdamagemightbedonetothewall.Theymayeitherabsorbtheforceofamovingdoor,orholdthedoorinplacetopreventunintendedmotion.

Doorguards

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Thepurposeofdoorguards(alsoknownashingeguards,antifingertrappingdevices,orfingerguards)istoreducethenumberoffingertrappingaccidentsindoors,asdoorsposearisktochildrenespeciallywhenclosing.Doorguardsprotectfingersindoorhingesbycoveringthegapthatiscreatedbyopeningdoorsbycoveringthehingesofdoorswithapieceofrubberorplasticthatwrapsfromthedoorframetothedoor.Therearealsodoorsafetyproductswhichejectthefingersfromthepushsideofthedoorasitisbeingclosed.

Therearevariouslevelsofdoorprotection.Frontdoorprotectionafrontantifingertrappingdevicebutleavestherearhingepinsideofthedoorunprotected.Fulldoorprotectionusesfrontandrearantifingertrappingdevicesandensuresthehingesideofadoorisfullyprotected.Whichlevelofprotectionisappropriateshouldbedeterminedbyariskassessmentofthedoor.

Thereisalsohandlesidedoorprotection,whichpreventsthedoorfromslammingshutontheframe,whichcancauseinjurytofingers/hands.

Safetydoors

Asafetydoorpreventsfingerinjuriesnearthehingeswithouttheuseofdoorguards.Ratherthancoverthedangerarea,theapproachistochangetheshapeofthedoorsothatanaccessiblegapdoesnotforminthefirstplace.Thisisachievedbyaddingaperfectlycircular("bullnose"shaped)extensiontothedoor,whichmovesinandoutofacavityasthedooropensandcloses.Thispreventsanypartofahandbeingcrushednearthehingeseitherinsideoroutside.Thesedoorshaveanoperatingrangeofslightlyover90degrees,sotheiruseislimitedtowheretheycomeintocontactwithasidewallwhenfullyopen(orwheretheycanbepreventedfromopeningtoofarbyadoorstop).

Glassdoors

Glassdoorsposetheriskofunintentionalcollisionifapersonbelievesthedoortobeopenwhenitisclosed,orisunawarethereisadooratall.Thisriskmaybeparticularlypronouncedwithslidingglassdoorsbecausetheyoftenhavelargesinglepaneswhicharehardtosee.Topreventinjuryfromglassdoors,stickersorothertypesofwarningsaresometimesplacedontheglasssurfacetomakeitmorevisible.Forinstance,intheUK,Regulation14oftheWorkplace(HealthandSafetyRegulations)1992requiresthemarkingofwindowsandglassdoorstomakethemconspicuous.AustralianStandards:AS1288andAS2208requireglassdoorstobemadefromlaminatedortoughenedglass.

Fire

Specialpurposefiredoorsareoftenemployedinbuildingstoreducetheoverallriskoffire,particularlybypreventingthespreadoffireandsmoke.Incaseswheretheyareimproperlyinstalled,employed,ortamperedwith,theriskoffirecanbeincreased.Doorclosersaresometimesusedtoensurefiredoorsremainclosed.

Anadditionalriskinafireisthatdoorsmaypreventaccesstoemergencyservicespersonnelinordertofightthefire,rescueoccupants,etc.Doorbreachingtechniquesmayberequiredinthesesituationstogainaccess.

Panicbarsareoftenusedinbuildingssothatadoorlockedfromtheexteriorcanquicklyandeasilybeopenedfromtheinsideintheeventofafireorotheremergency.

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Vehicledoors

Theremaybeanincreasedriskoftrappinghandsorfingersincardoorscomparedtoothertypesofdoors,duetotheproximityinwhichtheoccupantsits.Insomecaraccidents,injurytooccupantsfromthemovementofcardoorsmayoccur.

Bicyclistsoftenfearcollisionwithanopeningcardoorincasethecar'soccupantdoesnotlookcarefullytocheckthatitissafetoopenthedoor.Becausecyclistsoftenridenearparkedcarsalongthesideoftheroad(seedoorzone)theyareparticularlyvulnerable.

Aircraftdoors

Doorswhichleadfrominterior,pressurized,sectionsofanaircrafttoexteriororunpressurizedareascanposeextremeriskiftheyareinadvertentlyopenedduringflight.Thiscanbemitigatedbyhavingdoorsthatopeninwardlyandaredesignedtobeforcedintotheirdoorframesbytheinternalcabinpressuremostcabindoorsareofthistype.However,anoutwardopeningdoorisoftenadvantageousforcargodoorstomaximiseavailablespace,andtheseneedtobesecuredbyheftylockingmechanismstoovercomeinternalpressure.

Anumberofaccidentshaveoccurredwhereoutwardopeningaircraftdoorswereopenedinflight,oftenaccidentally:

AmericanAirlinesFlight96(1972)TurkishAirlinesFlight981(1974)PanAmFlight125(1987)UnitedAirlinesFlight811(1989)

Seealso

Janus,RomangodofdoorsBiometricsCatflapClosedcircuittelevisionCoalholeCommonAccessCardDoorsecurityDoublemargindoorsElectroniclockHighSpeedDoorIDCardIPvideosurveillanceKeycardsLocksmithingLockpickingLogicalsecurityMagneticstripecard

References

5/10/2015 DoorWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door 20/20

Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopdiaBritannicaarticleDoor.

WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoDoors.

1. See,forexamplethedoorkeepingdutiesoftheGentlemanUsheroftheBlackRod.

2. "Swissarchaeologistsfind5,000yearolddoor

(http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2010/10/20/swiss_archaeologists_find_5000_year_old_door/)".Boston.com.October20,2010

3. Needham,Joseph.(1986).ScienceandCivilizationinChina:Volume4,Part2,MechanicalEngineering.Taipei:CavesBooks,Ltd.

4. HowardR.Turner(1997),ScienceinMedievalIslam:AnIllustratedIntroduction,p.181,UniversityofTexasPress,ISBN0292781490.

5. Architecture,EuropeanCopperInstitutehttp://eurocopper.org/copper/copperarchitecture.html6. "Abbeyoakdoor'Britain'soldest' "(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4743899.stm).BBCNews.20050803.

Retrieved20100501.7. http://www.timesnews.co.uk/doordesignideasDoordesignideas8. Nicholson,Peter(1841).TheNewandImprovedPracticalBuilder.London:ThomasKelly.pp.9798.9. http://thecrimepreventionwebsite.com/pas242012enhancedsecuritydoorsets/573/whatdoescertificatedtopas

24actuallymean/10. rostock.de/en/outdoorgarden/japanesegarden(http://www.garten.unirostock.de/en/outdoorgarden/japanese

garden/)11. Japanese_Garden_International_Garden_Show_Rostock_Germany

(http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6HFD_Japanese_Garden_International_Garden_Show_Rostock_Germany)

12. GrueblersCriteriaappliedon5Barmechanism(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lui6cdRnCw)13. ExteriorDoorsEnergy.govhttp://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/doors14. optionsathomedepot.com15. "TrblattgrennachDIN18101"(http://www.baunetzwissen.de/standardartikel/Fensterund

Tueren_TuerblattgroessennachDIN18101_155263.html).16. "DIN18101ManormfrTrengrundlegendberarbeitet"(http://www.zegholz.de/news/aktuelle

news/article/17/din18101ma.html?no_cache=1).17. Protectingchildrensfingersfromdoorinjuries(redwoodsgroup.com)

(http://www.redwoodsgroup.com/JCCs/documents/J_RMA_ProtectingChildrensFingers_12.10.05.pdf)18. USAGeneralServicesAdministrationChildCareCenterDesignGuide,June199819. HomeSafetyGuidelinesforArchitects&Builders,NBSGCR78156,BOSTI,December1978

Thisarticleincorporatestextfromapublicationnowinthepublicdomain:Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911).EncyclopdiaBritannica(11thed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.

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Categories: Doors Typesofgates

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