Donohue macromolecule

Click here to load reader

download Donohue macromolecule

of 43

Transcript of Donohue macromolecule

Macromolecule Scramble

Intro to Macro moleculesMacromolecules

CarbonThe element of LIFE!Found in all living organisms! We are always looking for carbon based life formsOrganic molecules: molecules that contain carbonC6H12O6, CO2, CH4Some molecules are made of just CARBON and HYDROGENwe call these HYDROCARBONSThese are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon componentsHydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energyInorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbonH2O, NH3, O2

LE 4-4Hydrogen(valence = 1)Oxygen(valence = 2)Nitrogen(valence = 3)Carbon(valence = 4)3Structure of CarbonStructureValence electrons: 4How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?4: single, double, or tripleas long as it has 4 lines touching itThis makes carbon a versatile atomit can make long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring structures with itself

LE 4-5LengthEthanePropaneButane2-methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)BranchingDouble bondsRings1-Butene2-ButeneCyclohexaneBenzene5Some important words to knowMoleculeGroup of covalently bonded atomsMacromoleculelarge molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atomsFunctional GroupsGroup of atoms within a molecule that interact in PREDICTABLE waysPolar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl group Carboxyl groupAmino groupSulfhydryl groupPhosphate group

Two REALLY ImportantMolecules with Phosphate GroupsATPDNA (nucleotide)

LE 4-10aaSTRUCTURE(may be written HO)NAME OF COMPOUNDSAlcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beveragesFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESIs polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).10

LE 4-10acSTRUCTURENAME OF COMPOUNDSCarboxylic acids, or organic acidsEXAMPLEHas acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.Acetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour tasteFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESThe covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,Acetic acidAcetate ionIn cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.11

LE 4-10baSTRUCTURENAME OF COMPOUNDSAmineEXAMPLEBecause it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESActs as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:(nonionized)Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditionsGlycine(ionized)12

LE 4-10bcSTRUCTURENAME OF COMPOUNDSOrganic phosphatesEXAMPLEGlycerol phosphateFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESMakes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).Can transfer energy between organic molecules. 13What are macromolecules made of?A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomersPoly=manyMono=oneThink of a beaded bracelet.each bead is a MONOMER The entire bracelet is a POLYMERLarge variety of polymers but there are less than 50 monomerskinda like the alphabetlots of words, only 26 lettersPolymerization: THE PROCESS OF MAKING A LARGER MOLECULE BY PUTTING TOGETHER SMALLER MOLECULESThree of the four classes of lifes organic molecules are polymers:CarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acids

***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still macromolecules

Brief Overview of 4 MacromoleculesCarbohydratesMonomer: monosaccharaides and disaccharidesPolymer: polysaccharides aka complex carbohydrates (Starches)ProteinsMonomer: Amino acidsPolymer: Polypeptide Chain (PROTEINS)Nucleic AcidsMonomer: NucleotidePolymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)Lipids, fats, oils and steroidsMonomer: NONEPolymer: NONE

How Would You Describe These People?Making and Breaking PolymersPolymerization: making polymersDehydration ReactionDehydrate means water lossWhen a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a monomer to another monomerHydrolysisHydro- waterLysis- to break downDef: to break apart or disassemble a polymer by adding water (H-OH)

LE 5-2Short polymerUnlinked monomerDehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bondDehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymerLonger polymerHydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bondHydrolysis of a polymer

CarbohydratesMonomer: Monosaccharide or DisaccharidePolymer: PolysaccharideLink between monomers is called: Glycosidic LinkageFormed by a dehydration reactionAlways have Carbon, Hydrogen, and OxygensCxH2xOxCommon name: sugarEnd with suffix -oseFunction: Energy/fuel, structure, storageGLUCOSE!!!! What all cells need for energy

Carbs continuedMonosaccharides: Glucose & fructoseDisaccharides: sucrosePolysaccharidesStarchIn plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cordGlycogenExcess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomersStored in muscle and liver cellsWhen body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose CelluloseFound in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer; building material; aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide downPasses through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrientSome animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down celluloseCarbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH)Dissolve in water making sugary solutionsLarge carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve Think about your towels and clothes, duh!

ProteinsMonomer: amino acids20 amino acidsAmine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbonOnly thing different is side chainR-groupPolymer: polypeptide chains (proteins)Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond Made by a dehydration reaction (between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another aa)STRUCTURE of A.A.Amino group on one end (-NH2)Carboxyl group on one end (COOH)HydrogenR-group/side chain (changes)-------- ALANINEFunction of Proteins:structural supportStorageTransportcellular communicationsMovementdefense against foreign substancesProteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells

GlycinePolypeptide bonds

DEHYDRATION!!!

Protein StructurePrimary structure 1Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chainSecondary structure 2Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions between amino acidsHYDROGEN BONDINGTertiary Structure 3Gives proteins 3-D shapeVERY IMPORTANT to function of proteinBeta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on interactions between R-groups of a.a.Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions, acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds, van der Waals forcesQuaternary Structure 4the association of the polypeptide chainssome proteins contain more than one polypeptide chainEach polypeptide chain in the protein is called a subunitTwo or more subunits come together for a specific functionHEMOGLOBINOn Red blood cellsIts shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!

DenaturationUnraveling/unfolding of proteinWhy would this be a problem?When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its specific functionCaused by:Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental conditionDisrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of shapeExamples:Frying an eggStraightening your hair

Classification of Proteins According to biological function.Type:Example:Enzymes- Catalyze biological reactions-galactosidaseTransport and StorageHemoglobinMovementActinAnd Myosin in musclesImmune ProtectionImmunoglobulins (antibodies)Regulatory Function within cellsTranseription Factors HormonesInsulinEstrogenStructuralCollagen

31Fats/LipidsMade of mostly carbon and hydrogensome oxygenUsually not soluble in waterNot a polymer but is made of molecular unitsGlycerol + 3 Fatty Acids= FATLinkage is called ESTER linkageDehydration reactionFunctionEnergy storageInsulationwaterproofing

Types of FatsSaturatedSolid at room temperatureAnimal fatsAll the carbons in the fatty acid chains contain the MAXIMUM # of hydrogen atoms around each atomSATURATED with hydrogenOnly single bonds in fatty acid chainUnsaturated/polyunsaturated fatsLiquid at room temperaturePlant oils, fish oilsOne or more double bonded carbon atoms in fatty acid chain, then it is unsaturated

Phospholipids-make up the cell membrane-Have Phosphate group (charged) with two fatty acid chains attached-makes the cell membrane hydrophilic AND hydrophobic

SteroidsChemical messengersStructure4 fused carbon ringsEx. Cholesterol, testosterone, estradiolFunctionstructural component of mammalian cell membranesresilience and fluidity of human membranesmobilized for the synthesis of steroid hormonesprotecting the human skin against external irritants and for holding water contentImprovement of water balance in human skin Enhanced barrier function for stratum Inhibition of aging of skin Water retention for hair

Central Dogma of BiologyDNAmRNAproteinDNA TRANSCRIBES to mRNAWhat does transcribe mean???To COPYProcess is called transcriptionCopy the message from DNAmRNA TRANSLATES to proteinsTo go from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins we need to TRANSLATE the messageProcess is called translationmRNA actually makes amino acids, which come together to make proteins

Nucleic AcidsMonomer: NucleotideStructure of a NucleotideMade of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base

Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Central Dogma Of BiologyDNA RNAProteinDNA vs. RNA: Whats The Difference???DNAgenetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organismsInstructions to make RNA and proteinslong-term storage of information NITROGENOUS BASES: Pyrimidines: cytosine and thyminePurines: guanine and adenineA binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA

RNAmessenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomesessential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesisThree types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNANITROGENOUS BASES: Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracilPurines: guanine and adenineA binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA

Biology Do NowAnalyze the role each macromolecule plays in your daily life, from the minute you wake up to when you go to bed tonight. In a well-supported paragraph reflect on the activities you completed today. Explain how you utilize each macromolecule throughout the day, what would happen if you were lacking certain marcomolecules, and why macromolecules are the foundation of life.