Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, or Systems

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Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, or Systems August 29, 2017 2-3:30pm Central Time Sandra Burge, PhD., University of Texas health Science Center, San Antonio, TX Funding for this project was made available through the US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant #90EV0440-01-00. The viewpoints contained in this document are solely the responsibility of the author(s) and do not represent the official views or policies of the department and do not in any way constitute an endorsement by the Department of Health and Human Services. Thank you for joining us today! The materials are available on our website: http://www.bwjp.org/training/webinar- domestic-violence-is-complex.html AUDIO OPTIONS The audio component can be heard by VoiceoverIP (VoIP) or telephone: VoIP: Select "connect" to internet audio on the Start tab to get your audio streaming through your computer. Telephone: Select “I am dialed in” on the Start tab and dial in from you telephone. Your standard long distance charges will apply . Dial-in: 641-715-3670 Passcode: 732746 AUDIO TROUBLESHOOTING for VoIP Verify you selected “connect” to the internet audio If your computer & speaker volume are turned all the way up, & volume is too low, run the audio wizard under “Tools” at the top of your screen. If still low volume, try a headset (which is recommended). Lastly, if all your troubleshooting attempts have failed please dial in from a telephone. Your computer &/or network don’t have the requirements (bandwidth, memory, etc) for VoIP on this webinar. Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, Systems Sandra K. Burge, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Family & Community Medicine University ofTexas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Transcript of Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, or Systems

Page 1: Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, or Systems

Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, or Systems

August 29, 20172-3:30pm Central Time

Sandra Burge, PhD., University of Texas health Science Center, San Antonio, TX

Funding for this project was made available through the US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant #90EV0440-01-00. The viewpoints contained in this document are solely the responsibility of the author(s) and do not represent the official views or policies of the department and do not in any way constitute an endorsement by

the Department of Health and Human Services.

Thank you for joining us today!

The materials are available on our website: http://www.bwjp.org/training/webinar-domestic-violence-is-complex.html

AUDIO OPTIONS

The audio component can be heard by VoiceoverIP (VoIP) or telephone:

VoIP: Select "connect" to internet audio on the Start tab to get your audio streaming through your computer.

Telephone: Select “I am dialed in” on the Start tab and dial in from you telephone. Your standard long distance charges will apply .

Dial-in: 641-715-3670 Passcode: 732746

AUDIO TROUBLESHOOTING for VoIP

•Verify you selected “connect” to the internet audio

•If your computer & speaker volume are turned all the way up, & volume is too low, run the audio wizard under “Tools” at the top of your screen.

•If still low volume, try a headset (which is recommended).

•Lastly, if all your troubleshooting attempts have failed please dial in from a telephone. Your computer &/or network don’t have the requirements (bandwidth, memory, etc) for VoIP on this webinar.

Domestic Violence is Complex: Cycles, Wheels, Systems

Sandra K. Burge, Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Family & Community Medicine

University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

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Acknowledging… 

Research Team

• David A. Katerndahl, MD, MA

• Robert L. Ferrer, MD, MPH 

• Robert C. Wood, DrPH

• Jenna Becho, MA

• DiandreaGarza 

• Jasmine Rodriguez 

Funding

• 3 grants from the National Science Foundation 

• National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse 

• American Academy of Family Physicians

Who We Are

• School of MedicineDepartment of Family & Community Medicine

• Family Doctors

• Family Researcher

• Statistician

• Family Therapist

• Research Assistants (BA in Psychology)

Family Medicine

Family physicians are dedicated to treating the whole person. 

Their understanding of health and illness is based in a biopsychosocial perspective.

The cornerstone of family medicine is an ongoing, personal patient‐physician relationship focused on integrated care.

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Partner Violence –Prevalence

25%

17%

33%

14%

5%

1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Severe Physical Violence

Stalking

Rape

men

women

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CDC National Intimate Partner & Sexual Violence Survey, 2010 

Partner Violence –Health Impact   

• Higher use of health care systems 

• Difficulty falling or staying asleep

• Social limitations 

• Poor physical health 

• Poor mental health

• Chronic pain

• Frequent headaches

• Asthma

• Irritable bowel syndrome

• Diabetes

• Poor pregnancy outcomes

Complexity Science

Our research team has been using complexity science to study the day‐to‐day 

patterns of intimate partner violence.

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Complexity Science

• Complexity science is concerned with complex systems that are 

• dynamic

• multi‐dimensional

• unpredictable 

• consisting of a collection of interconnected relationships and parts.

Butz, Chamberlain, McCown: Strange Attractors 1996

A Complex System

•…is composed of many parts which interact with each other.

• Its actions are difficult to predict due to the relationships between parts, and between the system and the environment

•…is non‐linear, or unpredictable Examples: 

Families, Weather, Ecology

Complex Systems

Patterns in systems can range from the very predictable to the totally unpredictable

Periodic Chaotic RandomVery 

Predictable

Completely  Unpredictable

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Complex Systems

• Emergence ‐Unplanned organized behavior can emerge from a complex, nonlinear system 

• Consider flock behavior

• Go the same direction as everyone else

• Steer toward the center of the group

• Don’t bump into anybody

• Spontaneous order – coordinate activity without a centralized plan

Complex Systems

• Attractors = A set of behaviors toward which a system evolves

• Repetition

• The system returns to these behaviors again and again. 

• Families have repeating interaction patterns that influence each others’ behavior.

Complex Systems

• Interactions include feedback loopswhich influence members’ behavior

• Positive feedback encourages change in the system

• Negative feedback keeps the system the same

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How Does Complexity Science Apply to Partner Violence? 

Partner Violence –Patterns

• Cycle of Violence

• Family Systems Theory

• Power and Control Wheel

Periodic Chaotic RandomVery 

Predictable

Completely  Unpredictable

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Partner Violence –Patterns

Periodic Chaotic RandomVery Predictable Completely  

Unpredictable

Complex Dynamics: Periodic Systems

• Very predictable 

• A causes X

• Or…  A + B + C causes X

• Stable and repetitive 

• If A changes, X will change proportionally.

• Interventions have predictable outcomes

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What’s a Periodic System?

• Starbuck’s

• McDonald’s 

• Consistent input (ingredients)

• Regulated equipment

• Consistent output (product)

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Periodic Systems are like… Cycle of Violence

Tension Builds

Violent Event

Calm, Loving Respite

Walker, 1979

Partner Violence –Patterns

Periodic Chaotic RandomVery Predictable Completely  

Unpredictable

Complex Dynamics:Chaotic Systems

• System patterns are sometimes predictable in the short term, but unpredictable in the long term

• Patterns can be repetitive but pathways vary 

• The system responds to many different influences which are also influencing each other 

• Small influences can lead to large changes 

• Butterfly effect

• Interventions have no predictable outcomes24

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What’s a Chaotic System?

• Weather

• Traffic

• Stock Market

• Ecology

Chaotic Systems are like… Family Systems

• A family system is made up of a set of people related by blood or intention

• Families have repeating interaction patterns that  influence each others’ behaviors

• Families self‐organize with positive and negative feedback• positive promotes system change• negative keeps things the same

• “Families are predictable in general and unpredictable in detail.”

Giles‐Sims, Wife Battering: a Systems Theory Approach. 1986

Partner Violence –Patterns

Periodic Chaotic RandomVery Predictable Completely  

Unpredictable

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Complex Dynamics: Random Systems

• Patterns are not repetitive 

• Behaviors result from constant stress 

• No butterfly effect

• Cannot identify a specific cause

• Interventions have no predictable outcomes

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What’s a Random System? 

• Genetic mutations

• Solar flares

• Earthquakes

• Atomic decay

Random Systems are like...Power & Control Wheel

“The Duluth Model”

Pence & Paymar: Education Groups for Men Who Batter 1993

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Complexity Science

Periodic‐Cycle of Violence

Chaotic‐Family Systems

Random‐Power & Control Wheel

Very Predictable

Completely  Unpredictable

The Study:Dynamics of 

Intimate Partner ViolenceApproved by the Institutional Review Board

University of Texas Health Science Center 

at San Antonio 

Funded by the National Science Foundation “Dynamics of Human Behavior” program 

Award #0826812

Research Question

What are the day‐to‐day dynamics of intimate partner 

violence?

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Setting

• Six primary care clinics in San Antonio, Texas

• 4 clinics serve uninsured residents of Bexar County 

• 57% Hispanic 

• 7% African Americans

Participants

Inclusion

• 200 women (18‐64 years)

• Married /Living together 6+ months

• Verbal or physical abuse past 30 days 

Exclusion• Pregnant

• Husband present 

• Planning to leave husband in the next 3 months

• In a high danger, life‐threatening relationship

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Safety Measures

• We excluded  high‐danger women.

• We provided information re: community resources 

• We provided a cover story: “Family Stress”

• Take‐home materials = business card

• She provided us safe phone numbers

• We offered pre‐programmed cell phone

• Telephone survey = password protected

• We monitored daily violence severity

• We reviewed participation in weekly team meetings

• Safety Monitoring Committee

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Baseline Survey ($30)

• Characteristics of the participant, her husband, and their relationship

• Social networks, social support & stress

• Attitudes ‐Violence appraisal, coping, hope

•Health & mental health

Daily Telephone Survey x 12 weeks($5 day)

Daily Violence & Household EnvironmentHasslesStressArgumentsMarital HarmonyHusband's/Wife’s Alcohol UseHusband’s/Wife’s ViolenceUpset About ViolenceForgiveness

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Automated survey, about 10 minutesRequired a password to listenResponses documented with touch‐pad

Weekly Contacts

• Maintain Weekly Contact with each subject for 3 months 

• She called us

• Assess Safety  

• Encourage Participation

• Listen; Provide Support

• Provide Resource Information

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End‐of‐Study Survey and Interview ($30)

• Survey

• Attitudes ‐Violence appraisal, coping, hope

• Health & mental health

•Qualitative interview 

• Experiences on the study

Study Results

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Prevalence of Partner Violence

• We screened 1523 women in six primary care practices

• 232 (15%) screened positive for abuse in past 30 days.

• 8  (0.5%) were considered ‘high danger’ 

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Participant Characteristics 

Mean age  38 years ± 12

Ethnicity17% Caucasian76%  Hispanic

Income 53% earn less than $20,000

Education32%  < High School Grad21%   High School Grad*45%   Some College*

Employment15% employed part time25% employed full time

Relationship Characteristics

Mean #children

(1.5 ±1.4)

Type of Marriage

12%  Church wedding27%  Civil43%  Common Law

Duration ofRelationship (9.6 ± 8.9 yrs)Marriage     (7.3 ± 9.0 yrs)Abuse         (5.5 ± 6.5 yrs)

Frequency of Partner Violence

•Data – 9,643 daily reports

• 3,813 (40%) Husband‐to‐wife abuse

• 2,209 (23%) Wife‐to‐husband abuse

• In 5% of couples, wife perpetrated no abuse.

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Violence between partners was correlatedMen’s violence severity > women’s

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His and Her Violent Behaviors

1.5%

1.9%

2.3%

5.0%

9.3%

5.8%

30.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1.8%

3.7%

4.8%

4.0%

20.9%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0%

Threaten with weapon

Beat Up

Punch, Kick

Push, Grab, Slap

Throw Objects

Threaten to harm

Yell, Swear, Insult

Wife Perpetrated Husband Perpetrated 46

Example: Daily Reports 

hassles

stress

upset

closeness

alcohol

arguments

violence

Impact of Study Participation

70 women (35%) sought help after the study

• 56 Sought professional counseling

• 18 Sought services at the Family Justice Center

• 6 Sought legal assistance 

• 4 Enrolled in a survivorship group (FJC)

28 women (14 %) LEFT their relationship 

during or after the study

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Determining Patterns of  Husband‐to‐Wife Violence

•With 84 daily reports, we can measure 

• Nonlinearity (unpredictability)

• Attractors (repeating patterns)

135 Women were classified into groups this way: 

Periodic Repetitive & Predictable

Chaotic Repetitive & Not‐Predictable

Random Not‐Repetitive & Not‐Predictable

Dynamic Patterns of Husband‐to‐Wife Violence 

12%

30%59%

50

Periodic: 

Random: 

Chaotic

Do These Patterns Represent Cycles, Systems or Wheels? 

12%

30%59%

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Periodic: Cycle of Violence

Random: Power & 

Control Wheel

ChaoticFamily Systems

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Dynamic Patterns of His ViolenceFrom Baseline Surveys

Periodic

ChaoticRandom

5252

Appraisal Scale Least Predictable & Controllable

Controllable

Appraisal Scale = 

PredictableControllable

Dynamic Patterns of His ViolenceFrom Daily Surveys

Periodic

ChaoticRandom

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Violent Behaviors

Most Frequent 48% 

Violent BehaviorsMost Severe

Violent BehaviorsLowest Frequency 

& Severity

Violent BehaviorsHighest 

Frequency of  Verbal Abuse

Dynamic Patterns of His ViolenceFrom Daily Surveys

Periodic

ChaoticRandom

Violent BehaviorsHighest 

Frequency of  Verbal Abuse

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Violent Behaviors

Most Frequent 48% 

Violent BehaviorsMost Severe

Violent BehaviorsLowest Frequency 

& Severity

Fewest StressorsFewest HasslesCloser Rel’ship

Highest Highest quantity of alcohol by 

him

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Dynamic Patterns of His ViolenceSame Day Correlations From Daily Surveys 

Periodic

ChaoticRandom

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For all groups, his daily violencewas correlated with same‐day:• His alcohol use• Their arguments• Her hassles• Her feeling stressed• Her feeling distant• Her violence• He seeks forgiveness• She forgives him

Strongest correlation between his violence & her 

forgiveness

correlation between correlation between his violence & her drinking

Dynamic Patterns of His ViolencePrior Day Correlations From Daily Surveys 

Periodic

ChaoticRandom

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His daily violencewas correlated with prior‐day:• His violence• Her violence• Their arguments• Her feeling 

distant

Conclusions

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The Most Common Patternof Husband‐to‐Wife Violence

12%

30%59%

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Periodic: Cycle of Violence

Random: Power & 

Control Wheel

ChaoticFamily Systems

Patterns of Partner ViolencePeriod Dynamic = Cycle of Violence?

• Baseline Survey says:

• Women describe relationship as more predictable & controllable than the random group

• Daily reports

• More physical violence

• He drinks more alcohol than other groups

• Her forgiveness is strongly correlated with violence

• The day before violence, there are more arguments, violence, and marital distance (buildup of tension)

Patterns of Partner ViolenceRandom Dynamic = Power & Control Wheel?

• Survey says:

• Women describe relationship as less predictable and less controllable than the other groups

• Daily reports

• Most frequent violence overall – half of days

• Most frequent verbal abuse (Wheel: emotional abuse, intimidation)

• Her drinking is correlated with his violence,  unique to this group

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Patterns of Partner ViolenceChaotic Dynamic = Family Systems Theory?

• Survey says:

• Women describe relationship as controllable and predictable, about the same as Periodic group

• Daily reports

• Lowest frequency & severity of violence

• Lowest frequency of stress, hassles

• Highest level of marital closeness

• Same‐day correlates are the same as other groups

The Complexity Science Lens

• Periodic Group (Cycle)

• May be in a “steady state” 

• Violence is  controllable & predictable

• Random Group (Wheel)

• May be in a transformative state, adapting to external forces & changes in the system 

• Feeling powerless, husband randomly grasps at strategies to stay in control

The Complexity Science Lens

• Chaotic Group (Family Systems)

• Also in a transformative state

• Remarkably different from others

• Closer marriages, lower severity & frequency of violence, lower stress, less alcohol use

• Complex, adaptive system – perhaps transitioning to a healthier system?

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Implications for Intervention

• Most of these women were in verbally abusive or moderately violent relationships

• They did not see themselves as “abused”

• They fought back

• Systems of care may not recognize them

• Most preferred counseling interventions over divorce.

• We may need a different strategy of outreach

Implications for Intervention

• Most patterns of violence are unpredictable

• Outcomes of interventions will likewise be unpredictable

• Perhaps multi‐pronged interventions addressing multiple influences is the best approach for complex patterns

• Perhaps leaving the relationship is the best approach for complex patterns

Additional Research

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Decision‐Making Study

• We were impressed with women’s help‐seeking during the study

• We conducted a follow up study about women’s decision‐making about ending the violence (funded by NSF).

• Daily, we asked about their “need to”

• Get counseling help

• Get legal assistance

• Leave the relationship

Need‐to‐change is unpredictable too. 

• Patterns were most unpredictable in women• who lacked awareness of the abuse, • who were socially isolated, and • whose social networks were primarily family members 

• who also suffered abuse.  

• Perhaps… they live in a culture of abuse.  

•Where opposite forces are at work: 

• family loyalty and a desire to escape. 

Patterns of Violence:Cycles, Systems or Wheels 

12%

30%59%

69

Periodic: Cycle of Violence

Random: Power & 

Control Wheel

ChaoticFamily Systems

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