Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla
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Transcript of Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla
Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla
Grouping Organisms
And Classification
Age of Life on Earth
• 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first)
• 1.5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)
Taxonomy
• Discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign them a scientific name
Domains3 largest classification groups
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
THREE Domains…Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaea EukaryaProkaryotic (no true nucleus) (true nucleus)
(true bacteria) (extreme (protists
bacteria) fungi
plants
animals)
TAXONS
• Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdom (6)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
TAXONS: levels of taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Came Over
From
Great Spain
memorize
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata
Class: MammaliaOrder: Primates
Family: HominidaeGenus: Homo
Species: sapiensThis is the one organism you need to memorize.
Ever hear of E. coli?
• It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name of Escherichia coli
T. rex.
• Tyrannosaurus rex
• Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.
binomial nomenclature
• is the two part name of
organisms.
two terms: the genus name and the species
• Example: Common name = sugar pineScientific name = Pinus lambertiana
• ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosalodgepole pine: Pinus contorta
Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli
• Genus first letter is CAPITALIZED (written first)
• Species is
lower case• Written in Latin• Italicized OR underlined
How do you write scientific name for humans?
• Homo sapiens
• OR
• Homo sapiens
Carolus Linnaeus: devised the binomial nomenclature system
1707-1778• Studied medicine
• Disappointed parents that he did not enter priesthood
• Studied plants to make medicines
Our Hero
Linnaeus’ Botanical GardenClassification Chart of Primates
Where do the name come from?
• Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns.
Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
Dichotomous Key
• An identification key, also known as a dichotomous key, is a method of deducing the correct species assignment of a living thing.
Two Ways to Make the Key
• "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
• 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 • 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 • 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny • 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 • 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. • 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 • 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime • 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter • 5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill • 5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill
EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key (click Here)
All Tree Leaves
• Needles Broadleaf
Can use tree guides.
Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small (numbers are better)
Tips
• Better if the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not".
• If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word.
• 1. a. leaves with lobes
• b. leaves single (no lobes)
Some common terms
• lobed and one entire
•
» serrated
Some examples
• Round, serrated Base not even
• Teeth wide, sunken veins
Examples
• Four pointed lobes Leaflets across
• Deep lobes
almost to rib
Some even have more than one shape on the same tree
Get Handout: Good Tips• Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves• One key/lab table• Use 4 feet of white paper• Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms
like "large" and "small".• Use terms others would understand. • Always make two choices.• Leaves will be taped at the end of the
division.
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
• PROKARYOTIC
• No true nucleus (called a nucleoid)
• smaller
• EUKARYOTIC
• True nucleus with a membrane
• larger
• Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Six Kingdoms: Get Handout
Two Domains are Prokaryotic• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus
(called a nucleoid instead)• INCLUDES:
1.Eubacteria –true bacteria
2. Archaea – extreme bacteria
(sometimes “archaebacteria”)• Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2:33)
Kingdom: Archaeaor Archaebacteria)
• Prokaryotic –no true nucleus• Cell walls with no peptidoglycan
(see next slide) • Unicellular – one celled• Live in most extreme
environments• Discovering Archaea (3:24) FYI: Discovered
1977
What is peptidoglycan?
• A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides (sugars) and peptides (proteins) found in the cell walls of bacteria
Kingdom: Archaea
• Thermophiles –love heat
• Psychrophiles –cold-loving
• Acidophiles –love acidic environments
• Halophiles-love salty
• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)
Archaea Examples
• Thermus aquaticus (Extremophiles Youtube)
Found in hot springs
Archaea ExamplesA-thermophile
B-halophile
C-halophile
D-carbonatphile
E-halophile
F-calcium carbonatphile-What are extremophiles? (54 secs)
-Extremophiles (1:25)
-Bozeman Biology: Archaea (7:16)
Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria)
• Prokaryotic – no true
nucleus (just a nucleoid)
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular –one-celled
• Diverse environments and metabolism
Eubacteria (Common)
• Staphylococcus
• Anthracis bacillus
• Escherichia coli
• Streptococcus
Eubacteria Examples
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Staphylococcus aureus(skin)
Domain: Eukarya
HAVE A NUCLEUS (membrane around the Genetic material)Includes 4 Kingdoms:
Protists FungiAnimalsPlants
Kingdom: Protista
• Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus
• Usually unicellular• Varied cell walls• (Plant-like, animal-
like, fungus –like)
PROTISTA
• Plant-like protists (have chlorophyll)
• Animal-like protists (Move)
Fungus-like protists(slime molds move like
amoeba, decomposer)
Protista ExamplesProtist Youtube
Euglena • Paramecium
Volvox(colonial)
Stentor
Kingdom: FUNGI
• Eukaryotic• Cell walls of
chitin –stiffener
• Can be multicellular or unicellular
Fungi
• Yeast (unicellular fungi)
• Can you see the budding?
More Fungi
• Bracket Fungus Toenail Fungus
Bread mold
More Fungi
• Penicillium Black Mold
Hot dog mold
Kingdom: Plantae• Eukaryotic• Cell wall made of cellulose• Multicellular –more than one
cell• Autotrophic –photosynthetic
– make their own food
What is cellulose?
Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants
Examples:
Kingdom: Animalia
• Eukaryotic
• No cell wall
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals)
Animalia
What kingdom are you?