Doing the ResearchDoing the Research

9410045A Jim9410045A Jim

9410005A Belinda9410005A Belinda

9422059A Dustin9422059A Dustin

6a 6a What information to look forWhat information to look for

MaterialMaterial

The beginning of your searchThe beginning of your search

The first stageThe first stage

SourcesSources

6a-1 6a-1 Single-fact informationSingle-fact information

Specific factual questionsSpecific factual questions

The booksThe books

The librarianThe librarian

6a-2 6a-2 General informationGeneral information

OverviewOverview

For example, For example, The first Monarchism of ChineseThe first Monarchism of Chinese

They can be foundThey can be found

6a-3 6a-3 In-depth informationIn-depth information

It is found inIt is found in

For example, For example, The Biography of The Biography of Qin Shi HuangQin Shi Huang

SourcesSources

6b 6b Where to look for informationWhere to look for information

Online databasesOnline databases Online encyclopediaOnline encyclopedia Library of Congress’s Library of Congress’s

online catalogonline catalog Search enginesSearch engines Appendix BAppendix B Search enginesSearch engines

BibliographyBibliography Library catalogLibrary catalog Book Review DigeBook Review Dige

stst DictionaryDictionary Who’s WhoWho’s Who Gazetteers and atlGazetteers and atl

asesases

6b-1 6b-1 General indexesGeneral indexes

Magazines, newspapers, and journalsMagazines, newspapers, and journals The newest informationThe newest information The differenceThe difference The Reader’s GuideThe Reader’s Guide It gives usIt gives us

6b-2 6b-2 Specialized indexesSpecialized indexes

For example, For example,

the Educational Indexthe Educational Index

Right indexRight index

6b-3 6b-3 Using interviews and surveysUsing interviews and surveys

InterviewsInterviews1.1. ExpertsExperts2.2. For example, English teachingFor example, English teaching3.3. experienceexperience

SurveysSurveys1.1. PsychologyPsychology2.2. Social sciencesSocial sciences

6b-4 6b-4 Corresponding by e-mailCorresponding by e-mail

6b-5 6b-5 Attending lectures, concerts or Attending lectures, concerts or art exhibitsart exhibits

For example, For example,

the lyrics of rock musicthe lyrics of rock music

Remember this pointRemember this point

Working BibliographyWorking Bibliography

What is the working What is the working bibliography?bibliography?

What is the final bibliography?What is the final bibliography?

What are the bibliography cards?What are the bibliography cards?

The Process of Taking Notes The Process of Taking Notes of Useful Sourcesof Useful Sources

Write down each source on a separate 3x5 Write down each source on a separate 3x5 card.card.

Use the same format on the bibliography cUse the same format on the bibliography cards that you will use later in the final biblioards that you will use later in the final bibliography.graphy. Name of author(s)Name of author(s) Title of workTitle of work Facts of publicationFacts of publication Page(s) of informationPage(s) of information

The Process of Taking Notes The Process of Taking Notes of Useful Sources (Continue)of Useful Sources (Continue)

Write down the name of the library Write down the name of the library or place where you found the or place where you found the source in the upper right-hand source in the upper right-hand corner.corner.

Cite the library call number of the Cite the library call number of the source in the upper left-hand source in the upper left-hand corner of the card.corner of the card.

SkimmingSkimming

In a book, glance at the preface.In a book, glance at the preface. Look up the subject in the index of the Look up the subject in the index of the

book.book. Read the chapter headings.Read the chapter headings. Read the first and last two sentences in a Read the first and last two sentences in a

paragraph.paragraph. Glance at the opening paragraph of an Glance at the opening paragraph of an

article.article.

Skimming (Continue)Skimming (Continue)

Glance at concluding paragraphs in Glance at concluding paragraphs in an article, essay or book chapter.an article, essay or book chapter.

Run your eye down the page, Run your eye down the page, reading every fourth or fifth reading every fourth or fifth sentence.sentence.

Primary and Secondary Primary and Secondary SourcesSources

What is the primary source?What is the primary source?

What is the secondary source?What is the secondary source?

Evaluating SourcesEvaluating Sources

Choose sources that include your Choose sources that include your

particular subject in detail.particular subject in detail.

Recognize the point of view in Recognize the point of view in

sources.sources.

Prove one opinion against another.Prove one opinion against another.

Note the date of the evidence.Note the date of the evidence.

Evaluating Sources Evaluating Sources (Continue)(Continue)

Use your editorial judgment.Use your editorial judgment.

Check your evaluation against Check your evaluation against

those of professionals.those of professionals.

Beware of statistics.Beware of statistics.

6e Note-taking 6e Note-taking Belinda/9410005ABelinda/9410005A

use computers to do the note-takinguse computers to do the note-taking note cards --- note cards --- 4 X 64 X 6 your own ideas → information from your own ideas → information from your researchyour research readers: your conclusion readers: your conclusion ++ your evidence & reasoningyour evidence & reasoning

6e-1 6e-1 Choosing the number of Choosing the number of notesnotes

No exact rule exists.No exact rule exists. Ideally:Ideally: information from sources information from sources ++ commentary and interpretationcommentary and interpretation In sumIn sum your opinionated conclusionsyour opinionated conclusions ++ evidence & other opinionsevidence & other opinions

6e-2 6e-2 Formatting the note Formatting the note cardscards 4 X 6 note cards4 X 6 note cards write in write in inkink instead of pencil instead of pencil write down only one idea or quotationwrite down only one idea or quotation upper left-hand corner: upper left-hand corner: source of the notesource of the note

upper right-hand corner: upper right-hand corner: a general headinga general heading

6e-3 6e-3 Using the computer to take Using the computer to take notesnotes download → print it out → highlightdownload → print it out → highlight Keep electronic sources → organize themKeep electronic sources → organize them

→ → copy-and paste functioncopy-and paste function advantage:advantage: it’s convenient for filing your it’s convenient for filing your

ideasideas weakness: weakness: need to organize it more need to organize it more

carefullycarefully

Suggestions of using Suggestions of using computers computers

to take notesto take notes 1.1. number each note sequentially number each note sequentially

2.2. to insert about the same to insert about the same

informationinformation beside the notebeside the note 3. type 3. type complete name of the sourcecomplete name of the source or or

enough enough key wordskey words in parentheses in parentheses 4. put the relevant page number4. put the relevant page number

6e-46e-4 Using a copy machine to take Using a copy machine to take notesnotes

1. Always write down details about the 1. Always write down details about the

source on the top of the page soon source on the top of the page soon

after copying it.after copying it.

2. Be neat about the pages you copy.2. Be neat about the pages you copy.

6e-5 6e-5 Kinds of notesKinds of notes the summarythe summary

the paraphrasethe paraphrase

the quotationthe quotation

the personal commentthe personal comment

The paraphraseThe paraphrase

The most common form of note writingThe most common form of note writing

1. You’ve mastered the material well enough.1. You’ve mastered the material well enough.

2. It gives your paper an even, consistent style2. It gives your paper an even, consistent style

The quotationThe quotation

※ ※ place place [ sic ][ sic ] beside the error beside the error Rules:Rules:

1. no more than 10 percent of the total 1. no more than 10 percent of the total

paperpaper

2. only when the authority of the writer 2. only when the authority of the writer

is needed is needed

3. the material can’t be paraphrased or 3. the material can’t be paraphrased or

summarizedsummarized

A note card with a A note card with a quotationquotation

Rules of using quotations on Rules of using quotations on note cardsnote cards

Put quotation marks around the Put quotation marks around the quotation.quotation.

Introduce the quotation or place it in Introduce the quotation or place it in proper context.proper context.

Copy quotations exactly as they are Copy quotations exactly as they are writtenwritten

The personal commentThe personal comment

to explain a fuzzy statementto explain a fuzzy statement stress a particular pointstress a particular point draw a conclusiondraw a conclusion clarify an issueclarify an issue identify an inconsistency identify an inconsistency introduce a new ideaintroduce a new idea

6f 6f Plagiarism and how to Plagiarism and how to avoid itavoid it

The process of learning → plagiarismThe process of learning → plagiarism ““No pain, no gain.” → plagiarismNo pain, no gain.” → plagiarism

However, blatant plagiarismHowever, blatant plagiarism

- deliberate stealing - deliberate stealing

- with the motive of earning underserved - with the motive of earning underserved

rewards rewards

To avoid plagiarism…..To avoid plagiarism…..

Provide a noteProvide a note for any idea borrowed for any idea borrowed from another.from another.

Place Place quoted materialquoted material in quotation in quotation marks.marks.

Provide a bibliographyProvide a bibliography entryentry at the end at the end of the paper for every source used in of the paper for every source used in the text or in a note.the text or in a note.

General knowledgeGeneral knowledge : A piece of information that : A piece of information that shows up in five or more sources. shows up in five or more sources.

ex. ex. proverbsproverbs & & sayingssayings

================================================================================ Any idea derived from Any idea derived from a known sourcea known source Any fact or data borrowed from the work of Any fact or data borrowed from the work of

another.another. Any expression that is taken from someone else.Any expression that is taken from someone else. Any material Any material lifted verbatimlifted verbatim from the work of from the work of

another.another. Any information that is paraphrased or Any information that is paraphrased or

summarized →used in a research papersummarized →used in a research paper

Source tip:Source tip:

It’s not the length of the writing that It’s not the length of the writing that determines whether you give credit determines whether you give credit to a source; to a source; it’s the use of its it’s the use of its phrasing or ideasphrasing or ideas..

Freely electronic sourceFreely electronic source→→ plagiarism plagiarism