Doing Business 2013 - Zambia Report

7/31/2019 Doing Business 2013 - Zambia Report

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@elclmr Z{lhbd`6

Vamkba


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;VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

;:15 ^g` Bc~`{ca~blcad Kaco hl{ [èlcu~{pe~blc acn N`x`dlzm`c~ ,

^g` Yl{dn Kaco

1717 G U~{``~ CY$ Yaugbci~lc$ NE ;:>55

^`d`zglc`6 ;:;->95-1:::? Bc~`{c`~6yyy#yl{dnkaco#l{i

Add {big~u {ù`{x`n#

1 ; 5 > 10 1> 15 1;

A elzpkdbea~blc lh ^g` Yl{dn Kaco acn ~g` Bc~`{ca~blcad Hbcace` El{zl{a~blc#

^gbu yl{o bu a z{lnpe~ lh ~g` u~ahh lh ^g` Yl{dn Kaco yb~g `w~`{cad elc~{bkp~blcu#

Cl~` ~ga~ ^g` Yl{dn Kaco nlù cl~ cèùua{bdr lyc àeg elmzlc`c~ lh ~g` elc~`c~

bcedpn`n bc ~g` yl{o# ^g` Yl{dn Kaco ~g`{`hl{` nlù cl~ ya{{ac~ ~ga~ ~g` pu` lh ~g`

elc~`c~ elc~abc`n bc ~g` yl{o ybdd cl~ bch{bci` lc ~g` {big~u lh ~gb{n za{~bù# ^g` {buo

lh edabmu {ùpd~bci h{lm upeg bch{bci`m`c~ {ù~u uld`dr yb~g rlp#

^g` hbcnbciu$ bc~`{z{`~a~blcu$ acn elcedpublcu `wz{ùu`n bc ~gbu yl{o nl cl~

cèùua{bdr {`hdè~ ~g` xb`yu lh ^g` Yl{dn Kaco$ b~u Kla{n lh @wèp~bx` Nb{è~l{u$ l{~g` ilx`{cm`c~u ~g`r {`z{ù`c~# ^g` Yl{dn Kaco nlù cl~ ipa{ac~`` ~g` aeep{aer lh

~g` na~a bcedpn`n bc ~gbu yl{o# ^g` klpcna{bù$ eldl{u$ n`clmbca~blcu$ acn l~g`{

bchl{ma~blc uglyc lc acr maz bc ~gbu yl{o nl cl~ bmzdr acr fpnim`c~ lc ~g` za{~ lh

^g` Yl{dn Kaco elce`{cbci ~g` dìad u~a~pu lh acr ~`{{b~l{r l{ ~g` `cnl{u`m`c~ l{

aee`z~ace` lh upeg klpcna{bù#

Cl~gbci g`{`bc ugadd elcu~b~p~` l{ k` elcubn`{`n ~l k` a dbmb~a~blc pzlc l{ yabx`{ lh

~g` z{bxbdìù acn bmmpcb~bù lh ^g` Yl{dn Kaco$ add lh ygbeg a{` uzèbhbeaddr

{ù`{x`n#

[big~u acn Z`{mbuublcu

^gbu yl{o bu axabdakd` pcn`{ ~g` E{à~bx` Elmmlcu A~~{bkp~blc 5#: Pczl{~`n dbe`cu`

'EE KR 5#:"g~~z6,,e{à~bxèlmmlcu#l{i,dbe`cuù,kr,5#:#Pcn`{ ~g` E{à~bx`

Elmmlcu A~~{bkp~blc dbe`cu`$ rlp a{` h{`` ~l elzr$ nbu~{bkp~`$ ~{acumb~$ acn anaz~

~gbu yl{o$ bcedpnbci hl{ elmm`{ebad zp{zluù$ pcn`{ ~g` hlddlybci elcnb~blcu6

A~~{bkp~blcZdàu` eb~` ~g` yl{o au hlddlyu6 Yl{dn Kaco# ;:15# Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:156

Uma{~`{ [ìpda~blcu hl{ Umadd acn M`nbpm-Ubv` @c~`{z{buù# Yaugbci~lc$ NE6 Yl{dn

Kaco I{lpz# NLB6 1:#1028,297-:-7;15-2810-0# Dbe`cu`6 E{à~bx` Elmmlcu

A~~{bkp~blc EE KR 5#:

^{acuda~blcuBh rlp e{à~` a ~{acuda~blc lh ~gbu yl{o$ zdàu` ann ~g` hlddlybcinbuedabm`{ adlci yb~g ~g` a~~{bkp~blc6 ^gbu ~{acuda~blc yau cl~ e{à~`n kr ^g` Yl{dn

Kaco acn uglpdn cl~ k` elcubn`{`n ac lhhbebad Yl{dn Kaco ~{acuda~blc# ^g` Yl{dn Kaco

ugadd cl~ k` dbakd` hl{ acr elc~`c~ l{ `{{l{ bc ~gbu ~{acuda~blc#

Add qp`{bù lc {big~u acn dbe`cuù uglpdn k` ann{ùu`n ~l ~g` Lhhbe` lh ~g` Zpkdbug`{$

^g` Yl{dn Kaco$ 1717 G U~{``~ CY$ Yaugbci~lc$ NE ;:>55$ PUA? haw6 ;:;-0;;-;8;0?

`-mabd6 zpk{big~uJyl{dnkaco#l{i#

Annb~blcad elzbù lh add 1: `nb~blcu lhNlbci Kpubcùu mar k` zp{egau`n a~

yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i#

Elx`{ nùbic6 El{zl{a~` Xbublcu$ Bce#
http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.worldbank.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0http://www.worldbank.org/


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5VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

ELC^@CÛ

Bc~{lnpe~blc ################################################################################################################################## >

^g` kpubcùu cxb{lcm`c~ ########################################################################################################## 0

U~a{~bci a kpubcùu ##################################################################################################################### 1>

Nàdbci yb~g elcu~{pe~blc z`{mb~u ########################################################################################### ;5

I`~~bci `dè~{beb~r ####################################################################################################################### 55

[ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r ################################################################################################################## >:

I`~~bci e{`nb~ ############################################################################################################################## >2

Z{l~è~bci bcxù~l{u ################################################################################################################### 08

Zarbci ~awù ################################################################################################################################ 80

^{anbci ae{luu kl{n`{u ############################################################################################################## 95

@chl{ebci elc~{ae~u #################################################################################################################### 7;

[ùldxbci bculdx`cer ################################################################################################################## 2;

@mzdlrbci yl{o`{u #################################################################################################################### 27

Na~a cl~ù ################################################################################################################################# 1:0[ùlp{eù lc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~` ############################################################################ 11:


4/111

>VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

BC^[LNPE^BLC

Nlbci Kpubcùu ug`nu dbig~ lc gly àur l{ nbhhbepd~ b~ buhl{ a dlead `c~{`z{`c`p{ ~l lz`c acn {pc a umadd ~l

m`nbpm-ubv` kpubcùu yg`c elmzdrbci yb~g {`d`xac~

{ìpda~blcu# B~ màup{ù acn ~{aeou egaciù bc

{ìpda~blcu ahhè~bci 11 a{àu bc ~g` dbh` ered` lh a

kpubcùu6 u~a{~bci a kpubcùu$ nàdbci yb~g elcu~{pe~blc

z`{mb~u$ i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r$ {ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r$

i`~~bci e{`nb~$ z{l~è~bci bcxù~l{u$ zarbci ~awù$

~{anbci ae{luu kl{n`{u$ `chl{ebci elc~{ae~u$ {ùldxbci

bculdx`cer acn mzdlrbci yl{o`{u#

Bc a u`{bù lh accpad {`zl{~u Nlbci Kpubcùu z{ù`c~u

qpac~b~a~bx` bcnbea~l{u lc kpubcùu {ìpda~blcu acn ~g`z{l~è~blc lh z{lz`{~r {big~u ~ga~ eac k` elmza{`n

ae{luu 170 èlclmbù$ h{lm Ahigacbu~ac ~l Vbmkaky`$

lx`{ ~bm`# ^g` na~a u`~ elx`{u >8 èlclmbù bc Upk-

Uaga{ac Ah{bea$ 55 bc Da~bc Am`{bea acn ~g` Ea{bkkàc$

;> bc @au~ Auba acn ~g` Zaebhbe$ ;> bc @au~`{c @p{lz`

acn E`c~{ad Auba$ 12 bc ~g` Mbnnd` @au~ acn Cl{~g

Ah{bea acn 7 bc Ulp~g Auba$ au y`dd au 51 L@EN gbig-

bcelm` èlclmbù# ^g` bcnbea~l{u a{` pu`n ~l acadrv`

èlclmbe lp~elmù acn bn`c~bhr yga~ {`hl{mu gax`

yl{o`n$ yg`{` acn ygr#

^gbu èlclmr z{lhbd` z{ù`c~u ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùubcnbea~l{u hl{ Vamkba# ^l addly pu`hpd elmza{bulc$ b~

adul z{lxbnù na~a hl{ l~g`{ u`dè~`n èlclmbù

'elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù" hl{ àeg bcnbea~l{# ^g` na~a bc

~gbu {`zl{~ a{` ep{{`c~ au lh Fpc` 1$ ;:1; '`we`z~ hl{

~g` zarbci ~awù bcnbea~l{u$ ygbeg elx`{ ~g` z`{blnFacpa{rNè`mk`{ ;:11"#

^g` Nlbci Kpubcùu m`~glnldlir gau dbmb~a~blcu# L~g`{

a{àu bmzl{~ac~ ~l kpubcùuupeg au ac èlclmru

z{lwbmb~r ~l da{i` ma{o`~u$ ~g` qpadb~r lh b~u

bch{au~{pe~p{` u`{xbeù 'l~g`{ ~gac ~glu` {`da~`n ~l

~{anbci ae{luu kl{n`{u acn i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r"$ ~g`

uèp{b~r lh z{lz`{~r h{lm ~g`h~ acn dll~bci$ ~g`

~{acuza{`cer lh ilx`{cm`c~ z{lep{`m`c~$

mae{lèlclmbe elcnb~blcu l{ ~g` pcn`{drbci u~{`ci~g

lh bcu~b~p~blcua{` cl~ nb{è~dr u~pnb`n kr Nlbci

Kpubcùu# ^g` bcnbea~l{u {`h`{ ~l a uzèbhbe ~rz` lhkpubcùu$ i`c`{addr a dlead dbmb~`n dbakbdb~r elmzacr

lz`{a~bci bc ~g` da{iù~ kpubcùu eb~r# Kèapu`

u~acna{n auupmz~blcu a{` pu`n bc ~g` na~a elddè~blc$

elmza{bulcu acn k`cegma{ou a{` xadbn ae{luu

èlclmbù# ^g` na~a cl~ lcdr gbigdbig~ ~g` `w~`c~ lh

lku~aedù ~l nlbci kpubcùu? ~g`r adul g`dz bn`c~bhr ~g`

ulp{e` lh ~glu` lku~aedù$ upzzl{~bci zldber mao`{u bc

nùbicbci {ìpda~l{r {`hl{m#

Ml{` bchl{ma~blc bu axabdakd` bc ~g` hpdd {`zl{~# Nlbci

Kpubcùu ;:15 z{ù`c~u ~g` bcnbea~l{u$ acadrvù ~g`b{

{`da~blcugbz yb~g èlclmbe lp~elmù acn z{ù`c~ukpubcùu {ìpda~l{r {`hl{mu# ^g` na~a$ adlci yb~g

bchl{ma~blc lc l{n`{bci Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15$ a{`

axabdakd` lc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~` a~

g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i#


5/111


^G@ KPUBC@UU @CXB[LCM@C^

Hl{ zldber mao`{u ~{rbci ~l bmz{lx` ~g`b{ èlclmru

{ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~ hl{ kpubcùu$ a illn zdae` ~l

u~a{~ bu ~l hbcn lp~ gly b~ elmza{ù yb~g ~g` {ìpda~l{r

`cxb{lcm`c~ bc l~g`{ èlclmbù# Nlbci Kpubcùu

z{lxbnù ac aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci

kpubcùu kau`n lc bcnbea~l{ u`~u ~ga~ màup{` acn

k`cegma{o {ìpda~blcu azzdrbci ~l nlmù~be umadd ~l

m`nbpm-ubv` kpubcùuù ~g{lpig ~g`b{ dbh` ered`#

@elclmbù a{` {aco`n h{lm 1 ~l 170 kr ~g` àu` lh

nlbci kpubcùu bcn`w# Hl{ àeg èlclmr ~g` bcn`w bu

eadepda~`n au ~g` {acobci lc ~g` ubmzd` ax`{ai` lh b~uz`{e`c~bd` {acobciu lc àeg lh ~g` 1: ~lzbeu bcedpn`n bc

~g` bcn`w bc Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:156 u~a{~bci a kpubcùu$

nàdbci yb~g elcu~{pe~blc z`{mb~u$ i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r$

{ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r$ i`~~bci e{`nb~$ z{l~è~bci

bcxù~l{u$ zarbci ~awù$ ~{anbci ae{luu kl{n`{u$

`chl{ebci elc~{ae~u acn {ùldxbci bculdx`cer# ^g`

{acobci lc àeg ~lzbe bu ~g` ubmzd` ax`{ai` lh ~g`

z`{e`c~bd` {acobciu lc b~u elmzlc`c~ bcnbea~l{u 'u``

~g` na~a cl~ù hl{ ml{` n`~abdu"# ^g` `mzdlrbci yl{o`{u

bcnbea~l{u a{` cl~ bcedpn`n bc ~gbu rà{u aii{ìa~` àu`

lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci$ kp~ ~g` na~a a{` z{ù`c~`n

bc ~gbu rà{u èlclmr z{lhbd`#

^g` aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu

k`cegma{ou àeg èlclmru z`{hl{mace` lc ~g`

bcnbea~l{u aiabcu~ ~ga~ lh add l~g`{ èlclmbù bc ~g`

Nlbci Kpubcùu uamzd` 'hbip{` 1#1"# Ygbd` ~gbu {acobci

~`ddu mpeg aklp~ ~g` kpubcùu `cxb{lcm`c~ bc ac

èlclmr$ b~ nlù cl~ ~`dd ~g` ygld` u~l{r# ^g` {acobci lc

~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu$ acn ~g` pcn`{drbci

bcnbea~l{u$ nl cl~ màup{` add auzè~u lh ~g` kpubcùu

`cxb{lcm`c~ ~ga~ ma~~`{ ~l hb{mu acn bcxù~l{u l{ ~ga~

ahhè~ ~g` elmz`~b~bx`cùu lh ~g` èlclmr# U~bdd$ a gbig

{acobci nlù màc ~ga~ ~g` ilx`{cm`c~ gau e{à~`n a{ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~ elcnpebx` ~l lz`{a~bci a

kpubcùu#

@ELCLMR LX@[XB@Y

[ìblc6Upk-Uaga{ac Ah{bea

Bcelm` ea~ìl{r6Dly`{ mbnnd` bcelm`

Zlzpda~blc615$>9>$202

ICB z`{ eazb~a 'PU."6 1$18:

NK;:15 {aco62>

NK;:1; {aco62:&

Egaci` bc {aco6->

& NK;:1; {acobci uglyc bu cl~ dau~ rà{u zpkdbug`n

{acobci kp~ a elmza{akd` {acobci hl{ NK;:1; ~ga~

eaz~p{ù ~g` `hhè~u lh upeg hae~l{u au na~a

el{{è~blcu acn ~g` annb~blc lh ; èlclmbù

'Ka{kanlu acn Mad~a" ~l ~g` uamzd` ~gbu rà{#U``~g` na~a cl~ù hl{ ulp{eù acn n`hbcb~blcu#


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Hbip{` 1#1 Yg`{` èlclmbù u~acn bc ~g` idlkad {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu

Ulp{e`6 Nlbci Kpubcùu na~akau`#


7/111



Hl{ zldber mao`{u$ oclybci yg`{` ~g`b{ èlclmr

u~acnu bc ~g` aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh

nlbci kpubcùu bu pu`hpd# Adul pu`hpd bu ~l ocly gly

b~ {acou {`da~bx` ~l elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù acn

{`da~bx` ~l ~g` {ìblcad ax`{ai` 'hbip{` 1#;"# ^g`

èlclmru {acobciu lc ~g` ~lzbeu bcedpn`n bc ~g`

àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu bcn`w z{lxbn` acl~g`{

z`{uzè~bx` 'hbip{` 1#5"#

Hbip{` 1#; Gly Vamkbaacn elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù {aco lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu

Ulp{e`6Nlbci Kpubcùu na~akau`#


8/111



Hbip{` 1#5 Gly Vamkba {acou lc Nlbci Kpubc`uu ~lzbeu



9/111



Fpu~ au ~g` lx`{add {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu

~`ddu lcdr za{~ lh ~g` u~l{r$ ul nl egaciù bc ~ga~ {acobci#

Rà{dr mlx`m`c~u bc {acobciu eac z{lxbn` ulm` bcnbea~blc

lh egaciù bc ac èlclmru {ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~ hl{

hb{mu$ kp~ ~g`r a{` adyaru {`da~bx`# Ac èlclmru {acobci

mbig~ egaci` kèapu` lh n`x`dlzm`c~u bc l~g`{

èlclmbù# Ac èlclmr ~ga~ bmzd`m`c~`n kpubcùu

{ìpda~blc {`hl{mu mar habd ~l {bu` bc ~g` {acobciu 'l{ mar

`x`c n{lz" bh b~ bu zauu`n kr l~g`{u yglu` kpubcùu

{ìpda~blc {`hl{mu gan a ml{` ubicbhbeac~ bmzae~ au

màup{`n kr Nlbci Kpubcùu#

Ml{`lx`{$ rà{-~l-rà{ egaciù bc ~g` lx`{add {acobciu nl

cl~ {`hdè~ gly ~g` kpubcùu {ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~ bc acèlclmr gau egaci`n lx`{ ~bm`l{ gly b~ gau egaci`n

bc nbhh`{`c~ a{àu# ^l abn bc auuùubci upeg egaciù$ dau~

rà{ Nlbci Kpubcùu bc~{lnpe`n ~g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{

màup{`# ^gbu màup{` uglyu gly ha{ àeg èlclmr bu

h{lm ~g` kù~ z`{hl{mace` aegb`x`n kr acr èlclmr ubce`

;::0 lc àeg bcnbea~l{ bc 2 Nlbci Kpubcùu bcnbea~l{ u`~u#

Elmza{bci ~g` màup{` hl{ ac èlclmr a~ ; zlbc~u bc

~bm` addlyu pu`{u ~l auuùu gly mpeg ~g` èlclmru

{ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~ au màup{`n kr Nlbci Kpubcùu

gau egaci`n lx`{ ~bm`gly ha{ b~ gau mlx`n ~lya{n 'l{

ayar h{lm" ~g` mlu~ `hhbeb`c~ z{ae~beù acn u~{lciù~

{ìpda~blcu bc a{àu elx`{`n kr Nlbci Kpubcùu 'hbip{` 1#>"#

^g` {ùpd~u mar ugly ~ga~ ~g` zae` lh egaci` xa{bù ybn`dr

ae{luu ~g` a{àu màup{`n# ^g`r adul mar ugly ~ga~ ac

èlclmr bu {`da~bx`dr edlu` ~l ~g` h{lc~b`{ bc ulm` a{àuacn {`da~bx`dr ha{ h{lm b~ bc l~g`{u#

Hbip{` 1#> Gly ha{ gau Vamkba elm` bc ~g` a{àu màup{`n kr Nlbci Kpubcùu 87 191 22 92 155 05 C`y Vàdacn '1"

Z{le`np{ù 'cpmk`{" 8 8 7 1: 9 1: 0 C`y Vàdacn '1"&

^bm` 'naru" 19 17 87 81 ;> 88 12 C`y Vàdacn '1"

Elu~ '% lh bcelm` z`{

eazb~a";8#8 ;9#> 1:0#> 1#8 15#: 17#0 :#5 Udlx`cba ':#:"

Zabn-bc Mbc# Eazb~ad '% lh

bcelm` z`{ eazb~a":#: :#: ;>#8 :#: :#: :#: :#: 21 @elclmbù ':#:"&

Nàdbci yb~g Elcu~{pe~blcZ`{mb~u '{aco"

101 1>7 1;> 15; 1>: 08 52 Glci Olci UA[$ Egbca'1"

Z{le`np{ù 'cpmk`{" 1> 1> 1; ;; 11 1; 15Glci Olci UA[$ Egbca

'8"&

^bm` 'naru" 128 128 5>7 1>0 55: 152 1;9 Ubciazl{` ';8"


eazb~a"1$892#1 ;$:10#; 105#8 19;#9 20:#> 11:#2 55#> Qa~a{ '1#1"


11/111


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eazb~a"1$1:2#0 1$519#2 90>#2 505#7 ;$;90#2 >7;#; 1$0:0#7 Fazac ':#:"

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Z{le`np{ù 'cpmk`{" 0 0 9 0 8 7 8 I`l{iba '1"&

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I`~~bci E{`nb~ '{aco" 1; 2 1;2 05 10> >: 1 Pcb~`n Obcinlm '1"&

U~{`ci~g lh dìad {big~u

bcn`w ':-1:"2 2 5 9 8 7 1: Madaruba '1:"&

N`z~g lh e{`nb~

bchl{ma~blc bcn`w ':-8"0 0 > > : > 8 Pcb~`n Obcinlm '8"&

Zpkdbe {ìbu~{r elx`{ai`

'% lh anpd~u":#: :#: 1#7 :#: :#: :#: :#: Zl{~piad '2:#9"

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Z{l~è~bci Bcxù~l{u

'{aco"7; 92 9: >2 1:: 7; 1: C`y Vàdacn '1"

@w~`c~ lh nbuedlup{` bcn`w

':-1:"5 5 0 9 5 0 7

Glci Olci UA[$ Egbca

'1:"&


12/111

1;VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

Bcnbea~l{

Vam

kbaNK;:15

Vam

kbaNK;:1;

Acil

daNK;:15

Kl

~uyaca

NK;:15

Dùl

~gl

NK;:15

Cam

bkbaNK;:15

Ulp

~gAh{bea

NK;:15

Kù

~z`{hl{m`{i

dlka

ddr

NK;:15

@w~`c~ lh nb{è~l{ dbakbdb~r

bcn`w ':-1:"8 8 8 7 > 0 7 Ubciazl{` '2"&

@au` lh uga{`gldn`{ upb~u

bcn`w ':-1:" 9 9 8 5 7 8 7 C`y Vàdacn '1:"&

U~{`ci~g lh bcxù~l{

z{l~è~blc bcn`w ':-1:"0#5 0#5 0#9 8#: 0#: 0#5 7#: C`y Vàdacn '2#9"

Zarbci âwù '{aco" >9 >2 10> 52 20 11; 5;Pcb~`n A{ak @mb{a~ù

'1"

Zarm`c~u 'cpmk`{ z`{

rà{"59 59 51 5; 55 59 2

Glci Olci UA[$ Egbca

'5"&

^bm` 'glp{u z`{ rà{" 15; 15; ;7; 10; 5;> 50: ;::

Pcb~`n A{ak @mb{a~ù

'1;"

^{anbci Ae{luu Kl{n`{u

'{aco"108 108 18> 1>9 1>> 1>: 110 Ubciazl{` '1"

Nlepm`c~u ~l `wzl{~

'cpmk`{"8 8 11 8 9 2 8 H{ace` ';"

^bm` ~l `wzl{~ 'naru" >> >> >7 ;9 51 ;0 18 Ubciazl{` '0"&

Elu~ ~l `wzl{~ 'PU. z`{

elc~abc`{"

;$980 ;$897 1$70: ;$2>0 1$820 1$7:: 1$8;: Madaruba '>50"

Nlepm`c~u ~l bmzl{~

'cpmk`{"7 7 7 9 9 9 9 H{ace` ';"

^bm` ~l bmzl{~ 'naru" 08 08 >0 59 50 ;: ;5 Ubciazl{` '>"

Elu~ ~l bmzl{~ 'PU. z`{

elc~abc`{"5$08: 5$510 ;$82: 5$>>0 1$2>0 1$2:0 1$2>: Madaruba '>;:"

@chl{ebci Elc~{ae~u '{aco" 72 79 175 87 152 >1 7; Dpw`mklp{i '1"


13/111


Bcnbea~l{

Vam

kbaNK;:15

Vam

kbaNK;:1;

Acil

daNK;:15

Kl

~uyaca

NK;:15

Dùl

~gl

NK;:15

Cam

bkbaNK;:15

Ulp

~gAh{bea

NK;:15

Kù

~z`{hl{m`{i

dlka

ddr

NK;:15

^bm` 'naru" >91 >91 1$:11 8;0 810 ;9: 8:: Ubciazl{` '10:"

Elu~ '% lh edabm" 57#9 57#9 >>#> ;7#1 51#5 50#7 55#; Kgp~ac ':#1"

Z{le`np{ù 'cpmk`{" 50 50 >8 ;7 >1 55 ;2 B{`dacn ';1"&

[ùldxbci Bculdx`cer

'{aco"22 1:: 18; ;2 90 02 7> Fazac '1"

^bm` 'rà{u" ;#9 ;#9 8#; 1#9 ;#8 1#0 ;#: B{`dacn ':#>"

Elu~ '% lh ù~a~`" 2 2 ;; 10 7 10 17 Ubciazl{` '1"&

Lp~elm` ': au zbè`màd

uad` acn 1 au ilbcielce`{c"

: : 1 : : :

[èlx`{r {a~` 'e`c~u lc

~g` nldda{";2#7 ;2#5 7#: 8>#7 59#8 >;#5 50#> Fazac '2;#7"

Cl~`6NK;:1; {acobciu uglyc a{` cl~ dau~ rà{u zpkdbug`n {acobciu kp~ elmza{akd` {acobciu hl{ NK;:1; ~ga~ eaz~p{` ~g` `hhè~u l

upeg hae~l{u au na~a el{{è~blcu acn ~g` annb~blc lh ; èlclmbù 'Ka{kanlu acn Mad~a" ~l ~g` uamzd` ~gbu rà{# ^g` {acobc

m`~glnldlir hl{ ~g` zarbci ~awù bcnbea~l{u egaci`n bc Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15? u`` ~g` na~a cl~ù hl{ n`~abdu# Hl{ ml{` bchl{ma~bl

lc cl z{ae~be` ma{ou$ u`` ~g` na~a cl~ù# Na~a hl{ ~g` lp~elm` lh ~g` {ùldxbci bculdx`cer bcnbea~l{ a{` cl~ axabdakd` hl

NK;:1;#

& ^yl l{ ml{` èlclmbù uga{` ~g` ~lz {acobci lc ~gbu bcnbea~l{# A cpmk`{ uglyc bc zdae` lh ac èlclmru cam` bcnbea~ù ~g

cpmk`{ lh èlclmbù ~ga~ uga{` ~g` ~lz {acobci lc ~g` bcnbea~l{# Hl{ a dbu~ lh ~gù` èlclmbù$ u`` ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub

'g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i"#



14/111

1>VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

UÂ[^BCI A KPUBC@UU

Hl{mad {ìbu~{a~blc lh elmzacbù gau macr

bmm`nba~` k`c`hb~u hl{ ~g` elmzacbù acn hl{

kpubcùu lyc`{u acn `mzdlr`ù# Dìad `c~b~bù eac

lp~dbx` ~g`b{ hlpcn`{u# [ùlp{eù a{` zlld`n au

u`x`{ad uga{`gldn`{u flbc hl{eù ~l u~a{~ a elmzacr#

Hl{maddr {ìbu~`{`n elmzacbù gax` aeeùu ~l

u`{xbeù acn bcu~b~p~blcu h{lm elp{~u ~l kacou au

y`dd au ~l c`y ma{o`~u# Acn ~g`b{ `mzdlr`ù eac

k`c`hb~ h{lm z{l~è~blcu z{lxbn`n kr ~g` day# Ac

annb~blcad k`c`hb~ elmù yb~g dbmb~`n dbakbdb~r

elmzacbù# ^gù` dbmb~ ~g` hbcacebad dbakbdb~r lh

elmzacr lyc`{u ~l ~g`b{ bcxù~m`c~u$ ul z`{ulcadauu`~u lh ~g` lyc`{u a{` cl~ zp~ a~ {buo# Yg`{`

ilx`{cm`c~u mao` {ìbu~{a~blc àur$ ml{`

`c~{`z{`c`p{u u~a{~ kpubcùuù bc ~g` hl{mad uè~l{$

e{à~bci ml{` illn flku acn i`c`{a~bci ml{`

{`x`cp` hl{ ~g` ilx`{cm`c~#

Yga~ nl ~g` bcnbea~l{u elx`{


15/111


UÂ[^BCI A KPUBC@UU

Yg`{` nlù ~g` èlclmr u~acn ~lnar bc ~g` {acobci lh 170èlclmbù lc ~g` àu` lh u~a{~bci a kpubcùu 'hbip{`

;#;"# ^g` {acobciu hl{ elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù acn ~g`

{ìblcad ax`{ai` {acobci z{lxbn` l~g`{ pu`hpdbchl{ma~blc hl{ auuùubci gly àur b~ bu hl{ ac

`c~{`z{`c`p{ bc Vamkba ~l u~a{~ a kpubcùu#

Hbip{` ;#; Gly Vamkba acn elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù {aco lc ~g` àu` lh u~a{~bci a kpubcùu



17/111


UÂ[^BCI A KPUBC@UU

Yga~ a{` ~g` egaciù lx`{ ~bm`

& Upkmb~ @cxb{lcm`c~ad Bmzae~ Auuùum`c~

Ac @cxb{lcm`c~ad Bmzae~ Auuùum`c~ [`zl{~ '1; elzbù" mpu~ k`

upkmb~~`n ~l ~g` @cxb{lcm`c~ad Elpcebd# ^g` {`zl{~ mpu~ uzèbhr ~g`

z{lfè~ k{b`h clbu` d`x`du$ gà~$ {anblae~bxb~r$ `mbuublcu$ acn

`cxb{lcm`c~ad `hhè~u '@cxb{lcm`c~ad acn Zlddp~blc Ae~ EAZ ;:>"# Hl{ a

ubmzd` ya{`glpu` z{lfè~$ ~g` {`zl{~ eac k` nlc` bc-glpu`#

; naru VMO 29$>22$18:

0

Bchl{m ~g` mpcbebzadb~r lh ~g` kìbccbci lh elcu~{pe~blc acn

{è`bx` bcuzè~blc lh hlpcna~blc yl{ou

^g` Elpcebd gau bc~{lnpe`n ac Bcuzè~blc h`` ~glpig ~g` @cibc``{bci

N`za{~m`c~# ^gbu elx`{u ~{acuzl{~a~blc hl{ bcuzè~l{u# ^g` bcuzè~blc

pupaddr ~aoù zdae` yb~gbc 1 -- ; glp{u# ^gbu bu a lc` lhh zarm`c~ acn

elx`{u add bcuzè~blcu#

1 nar VMO 1$;::$:::

8

[`qpù~ acn {è`bx` bcuzè~blc lh elce{`~` yl{ou

Ad~glpig ~g`{` bu cl annb~blcad ega{i`$ ~g` ~{acuzl{~ elu~u lh ~g`

@cibc``{bci N`za{~m`c~ a{` pupaddr z{lxbn`n kr ~g` kpbdn`{# ^g`

bcuzè~blc bcxldxù qpadb~r egèou lh ma~`{badu acn z{le`np{ù '1 -- ;

glp{u"#

1 nar cl ega{i`


32/111


Cl# Z{le`np{`^bm` ~l

elmzd`~Èlu~ ~l elmzd`~`

9Lk~abc elmzd`~blc e`{~bhbea~`, leepzacer z`{mb~ >: naru cl ega{i`

7

& [è`bx` bcuzè~blc kr ~g` Hb{` N`za{~m`c~

Add bcuzè~blcu a{` a z{`{`qpbub~` hl{ ~g` elmzd`~blc

e`{~bhbea~`,leepzacer z`{mb~$ kp~ a{` cl~ ell{nbca~`n#

1 nar cl ega{i`

2

& [è`bx` bcuzè~blc kr ~g` @cxb{lcm`c~ad Elpcebd1 nar cl ega{i`

1:

& [`qpù~ lzbcblcu lc z{lfè~ elmzd`~blc kr ~g` Zpkdbe Gàd~g

Ai`cer

^gbu z{le`np{` bu ùu`c~baddr aklp~ bcuzè~bci uacb~a~blc ~l mao` up{` b~

bu elchl{m ~l ~g` l{bibcad zdacu# ^g` zpkdbe gàd~g ai`cer egèou

mabcdr ~g` u`y`{ai` uru~`m ~l mao` up{` ~ga~ upzzdbù a{` ~g`{` acn

~ga~ nbuega{i` gau k``c z{lz`{dr bmzd`m`c~`n#

8 naru cl ega{i`

11

[`qpù~ ya~`{ acn u`y`{ai` u`{xbeù acn bcuzè~blc1 nar cl ega{i`

1;

& [è`bx` ub~` bcuzè~blc kr ~g` ya~`{ ap~gl{b~r

Ub~` bcuzè~blc acn ù~bma~blc lh ya~`{ acn u`y`{ai` bcu~adda~blc elu~u

a{` nlc` a~ ~gbu u~ai`# Ah~`{ ~g` bcuzè~blc gau k``c {`qpù~`n$ b~ ~aoù

aklp~ 5 naru hl{ ~g` bcuzè~blc ~àm ~l egèo ~g` elcu~{pe~blc ub~`#

1 nar cl ega{i`

15

& Lk~abc ya~`{ acn u`y`{ai` elccè~blc9 naru VMO 0::$:::

1>

& Lk~abc ~`d`zglc` elccè~blc

^gbu z{le`np{` hl{ lk~abcbci ~`d`zglc` u`{xbe` eac k` u~a{~`n au ullc

au ~g` leepzacer z`{mb~ gau k``c lk~abc`n#

5: naru VMO 5::$:::

& âoù zdae` ubmpd~ac`lpudr yb~g acl~g`{ z{le`np{`#



33/111


I@^^BCI @D@E^[BEB^R

Aeeùu ~l {`dbakd` acn ahhl{nakd` `dè~{beb~r bu xb~ad

hl{ kpubcùuù# ^l elpc~`{ yào `dè~{beb~r upzzdr$

macr hb{mu bc n`x`dlzbci èlclmbù gax` ~l {`dr

lc u`dh-upzzdr$ lh~`c a~ a z{lgbkb~bx`dr gbig elu~#

Yg`~g`{ `dè~{beb~r bu {`dbakdr axabdakd` l{ cl~$ ~g`

hb{u~ u~`z hl{ a epu~lm`{ bu adyaru ~l iabc aeeùu kr

lk~abcbci a elccè~blc#

Yga~ nl ~g` bcnbea~l{u elx`{


34/111

5>VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

I@^^BCI @D@E^[BEB^R

Yg`{` nlù ~g` èlclmr u~acn ~lnar#; Gly Vamkba acn elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù {aco lc ~g` àu` lh i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r



36/111


I@^^BCI @D@E^[BEB^R

@x`c ml{` g`dzhpd ~gac {acobciu lc ~g` àu` lh i`~~bci`dè~{beb~r mar k` ~g` bcnbea~l{u pcn`{drbci ~glu`

{acobciu '~akd` >#1"# Acn {ìblcad acn idlkad kù~

z`{hl{m`{u lc ~gù` bcnbea~l{u mar z{lxbn` pu`hpdk`cegma{ou#

âkd` >#1 ^g` àu` lh i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r bc Vamkba

Bcnbea~l{ Vamkba NK;:15 Vamkba NK;:1;Kù~ z`{hl{m`{ bc

Upk-Uaga{ac Ah{beaNK;:15

Kù~ z`{hl{m`{idlkaddr NK;:15

[aco 101 1>7 Map{b~bpu '>>" Be`dacn '1"

Z{le`np{ù

'cpmk`{" 8 8 Elml{lu '5" I`{macr '5"&

^bm` 'naru" 119 119 [yacna '5:" I`{macr '19"

Elu~ '% lh bcelm`

z`{ eazb~a" 1$1:2#0 1$519#2 Map{b~bpu ';20#1" Fazac ':#:"

Cl~`6 NK;:1; {acobciu uglyc a{` cl~ dau~ rà{u zpkdbug`n {acobciu kp~ elmza{akd` {acobciu hl{ NK;:1; ~ga~ eaz~p{` ~g``hhè~u lh upeg hae~l{u au na~a el{{è~blcu acn ~g` annb~blc lh ; èlclmbù 'Ka{kanlu acn Mad~a" ~l ~g` uamzd` ~gbu rà{#

& ^yl l{ ml{` èlclmbù uga{` ~g` ~lz {acobci lc ~gbu bcnbea~l{# Hl{ a dbu~ lh ~gù` èlclmbù$ u`` ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~`




37/111


I@^^BCI @D@E^[BEB^R

Lk~abcbci ac `dè~{beb~r elccè~blc bu ùu`c~bad ~l`cakd` a kpubcùu ~l elcnpe~ b~u mlu~ kaube lz`{a~blcu#

Bc macr èlclmbù ~g` elccè~blc z{leùu bu

elmzdbea~`n kr ~g` mpd~bzd` dayu acn {ìpda~blcu

bcxldx`nelx`{bci u`{xbe` qpadb~r$ i`c`{ad uah`~r$

~ègcbead u~acna{nu$ z{lep{`m`c~ z{ae~beù acn

bc~`{cad yb{bci bcu~adda~blcu# Bc ac `hhl{~ ~l `cup{`

uah`~r bc ~g` elccè~blc z{leùu ygbd` o``zbcielccè~blc elu~u {àulcakd`$ ilx`{cm`c~u a{lpcn ~g`

yl{dn gax` yl{o`n ~l elculdbna~` {`qpb{`m`c~u hl{

lk~abcbci ac `dè~{beb~r elccè~blc# Yga~ {`hl{mu bc

i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r gau Nlbci Kpubcùu {èl{n`n bc

Vamkba '~akd` >#;"#; Gly gau Vamkba man` i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r àub`{l{ cl~ ead`cna{ naru VMO 8$:::$:::#:

>

Aee`z~ u~bma~` acn ayab~ elmzd`~blc lh w~`{cad elccè~blc yl{ou

kr Vùel Dbmb~`n

Vùel bu bc ega{i` lh ~g` `w~`{cad elccè~blc yl{ou# Ah~`{ ~g` qpl~a~blc

gau k``c zabn$ ~g` epu~lm`{ gau ~l yab~ k`hl{` ~g` `w~`{cad elccè~blc

yl{ou u~a{~# ^g` ~bm` bu c``n`n hl{ ma~`{bad mlkbdbva~blc acn l~g`{

cèùua{r z{`za{a~blc# Add ~g` ma~`{bad bu z{lxbn`n kr Vùel#

20 ead`cna{ naru VMO 00$5::$:::#:

0 & Vùel Dbmb~`n ea{{bù lp~ bc~`{cad bcuzè~blc 1 ead`cna{ nar cl ega{i`


39/111


Cl# Z{le`np{`^bm` ~l

elmzd`~Èlu~ ~l elmzd`~`

Ac bc~`{cad bcuzè~blc bu cèùua{r ~l auuùu bh ~g` bc~`{cad yb{bci bu

elchl{m ~l Vùel u~acna{nu# Bh ~g` yb{bci bu cl~ elchl{mbci ~l Vùel

u~acna{nu$ ~g`c Vùel ybdd buup` a e`{~bhbea~` ~l habd ~g` yb{bci# ^g`

`dè~{bebac bc ega{i` lh ~g` bc~`{cad yb{bci nlù cl~ gax` ~l k` dbe`cu`n

acn,l{ {ìbu~`{`n yb~g Vùel# ^g` `dè~{bead elc~{ae~l{ uglpdn k` z{ù`c~

acn bc eau` ulm`~gbci bu y{lci$ ~g`r eac k` ~ldn ~l {è~bhr acn {`~ù~#

^g` bc~`{cad bcuzè~blc bu a cèùua{r elcnb~blc hl{ lz`cbci ~g` m`~`{#

Lce` ~g` ~àm x`{bhb`n ~ga~ rlp{ bc~`{cad yb{bci bu el{{è~dr nlc` ~g`r

zauu lx`{ ~g` nlepm`c~u ~l ~g` ~àm bc ega{i` lh m`~`{ bcu~adda~blc#

8

Vùel Dbmb~`n bcu~addu ~g` m`~`{ acn nlù ~g` hbcad elccè~blc

^g` m`~`{ i`~u bcu~add`n ah~`{ ~g` elccè~blc gau k``c nlc`# Vùel ybdd

eadd ~g` epu~lm`{ ~l x`{bhr ~ga~ g` acn gbu `dè~{bebac a{` lc ~g` ub~` acn

~g`r ybdd elm` acn bcu~add ~g` m`~`{# ^g` bcu~adda~blc bu nlc` kr ~g`

m`~`{bci n`za{~m`c~# ^g` elu~ lh ~g` m`~`{ bu bcedpn`n bc ~g` ù~bma~`#

1 ead`cna{ nar cl ega{i`




40/111

>:VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

[@IBU^@[BCI Z[LZ@[^R

@cup{bci hl{mad z{lz`{~r {big~u bu hpcnam`c~ad#

@hhè~bx` anmbcbu~{a~blc lh dacn bu za{~ lh ~ga~# Bh

hl{mad z{lz`{~r ~{acuh`{ bu ~ll elu~dr l{

elmzdbea~`n$ hl{mad ~b~dù mbig~ il bchl{mad

aiabc# Acn yg`{` z{lz`{~r bu bchl{mad l{ zll{dr

anmbcbu~`{`n$ b~ gau db~~d` egace` lh k`bci

aee`z~`n au eldda~`{ad hl{ dlacudbmb~bci aeeùu ~l

hbcace`#

Yga~ nl ~g` bcnbea~l{u elx`{1VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15


Yg`{` nlù ~g` èlclmr u~acn ~lnar: naru acn elu~u 7#;% lh ~g`

z{lz`{~r xadp` 'hbip{` 0#1"#

Hbip{` 0#1 Yga~ b~ ~aoù ~l {ìbu~`{ z{lz`{~r bc Vamkba

Cl~`6 ^bm` uglyc bc ~g` hbip{` aklx` mar cl~ {`hdè~ ubmpd~ac`b~r lh z{le`np{ù# Hl{ ml{` bchl{ma~blc lc ~g` m`~glnldlir lh

~g` {ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r bcnbea~l{u$ u`` ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~` 'g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i"# Hl{ n`~abdu lc ~g`

z{le`np{ù {`hdè~`n g`{`$ u`` ~g` upmma{r a~ ~g` `cn lh ~gbu egaz~`{#



42/111

>;VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15


Idlkaddr$ Vamkba u~acnu a~ 28 bc ~g` {acobci lh 170èlclmbù lc ~g` àu` lh {ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r 'hbip{`

0#;"# ^g` {acobciu hl{ elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù acn ~g`

{ìblcad ax`{ai` {acobci z{lxbn` l~g`{ pu`hpdbchl{ma~blc hl{ auuùubci gly àur b~ bu hl{ ac

`c~{`z{`c`p{ bc Vamkba ~l ~{acuh`{ z{lz`{~r#

Hbip{` 0#; Gly Vamkba acn elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù {aco lc ~g` àu` lh {ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r



43/111

>5VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15


Yga~ a{` ~g` egaciù lx`{ ~bm` Gly àur bu aeeùu ~l bc~`{cad el{zl{a~` nlepm`c~u9 bc ~g` {acobci lh 170

èlclmbù lc ~g` àu` lh zarbci ~awù 'hbip{` 7#1"# ^g`

{acobciu hl{ elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù acn ~g` {ìblcad

ax`{ai` {acobci z{lxbn` l~g`{ pu`hpd bchl{ma~blc hl{

auuùubci ~g` ~aw elmzdbace` kp{n`c hl{ kpubcùuù bc

Vamkba#

Hbip{` 7#1 Gly Vamkba acn elmza{a~l{ èlclmbù {aco lc ~g` àu` lh zarbci ~awù

Cl~`6 NK;:15 {acobciu {`hdè~ egaciù ~l ~g` m`~glnldlir# Hl{ add èlclmbù yb~g a ~l~ad ~aw {a~` k`dly ~g` ~g{ùgldn lh

;0#9% azzdb`n bc NK;:15$ ~g` ~l~ad ~aw {a~` bu u`~ a~ ;0#9% hl{ ~g` zp{zlu` lh eadepda~bci ~g` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh zarbci

~awù#



67/111


ZARBCI ÂW@U

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L~g`{ ~awù '%" 5#9 ;0#0 5#9

^l~ad ~aw {a~` '% z{lhb~" 10#; 09#7 >;#9

Cl~`6Bc eauù yg`{` ac èlclmru {ìblcad edauubhbea~blc bu L@EN gbig bcelm`$ {ìblcad ax`{aiù aklx` a{` lcdr nbuzdar`n

lce`#

âwl{ macna~l{r

elc~{bkp~blc

Zarm`c~u

'cpmk`{"

Cl~ù lc

zarm`c~u

^bm`

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U~a~p~l{r

~aw {a~`âw kau`

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~l~ad ~aw {a~`

Z`cublc elc~{bkp~blc 1; ;> 0%i{luu

uada{bù0#8

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elc~{bkp~blc1 : >%

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El{zl{a~` bcelm` ~aw 0 >7 50%~awakd`

z{lhb~1#1

Hp`d ~aw 1 : 10% hp`d elu~ :#0


72/111


âwl{ macna~l{r

elc~{bkp~blc

Zarm`c~u

'cpmk`{"

Cl~ù lc

zarm`c~u

^bm`

'glp{u"

U~a~p~l{r

~aw {a~`âw kau`

^l~ad ~aw

{a~` '% lh

z{lhb~"

Cl~ù lc

~l~ad ~aw {a~`

âw lc bc~`{ù~ : yb~gg`dn : 10%bc~`{ù~

bcelm`:#>

bcedpn`n bc

l~g`{ ~awù

[lan ~{ahhbe elmmbuublc > :VMO 89$0::

z`{ qpa{~`{:#;

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M`nbead d`xr 1 : 1%bc~`{ù~

bcelm`:

^l~adu 59 15; 10#;



73/111


^[ANBCI AE[LUU KL[N@[U

Bc ~lnaru idlkadbv`n yl{dn$ maobci ~{an` k`~y``c

èlclmbù àub`{ bu bce{àubcidr bmzl{~ac~ hl{

kpubcùu# @weùubx` nlepm`c~ {`qpb{`m`c~u$

kp{n`culm` epu~lmu z{le`np{ù$ bc`hhbeb`c~ zl{~

lz`{a~blcu acn bcan`qpa~` bch{au~{pe~p{` add dàn ~l

`w~{a elu~u acn n`daru hl{ `wzl{~`{u acn bmzl{~`{u$

u~bhdbci ~{an` zl~`c~bad# [ùà{eg uglyu ~ga~

`wzl{~`{u bc n`x`dlzbci elpc~{bù iabc ml{` h{lm

a 1:% n{lz bc ~g`b{ ~{anbci elu~u ~gac h{lm a

ubmbda{ {`npe~blc bc ~g` ~a{bhhu azzdb`n ~l ~g`b{

z{lnpe~u bc idlkad ma{o`~u#

Yga~ nl ~g` bcnbea~l{u elx`{> 51 1:

Elu~ ~l `wzl{~ 'PU. z`{ elc~abc`{" ;$980 1$22: 1$:;7

Nlepm`c~u ~l bmzl{~ 'cpmk`{" 7 2 0

^bm` ~l bmzl{~ 'naru" 08 59 1:

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lce`#

Z{le`np{ù ~l `wzl{~ ^bm`'naru" Elu~'PU."

Nlepm`c~u z{`za{a~blc ;9 ;5:

Epu~lmu edà{ace` acn ~ègcbead elc~{ld > 10:

Zl{~u acn ~`{mbcad gacndbci > ;70

Bcdacn ~{acuzl{~a~blc acn gacndbci 2 ;$1::

^l~adu >> ;$980

Z{le`np{ù~l bmzl{~ ^bm`'naru" Elu~'PU."

Nlepm`c~u z{`za{a~blc ;8 580

Epu~lmu edà{ace` acn ~ègcbead elc~{ld 8 ;>0


81/111


Z{le`np{ù~l bmzl{~ ^bm`'naru" Elu~'PU."

Zl{~u acn ~`{mbcad gacndbci 11 >0:

Bcdacn ~{acuzl{~a~blc acn gacndbci 15 ;$0::

^l~adu 08 5$08:

Nlepm`c~u ~l wzl{~

Kbdd lh Danbci

E`{~bhbea~` lh L{bibc

Elmm`{ebad bcxlbe`

Epu~lmu `wzl{~ nèda{a~blc 'E@;: Hl{m"

@wzl{~ z`{mb~

^{acub~ `c~{r nlepm`c~u 'Ulp~g Ah{bea ( Vbmkaky`"


Nlepm`c~u ~l bmzl{~Kbdd lh DanbciE`{~bhbea~` lh l{bibcElmm`{ebad bcxlbeÈpu~lmu bmzl{~ nèda{a~blc 'E@ ;: Nèda{a~blc"Bmzl{~ z`{mb~Zaeobci dbu~[lan Macbhù~^{acub~ nlepm`c~u


82/111


@CHL[EBCI ELC^[AEÛ

Y`dd-hpce~blcbci elp{~u g`dz kpubcùuù `wzacn

~g`b{ c`~yl{o acn ma{o`~u# Yb~glp~ `hhè~bx`

elc~{ae~ `chl{e`m`c~$ z`lzd` mbig~ y`dd nl

kpubcùu lcdr yb~g hambdr$ h{b`cnu acn l~g`{u yb~g

yglm ~g`r gax` ù~akdbug`n {`da~blcugbzu# Yg`{`

elc~{ae~ `chl{e`m`c~ bu `hhbeb`c~$ hb{mu a{` ml{`

dbo`dr ~l `ciai` yb~g c`y kl{{ly`{u l{ epu~lm`{u$

acn ~g`r gax` i{à~`{ aeeùu ~l e{`nb~#

Yga~ nl ~g` bcnbea~l{u elx`{Hbdbci lh zdànbciu6 Zdabc~bhh acn N`h`cnac~ hbd` y{b~~`c zdànbciu acn upkmbuublcu yb~g ~g` elp{~ acn ~{acumb~elzbù lh ~g` y{b~~`c zdànbciu l{ upkmbuublcu ~l lc` acl~g`{# ^g` zdànbciu mar l{ mar cl~ bcedpn` yb~cùu

u~a~`m`c~u l{ `wz`{~ 'yb~cùu" u~a~`m`c~u#

&

Elp{~ azzlbc~m`c~ lh bcn`z`cn`c~ `wz`{~6 Fpni` azzlbc~u$ `b~g`{ a~ ~g` za{~bù) {`qpù~ l{ a~ gbu lyc bcb~ba~bx`$

ac bcn`z`cn`c~ `wz`{~ ~l nèbn` yg`~g`{ ~g` qpadb~r lh ~g` illnu Zdabc~bhh n`dbx`{`n ~l N`h`cnac~ bu an`qpa~`# 'u``

auupmz~blc 8-k lh ~gbu eau`"

&N`dbx`{r lh wz`{~ {`zl{~ kr elp{~-azzlbc~ n wz`{~6 ^g` bcn`z`cn`c~ `wz`{~ azzlbc~`n kr ~g` elp{~ n`dbx`{u gbu

l{ g`{ `wz`{~ {`zl{~ ~l ~g` elp{~# 'u`` auupmz~blc 8-k lh ~gbu eau`"

10

Z{`-~{bad elch`{`ce` lc z{le`np{`6 ^g` fpni` m``~u yb~g ~g` za{~bù ~l nbuepuu z{le`np{ad buupù 'hl{ `wamzd`

ygbeg azzdbea~blcu acn ml~blcu za{~bù bc~`cn ~l hbd`$ ygbeg nlepm`c~u za{~bù bc~`cn ~l {`dr lc$ yga~ ybdd k`

z{ù`c~`n au `xbn`ce` ~g` l{ad gà{bci l{ ~{bad$ `~e#"

&U`~~bci lh na~` hl{ m`nba~blc gà{bci6 ^g` fpni` u`~u a na~` hl{ a m`nba~blc gà{bci$ ulm`~bmù adul eadd`n a

)z{`-~{bad elch`{`ce`$) acn cl~bhbù ~g` za{~bù lh ~g` gà{bci na~`#

18

M`nba~blc gà{bci6 ^g` fpni` np{bci ~gbu bchl{mad m``~bci yb~g ~g` za{~bù `celp{aiù ~g`m ~l u`~~d` ~g` eau`# ^g`

fpni` ae~u au m`nba~l{# Bh ~g` eau` eaccl~ k` u`~~d`n$ ~g` fpni` mar n{ah~ a z{`-~{bad elch`{`ce` {`zl{~$ ah~`{ ygbeg

~g` eau` mar k` addlea~`n ~l acl~g`{ fpni

& [`qpù~ hl{ bc~`{dlep~l{r l{n`{6 N`h`cnac~ {abuù z{`dbmbca{r buupù$ upeg au fp{bunbe~blc$ u~a~p~` lh dbmb~a~blc$ `~e#

&Elp{~u buupace` lh bc~`{dlep~l{r l{n`{6 Elp{~ nèbnù ~g` z{`dbmbca{r buupù ~g` N`h`cnac~ {abu`n kr buupbci ac

bc~`{dlep~l{r l{n`{#

19 Zdabc~bhhu azzàd lh elp{~)u bc~`{dlep~l{r l{n`{6 Zdabc~bhh azzàdu ~g` elp{~)u bc~`{dlep~l{r l{n`{$ ygbeg upuz`cnu~g` elp{~ z{le``nbciu#

& U`~~bci lh na~`'u" hl{ l{ad gà{bci l{ ~{bad6 ^g` fpni` u`~u ~g` na~`'u" hl{ ~g` l{ad gà{bci l{ ~{bad#

17

Z{`-~{bad elch`{`ce` abm`n a~ z{`za{bci hl{ ~{bad6 ^g` fpni` m``~u yb~g za{~bù ~l mao` z{ae~bead a{{aci`m`c~u

hl{ ~g` ~{bad 'hl{ `wamzd`$ ~g` cpmk`{ lh yb~cùuù za{~bù bc~`cn ~l eadd lc np{bci ~{bad$ gly mpeg ~bm` àeg za{~r bu

ibx`c ~l z{ù`c~ l{ad a{ipm`c~u `~e#"#

& Dbu~ lh '`wz`{~" yb~cùuù6 ^g` za{~bù hbd` a dbu~ lh '`wz`{~" yb~cùuù yb~g ~g` elp{~# 'u`` auupmz~blc 8-a"

12Anflp{cm`c~u6 Elp{~ z{le``nbciu a{` n`dar`n kèapu` lc` l{ kl~g za{~bù {`qpù~ acn lk~abc ac anflp{cm`c~ ~l

z{`za{` hl{ ~g` l{ad gà{bci l{ ~{bad#


91/111


Cl# Z{le`np{`

;:^{bad 'z{`xad`c~ bc elmmlc day"6 ^g` za{~bù a{ip` ~g` m`{b~u lh ~g` eau` a~ 'ac" l{ad uùublc'u" k`hl{` ~g` elp{~#

Yb~cùuù acn `wz`{~ yb~cùuù a{` qpù~blc`n acn e{luu-`wambc`n np{bci ~{bad#

;1Anflp{cm`c~u6 Elp{~ z{le``nbciu a{` n`dar`n kèapu` lc` l{ kl~g za{~bù {`qpù~ acn lk~abc ac anflp{cm`c~

np{bci ~g` l{ad gà{bci l{ ~{bad$ {ùpd~bci bc ac annb~blcad l{ da~`{ ~{bad l{ gà{bci na~`#

;;L{n`{ hl{ upkmbuublc lh hbcad a{ipm`c~u6 ^g` fpni` u`~u ~g` nàndbc` hl{ ~g` upkmbuublc lh hbcad hae~pad acn dìad

a{ipm`c~u#

&Hbcad a{ipm`c~u6 ^g` za{~bù z{ù`c~ ~g`b{ hbcad hae~pad acn dìad a{ipm`c~u ~l ~g` elp{~ `b~g`{ kr l{ad z{ù`c~a~blc

l{ kr a y{b~~`c upkmbuublc#

;5 Fpnim`c~ na~`6 ^g` fpni` u`~u a na~` hl{ n`dbx`{r lh ~g` fpnim`c~#

;> Y{b~bci lh fpnim`c~6 ^g` fpni` z{lnpeù a y{b~~`c elzr lh ~g` fpnim`c~#

;0 [ìbu~{a~blc lh fpnim`c~6 ^g` elp{~ lhhbe` {ìbu~`{u ~g` fpnim`c~ ah~`{ {è`bxbci a y{b~~`c elzr lh ~g` fpnim`c~#

;8Elp{~ cl~bhbea~blc lh axabdakbdb~r lh ~g` y{b~~`c fpnim`c~6 ^g` elp{~ cl~bhbù ~g` za{~bù ~ga~ ~g` y{b~~`c

fpnim`c~ bu axabdakd` a~ ~g` elp{~glpu`#

;9Azzàd z`{bln6 Kr day$ N`h`cnac~ gau ~g` lzzl{~pcb~r ~l azzàd ~g` fpnim`c~ np{bci a z`{bln uzèbhb`n bc ~g` day#

N`h`cnac~ nèbnù cl~ ~l azzàd# Fpnim`c~ kèlmù hbcad ~g` nar ~g` azzàd z`{bln `cnu#

;7[`bmkp{u`m`c~ kr N`h`cnac~ lh Zdabc~bhh)u elp{~ h`ù6 ^g` fpnim`c~ lkdbiù N`h`cnac~ ~l {`bmkp{u` Zdabc~bhh hl{

~g` elp{~ h`ù Zdabc~bhh gau anxace`n$ kèapu` N`h`cnac~ gau dlu~ ~g` eau`#

@chl{e`m`c~ lh fpnim`c~6

&Zdabc~bhhu gb{bci lh dayr`{6 Zdabc~bhh gb{ù a dayr`{ ~l `chl{e` ~g` fpnim`c~ l{ elc~bcpù ~l k` {`z{ù`c~`n kr a

dayr`{ np{bci ~g` `chl{e`m`c~ lh fpnim`c~ zgau`#

;2Zdabc~bhh)u azz{laegbci lh elp{~ chl{e`m`c~ lhhbe`{ l{ 'z{bxa~`" kabdbhh ~l chl{e` ~g` fpnim`c~6 ^l `chl{e`

~g` fpnim`c~$ Zdabc~bhh azz{laegù a elp{~ `chl{e`m`c~ lhhbe`{ upeg au a elp{~ kabdbhh l{ ug`{bhh$ l{ a z{bxa~` kabdbhh#

5: Zdabc~bhhu anxace`m`c~ lh `chl{e`m`c~ h`ù6 Zdabc~bhh zaru ~g` h`ù {`da~`n ~l ~g` `chl{e`m`c~ lh ~g` fpnim`c~#

51Bn`c~bhbea~blc lh N`h`cnac~)u auu`~u hl{ a~~aegm`c~ kr elp{~ lhhbebad l{ N`h`cnac~6 Fpni`$ a elp{~ `chl{e`m`c~

lhhbe`{$ a 'z{bxa~`" kabdbhh l{ ~g` N`h`cnac~ gbmu`dh bn`c~bhbù N`h`cnac~)u mlxakd` auu`~u hl{ a~~aegm`c~#

5; A~~aegm`c~6 N`h`cnac~u mlxakd` illnu a{` a~~aeg`n 'zgrubeaddr l{ kr {ìbu~`{bci$ ma{obci l{ u`za{a~bci auu`~u"#

55 [`zl{~ lc wèp~blc lh a~~aegm`c~6 A elp{~ `chl{e`m`c~ lhhbe`{ l{ z{bxa~` z{leùu u`{x`{ n`dbx`{u a {`zl{~ lc ~gà~~aegm`c~ lh N`h`cnac~)u mlxakd` illnu ~l ~g` fpni`#

5>@chl{e`m`c~ nbuzp~ù k`hl{` elp{~6 ^g` `chl{e`m`c~ lh ~g` fpnim`c~ bu n`dar`n kèapu` N`h`cnac~ lzzluù

auzè~u lh ~g` `chl{e`m`c~ z{leùu k`hl{` ~g` fpni`#

50 Uad` ~g{lpig zpkdbe ape~blc6 ^g` N`h`cnac~u mlxakd` z{lz`{~r bu uldn a~ zpkdbe ape~blc#

58[`bmkp{u`m`c~ lh Zdabc~bhhu `chl{e`m`c~ h`ù6 N`h`cnac~ {`bmkp{uù Zdabc~bhh)u `chl{e`m`c~ h`ù ygbeg Zdabc~bhh

gan anxace`n z{`xblpudr#




92/111


[@ULDXBCI BCULDX@CER

A {lkpu~ kaco{pz~er uru~`m hpce~blcu au a hbd~`{$

`cup{bci ~g` up{xbxad lh èlclmbeaddr `hhbeb`c~

elmzacbù acn {àddlea~bci ~g` {ùlp{eù lh

bc`hhbeb`c~ lcù# Hau~ acn egàz bculdx`cer

z{le``nbciu {ùpd~ bc ~g` uz``nr {`~p{c lh

kpubcùuù ~l cl{mad lz`{a~blc acn bce{àu`

{`~p{cu ~l e{`nb~l{u# Kr bmz{lxbci ~g` `wzè~a~blcu

lh e{`nb~l{u acn n`k~l{u aklp~ ~g` lp~elm` lh

bculdx`cer z{le``nbciu$ y`dd-hpce~blcbci

bculdx`cer uru~`mu eac haebdb~a~` aeeùu ~l hbcace`$

uax` ml{` xbakd` kpubcùuù acn ~g`{`kr bmz{lx`

i{ly~g acn upu~abcakbdb~r bc ~g` èlclmr lx`{add#

Yga~ nl ~g` bcnbea~l{u elx`{VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

[@ULDXBCI BCULDX@CER

Yga~ a{` ~g` egaciù lx`{ ~bm` lh ~g`

177 BDL elcx`c~blcu elx`{ a{àu màup{`n kr Nlbci

Kpubcùu6 `mzdlr`` ~`{mbca~blc$ y`ò`cn yl{o$

gldbnar yb~g zar acn cbig~ yl{o# ^g` Nlbci Kpubcùu

m`~glnldlir bu hpddr elcubu~`c~ yb~g ~gù` >

elcx`c~blcu# ^g` BDL elcx`c~blcu elx`{bci a{àu{`da~`n ~l ~g` `mzdlrbci yl{o`{u bcnbea~l{u nl cl~

bcedpn` ~g` BDL el{` dakl{ u~acna{nu7 elcx`c~blcu

elx`{bci ~g` {big~ ~l elddè~bx` ka{iabcbci$ ~g`

`dbmbca~blc lh hl{e`n dakl{$ ~g` akldb~blc lh egbdn dakl{

acn qpb~akd` ~{à~m`c~ bc mzdlrm`c~ z{ae~beù#

K`~y``c ;::2 acn ;:11 ~g` Yl{dn Kaco I{lpz yl{o`n

yb~g a elcupd~a~bx` i{lpzbcedpnbci dakl{ dayr`{u$

`mzdlr`{ acn `mzdlr`` {`z{ù`c~a~bxù$ acn `wz`{~u

h{lm ~g` BDL$ ~g` L{iacbua~blc hl{ @elclmbe El-

lz`{a~blc acn N`x`dlzm`c~$ ebxbd uleb`~r acn ~g`

z{bxa~` uè~l{~l {`xb`y ~g` `mzdlrbci yl{o`{um`~glnldlir acn `wzdl{` hp~p{` a{àu lh {ùà{eg#

A hpdd {`zl{~ yb~g ~g` elcedpublcu lh ~g` elcupd~a~bx`

i{lpz bu axabdakd` a~ g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i,

m`~glnldlir,`mzdlrbci-yl{o`{u#

Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15 nlù cl~ z{ù`c~ {acobciu lh

èlclmbù lc ~g` `mzdlrbci yl{o`{u bcnbea~l{u l{

bcedpn` ~g` ~lzbe bc ~g` aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu`

lh nlbci kpubcùu# ^g` {`zl{~ nlù z{ù`c~ ~g` na~a lc

~g` `mzdlrbci yl{o`{u bcnbea~l{ubc ac acc`w# N`~abd`n

na~a elddè~`n lc dakl{ {ìpda~blcu a{` axabdakd` lc ~g`Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~` 'g~~z6,,yyy#nlbci kpubcùu#l{i"#

Za{~bepda{ na~a hl{ Vamkba a{` z{ù`c~`n g`{` yb~glp~

uel{bci#

^l mao` ~g` na~a lc `mzdlrbci yl{o`{u elmza{akd`

ae{luu èlclmbù$ u`x`{ad auupmz~blcu aklp~ ~g`

yl{o`{ acn ~g` kpubcùu a{` pu`n#

^g` yl{o`{6

@a{cu a uada{r zdpu k`c`hb~u `qpad ~l ~g`

èlclmru ax`{ai` yai` np{bci ~g` `c~b{`

z`{bln lh gbu `mzdlrm`c~# Gau a zar z`{bln ~ga~ bu ~g` mlu~ elmmlc hl{

yl{o`{u bc ~g` èlclmr#

Bu a dayhpd eb~bv`c ygl k`dlciu ~l ~g` uam`

{ae` acn {`dbiblc au ~g` mafl{b~r lh ~g`

èlclmru zlzpda~blc#

[ùbnù bc ~g` èlclmru da{iù~ kpubcùu eb~r#

Bu cl~ a m`mk`{ lh a dakl{ pcblc$ pcdùu

m`mk`{ugbz bu macna~l{r#

^g` kpubcùu6

Bu a dbmb~`n dbakbdb~r elmzacr#

Lz`{a~ù bc ~g` èlclmru da{iù~ kpubcùu

eb~r#

Bu 1::% nlmù~beaddr lyc`n#

Lz`{a~ù bc ~g` macphae~p{bci uè~l{#

Gau 8: mzdlr`ù#

Bu upkfè~ ~l elddè~bx` ka{iabcbci ai{``m`c~u

bc èlclmbù yg`{` upeg ai{``m`c~u elx`{

ml{` ~gac gadh ~g` macphae~p{bci uè~l{ acn

azzdr `x`c ~l hb{mu cl~ za{~r ~l ~g`m#

Akbnù kr `x`{r day acn {ìpda~blc kp~ nlù

cl~ i{ac~ yl{o`{u ml{` k`c`hb~u ~gacmacna~`n kr day$ {ìpda~blc l{ 'bh azzdbeakd`"

elddè~bx` ka{iabcbci ai{``m`c~#


99/111


@MZDLRBCI YL[O@[U

Yga~ nl ulm` lh ~g` na~a ugly#:

Zabn accpad dàx` hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 0 rà{u lh ~`cp{` 'bc yl{obci naru" ;>#:

Zabn accpad dàx` hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 1: rà{u lh ~`cp{ 'bc yl{obci naru" ;>#:

Zabn accpad dàx` 'ax`{ai` hl{ yl{o`{u yb~g 1$ 0 acn 1: rà{u lh ~`cp{`$ bc

yl{obci naru";>#:



103/111

1:5VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

@MZDLRBCI YL[O@[U

Nbhhbepd~r lh {`npcnacer bcn`w

^g` nbhhbepd~r lh {`npcnacer bcn`w gau 7 elmzlc`c~u6

yg`~g`{ {`npcnacer bu nbuaddly`n au a kaubu hl{

~`{mbca~bci yl{o`{u? yg`~g`{ ~g` `mzdlr`{ c``nu ~l

cl~bhr a ~gb{n za{~r 'upeg au a ilx`{cm`c~ ai`cer" ~l

~`{mbca~` 1 {`npcnac~ yl{o`{? yg`~g`{ ~g` `mzdlr`{

c``nu ~l cl~bhr a ~gb{n za{~r ~l ~`{mbca~` a i{lpz lh 2

{`npcnac~ yl{o`{u? yg`~g`{ ~g` `mzdlr`{ c``nu

azz{lxad h{lm a ~gb{n za{~r ~l ~`{mbca~` 1 {`npcnac~

yl{o`{? yg`~g`{ ~g` `mzdlr`{ c``nu azz{lxad h{lm a

~gb{n za{~r ~l ~`{mbca~` a i{lpz lh 2 {`npcnac~

yl{o`{u? yg`~g`{ ~g` day {`qpb{ù ~g` `mzdlr`{ ~l

{àuubic l{ {`~{abc a yl{o`{ k`hl{` maobci ~g` yl{o`{

{`npcnac~? yg`~g`{ z{bl{b~r {pdù azzdr hl{

{`npcnacebù? acn yg`~g`{ z{bl{b~r {pdù azzdr hl{

{``mzdlrm`c~#

Nbhhbepd~r lh {`npcnacer bcn`w Na~a

Nbumbuuad np` ~l {`npcnacer addly`n kr day< Rù

^gb{n-za{~r cl~bhbea~blc bh 1 yl{o`{ bu nbumbuu`n< Rù

^gb{n-za{~r azz{lxad bh 1 yl{o`{ bu nbumbuu`n< Cl

^gb{n-za{~r cl~bhbea~blc bh 2 yl{o`{u a{` nbumbuu`n< Rù

^gb{n-za{~r azz{lxad bh 2 yl{o`{u a{` nbumbuu`n< Cl

[`~{abcbci l{ {àuubicm`c~ lkdbia~blc k`hl{` {`npcnacer< Cl

Z{bl{b~r {pdù hl{ {`npcnacebù< Cl

Z{bl{b~r {pdù hl{ {``mzdlrm`c~< Cl



104/111

1:>VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

@MZDLRBCI YL[O@[U

[`npcnacer elu~

^g` {`npcnacer elu~ bcnbea~l{ màup{ù ~g` elu~ lh

anxace` cl~be` {`qpb{`m`c~u$ u`x`{ace` zarm`c~u acn

z`cad~bù np` yg`c ~`{mbca~bci a {`npcnac~ yl{o`{$

`wz{ùu`n bc y`òu lh uada{r# ^g` ax`{ai` xadp` lh

cl~be` {`qpb{`m`c~u acn u`x`{ace` zarm`c~u

azzdbeakd` ~l a yl{o`{ yb~g 1 rà{ lh ~`cp{`$ a yl{o`{

yb~g 0 rà{u acn a yl{o`{ yb~g 1: rà{u bu pu`n ~l

auubic ~g` uel{`#

[`npcnacerelu~ bcnbea~l{ Na~a

Cl~be` z`{bln hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 1 rà{ lh ~`cp{`$ bc uada{r

y`òu">#5

Cl~be` z`{bln hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 0 rà{u lh ~`cp{`$ bcuada{r y`òu"

>#5

Cl~be` z`{bln hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 1: rà{u lh ~`cp{`$ bc

uada{r y`òu">#5

Cl~be` z`{bln hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'ax`{ai` hl{ yl{o`{u yb~g 1$ 0 acn 1: rà{u

lh ~`cp{`$ bc uada{r y`òu">#5

U`x`{ace` zar hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 1 rà{ lh ~`cp{`$ bc

uada{r y`òu"7#9

U`x`{ace` zar hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 0 rà{u lh ~`cp{`$ bc

uada{r y`òu">5#5

U`x`{ace` zar hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'hl{ a yl{o`{ yb~g 1: rà{u lh ~`cp{`$ bc

uada{r y`òu"

78#9

U`x`{ace` zar hl{ {`npcnacer nbumbuuad 'ax`{ai` hl{ yl{o`{u yb~g 1$ 0 acn 1: rà{u

lh ~`cp{`$ bc uada{r y`òu">8#;



105/111


NAÂ CL^@U

^g` bcnbea~l{u z{ù`c~`n acn acadrv`n bc Nlbci

Kpubcùu màup{` kpubcùu {ìpda~blc acn ~g`

z{l~è~blc lh z{lz`{~r {big~uacn ~g`b{ `hhè~ lc

kpubcùuù$ ùzèbaddr umadd acn m`nbpm-ubv` nlmù~be

hb{mu# Hb{u~$ ~g` bcnbea~l{u nlepm`c~ ~g` elmzd`wb~r lh

{ìpda~blc$ upeg au ~g` cpmk`{ lh z{le`np{ù ~l u~a{~ a

kpubcùu l{ ~l {ìbu~`{ acn ~{acuh`{ elmm`{ebad

z{lz`{~r# Uèlcn$ ~g`r iapi` ~g` ~bm` acn elu~ lh

aegb`xbci a {ìpda~l{r ilad l{ elmzdrbci yb~g

{ìpda~blc$ upeg au ~g` ~bm` acn elu~ ~l `chl{e` a

elc~{ae~$ il ~g{lpig kaco{pz~er l{ ~{an` ae{luu

kl{n`{u# ^gb{n$ ~g`r màup{` ~g` `w~`c~ lh dìadz{l~è~blcu lh z{lz`{~r$ hl{ `wamzd`$ ~g` z{l~è~blcu

lh bcxù~l{u aiabcu~ dll~bci kr elmzacr nb{è~l{u l{

~g` {aci` lh auu`~u ~ga~ eac k` pu`n au eldda~`{ad

aeel{nbci ~l uèp{`n ~{acuae~blcu dayu# Hlp{~g$ a u`~ lh

bcnbea~l{u nlepm`c~u ~g` ~aw kp{n`c lc kpubcùuù#

Hbcaddr$ a u`~ lh na~a elx`{u nbhh`{`c~ auzè~u lh

`mzdlrm`c~ {ìpda~blc#

^g` na~a hl{ add u`~u lh bcnbea~l{u bc Nlbci Kpubcùu

;:15 a{` hl{ Fpc` ;:1;#;

M`~glnldlir

^g` Nlbci Kpubcùu na~a a{` elddè~`n bc a

u~acna{nbv`n yar# ^l u~a{~$ ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu ~àm$

yb~g aean`mbe anxbu`{u$ nùbicu a qpù~blccab{`# ^g`

qpù~blccab{` puù a ubmzd` kpubcùu eau` ~l `cup{`

elmza{akbdb~r ae{luu èlclmbù acn lx`{ ~bm`yb~g

auupmz~blcu aklp~ ~g` dìad hl{m lh ~g` kpubcùu$ b~u

ubv`$ b~u dlea~blc acn ~g` ca~p{` lh b~u lz`{a~blcu#

Qpù~blccab{ù a{` anmbcbu~`{`n ~g{lpig ml{` ~gac

2$8:: dlead `wz`{~u$ bcedpnbci dayr`{u$ kpubcùu

elcupd~ac~u$ aeelpc~ac~u$ h{`big~ hl{ya{n`{u$ilx`{cm`c~ lhhbebadu acn l~g`{ z{lhùublcadu {lp~bc`dr

anmbcbu~`{bci l{ anxbubci lc dìad acn {ìpda~l{r

{`qpb{`m`c~u# ^gù` `wz`{~u gax` u`x`{ad {lpcnu lh

bc~`{ae~blc yb~g ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu ~àm$ bcxldxbci

elch`{`ce` eaddu$ y{b~~`c el{{ùzlcn`ce` acn xbub~u kr

~g` ~àm# Hl{ Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15 ~àm m`mk`{u

xbub~`n ;> èlclmbù ~l x`{bhr na~a acn {è{pb~

{ùzlcn`c~u# ^g` na~a h{lm qpù~blccab{ù a{`

upkfè~`n ~l cpm`{lpu {lpcnu lh x`{bhbea~blc$ dànbci

~l {`xbublcu l{ `wzacublcu lh ~g` bchl{ma~blc elddè~`n#

;

^g` na~a hl{ zarbci ~awù {`h`{ ~l Facpa{r Nè`mk`{ ;:11#

^g` Nlbci Kpubcùu m`~glnldlir lhh`{u u`x`{ad

anxac~aiù# B~ bu ~{acuza{`c~$ pubci hae~pad bchl{ma~blc

aklp~ yga~ dayu acn {ìpda~blcu uar acn addlybci

mpd~bzd` bc~`{ae~blcu yb~g dlead {ùzlcn`c~u ~l eda{bhr

zl~`c~bad mbubc~`{z{`~a~blcu lh qpù~blcu# Gaxbci

@ELCLMR EGA[AE^@[BU^BEU

I{luu ca~blcad bcelm` z`{ eazb~a

Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15 {`zl{~u ;:11 bcelm` z`{ eazb~aau zpkdbug`n bc ~g` Yl{dn Kacou Yl{dn N`x`dlzm`c~Bcnbea~l{u ;:1;# Bcelm` bu eadepda~`n pubci ~g` A~daum`~gln 'ep{{`c~ PU."# Hl{ elu~ bcnbea~l{u `wz{ùu`nau a z`{e`c~ai` lh bcelm` z`{ eazb~a$ ;:11 i{luu

ca~blcad bcelm` 'ICB" bc P#U# nldda{u bu pu`n au ~g`n`clmbca~l{# ICB na~a y`{` cl~ axabdakd` h{lm ~g`Yl{dn Kaco hl{ Ahigacbu~ac? Apu~{adba? ^g` Kagamau?Kag{abc? Ka{kanlu? K{pc`b Na{puuadam? Erz{pu?Nfbklp~b? Ipraca? ~g` Budambe [`zpkdbe lh B{ac?Opyab~? Mad~a? C`y Vàdacn? Lmac? Zp`{~l [bel'~`{{b~l{r lh ~g` Pcb~`n U~a~ù"? Upnac? Up{bcam`? ~gÙr{bac A{ak [`zpkdbe? ^bml{-Dù~`? Yù~ Kaco acnIava? acn ~g` [`zpkdbe lh R`m`c# Bc ~gù` eauùINZ l{ ICZ z`{ eazb~a na~a acn i{ly~g {a~ù h{lm~g` Bc~`{ca~blcad Mlc`~a{r Hpcnu Yl{dn @elclmbeLp~dllo na~akau` acn ~g` @elclmbu~ Bc~`ddbi`ce`Pcb~ y`{` pu`n#

[ìblc acn bcelm` i{lpz

Nlbci Kpubcùu puù ~g` Yl{dn Kaco {ìblcad acnbcelm` i{lpz edauubhbea~blcu$ axabdakd` a~g~~z6,,na~a#yl{dnkaco#l{i,aklp~,elpc~{r-edauubhbea~blcu# ^g` Yl{dn Kaco nlù cl~ auubic{ìblcad edauubhbea~blcu ~l gbig-bcelm` èlclmbù#Hl{ ~g` zp{zlu` lh ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu {`zl{~$ gbig-bcelm` L@EN èlclmbù a{` auubic`n ~g` {ìblcadedauubhbea~blc L@EN gbig bcelm`# Hbip{ù acn ~akdùz{ù`c~bci {ìblcad ax`{aiù bcedpn` èlclmbùh{lm add bcelm` i{lpzu 'dly$ dly`{ mbnnd`$ pzz`{mbnnd` acn gbig bcelm`"#

Zlzpda~blc

Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15 {`zl{~u mbnrà{ ;:11zlzpda~blc u~a~bu~beu au zpkdbug`n bc Yl{dnN`x`dlzm`c~ Bcnbea~l{u ;:1;#


106/111


{`z{ù`c~a~bx` uamzdù lh {ùzlcn`c~u bu cl~ ac buup`?

Nlbci Kpubcùu bu cl~ a u~a~bu~bead up{x`r$ acn ~g` ~`w~u

lh ~g` {`d`xac~ dayu acn {ìpda~blcu a{` elddè~`n acnacuy`{u egèo`n hl{ aeep{aer# ^g` m`~glnldlir bu

bc`wz`cubx` acn àubdr {`zdbeakd`$ ul na~a eac k`

elddè~`n bc a da{i` uamzd` lh èlclmbù# Kèapu`

u~acna{n auupmz~blcu a{` pu`n bc ~g` na~a elddè~blc$

elmza{bulcu acn k`cegma{ou a{` xadbn ae{luu

èlclmbù# Hbcaddr$ ~g` na~a cl~ lcdr gbigdbig~ ~g`

`w~`c~ lh uzèbhbe {ìpda~l{r lku~aedù ~l kpubcùu kp~

adul bn`c~bhr ~g`b{ ulp{e` acn zlbc~ ~l yga~ mbig~ k`

{`hl{m`n#

Bchl{ma~blc lc ~g` m`~glnldlir hl{ àeg Nlbci

Kpubcùu ~lzbe eac k` hlpcn lc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu

y`kub~` a~ g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i,m`~glnldlir,#

Dbmb~u ~l yga~ bu màup{`n

^g` Nlbci Kpubcùu m`~glnldlir gau 0 dbmb~a~blcu ~ga~

uglpdn k` elcubn`{`n yg`c bc~`{z{`~bci ~g` na~a# Hb{u~$

~g` elddè~`n na~a {`h`{ ~l kpubcùuù bc ~g` èlclmru

da{iù~ kpubcùu eb~r 'ygbeg bc ulm` èlclmbù nbhh`{u

h{lm ~g` eazb~ad" acn mar cl~ k` {`z{ù`c~a~bx` lh

{ìpda~blc bc l~g`{ za{~u lh ~g` èlclmr# ^l ann{ùu

~gbu dbmb~a~blc$ upkca~blcad Nlbci Kpubcùu bcnbea~l{u

y`{` e{à~`n 'u`` ~g` uè~blc lc upkca~blcad NlbciKpubcùu bcnbea~l{u"# Uèlcn$ ~g` na~a lh~`c hlepu lc a

uzèbhbe kpubcùu hl{mi`c`{addr a dbmb~`n dbakbdb~r

elmzacr 'l{ b~u dìad `qpbxad`c~" lh a uzèbhb`n ubvàcn mar cl~ k` {`z{ù`c~a~bx` lh ~g` {ìpda~blc lc

l~g`{ kpubcùuù$ hl{ `wamzd`$ uld` z{lz{b`~l{ugbzu#

^gb{n$ ~{acuae~blcu nùe{bk`n bc a u~acna{nbv`n eau`

ue`ca{bl {`h`{ ~l a uzèbhbe u`~ lh buupù acn mar cl~

{`z{ù`c~ ~g` hpdd u`~ lh buupù a kpubcùu `celpc~`{u#

Hlp{~g$ ~g` màup{ù lh ~bm` bcxldx` ac `d`m`c~ lh

fpnim`c~ kr ~g` `wz`{~ {ùzlcn`c~u# Yg`c ulp{eù

bcnbea~` nbhh`{`c~ ù~bma~ù$ ~g` ~bm` bcnbea~l{u

{`zl{~`n bc Nlbci Kpubcùu {`z{ù`c~ ~g` m`nbac

xadpù lh u`x`{ad {ùzlcuù ibx`c pcn`{ ~g`

auupmz~blcu lh ~g` u~acna{nbv`n eau`#

Hbcaddr$ ~g` m`~glnldlir auupmù ~ga~ a kpubcùu gau

hpdd bchl{ma~blc lc yga~ bu {`qpb{`n acn nlù cl~

yau~` ~bm` yg`c elmzd`~bci z{le`np{ù# Bc z{ae~be`$

elmzd`~bci a z{le`np{` mar ~ao` dlci`{ bh ~g`

kpubcùu daeou bchl{ma~blc l{ bu pcakd` ~l hlddly pz

z{lmz~dr# Ad~`{ca~bx`dr$ ~g` kpubcùu mar egllu` ~l

nbu{ìa{n ulm` kp{n`culm` z{le`np{ù# Hl{ kl~g

{àulcu ~g` ~bm` n`daru {`zl{~`n bc Nlbci Kpubcùu

;:15 ylpdn nbhh`{ h{lm ~g` {èlddè~blc lh

`c~{`z{`c`p{u {`zl{~`n bc ~g` Yl{dn Kaco @c~`{z{bu`

Up{x`ru l{ l~g`{ z`{e`z~blc up{x`ru#

Upkca~blcad Nlbci Kpubcùu bcnbea~l{u

^gbu rà{ Nlbci Kpubcùu elmzd`~`n upkca~blcad

u~pnbù hl{ Bcnlcùba$ O`cra$ M`wbel$ ~g` [puubac

H`n`{a~blc acn ~g` Pcb~`n A{ak @mb{a~ù# @aeg lh

~gù` elpc~{bù gan ad{ànr auo`n ~l gax` upkca~blcad

na~a bc ~g` zau~$ acn ~gbu rà{ Nlbci Kpubcùu pzna~`n

~g` bcnbea~l{u$ màup{`n bmz{lx`m`c~u lx`{ ~bm` acn

`wzacn`n i`li{azgbe elx`{ai` ~l annb~blcad eb~bù l{

ann`n annb~blcad bcnbea~l{u# Nlbci Kpubcùu adul

zpkdbug`n {ìblcad u~pnbù hl{ ~g` A{ak yl{dn$ ~g` @au~

Ah{beac Elmmpcb~r acn m`mk`{ u~a~ù lh ~g`

L{iacbva~blc hl{ ~g` Ga{mlcbva~blc lh Kpubcùu Day bc

Ah{bea 'LGANA"#

^g` upkca~blcad u~pnbù zlbc~ ~l nbhh`{`ceù bc

kpubcùu {ìpda~blc acn b~u bmzd`m`c~a~blcau y`dd au

bc ~g` zae` lh {ìpda~l{r {`hl{mae{luu eb~bù bc ~g`

uam` èlclmr# Hl{ u`x`{ad èlclmbù upkca~blcad

u~pnbù a{` cly z`{blnbeaddr pzna~`n ~l màup{`

egaci` lx`{ ~bm` l{ ~l `wzacn i`li{azgbe elx`{ai`

~l annb~blcad eb~bù# ^gbu rà{ ~ga~ bu ~g` eau` hl{ add ~g`

upkca~blcad u~pnbù zpkdbug`n#

Egaciù bc yga~ bu màup{`n

^g` {acobci m`~glnldlir hl{ zarbci ~awù yau

pzna~`n ~gbu rà{# ^g` ~g{ùgldn hl{ ~g` ~l~ad ~aw {a~`

bc~{lnpe`n dau~ rà{ hl{ ~g` zp{zlu` lh eadepda~bci ~g`

{acobci lc ~g` àu` lh zarbci ~awù yau pzna~`n# Add

èlclmbù yb~g a ~l~ad ~aw {a~` k`dly ~g` ~g{ùgldn

'ygbeg bu eadepda~`n acn anfpu~`n lc a rà{dr kaubu"

{è`bx` ~g` uam` {acobci lc ~g` ~l~ad ~aw {a~`

bcnbea~l{# ^g` ~g{ùgldn bu cl~ kau`n lc acr èlclmbe~g`l{r lh ac lz~bmad ~aw {a~` ~ga~ mbcbmbvù

nbu~l{~blcu l{ mawbmbvù `hhbeb`cer bc ~g` ~aw uru~`m lh

ac èlclmr lx`{add# Bcu~àn$ b~ bu mabcdr `mzb{bead bc

ca~p{`$ u`~ a~ ~g` dly`{ `cn lh ~g` nbu~{bkp~blc lh ~aw

{a~ù d`xb`n lc m`nbpm-ubv` `c~`{z{buù bc ~g`

macphae~p{bci uè~l{ au lku`{x`n ~g{lpig ~g` zarbci

~awù bcnbea~l{u# ^gbu {`npeù ~g` kbau bc ~g` bcnbea~l{u

~lya{n èlclmbù ~ga~ nl cl~ c``n ~l d`xr ubicbhbeac~

~awù lc elmzacbù dbo` ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu

u~acna{nbv`n eau` u~pnr elmzacr kèapu` ~g`r {abu`

zpkdbe {`x`cp` bc l~g`{ yaruhl{ `wamzd`$ ~g{lpig


107/111


~awù lc hl{`bic elmzacbù$ ~g{lpig ~awù lc uè~l{u

l~g`{ ~gac macphae~p{bci l{ h{lm ca~p{ad {ùlp{eù

'add lh ygbeg a{` lp~ubn` ~g` uelz` lh ~g`m`~glnldlir"# Ibxbci ~g` uam` {acobci ~l add

èlclmbù yglu` ~l~ad ~aw {a~` bu k`dly ~g` ~g{ùgldn

axlbnu aya{nbci èlclmbù bc ~g` uel{bci hl{ gaxbci

ac pcpupaddr dly ~l~ad ~aw {a~`$ lh~`c hl{ {àulcu

pc{`da~`n ~l ilx`{cm`c~ zldbebù ~lya{n `c~`{z{buù#

Hl{ `wamzd`$ èlclmbù ~ga~ a{` x`{r umadd l{ ~ga~ a{`

{beg bc ca~p{ad {ùlp{eù nl cl~ c``n ~l d`xr k{lan-

kau`n ~awù#

Na~a egadd`ciù acn {`xbublcu

Mlu~ dayu acn {ìpda~blcu pcn`{drbci ~g` Nlbci

Kpubcùu na~a a{` axabdakd` lc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu

y`kub~` a~ g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i# Add ~g`

uamzd` qpù~blccab{ù acn ~g` n`~abdu pcn`{drbci ~g`

bcnbea~l{u a{` adul zpkdbug`n lc ~g` y`kub~`# Qpù~blcu

lc ~g` m`~glnldlir acn egadd`ciù ~l na~a eac k`

upkmb~~`n ~g{lpig ~g` y`kub~ù Auo a Qpù~blc

hpce~blc a~ g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i#

@au` lh nlbci kpubcùu acn nbu~ace` ~l

h{lc~b`{Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15 z{ù`c~u {ùpd~u hl{ ; aii{ìa~`

màup{ù6 ~g` aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci

kpubcùu acn ~g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{ màup{`# ^g`

àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci elmza{ù èlclmbù

yb~g lc` acl~g`{$ ygbd` ~g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{

màup{` k`cegma{ou èlclmbù ~l ~g` h{lc~b`{ bc

{ìpda~l{r z{ae~be`$ màup{bci ~g` akuldp~` nbu~ace` ~l

~g` kù~ z`{hl{mace` lc àeg bcnbea~l{# Kl~g

màup{ù eac k` pu`n hl{ elmza{bulcu lx`{ ~bm`#

Yg`c elmza{`n ae{luu rà{u$ ~g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{

màup{` uglyu gly mpeg ~g` {ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~

hl{ dlead `c~{`z{`c`p{u bc àeg èlclmr gau egaci`nlx`{ ~bm` bc akuldp~` ~`{mu$ ygbd` ~g` àu` lh nlbci

kpubcùu {acobci eac ugly lcdr {`da~bx` egaci`#

@au` lh nlbci kpubcùu

^g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu bcn`w {acou èlclmbù

h{lm 1 ~l 170# Hl{ àeg èlclmr ~g` {acobci bu

eadepda~`n au ~g` ubmzd` ax`{ai` lh ~g` z`{e`c~bd`

{acobciu lc àeg lh ~g` 1: ~lzbeu bcedpn`n bc ~g` bcn`w

bc Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:156 u~a{~bci a kpubcùu$ nàdbci

yb~g elcu~{pe~blc z`{mb~u$ i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r$

{ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r$ i`~~bci e{`nb~$ z{l~è~bci

bcxù~l{u$ zarbci ~awù$ ~{anbci ae{luu kl{n`{u$

`chl{ebci elc~{ae~u$ acn {ùldxbci bculdx`cer# ^g`

`mzdlrbci yl{o`{u bcnbea~l{u a{` cl~ bcedpn`n bc ~gburà{u aii{ìa~` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci# Bc

annb~blc ~l ~gbu rà{u {acobci$ Nlbci Kpubcùu z{ù`c~u

a elmza{akd` {acobci hl{ ~g` z{`xblpu rà{$ anfpu~`n

hl{ acr egaciù bc m`~glnldlir au y`dd au annb~blcu lh

èlclmbù l{ ~lzbeu#5

Elcu~{pe~blc lh ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu bcn`w

G`{` bu lc` `wamzd` lh gly ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu

bcn`w bu elcu~{pe~`n# Bc Hbcdacn b~ ~aoù 5 z{le`np{ù$

1> naru acn >% lh accpad bcelm` z`{ eazb~a bc h`ù ~l

{ìbu~`{ a z{lz`{~r# Lc ~gù` 5 bcnbea~l{u Hbcdacn {acou

bc ~g` 8~g$ 18~g

acn 52~g z`{e`c~bdù# Ul lc ax`{ai`Hbcdacn {acou bc ~g` ;:~g z`{e`c~bd` lc ~g` àu` lh

{ìbu~`{bci z{lz`{~r# B~ {acou bc ~g` 5:~g z`{e`c~bd` lc

u~a{~bci a kpubcùu$ ;7~g z`{e`c~bd` lc i`~~bci e{`nb~$

;>~g z`{e`c~bd` lc zarbci ~awù$ 15~g z`{e`c~bd` lc

`chl{ebci elc~{ae~u$ 0~g z`{e`c~bd` lc ~{anbci ae{luu

kl{n`{u acn ul lc# Gbig`{ {acobciu bcnbea~` ubmzd`{

{ìpda~blc acn u~{lci`{ z{l~è~blc lh z{lz`{~r {big~u#

^g` ubmzd` ax`{ai` lh Hbcdacnu z`{e`c~bd` {acobciu lc

add ~lzbeu bu ;1u~# Yg`c add èlclmbù a{` l{n`{`n kr

~g`b{ ax`{ai` z`{e`c~bd` {acobciu$ Hbcdacn u~acnu a~ 11

bc ~g` aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci

kpubcùu#

Ml{` elmzd`w aii{ìa~blc m`~glnuupeg au

z{bcebzad elmzlc`c~u acn pclku`{x`n elmzlc`c~u

rb`dn a {acobci cà{dr bn`c~bead ~l ~g` ubmzd` ax`{ai`

pu`n kr Nlbci Kpubcùu#> ^gpu$ Nlbci Kpubcùu puù

~g` ubmzdù~ m`~gln6 y`big~bci add ~lzbeu `qpaddr acn$

5 Bc eau` lh {`xbublcu ~l ~g` m`~glnldlir l{ el{{è~blcu ~l ~g`

pcn`{drbci na~a$ ~g` na~a a{` kaeo-eadepda~`n ~l z{lxbn` a

elmza{akd` ~bm` u`{bù ubce` ~g` rà{ ~g` {`d`xac~ èlclmr l{ ~lzbe

yau hb{u~ bcedpn`n bc ~g` na~a u`~# ^g` ~bm` u`{bù bu axabdakd` lc ~g`

Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~` 'g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i"# Ubw ~lzbeu

acn ml{` ~gac 0: èlclmbù gax` k``c ann`n ubce` ~g` bce`z~blc

lh ~g` z{lfè~# @a{db`{ {acobciu lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu a{`

~g`{`hl{` cl~ elmza{akd`#> U`` Ubm`lc Nfacolx$ Na{ugbcb Mac{af$ Ea{ad`` MeDbùg acn [b~a

[amadgl$ Nlbci Kpubcùu Bcnbea~l{u6 Ygr Aii{ìa~`$ acn Gly ~l

Nl B~ 'Yl{dn Kaco$ Yaugbci~lc$ NE$ ;::0"# Z{bcebzad elmzlc`c~u

acn pclku`{x`n elmzlc`c~u m`~glnu rb`dn a {acobci cà{dr

bn`c~bead ~l ~ga~ h{lm ~g` ubmzd` ax`{ai` m`~gln kèapu` kl~g

~gù` m`~glnu auubic {lpigdr `qpad y`big~u ~l ~g` ~lzbeu$ ubce` ~g`

zab{ybu` el{{`da~blcu amlci bcnbea~l{u nl cl~ nbhh`{ mpeg# Ac

ad~`{ca~bx` ~l ~g` ubmzd` ax`{ai` m`~gln bu ~l ibx` nbhh`{`c~ y`big~u

~l ~g` ~lzbeu$ n`z`cnbci lc ygbeg a{` elcubn`{`n lh ml{` l{ dùu

bmzl{~ace` bc ~g` elc~`w~ lh a uzèbhbe èlclmr#


108/111


yb~gbc àeg ~lzbe$ ibxbci `qpad y`big~ ~l àeg lh ~g`

~lzbe elmzlc`c~u#0

Bh ac èlclmr gau cl dayu l{ {ìpda~blcu elx`{bci auzèbhbe a{àhl{ `wamzd`$ bculdx`cerb~ {è`bxù a

cl z{ae~be` ma{o# Ubmbda{dr$ ac èlclmr {è`bxù a

cl z{ae~be` l{ cl~ zluubkd` ma{o bh {ìpda~blc `wbu~u

kp~ bu c`x`{ pu`n bc z{ae~be` l{ bh a elmz`~bci

{ìpda~blc z{lgbkb~u upeg z{ae~be`# @b~g`{ yar$ a cl

z{ae~be` ma{o zp~u ~g` èlclmr a~ ~g` kl~~lm lh ~g`

{acobci lc ~g` {`d`xac~ bcnbea~l{#

^g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu bcn`w bu dbmb~`n bc uelz`# B~

nlù cl~ aeelpc~ hl{ ac èlclmru z{lwbmb~r ~l da{i`

ma{o`~u$ ~g` qpadb~r lh b~u bch{au~{pe~p{` u`{xbeù 'l~g`{

~gac u`{xbeù {`da~`n ~l ~{anbci ae{luu kl{n`{u acni`~~bci `dè~{beb~r"$ ~g` u~{`ci~g lh b~u hbcacebad uru~`m$

~g` uèp{b~r lh z{lz`{~r h{lm ~g`h~ acn dll~bci$

mae{lèlclmbe elcnb~blcu l{ ~g` u~{`ci~g lh

pcn`{drbci bcu~b~p~blcu#

Xa{bakbdb~r lh èlclmbù {acobciu ae{luu ~lzbeu

@aeg bcnbea~l{ u`~ màup{ù a nbhh`{`c~ auzè~ lh ~g`

kpubcùu {ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~# ^g` {acobciu lh ac

èlclmr eac xa{r$ ulm`~bmù ubicbhbeac~dr$ ae{luu

bcnbea~l{ u`~u# ^g` ax`{ai` el{{`da~blc el`hhbeb`c~

k`~y``c ~g` 1: bcnbea~l{ u`~u bcedpn`n bc ~g`

aii{ìa~` {acobci bu :#59$ acn ~g` el`hhbeb`c~uk`~y``c acr ; u`~u lh bcnbea~l{u {aci` h{lm :#12

'k`~y``c nàdbci yb~g elcu~{pe~blc z`{mb~u acn

i`~~bci e{`nb~" ~l :#8: 'k`~y``c u~a{~bci a kpubcùu

acn z{l~è~bci bcxù~l{u"# ^gù` el{{`da~blcu upiiù~

~ga~ èlclmbù {a{`dr uel{` pcbx`{uaddr y`dd l{

pcbx`{uaddr kandr lc ~g` bcnbea~l{u#

Elcubn`{ ~g` `wamzd` lh Eacana# B~ u~acnu a~ 19 bc ~g`

aii{ìa~` {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu# B~u

{acobci bu 5 lc u~a{~bci a kpubcùu$ acn > lc kl~g

{ùldxbci bculdx`cer acn z{l~è~bci bcxù~l{u# Kp~ b~u

{acobci bu lcdr 8; lc `chl{ebci elc~{ae~u$ 82 lcnàdbci yb~g elcu~{pe~blc z`{mb~u acn 10; lc i`~~bci

`dè~{beb~r#

Xa{ba~blc bc z`{hl{mace` ae{luu ~g` bcnbea~l{ u`~u bu

cl~ a~ add pcpupad# B~ {`hdè~u nbhh`{`ceù bc ~g` nì{``

lh z{bl{b~r ~ga~ ilx`{cm`c~ ap~gl{b~bù ibx` ~l

za{~bepda{ a{àu lh kpubcùu {ìpda~blc {`hl{m acn ~g`

0 A ~ègcbead cl~` lc ~g` nbhh`{`c~ aii{ìa~blc acn y`big~bci

m`~glnu bu axabdakd` lc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu y`kub~`


akbdb~r lh nbhh`{`c~ ilx`{cm`c~ ai`cebù ~l n`dbx`{

~acibkd` {ùpd~u bc ~g`b{ a{à lh {ùzlcubkbdb~r#

@elclmbù ~ga~ bmz{lx`n ~g` mlu~ ae{luu 5 l{ ml{`Nlbci Kpubcùu ~lzbeu bc ;:11,1;

Nlbci Kpubcùu ;:15 puù a ubmzd` m`~gln ~l eadepda~`

ygbeg èlclmbù bmz{lx`n ~g` mlu~ bc ~g` àu` lh

nlbci kpubcùu# Hb{u~$ b~ u`dè~u ~g` èlclmbù ~ga~ bc

;:11,1; bmzd`m`c~`n {ìpda~l{r {`hl{mu maobci b~

àub`{ ~l nl kpubcùu bc 5 l{ ml{` lh ~g` 1: ~lzbeu

bcedpn`n bc ~gbu rà{u àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci#8

^y`c~r-~g{`` èlclmbù m``~ ~gbu e{b~`{blc6 K`cbc$

Kp{pcnb$ Elu~a [bea$ ~g` Evèg [`zpkdbe$ I`l{iba$

I{`è`$ Ipbcà$ Oavaogu~ac$ Ol{à$ ~g` Dal Z`lzdù

N`mle{a~be [`zpkdbe$ Dbk`{ba$ Mlcildba$ ~g`C`~g`{dacnu$ Zacama$ Zldacn$ Zl{~piad$ U`{kba$ ~g`

Udlxao [`zpkdbe$ Udlx`cba$ U{b Dacoa$ Po{abc`$ ~g`

Pcb~`n A{ak @mb{a~ù acn Pvkòbu~ac# Uèlcn$ Nlbci

Kpubcùu {acou ~gù` èlclmbù lc ~g` bce{àu` bc

~g`b{ {acobci lc ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu h{lm ~g`

z{`xblpu rà{ pubci elmza{akd` {acobciu#

U`dè~bci ~g` èlclmbù ~ga~ bmzd`m`c~`n {ìpda~l{r

{`hl{mu bc a~ dàu~ 5 ~lzbeu acn bmz{lx`n ~g` mlu~ bc

~g` aii{ìa~` {acobci bu bc~`cn`n ~l gbigdbig~

èlclmbù yb~g lcilbci$ k{lan-kau`n {`hl{m

z{li{amu#Nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{ màup{`

A n{aykaeo lh ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci bu

~ga~ b~ eac màup{` ~g` {ìpda~l{r z`{hl{mace` lh

èlclmbù lcdr {`da~bx` ~l ~g` z`{hl{mace` lh l~g`{u#

B~ nlù cl~ z{lxbn` bchl{ma~blc lc gly ~g` akuldp~`

qpadb~r lh ~g` {ìpda~l{r `cxb{lcm`c~ bu bmz{lxbci

lx`{ ~bm`# Cl{ nlù b~ z{lxbn` bchl{ma~blc lc gly

da{i` ~g` iazu a{` k`~y``c èlclmbù a~ a ubcid`

zlbc~ bc ~bm`#

^g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{ màup{` bu nùbic`n ~l

ann{ùu kl~g ugl{~elmbciu$ elmzd`m`c~bci ~g` àu`

lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci# ^gbumàup{` bddpu~{a~ù ~g`

nbu~ace` lh ac èlclmr ~l ~g` h{lc~b`{$ acn ~g`

egaci` bc ~g` màup{` lx`{ ~bm` uglyu ~g` `w~`c~ ~l

ygbeg ~g` èlclmr gau edlu`n ~gbu iaz# ^g` h{lc~b`{ bu

a uel{` n`{bx`n h{lm ~g` mlu~ `hhbeb`c~ z{ae~be` l{

gbigù~ uel{` aegb`x`n lc àeg lh ~g` elmzlc`c~

bcnbea~l{u bc 2 Nlbci Kpubcùu bcnbea~l{ u`~u '`wedpnbci

8Nlbci Kpubcùu {`hl{mu maobci b~ ml{` nbhhbepd~ ~l nl kpubcùu a{`

upk~{ae~`n h{lm ~g` ~l~ad cpmk`{ lh ~glu` maobci b~ àub`{ ~l nl

kpubcùu#


109/111


~g` `mzdlrbci yl{o`{u acn i`~~bci `dè~{beb~r

bcnbea~l{u" kr acr èlclmr ubce` ;::0# Bc u~a{~bci a

kpubcùu$ hl{ `wamzd`$ C`y Vàdacn gau aegb`x`n ~g`gbigù~ z`{hl{mace` lc ~g` ~bm` '1 nar"$ Eacana acn

C`y Vàdacn lc ~g` cpmk`{ lh z{le`np{ù {`qpb{`n

'1"$ Udlx`cba lc ~g` elu~ ':% lh bcelm` z`{ eazb~a" acn

Apu~{adba acn 2: l~g`{ èlclmbù lc ~g` zabn-bc

mbcbmpm eazb~ad {`qpb{`m`c~ ':% lh bcelm` z`{

eazb~a"# Eadepda~bci ~g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{ hl{ àeg

èlclmr bcxldxù ; mabc u~`zu# Hb{u~$ bcnbxbnpad

bcnbea~l{ uel{ù a{` cl{madbv`n ~l a elmmlc pcb~6

`we`z~ hl{ ~g` ~l~ad ~aw {a~`# ^l nl ul$ àeg lh ~g` ;7

elmzlc`c~ bcnbea~l{u r bu {ùead`n ~l 'maw r",'maw

mbc"$ yb~g ~g` mbcbmpm xadp` 'mbc" {`z{ù`c~bci ~g`

h{lc~b`{~g` gbigù~ z`{hl{mace` lc ~ga~ bcnbea~l{ae{luu add èlclmbù ubce` ;::0# Hl{ ~g` ~l~ad ~aw {a~`$

elcubu~`c~ yb~g ~g` eadepda~blc lh ~g` {acobciu$ ~g`

h{lc~b`{ bu n`hbc`n au ~g` ~l~ad ~aw {a~` el{{ùzlcnbci

~l ~g` 10~g z`{e`c~bd` kau`n lc ~g` lx`{add nbu~{bkp~blc

lh ~l~ad ~aw {a~ù hl{ add rà{u# Uèlcn$ hl{ àeg

èlclmr ~g` uel{ù lk~abc`n hl{ bcnbxbnpad bcnbea~l{u

a{` aii{ìa~`n ~g{lpig ubmzd` ax`{aibci bc~l lc`

nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{ uel{`# Ac èlclmru nbu~ace` ~l

h{lc~b`{ bu bcnbea~`n lc a uead` h{lm : ~l 1::$ yg`{` :

{`z{ù`c~u ~g` dlyù~ z`{hl{mace` acn 1:: ~g`

h{lc~b`{#

^g` nbhh`{`ce` k`~y``c ac èlclmru nbu~ace` ~l

h{lc~b`{ uel{` bc ;::0 acn b~u uel{` bc ;:1; bddpu~{a~ù

~g` `w~`c~ ~l ygbeg ~g` èlclmr gau edlu`n ~g` iaz ~l

~g` h{lc~b`{ lx`{ ~bm`# Acn bc acr ibx`c rà{ ~g` uel{`

màup{ù gly ha{ ac èlclmr bu h{lm ~g` gbigù~

z`{hl{mace` a~ ~ga~ ~bm`#

^g` mawbmpm 'maw" acn mbcbmpm 'mbc" lku`{x`n

xadpù a{` elmzp~`n hl{ ~g` 19> èlclmbù bcedpn`n

bc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu uamzd` ubce` ;::0 acn hl{ addrà{u 'h{lm ;::0 ~l ;:1;"# ^g` rà{;::0 yau eglu`c

au ~g` kau`dbc` hl{ ~g` èlclmr uamzd` kèapu` b~ yau

~g` hb{u~ rà{ bc ygbeg na~a y`{` axabdakd` hl{ ~g`

mafl{b~r lh èlclmbù 'a ~l~ad lh 19>" acn hl{ add 2

bcnbea~l{ u`~u bcedpn`n bc ~g` màup{`# ^l mb~bia~` ~g`

`hhè~u lh `w~{`m` lp~db`{u bc ~g` nbu~{bkp~blcu lh ~g`

{ùead`n na~a 'x`{r h`y èlclmbù c``n 82> naru ~l

elmzd`~` ~g` z{le`np{ù ~l u~a{~ a kpubcùu$ kp~ macr

c``n 2 naru"$ ~g` mawbmpm 'maw" bu n`hbc`n au ~g` 20~g

z`{e`c~bd` lh ~g` zlld`n na~a hl{ add èlclmbù acn add

rà{u hl{ àeg bcnbea~l{# ^g` `we`z~blcu a{` ~g` i`~~bci

e{`nb~$ z{l~è~bci bcxù~l{u acn {ùldxbci bculdx`cerbcnbea~l{u$ yglu` elcu~{pe~blc z{èdpnù lp~db`{u#

âo` Igaca$ ygbeg gau a uel{` lh 89 lc ~g` nbu~ace` ~l

h{lc~b`{ màup{` hl{ ;:1;# ^gbu uel{` bcnbea~ù ~ga~ ~g`

èlclmr bu 55 z`{e`c~ai` zlbc~u ayar h{lm ~g`

h{lc~b`{ elcu~{pe~`n h{lm ~g` kù~ z`{hl{maceù

ae{luu add èlclmbù acn add rà{u# Igaca yau hp{~g`{

h{lm ~g` h{lc~b`{ bc ;::0$ yb~g a uel{` lh 0># ^g`

nbhh`{`ce` k`~y``c ~g` uel{ù uglyu ac bmz{lx`m`c~

lx`{ ~bm`#

^g` nbu~ace` ~l h{lc~b`{ màup{` eac adul k` pu`n hl{

elmza{bulcu ae{luuèlclmbù bc ~g` uam` rà{$elmzd`m`c~bci ~g` àu` lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci#

Hl{ `wamzd`$ Igaca u~acnu a~ 8> ~gbu rà{ bc ~g` àu`

lh nlbci kpubcùu {acobci$ ygbd` Z`{p$ ygbeg bu ;2

z`{e`c~ai` zlbc~u h{lm ~g` h{lc~b`{$ u~acnu a~ >5#


110/111

11:VamkbaNlbci Kpubcùu ;:15

[@ULP[E@U LC ^G@ NLBCI KPUBC@UU Y@KUB^@

Ep{{`c~ hà~p{ù

C`yu lc ~g` Nlbci Kpubcùu z{lfè~

g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i

[acobciu

Gly elclmbù {acoh{lm 1 ~l 170

g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i,{acobciu,

Na~a

Add ~g` na~a hl{ 170 èlclmbù~lzbe {acobciu$

bcnbea~l{ xadpù$ dbu~u lh {ìpda~l{r z{le`np{ù acn

n`~abdu pcn`{drbci bcnbea~l{u

g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i,na~a,

[`zl{~u

Aeeùu ~l Nlbci Kpubcùu {`zl{~u au y`dd au

upkca~blcad acn {ìblcad {`zl{~u$ {`hl{m eau`

u~pnbù acn epu~lmbv`n èlclmr acn {ìblcad

z{lhbdù

g~~z6,,yyy#nlbcikpubcùu#l{i,{`zl{~u,

M`~glnldlir

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http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms/http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query/http://wbl.worldbank.org/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurshiphttp://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurshiphttp://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurshiphttp://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurshiphttp://wbl.worldbank.org/http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query/http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms/http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/


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