Documents Under L/C

Wang Yiping

http://english.hnu.cn Department of Business English

Hunan University

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Objectives• The main objectives of this Unit are to

learn about different types of documents used in international trade, which documents are usually required, the requirements for various documents and how to fill in these documents correctly.

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Analyzing the various classifications and requirements of export documents. Learning what functions export documents perform. Analyzing the various commercial and administrative documents. Examining other documents that may be required in international trade transactions.

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Objectives

What to Learn

• The importance of documents in international settlement

• Some major documents used in documentary credit

• Sample documents

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Introduction: Why Use Documents in International Settlement

• In the process of international trade settlements, the relevant parties are dealing with documents, not goods.

• Banks will generally pay against documents;

• Exporters will only receive payment by handling over the required documents;

• Importers will only rely on documents.

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Importance of documents in international settlement

• Documents are at the heart of all forms of international payment. It is, therefore, essential to have a good knowledge of the function of the different kinds of documents, their limitations as well as the specific problems that may possibly arise when handling them

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Importance of documents in international settlement

• Most international trade transactions require certain transport documents, administrative documents, commercial documents and insurance documents.

• The documents called for by a payment method will differ somewhat according to the nature of the transaction, the goods and the countries of exporter and importer.

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Importance of documents in international settlement

• There are a great variety of documents that may need to be produced to complete export/import transactions; some estimates indicate over 200 different documents are used in international trade.

• However, in most export transactions, only a few certain documents are used (invoice, packing list and transport document).

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Importance of documents in international settlement

• Some documents, furthermore, such as bill of lading and commercial invoice, are required in all transactions.

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Functions Documents Fulfill

(1) Proof of contract

• Documents such as transport documents (bill of lading), insurance documents, etc. evidence the existence of contracts of sale and conditions stipulated there.

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Functions Documents Fulfill

(2) Title to the goods

• Certain transport documents represent title to the goods, that is, they give the right to collect the goods from the carrier (just as a bank draft gives you the right to collect funds against the drawer).

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Functions Documents Fulfill

(3) Information

• Certain documents provide information on the price for the goods (invoice), the contents of package units (packing list), etc.

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Functions Documents Fulfill

(4) Customs.

• The customs of the country of destination require documents that evidence the origin of the goods, etc. in order to establish whether the goods are importable to the country and in order to charge appropriate taxes and duties.

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Functions Documents Fulfill

(5) Proof of compliance.

• Certain documents serve as proof that the conditions stipulated in the contract of sale are complied with, such as date of shipment (transport documents), the origin of the goods (certificate of origin), etc.

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Of the many export documents that may be used, the ten most commonly used are ocean bill of lading, delivery instructions, L/C, commercial invoice, insurance certificate, dock receipt, export declaration, consular invoice, certificate of origin and transmittal letter.

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Ten Most Commonly Used Export Documents

Types of documents

单据中的债权凭证 : 金融单据(Financial Documents)

• 汇票 (Bill of Exchange)

• 本票 (Promissory Note)

• 支票 (Cheque)

Types of documents

商业单据 (Commercial Documents)• 单据的中心——商业发票 (Commercial Invoice)• 形式发票 (Pro forma Invoice) 收讫发票 (Receipt Invoice)• 样品发票 (Sample Invoice) 领事发票 (Consular Invoice)• 海关发票 (Customs Invoice) 厂商发票 (Manufacturer’s Invoic

e)• 证实发票 (Certified Invoice) 宣誓发票 (Sworn Invoice)• 详细发票 (Detailed Invoice) 寄售发票 (Consigned Invoice)• 银行发票 (Banker’s Invoice) 联合发票 (Combined Invoice)• 签证发票（ Legalized or visaed invoice ）

Types of documents

• visaed invoice 指經進口國駐出口地的領事館或有關單位的簽證，用以取代領事發票(consular invoice) 的商業發票 (commercial invoice) 。某些中東國家所開出的信用狀往往要求受益人提供這種商業發票。

Types of documents

运输单据 (Shipping Documents)• 单据的物权证书—海运提单 (Marine/Ocean B/L)• 联合运输单 (Combined/multi-modal Transport B/

L)• 铁路运输单 (Railway Waybill)• 空运单 (Air Waybill)• 邮包收据 (Postal Waybill/ Post parcel receipt )• 海运单（ Non-negotiable ocean waybill ）• 公路运输单（ Road waybill ）

Types of documents

单据的索赔证书——保险单据(Insurance Documents)

• 保险单 (Insurance Policy)• 保险凭证 (Insurance Certificate)• 联合保险凭证 (Combined Insurance C

ertificate)• 暂保单 (Cover Note)• 预约保单 (Open Policy)• 流动保单 (Floating Policy)

Types of documents

商检单据 (Inspection Documents)• 品质检验证书 (Inspection Certificate of Quality)• 重量或数量检验证书 (Inspection Certificate of Wei

ght/Quantity)• 兽医检验证书 (Veterinary Inspection Certificate)• 卫生 / 健康证书 (Sanitary Inspection Certificate/Ins

pection Certificate of Health)• 消毒检验证书 (Disinfection Certificate)• 动植物检验证书 (Animal Health Certificate/Phytos

anitary Certificate)• 产地证明书 (Certificate of Origin)• 其他检验证书 (Other Inspection Certificates)

Types of documents

Official documents • Certificate of origin （原产地证书）• Health certificate （健康证书）• Certificate of inspection （检验证书）• Export/importer license （进 / 出口许可

证）• Packing list （装箱单）• Weight list （重量单）

Types of documents

其它单据 (Other Documents)• 进 / 出口许可证 (Expert/Import License)

• 报关单 (Customs Declaration Form)

• 装箱单 (Packing List)

Types of documents

国际贸易电子单证(Electronic Documents in International Trad

e)

• 国际贸易无纸化标准单据 (EDI Standardized Documents of International Trade)

What is a Commercial Invoice?The commercial invoice is the key

accounting document describing the commercial transaction between the buyer and the seller.

It is a document giving details of goods, service, price, quantity, settlement terms and shipment.

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Commercial Invoice

Commercial Invoice

• The Commercial Invoice is the one single document which describes the entire transaction from start to finish. It shows who shipped what to whom, on which terms of sale and payment and at what prices. It is also the primary document used by Customs, worldwide, for commodity control and valuation.

Commercial Invoice

• This document gives the information on the basis of which duty will be assessed.

• It can usually be prepared on the exporter's own form but the contents must comply with the regulations of the importing country.

• Amounts have to be set out clearly and the cost of the goods shown separately from the cost of transport and insurance.

• 其主要作用是：• ① 买卖双方结算货款的凭据；• ② 买方凭以收取货物、记账、报关纳税的

重要依据；• ③ 卖方向买方发货的清单，并凭以计佣和

支付佣金、报关纳税的依据；• ④ 作为全套出口结汇单据的核心，它是卖

方制作其他单据的依据；

• Some commercial invoices must be accompanied by a declaration that the exporter himself makes out and signs. Commercial invoices accompanied by such declarations are known as 'certified' commercial invoices.

Commercial Invoice

• Normally, exporters use the same invoice for both domestic and international trade. However, some countries require special forms.

• The invoice must include: the dates of billing and shipping, names of exporter or manufacturer, consignee, terms of sale, mode of payment, description of goods, packing marks and numbers, numbers of units, price per unit, total price, transportation mode and any other information required by the country of destination.

Commercial Invoice

It includes the following elements:

• Name and address of seller

• Name and address of buyer

• Date of issuance

• Invoice number

• Order or contract number

• Quantity and description of the goods

Commercial Invoice

It includes the following elements:• Unit price, total price, other agreed upon

charges, and total invoice amount stated in the currency of the documentary credit.

• Shipping details including: weight of the goods, number of packages, and shipping marks and numbers

• Terms of delivery and payment• Any other information as required in the

documentary credit (e.g. country of origin)

Commercial Invoice

• You may generate a commercial invoice at:

http://www.giagroup.com/index.cfm?p=commercial%20invoice http://www.giagroup.com/export-documents.cfm

Sample commercial invoice

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

PACKAGE MARKS: MISC. CHARGES (Packing, Insurance, etc.)

 

INVOICE TOTAL  

CERTIFICATIONS __________________________(AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE)

SHIPPER / EXPORTER

CONSIGNEE

NOTIFY: INTERMEDIATE CONSIGNEE

FORWARDING AGENT

COMMERCIAL INVOICE NO. DATE

CUSTOMER P.O. NUMBER B/L, AWB NO.

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN DATE OF EXPORT

TERMS OF PAYMENT

EXPORT REFERENCES

AIR/OCEAN PORT OF EMBARKATION

EXPORTING CARRIER/ROUTE

PKGS. QUANTITYNET WT.

(Kilos)GROSS

WT. (Kilos)DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE

TOTAL VALUE

             

             

江苏和泰股份有限公司JIANGSU HOTIY CORPOARATION

HOTIY BUILDING ， 50 ZHONGSHAN ， NANJING ， CHINA

COMMERCIAL INVOICE TO:××CO. NO.: DATE: S/C NO.:ISSUING BANK: 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 L/C NO.:FROM SHANGHAI TO COPENHAGEN BY SEA MARKS & NO.S DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT PRICE 　　 AMOUNT

JYSK CIF COPENHAGENCOPENHAGEN LUGGEGE SETA2400A/98 1-7 2-A15261 250 BOXES USD4.15/BOX USD1,037.5

0TOTAL: 　　　 250 BOXES USD1,037.

50SAY US DOLLARS ONE THOUSAND AND THIRTY-SEVEN POINT FIVE O

NLY.

　　　　　　江苏和泰股份有限公司　　　　　　 JIANGSU HOTIY CORPOARATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　广银芳

Customs Invoice

• A customs invoice is a special invoice required by the importing customs for the purpose of determining the value and origin of the imported goods.

• It is prepared by the exporter. It is also called certified invoice, combined certificate of value and origin( 价值与原产地联合证明书 ), etc.

• 海关发票 (Customs Invoice) 是进口国海关当局制作的一种具有特定格式的专用发票。其主要是供进口国海关当局作以下用途：

• ① 进口报关时估计、完税、征收差别税的依据；• ② 核定货物原产地，以采取不同的国别政策；• ③ 核查货物在出口国国内市场的售价以确定是否

存在倾销；• ④ 编制海关统计资料。

• 在买方开立的信用证中，对海关发票使用的名称却很不一致，主要有：

• ①Custom Invoice;

• ②Combined Certificate of Value and Origin;

• ③Certified Invoice in Accordance with ×××( 进口国 )Customs Regulations;

• ④Appropriate Certified Customs Invoice.

• 目前使用海关发票的国家主要有澳大利亚、新西兰、美国、加拿大、加勒比共同市场、加纳以及东非和西非的一些国家。

• 有些国家或地区在要求海关发票的同时，还要求提供商业发票，有些则不再要求提拱商业发票。此时，海关发票兼有商业发票的双重作用。

ZHENGCHANG TRADING CO., LTD.NO. 168 XUSHI ROAD HUZHOU ZHEJIANG

Commercial InvoiceTo: Date:

Invoice No: Contract No:

From: to: Letter of credit No:

Issued by :

Marks & Numbers

Quantities and Descriptions

Unit Price

Amount

ZHENGCHANG TRADING CO., LTD.

C O M M E R C I A L I N V O I C E1) SELLER 3) INVOICE NO. 4) INVOICE DATE

5) L/C NO. 6) DATE

7) ISSUED BY

2) BUYER 8) CONTRACT NO. 9) DATE

10) FROM 11) TO

12) SHIPPED BY 13)PRICE TERM

14)MARKS 15)DESCRIPTION OF GOODS 16)QTY. 17)UNIT PRICE 18)AMOUNT

C O M M E R C I A L I N V O I C E

1) SELLER 3) INVOICE NO. 4) INVOICE DATE

5) L/C NO. 6) DATE

7) ISSUED BY

2) BUYER 8) CONTRACT NO. 9) DATE

10) FROM 11) TO

12) SHIPPED BY 13)PRICE TERM

14)MARKS 15)DESCRIPTION OF GOODS 16)QTY. 17)UNIT PRICE 18)AMOUNT

SPORTING GOODS CIF SAN FRANCISCO AGEKO G1134 SHUTTLECOCKS 1,000 DOZ USD 4. 2 USD 4200SPTG3025 G4021 KNEECAP 100 DOZ USD 1. 3 USD 130SAN FRANCISCO G4022 KNEECAP 100 DOZ USD 1. 42 USD 142NO.1--57 G4023 KNEECAP 100 DOZ USD 1. 55 USD 155

G1581 T.T.SET 500 SETS USD 9. 9 USD 4950G1913 T.T.NET 100 DOZ USD 8. 4 USD 840G1902 T.T.POST 100 DOZ USD 12. 6 USD 1260

USD 11677

SAY U.S.DOLLARS ELEVEN THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED AND SEVENTY SEVEN ONLY.AS PER THE SALES CONFIRMATION NO.923514 DATED FEB .4,1999GOOGS ARE PACKED IN 57 CARTONS ONLY .

SHANGHAI MORING STAR CORP.,

SIGNATURE

Common customs invoices

(1) 美国格式 (Special Customs Invoice)• 美国海关发票的格式较多，因商品不同而异。主要有 For

m 5515(适用于一般商品，现已停止使用 ) 、 Form5519(适用于棉麻纺织品 ) 、 Form 5520(适用于钢材 ) 和 Form 5523(适用于鞋类 ) 。美国海关进口税分从量税和从价税两种计收方式，从量税的商品多数可免供海关发票，从价税商品则需提供海关发票。目前美国已逐步取消部分商品的海关发票，所以信用证如未规定提供海关发票，则可不提供。

• Exporters who ship using U.S. water ports must report all shipments on customs form CF349. The United States uses this form to levy a fee of .125% based on the value of the shipments collected.

Common customs invoices

(2) 加拿大格式 (Canada Customs Invoice)

• 加拿大海关发票从 1985年 1月 1日起使用新格式 Form 7/87 ，即 Revenue Canada Customs and Excise 。

(3)牙买加格式 (Invoice and Declaration of Value Required for Shipment to Jamaica, Form C23)适用于牙买加、洪都拉斯、多米尼加等国。

Common customs invoices

(4) 加勒比共同市场格式 (Caribbean Common Market Invoice)

• 适用于加勒比共同市场的十三个成员国：牙买加、多米尼加、圭亚那、安提瓜、伯利兹、圣卢西亚、圣文森特、巴巴多斯、格林纳达、蒙特塞拉特、圣基茨—尼维斯、特立尼达和多巴哥。

Common customs invoices

(5) 新西兰格式 (Combined Certificate of valve and of Origin of Goods for Exportation to

New Zealand)• 新西兰海关发票有几种格式，分别适用于

不同的国家和地区。其中， Form 59A (Form 59A Development Countries) 为 1985年启用的新格式，普遍适用于发展中国家和地区。同时， Form 59A还具有价值和原产地联合证书的作用。

• (6)尼日利亚格式 (Form C16,Combined Certificate of Value and or Origin and Invoice of Goods for Exportation of Federation of Nigeria <Bowcourt No·25>) 。

• (7) 加纳格式 (Form C61,Combined Certificate of Value and Invoice in Respect for Importation into Ghana)

Common customs invoices

• (8)赞比亚格式 (Invoice and Certificate of Value for Exports to Zambia)

• (9)东非格式 (Combined Certificate of Value and Invoice in Respect of Goods for Importation into Kenya 、 Uganda and Tanzania)适用于肯尼亚、乌干达、坦桑尼亚等国。

Common customs invoices

• (10) 西非格式 (Form C, Combined Certificate of Value and of Origin and Invoice of Goods for Exportation to West Africa)适用于塞拉利昂、利比里亚、冈比亚等国。

• (11) 西印度洋群岛格式 (Form B, Combined Certificate of Value and of Origin and In-voice of Goods)

• (12)Honiara 格式 (Form 27)

Common customs invoices

• (13)英国自治领域及原英属殖民国家格式(Combined Certificate of Value and of Origin and Invoice of Goods for Exportation to the British Dominions)

• (14) 澳大利亚格式 (Australia)适用于澳大利亚、巴布亚新几内亚等国。

Common customs invoices

• (15)南非格式 (Appendix “B” Customs Conference Form)

• (16) 不定格式：亦称自由格式，此类海关发票格式上端没有发票名称，也无指定国名。主要适用于马尔他、毛里求斯等国。

• 由于海关发票被视为自由贸易的一种障碍，近年来要求使用海关发票的情形也有所减少。

Common customs invoices

• So ， the customs invoice of each country will have its own form and content. Certain elements are likely to be included in all customs invoices:

• (1) Name and address of the seller• (2), (4), (8), (10) can be left blank• (3) Date of issuance and invoice number• (5) Consignee• (6) Buyer, if other than consign• (7) Country of origin of the goods• (9) Terms of sale, payment, commission and dis

count

Common customs invoices

• Currency used: it should be in the same currency as stated in the invoice.

• Exchange rate Date the order is accepted• Shipping marks Number of packages• Full description of goods Quantity• Domestic market price Invoice price• Invoice total Production detail• Packing cost Ocean or international freight• Domestic freight charges Insurance cost• Other costs• Declaration of the seller/shipper: A, B are declarations; C

is the signature of the seller.

美国海关发票

US Customs Invoice (continuation)

Canadian Customs Invoice

Manufacturer’s Invoice

• It is an invoice issued in domestic currency by the manufacturer to the exporter. The description of goods must be the same as those in the commercial invoice except that the price should be lower.

Manufacturer’s Invoice

• 厂商发票 (Manufacturer’s Invoice) 是出口国生产制造厂商出具的、以本国货币计价，用以证明货物在出口国国内市场的出厂价格的一种附属发票。其主要作用是供进口国海关估价计税及核定该货物的成本价以确定是否存在倾销。厂商发票的出具者可以不是信用证项下的受益人，而是产品的实际生产制造者。其货物价值应低于 FOB价。

Manufacturer’s Invoice

• It is used to understand the domestic market condition in the exporting country. If the exporter himself is the manufacturer, he may indicate in the commercial invoice “we, ourselves, are the manufacturer.” No manufacturer’s invoice shall be presented.

Consular Invoice

• A consular invoice is an invoice covering a shipment of goods certified (usually in triplicate) in the country of export by a local consul of the country for which the merchandise is destined.

• The consular invoice of each country will have its own form and content.

elements to be included in consular invoices

• Name and address of seller• Name and address of buyer• Date of issuance• Country of Origin of the goods shipped• Country of final destination of the goods• Quantity and description of the goods• Shipping details including: weight of the goods,

number of packages, and shipping marks and numbers.

Consular Invoice• 领事发票 Consular Invoice亦称领事签证书，系由驻出口国的进口

国领事认证或签发的一种附属发票。领事发票要求卖方填写后由进口国领事签章证实，交买方凭比办理进口报关手续。其作用与海关发票相似，主要在于代替原产地证明书，以作为进口国核定货物原产地、出口货物价格以及核定税费的依据。

• 目前使用领事发票的地区和国家主要有拉丁美洲及菲律宾等。有些国家制作有固定格式的领事发票，有的则要求在商业发票上签证，称领事签证发票 (Consular Invoice) 。领事发票具有进口许可证性质，且获取领事发票须缴纳一定的签证费，延长卖方的交货时间。因此，若国外进口商来证中要求提供领事发票时，除非两国政府间协商同意外，一般不予接受。有时也可由中国国际贸易促进会签发，或由银行注明当地无对方机构，争取取消。　

• 这种发票证明出口货物的详细情况，为进口国用于防止外国商品的低价倾销，同时可用作进口税计算的依据，有助于货物顺利通过进口国海关。出具领事发票时，领事馆一般要根据进口货物价值收取一定费用。这种发票主要为拉美国家所采用

Consular Invoice

• This invoice requires a detailed description of the goods and has spaces for showing marks, numbers, weights, value of the goods, their origin, and a declaration about the accuracy of the contents of the invoice. Often it is in the language of the importing country and must be filled out in that language.

Consular Invoice

• This document covers all the usual details of a commercial invoice and packing list is written in the language of the foreign country for which goods are destined. Special forms are obtainable from the consulate. Consular fees are payable to the consulate certifying and legalizing the documents. (Note: It is suggested that the sales contract show consular fees and other costs such as messenger fees as the responsibility of the buyer to prevent misunderstanding or argument). In dealing with consular documents, keep in mind that these are very technical documents. Their preparation should be completed by experienced personnel such as forwarders.

Consular Invoice

• Most countries have requirements pertaining to commercial invoices such as the language used, what information is shown, legalization, etc. Still others (particularly Latin American countries) require a consular invoice in addition to the commercial invoice.

Consular Invoice

• This document is presented to the consul for legalization to ensure that the items being shipped are in accordance with existing import regulations of the receiving country.

Consular Invoice

• In attempting to enforce accuracy, consulate employees may go to extremes to see that the form is executed correctly. If a consulate overlooks an error and customs officials at the destination detect it, the buyer is likely to encounter delays and/or fines.

Consular Invoice

• It must be totally error-free. It is the most difficult of all and must be prepared with great care. Forms are purchased from the Consul of the importing country and as many as six copies must be completed. The Consul must then legalize these documents. Other documents, such as the commercial invoice, usually have to be presented to the Consul at the time the consular invoice is validated.

Legalized Invoice

• A legalized invoice plays the same role as the consular invoice. It is required by some countries, particularly by those in the Middle East.

Legalized Invoice

• Here the commercial invoice must be stamped and signed by the importing country’s embassy or consulate in the exporting country, so as to become a legalized invoice, for which a fee is to be charged by the embassy or consulate.

• In China, the competent institution for legalizing the commercial invoice is China Council for Promotion of International Trade.

Transport Documents

• Many of the problems arising in payment transactions have to do with transport documents. Often, the buyer stipulates a type of transport document that is not appropriate to the mode(s) of carriage.

Bill of lading

• A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper, signed by the captain, agent, or owner of a vessel, providing written evidence regarding receipt of the goods (cargo), the conditions on which transportation is made (contract of carriage), and the engagement to deliver goods at the prescribed port of destination to the lawful holder of the bill of lading.

Bill of lading

The Bill of Lading serves three purposes:

• a receipt for your goods given to you by the shipping company

• a document of title (a document proving ownership) of the goods

• Evidence of a contract by the shipping company to carry the goods from your port to the port of the destination.

Bill of lading

• The ocean bill of lading serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage between the steamship company and the shipper and a receipt for goods given by the steamship company to the shipper.

• The bill of lading confirms where to deliver the goods, how freight charges will be paid and to whom the goods are consigned. The bill of lading spells out all legal responsibilities and liability limits for all parties to the shipment.

• Since an original bill of lading is a negotiable instrument (copies are not), the shipper/exporter may want to prepare it in such a way that he can retain title to the goods.

• In addition, the shipper/exporter should find out whether the destination country requires specific wording on the OB/L before filling it out.

Two types of bills of lading exist

• The shipper uses the first type, non-negotiable ''straight bills," when consigning the shipment directly to the final buyer.

• Meanwhile, the shipper uses the second type, negotiable "order bills," when he does not want title to pass to the buyer until certain conditions have been met.

• In this instance, the specified shipper must endorse bill of lading before delivery can occur. An order bill of lading must also show the party to be notified at destination.

• Order bills of lading play a important part in international transactions, especially when dealing with letters of credit and drafts. Most letters of credit call for "on board" bills of lading, which provide proof to the buyer that the shipment has been placed on board the vessel.

• Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales subsidiary companies abroad.

• 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如，当被保险方根据独家代理协书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时用之。

• Floating policy则指用以承保多批次货运的一种持续性长期保险凭证，常译为“统保单”。

• A marine policy may be a floating policy, that is to say, a policy that describes the insurance in general terms and leaves the name of the ship and other particulars to be defined by subsequent declarations, either by endorsement on the policy or in any other customary manner.

DOCUMENTS OF ORIGIN

• The purpose of these documents is to show where the goods originated. Therefore, they play an important role in order to establish the taxes and duties to be paid on the goods at the customs. One must find out what type of document exactly is required at the customs in order to be able to benefit from possible reduced tariffs.

• China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商品检验局 (CCIB)

• State Administration for Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine 国家出入境检验检疫局（ SAIQ ）

• State Administration for Quality and Technology Supervision 国家质量技术监督局

• State General Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine 国家质量监督与检验检疫总局 (AQSIQ).

• http://www.aqsiq.gov.cn