DOCUMENT RESUME

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AUTHOR Gentry, Carolyn S., Comp.TITLE Photojournpliss.INSTITUTION Florida TiAas - anion/Jacksonville Journal, F/a.PUB DATE 76NOTE 39p.; Some photographs may reproduce poorly

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

MF-$0.83 SC-$2.06 Plus Postage.*Communication Skills; Early Reading; ElementarySecondary Education; *Journalism; *LearningActivities; Manuals; Mass Media; *Photographs;*Photography; Teaching Techniques; Visual Literacy

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this manual is to show teachers a

variety of creative ways to capitalize on the high Interest value ofphotographs for communication skills. The first section of thisvolume contains sketches to motivate deeper study of photojournalism:'Development of Photojournalism,' 'Time to Remember: Matthew B.Brady,' wDates in the History of the Illustrated Press,' 'How Do YouGet To Be a Press Photographer,' °Press Photography by Lou Egner,'"Norabito Snaps a Pulitzer with 'Kiss of Life' Photo,' "Bow Are NewsPictures Printed?' and 'Some Photojournalism Terms. The secondsection provides a collection of classroom activities spanningvarious levels of instruction. Early reading and writing activitiesand exercises to develop skills in visual discrimination for massmedia classes are included, in addition to descriptions of creativeexperiences and lists of research topics, projects involvingpictures, and resources. (ICS)

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11-41:SEPASIIVAENT-CWA4SA1EDOICALTIONI INIELFAREINATiONAL. INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS COCUMENT isas BEEN REPRO-DUCED exacirt.v AS stecove, FRORTHE PERSON OR CIRGAMAEATIOssellsCHN-ATING IT POsAiTS OF VIE*, OR OPIRIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE-sEHT OFPICAAL RATiONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

PHOTOJOURNALISM

Carolyn S. GentryCompiler

The Florida Times-UnionJacksonville JournalJacksonville, Florida

1976

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ForewordPhotojournalism is telling a story through

published pictures. Newspapers strive forcreative use of photographs to communicateinformation, stir emotions, create human interestand stimulate a desire to read_ Good picturescommunicate information and draw readers tothe written stories. The purpose of this manualis to show teachers a variety of creative ways tocapitalize on the high interest value ofphotographs for communication skills.

Learning activities involving photographsstimulate perceptual skills such as accurateobservation and visual awareness. The -art ofseeingand language have definite connection.Visual awareness develops a child's humanexperience by giving a context for writingactivities and a way of selecting and orderingwords. Photographs, articles and avtivities inthis manual are based on the idea that the visualis inspiration to the verbal.

The first section of the manual containssketches to motivate deeper study ofphotojournafism; the second part is a collectionof classroom activities covering diverse levels ofinstruction. Early reading activities as well ascritical skills in visual discrimination for massmeda classes are included. Teachers who knowthe individual differences of their students maydip in where need and interest exist.

Beyond the printed pictures found in dailynewspapers, glossy prints and wirephotos areavailable to teachers by calling 791-4100.

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An outstanding photojournalist once wrote:-No one can stir the public conscience morethan the photographer. You have the one thingthat a word person would give his eye teeth topossess believability." To the photographersof The Florida Times-Union and JacksonvilleJournal whose photographs underline realityand create art In the stories their photographstell, this manual is presented with the goal thatthose photographs may Inspire school childrento improved visual and verbal skills.

Table of Contents

Part IDevelopment of PhotojournalismTime to Remember Mathew B. Brady

by Dick Bussard. JacksonvilleJournal City Editor

Dates in the History of the Illustrated Press-How Do You Get To Be A Press Photographer?"Press Photography by Lou Egner. JacksonvilleJournal Chief PhotographerMorabito Snaps a Pulitzer with -Kiss of Life- PhotoHow are News Pictures Printed?Some Photojournalism TermsSources

Part IIEarly Reading and Writing ActivitiesPhotojournalism ActivitiesThings To Write About with PieltoetCreative ExperiencesProjects To Do with PicturesResearch TopicsA Sample Elementary Lesson: Reading a PictureResources

Development of PhotojournalismCave painting, cuneiform and the camera

obscura were mankind's early attempts to tell and -record history through the use of pictures. Thesaying -one picture is worth ten thousand words-has inspired the development of printed visualcommunication from crude wood carvings tocontemporary photoengraving processes_

Woodcuts, the first printed pictures, werecarved from blocks of wood by a slow and costlyprocess requiring each picture to be individuallycarved on a single block by one engraver. Later.however, a system of putting together severalsmall blocks for a large picture made the use ofpictures more practical_ First illustrations wereused in advertisements or as deqorations, butthey generally had no connectkon with the news.

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Political cartoons were usea: iluring the*Revolutionary War by a few editlifs. Even though

pittures were not used in largefnumbers.cartoons such as Benjamin Franklin's orDie- were used to communica* a message.Before long, even though they 1vere crude andhard to see, illustrations were used to accompanynews stories and not as mere decorations. Afterthe Revolutionary War, a paper.Shortageprevented almost any use of illuitrations.

Penny papers, inexpensive papers withhuman interest stories written for the averagereader, revived the use of fine drawings. Duringthe Civil War, artists-on-the-spot drew scenes ofbattle which were rushed by runners throughfines to the newspaper editors. Wood engravers

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Photography Spanning a Century1. Photograph album showing tintypes, about1860, photo by Don Roy.2. Acrobatic bears perform on JacksonvilleStreet, 19053. Adams Street, West from Main in 1927

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then transferred the artist's sketch to the woodblock.. The famous documentarist Mathew B.Brady took photographs. but these photographscould not be reproduced in newspapers. Not unhlthe end of the nineteenth century when thehalftone engraving was developed couldnewspapers reproduce pictures made froma camera

Photography as an art form and medium ofcommunication is but 135 years old. Simultaneousattempts were made in Europe from the early 19thcentury to record an image.

Tom Wedgwood of England in 1802 made anearly attempt to capture the image of the camerachemically by exposing to daylight a surfacemoistened with nitrate of silver, but the imagewas not "fixed" for permancy.

Joseph Nicephore Niepce, who hadsuccessfully experimented with permanentphotographs, and Louis Jacques MandeDaguerre formed a partnership, but Niepce diedbefore they ever refined the process. Daguerrewent on in 1839 to discover a technique, -the

daguerreotype." involving exposure anddevelopment from a silvered copper plate.

William Henry Fox Talbot treated paper withcommon salt and silver nitate to make it lightsensitive, in recognizing the value of the negativeand in keeping images from darkening, Talbotestablished photography as known today_ Hisfriend. Sir John Hershel, suggested a morepermanent fixative, sodium thiosulfate hypoinstead of the common salt Talbot had used_Talbors process, called "calotYpe" or"talbotype" was popular until the wet plateprocessing of the late 1850's. The oldest knownlens photograph, fixed by the Talbot formula, is inthe Science Museum of London. Dry-plate, filmphotography and the introduction in 1888 ofGeorge Eastman's box camera were importantinventions causing the birth ofpictorial journalism.

A newspaper picture printed on a letter press ,

requires a photoengraving. In this process aphotograph becomes a "halftone." which results

Continued on next page

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Continued from preceding page .from etching a pattern of dots into metal throughan acid treatment The halftone engraving permitsreproduction of photographs with all theirvariations from white through gradations cif grayto black. With the invention of the halftone in1880, newspapers could print photographs fromcurved stereotype plates on rotary Presses_

During the era known as -yoow Journalism-around the 1890's, editors like William RandolphHearst and Joseph Pulitzer increased theircirculation through the use of pictures in theirnewspapers. Most editors, however, were slow toaccept pictures in great quantities.

By World War I. illustrations were used more

decided that pictures werephpeeareretdo,

New York Daily News aoften. In 1919 when American's first tabloid _ the

bought more newspapers because they liked hnews of the day told by Pictures as well a-s-bytthee

printed word.The wirephoto in 1935 allowed the use of

spot pictures with spot news coming from distantplaces. Television, movies and illustratedmagazines also forced greater use of picturesin newspapers.

A survey to find what parts of the newspaperreaders like best shows 74.3% of newspaperreaders seeing the picture Pages. This showspopularity of pictures.and indicates whY meditors are using more photographs in

odern

their newspapers.Few newspapers follow a set policy as to the

number of pictures to be used in any edition.Often the number used will depend on the .

editor's interest in visual coverage, the avai fability-,of illustrations and their news value.

Editors will agree that the larger the .-cture,the more readers will notice it; but factors other

4. Babe Ruth when he Played in Jacksonville Jane20, 19335. Flag Raising at Camp Blanding on October 16,1940, photo by the late Grover Henley, Times-Union chiefphotographer for 45 years.6. Fashions of the Fifties7. Senator John Kennedy in Jacksonville October24, 1960

than size will also hold attention and causereadem to recall what they have seen.

When choosing photographs, like choosingnews, editors use guidelines. Pictures may bechosen because they're timely, show an eventthat happened close to home, contain someonefamous Of will have important consequence.

Four basic types of news pictures are:on-the-spot made at the scene of action; peoplewho make news; sports; and historical interestsuch as pictures of long ago, famous historicalevents, or photographs of the deceased whosememories still make news.

Other photographs are not truly "news" butare printed because of their human interest value.Those may be pictures of beautiful scenes.

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children or pets. Feature pictures help balancethe troubling, "bad" news of the newspaper withscenes of life's more favorable, "good" aspects.

An effective newspaper picture must tell itsstory clearly and quickly just as a news storydoes. Unessential details which do not add to itspurpose are removed by a process called"cropping." Editors mark the outer area of aphotograph with a grease pencil to show theengravers which part of the photograph is tobe excluded.

The way a picture is printed will have muchto do with the attention its readers give it. Theprint from which the halftone is made must beclear and sharp, with enough contrast to allow allimportant details to remain in the engraving.

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Good presswork is also necessary. Pictures haveto be inked sufficiently and be reproduced fromaccurate stereotype plates. Pictures that aresmudgy, too faint, or poorly reproduced detractfrom an attractive page.

Explanatory lines, called cutlines or captions,are sometimes used to help pictures tell theirstories. Numerous principals of layout determinewhich pictures will be placed on a newspaperpage.

Modern newspapers recognize that goodpictures can communicate information and attract_readers to the word stories that contain additionalinformation. Photographs are partners to writtennews in giving a complete account ofdaily events_

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Time to Remember: Mathew 11. BradyReprinted from the April 29, 1976, Jacksonville Journal

By DICK BUSSARDJournal City Edtor

When Raymond Cortadellas bid $10 for an oldtrunk at the Seaboard Air Line Railroad auction ofunclaimed freight in 1922 he probably thought thetrunk was worth the money.

There was no way to know what was in thetrunk since it had not been opened. But if therewas anything of value that would just be a bonus.

When Cortadellas got home and opened thetrunk he realized immediately what he got morethan his money's worth. The trunk contained aSpringfield rifle, a movie projector and films, and18 old photographs.

The antique movie projector and film heeventually sold for several hundred dollars. Theother articles in the trunk gradually werediscarded or remained in the family.

The pictures he keptRecently Cortadellas' son, Raymond B.

Cortadellas of 9185 Kings Colony Road, gave thepictures to the embryo Museum of SouthernHistory, a project of the Kirby-.Smith Camp of theSons of Confederate Veterans. The museum is thebrainchild of J. Richard McMillan, campcommander.

The gift was an important one because thephotographs are original prints made from theglass negatives of that noted pioneerphotographer of Civil War fame, Mathew B. Brady.

The 18 photographs are some of the mostfamous of the 3,500 pictures taken by Brady andhis staff during and immediately after the Civil War.

1. Brady himself took the photograph ofAbraham Lincoln visiting the troops.2. Union troop wagons prepare to roll in thisfamous scene early in the Civil War.3. The hanging of Capt. Henry Wirz, commandantof the Confederate prisoner of war camp atAndersonville in west cential Georgia. An estimated13,000 Union prisoners died there in 15 months,mainly as a result of the unsanitary conditions andWirz received most of the blame. Brady's famegained him entry to many such historic events.

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The age of the prints donated by Cortadellas is notknown but they must be about a century old.

Their age and the fact that they were madefrom Brady's own negatives give the prints addedhistorical significance and perhaps more dollarvalue as well. Photo copying is a simple processtoday but a hundred years ago it was impossible.

There is no way of knowing how many originalprints were in circulation but it is doubtful thatmany survive. Some ot the photographs have beenwidely published and the 3,500 Civil War negativesare in the Library of Congress.

Brady never made a dime off his warphotographs. In fact, his ambitious Civil Warproject led to his fmary.:ial ruin.

Brady had learned how to makedaguerreotypes, an early wet-plate photographicprocess, from Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor. Heopened his own studio in New York in 1844.

Recognizing the potential of this new medium,Brady had the brilliant idea of photographing asmany famous faces as he could. This was aspectacular success and his studio became one ofthe most fashionable in America and made himrich.

His work also proved to be of great historicalvalue as any student of American history knowstoday. Brady photographed every president fromJohn Quincy Adams through William McKinley,except for William Henry Harriion, who diedbefore he could be photographed.

When Civil War came, Brady had whatseemed like another great idea and it was, atleast historically. He invested more than $100,000into a project to make a complete pictorial recordof the war.

Brady believed he could sell his photographsto the government after the war. But thegovernment, perhaps somewhat shortsightedly,wasn't interested.

Not only was Brady stuck with unpaid debtsfrom his original investment, he couldn't evenafford to pay storage on his negatives.

Soon he was forced to sell hisonce-prestigious studio and finally declaredbankruptcy.

Brady had hired the best photographers

available to cover the war, including two whowould become famous in their own right, TimothyO'Sullivan and Alexander Gardner. But Bradywould not share the credit for his work with theother photographers and by the middle of the war,most had quit.

Brady achieved national fame, if not fortune,for his work. The New York Times wrote on July21, 1862:

"His artists have accompanied the army innearly all of its marches ... The result is a series ofpictures christened 'Incidents of the War,' andnearly as interesting as the war itself; for theyconstitute the history of it, and appeal directly tothe great throbbing hearts of the North."

Later the same year, on Oct 20, The Timeswrote:

"Mr. Brady has done something to bring hometo us the terrible reality and earnestness of war. Ifhe has not brought bodies and laid them on ourdooryards and along the streets, he has donesomething very like it... It seems somewhat

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singular that the same sun that looked down onthe faces of the slain, blistering them, blotting outfrom the bodies all semblance to humanity, andhasting corruption, should have thus caught theirfeatures upon canvas, and given them perpetuityforever. But it is so."

Many of Brady's photographs of course didshow the war in all its horror bloated bodies:slain boy-soldiers, their faces covered with blood;stacks of bodies, more skeleton than flesh. He alsorecorded the execution of war criminals after thewar, including those believed to be involved in theconspiracy to assassinate President Lincoln.

Some of these pictures are among the 18 inthe Cortadellas collection donated to the Museumof Southern History.

But for all his fame and his great contributionto history, Brady died a pauper in a charity ward inNew York.

The government wound up with his negativesafter all, buying them at a public auction for$2,840.

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Dates in the History of thepustrated Press1568 Camera obscura, literally a dark-roomwith a lens in it, was used to capture animage onpaper that was traced and colored.1638 A full page engraving appeared inEngland's first regular news tract. The illUstrationaccompanied a news story telling about a"prodigious eruption of fire, which exhaled in themaddest of the ocean sea, over against the Isle ofSaint Michael. one of the Terceras, the newisland which it hath made."1707 The Boston News-Letter was the firstcolonial newspaper to use a woodcut. areproduction of a new flag being used by theUnited Kingdom of England and Scotland.1700's Pictures were used in someadvertisements. A picture of a clock-faceidentified the watchmaker's advertisement:pictures of a hand holding an open bookdecorated a bookseller's ad.1719 Boston Gazette printed a 'device." asmall picture carved on wood blocks whichdecorated the newspaper's name.1754 Benjamin Franklin first ran his famous"Join or Die" illustration in the PennsylvaniaGazette. It was used again during theRevolutionary War.Revolutionary War Newspapers used politicalcartoons but few pictures in large numbers. Afterthe war, pictures were used infrequently due topaper shortage.1820 Pictures made by the "white line"engraving process began appearing in Americannewspapers. Wood blocks were cut across thelog, instead of lengthwise, to produce fine,accurate lines.1800's Usesof pictures became morewidespread when newsprint became moreplentiful. Paper shortage was relieved by theinvention of the Fourdrinier machine, whichproduced paper rapidly in an endless sheet.1823 America's first "illustrated newspaper"New York Mirror presented pictures regularly.1830s Penny papers used pictures to makenewspapers appealing to the average reader.1832 The famous Penny Magazine wasfounded in London; its popularity was a result,ofspecializing in illustrations.

1835 Competition grew among the New Yorkdailies in presenting pictured news. The NewYork Herald published an eight-page pictureannual containing woodcuts of scenes of theMexican War, a cartoon, and pictures of an actorand actress.1839 The daguerreotype and the calotype wereannounced.1850 Harper's Monthly and Gleason's Pictorialwere published as the first illustrated magazinesin America.1855 Frank Leslie, a leading editor of theperiod, published Frank Leslie's Illustrated

Newspaper. He employed 70 wood engravers to dothe work for his publication.1850's Charles Wells in England invented thesectional wood block. which allowed wood blocksof any size to be engraved.Civil War -Artists-on-the-spot" sketched warscenes.

1880 Stephen H. Horgan introduced the tirsthalftone to pave the way for modern illustratedjournalism.1897 The first halftone was printed in anewspaper in a web-perfecting press usingstereotype plates in the New York Tribune.Prepared by Stephen H. Horgan, it was areproduction of a portrait of a New York senator.1914 Rotogravure was used successfully andmany editors added magazine sections printed bythis method.1919 New York Daily News was launched inNew York City by Joseph Medill Patterson andColonel Robert McCormick. The first tabloidprinted in the United States made wide use ofpictures and sensational news.1924 William Randolph Hearst founded the NewYork Daily Mirror. As a result of its success, othereditors became more picture-conscious;photographic and engraving departments beganto appear.1935 Wirephoto was put into practical use bythe Associated Press. Timely news pictures couldbe transmitted by electrical impulses.1938 Syndicates and picture organizations suchas Associated Press began a picture mat service.

Character sad Cam_ _ion

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Pulitzer Whmer Rocco Morabito...loprirkpi from doe Aker 7, Ma fidom-Unkore

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Excitement swept through The FloridaTenes-Union and Jacksonville Journal newsrooms at 340 p.m. Monday, when wire enu,teletype machines clacked out bulletins MatJournal staff photographer Rocco Moabite hadyam a covatiod Pulitzer Prize including VAGcash for news Oho logratft

Mom Journal staffers had 'Wished week andgono home. but ROCCO lingered at hie dIPSILWOW* he noticed Ed Cavannaugh,photographic darluoom sectiniciwi, gesturingwildly, and Mang, "Come here, Rotto, quick.-

" thought something had blown up in the T-Uitisykroorn, and I wer4 running." Morabilo *aid. "Iwas met try a bunch at T.4) Photographersshaking my hand and slapping my back. &anti&NM aid rd won a Pulitzer Pinto tor my 'Kiss ofLie' photo taken 1011 Jul* 17. 1 know 11* wOulOnlisd SbOul Milt SO we Nan 44110 Os Wan* MOM.MOWN) tor the Mary. Wham we Couldn't find 4right away, I wondered it 4 eras true."

"You're Me wirmar," E.loocutive Editor John IVWalters assured lAbrabilit, -its one of the greatpictures at ow erne."

The smell room Med with reporters edikvsand triolographers ansious lo see Pre vrirs report(*Mere ream pouring Vt now) and ID ShaneSIOrS6110's hind.

Saban P. Feagin president et the FloridaPubliering Co , and general manager et IMP

Timehtlnion and Journal, notird "There can beno mix, siwiificant milestone for anyphotographer Man the winning of a Pulitzer Prize.We at Me Journal and Times-Union are proud ofour association with Rocco, and we congratulatehim on hia outstanding triumph."

In moments. klorabito was caught up in aNitric cycle of long distance phone cage. Onevas trom Me New York Times.

"Whin I sari Moabite asked. as he tookMe phone.

"Tell 'am you can't speak Engfish7 advisedTimeUniOrt (Monet Page Editor Big Swallow:idwith a chuck*.

Morabao found word* for a dozen inierekiwsfrom distant news metria.

"I had a Wang lot the Skutt* I shot all alineman hanWng unconscious bum pole afterbrushing against a high tension Me, and bainggiven motitheomnictio resuscitation by a 'stowknew" Morabba recalled. "But, I didal &Wm

would g0 this far," he added.The inpured City Snwsan. R. G. Charropton.

mitered burns on hands and feet but mowedal Baptist hismottal Hospital. He was moused fromMe pot, by a team Mow Jimmy Thompson.who admenasted moulh4o.mmilh

iflti WS sent out to chock a risighborhood*timbale*. but I couldrel Find Marsalamated. 'Isms some men an Ore pates, anddecided ID gel a MCStee ail Mom sa work When Ihoned die comic I stra one inemon hanging byNs talent heal letougM hi had tapoed.

ceiseassimi es omit poor

Room Itaraitihk born in Pod Chester, N.Y.,aimed 10.lactiserwille an a chat with his tearayHe beginwersing MO Me ~net here as a boycarrile, and reee 10 district manager tor homedalleshr began* entering to Amy I* Form inMa He served as a I/1-17 Flying FOAMSball4ine01 winner et Eirrope bee WO la ritS.

and Itaw an 34 comael aessions which he alasdecorated.

Alter Me wer, rebinied to Me Journal. andin 41a) joined Mr edatinel stall where he teamedIsrobtaroPhy. He became a fullireas MINWhategraggier M Net

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"Kiss of Li

Kiss of Life ...Contionied fawn preceding page

"I jumped out of the car and ran up, snappinga picture.I saw he was hurt and ran back to thecar and radioed the Journal city room for them tocall an ambulance. Then, I ran back and begantaking picture& Mother kneman had climbed upthe pole and was breathing into the unconsciousman's mouth."

Morabito recalls using a Rotleiflex 120Nvin4ens reflex camera, and shooting at F.8 lensopening at 500th of a second speed.

"I was looking up into a bright sky, and shotfast." he said. "I shot four frames on the f8m inthe camera, and then changed rolls and shot 12more.

Sack at the Journal. Morabito was pressed byMe noon deaclline when he rushed out of the darkroom with sequence prints of the lineman'sdilemma

H. recalled spurning use of a 810.000autOmatic film processor (necknamed -TheMonster") tO "soup" his film with Cavannaugh's

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help in the Times-Union dark rOOM.His now famous "Kiss Of Life" photo was

carried in both Jacksonville dailies, and by thenational wire services. It was quickly hailed thebest news picture of 1967 by some majornewspapers and some magazines. Laurelsinclude:

A national United Press InternationalPicture of the Month award for July 1967.

monthly award by the Southeastern,Newspaper Photographers Association.

First in spot news coverage in contestssponsored by the Associated Press Association ofFlorida and the Florida Press Association.

Pulitzer Prize award for news photography.'1 still can't believe all this has happened to

me," Morabito admitted.-What about your PULitzer Prize gioryr' he

was asked"It's great, but tomorrow morning my editor

win probably say. 'Rocco, *hat you got in picturesfor today?'

Howare News Pictures Printed?1. After a picture is developed and printed.copy person brings photo toEngraving Department.2. Photo is scaled and sized in EngravingDepartment according to editor's markings onback of copy.3. Photo is rephotographed thlarged orreduced and a screened negative is produced.4. Negative is trimmed to the desired size.

5. Negative is thsheet of light sensitlwhich is exposed w6. Automatic prcremoves any unexp7. A weak acid sremoval of stains an8. Plate is place'which contains a so

Pres Paper to Plate"was by Alan Wolber

1. Producing the Screened Negative2. Transferring the Negative to Magnesium3. Removing the Engraving from the Etching Machine4. TriamshIg the Engraving

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montacA with aI mais.raiziumion lamp.:hemical

* the piate.forter .tching machinext nitrate acid

42° Same (strength of acid.) The machineautomatically splashes acid solution up to theplate. While the plate oscillates, the acid solutionetches away all metal which has not beenexposed to a depth of from 4/1000 to 7/1000 ofan inch. This, then, is an engraving.9. Engraving is removed from etchingmachine and acid solution is. washed from it.10. A guillotine trims engraving to size.

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11. Engravings are identified and delivered tothe Composing Room.

Some Photojournalism TermsBenday mechanical method of

applying dot patterns or tintsto a zinc etching to give aspecial shaded effect

sillmusatllratytopr or photograPnerecredit Ilne to give name of

cut another word for illustration;comes from "woodcur Whenall newspaper illustrationswere cut from wood blocks

cutline text explaining an illustrationor cut

dragon's blood a red topping powder used inzinc etching (line cuts) whichprotects the lines of an imagefrom nitric acid which eatsaway other portions

separate platesreproduce ohotograPhs, etc.in full color; mixingcolors red, yellow and blue

achieves all other colors;black added for detail anddepth

halftone printing Plate used for thereproduction of photographs,paintings Or wash drawings;can give all tones ranging fromhighrignts to deep shadowa

four-colcrprocess plates

Intaglio

letter press

lithographicprinting

overtInes orunderlines

zinc etching

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one of the three basic types ofprinting; an Italian word thatmeans engraving; an exampleis rotogravure; image is notmade up of lines and dots asin letter press but Is composedof an ink film of wide variationsprints from beneath thesurface

one of the three basic types ofprinting; sometimes calledrelief printing because theinked area Is raised; zincetchings, halftones, linotypeslugs and stereotypes areexamples

one of the three basic types ofprinting: called surfaceprinting because the inkedarea is flat

lines of type above or belowpictures to explain or drawattention to pictures

printing plate used for thereproduction Of solid linedrawings

SourcesA. Staff photographers

B. Wire Services such as Associated Press orUnited Press International are agencieswhich gather news and photographs. Anetwork of leased telephone wires transmitscopy directly to each newspaper thatsubscribes to the wire service. Telephoto isthe service of the United Press International;Wirephoto is the Associated Press serivce.

C. Photo agencies are organizations whichrepresent free lance photographers. Anagency's name such as Black Star will be inthe credit line beneath the picture.

11 Portrait photographers supply many of theengagement a,:.1 wedding pictures used inthe social sectivn.

E. Photograph tiles are kept up to date in thenewspaper's library to supply news picturesor individual portraits whenever they may beneeded.

F. Maps, charts or graphs are used in additionto news pictures. Weather maps, paraderoutes or financial graphs are often used toclarify meaning In a way that words nevercauld. These drawings are supplied by staffartists, advertisers or by wire services.

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Early Reading and Writing Activities1. Make a pictionary/dictionary. Paste pictures 11.

on the front of index cards and the word forthe picture on the back.

Make a matching word and picture game.Divide a large piece of stiff paper into ninesquares. Place a picture on each square.Make word cards with names of pictures.Make a checking card for each set ofsquares. Each square is numbered and thechecking card has the number and wordwritten on it. Color code the checking cardsand sets of squares.

3. Make a treasure hunt game where words arematched to pictures. Cut objects andpictures. Make word cards to correspond topictures and objects. Place pictures in a box.Place word cards on chalkboard ledge. Drawa picture from the box. Look for the wordcard which matches picture or object. Thewinner is the student with the largest numberof correct words.

4. Clip or find interesting, amusing or strangepictures. Write or tape or tell your own story.

5. After teacher, or tutor reads a story, draw apicture to show the main idea of the story.

6. Cut out pictures from a grocery ad. Label thepictures. Students find the letters to matchthe labels.

7. Look at a picture. Tell how one person in thepicture is feeling.

8. Select pictures to illustrate a book you haveread. Working with a group, paste picturesinto a long ship and attach to rollers. Onestudent turns the roller and another explainsthe story of each picture.

9. Find pictures to match with consonants.Make a wall poster or collage.

10. Collect and classify pictures according tosounds, such as:

Sounds of My HomeLoud SoundsSounds of the FarmSounds of the CityPleasing Sounds

Select a picture and:Tell what is happening in the pictureRelate personal experiences that are similar

12. Arrange several pictures on the chalkboardledge. Write titles for them.

13. Select a topic, such as: "Holidays,""Community Helpers," "Things That Crow,""Fun Things to Make." Select pictures andstories to explain the topic.

14. Use pictures for "Show and Tell." Tell what,where, when, who, why, and/or how theaction of the picture' happened..

15. Collect weather pictures. Tell what youshould wear. Illustrate with pictures of cloth-ing.

16. Find pictures of personalities in the news.Learn their names, origin, and outstandingachievement. Pretend to introduce thepersonalities to the class.

17. Clip and mount interesting photographs.Write stories about the pictures. Use thestory to put on a puppet show.

18. Match words written by the teacher withnewspaper pictures which have beendiscussed by the class.

19. Collect pictures and articles and place infolders: pollution, children in the news, geiodnews only, having fun, the zoo, holidays orsafety.

20. Select a photograph of a person. List all theadjectives that may describe the person.

21. Find pictures to mount for each letter of thealphabet.

22. Find.the caption beneath a newspaperpicture. In a given time, tell the main idea ofthe picture and caption.

23. Work with two or three other students. Teacherwill give a subject such as: farm life, industry,food, clothing, etc. Select pictures toillustrate the subject. Discuss each pictureand tell how it correlates with the series.

24. Make scrapbooks on timely subjects. Collectseveral pictures on one topic. Mount picturesand put in book form.

Continued on next page

Continued front preceding page

25. Discuss and find symbols used in cartoons,such as:

dovebearelephantUncle Samhammer and sickledonkey

26. Mount a large advertising picture. Listdescriptive words under the picture. A newcar ad may produce these words: shiny,bright, sport, adventuresome.

27. Make folders of pictures and descriptivewords, pictures and action words, picturesand **feeling" words.

28. Study a news picture. Dictate sentences tothe tutor or teacher. Your sentences willmake a story.

29. Select a news picture on page one. Askquestions about the picture to help youunderstand its meaning.

30. Choose a picture from an advertisement.Become an object in the picture. Tell afirst-person story. Was the necklace boughtby a rich lady? Did it go to faraway lands? Didthe necklace bring pleasure?

31. Make a deck of alphabet cards. Usingplaying cards, paste a letter of the alphabeton one side and an object or animalbeginning with that letter of the alphabet onthe other.

Things to doHa* a "Weird Miura- Coolest_ Find a strange

or unusual picture. Display it_ Class members canvote on the weirdest.2- Wrile stories hem pictures_a Write conversations or caphons for pictures .

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Art of SeeingDiscuss quakties of effective photography:franing. s:ade. visual angle or special opticaleffects such as the use of light or focus.

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Projects to dowith PietuieK1. Consumer Economics. Collect photographs

from your local newspaper of anything thatmoney can buy. Mount the photographs onheavy paper and print the price of the itemon the back of each card. Select anauctioneer who holds up an item- anddescribes it. The bidder who comes closestto the exact price wins the item. The winningbidder is the person with the most cards.

2. Uood Collages. Choose newspaper picturesthat reflect certain moods. Make compositepictures or collages.

3. Super People. Look through wirephotos andcolleat photos of famous people whopossess special talent or personality traits.You may choose a picture of Bill Cosbybecause of his sense of humor, Billie JeanKing because of her physical strength. EvelKnievel because of his nerve, or Liza fAinellibecause of her talent Cut out parts ofphotos of these people and paste themtogether to make your Super Person. Add

c.

require no captions.Discuss how thesephotoscommunicatewithout using words.Use wirephotos tomake a compositepicture whichreflects your view ofyour country.Suggested took=

1. Government and Politics2. Beautiful Things

4. Changing Landscapes of My Country5. Work6. What People Do for Fun or Sport7. Problems

6. Sports. Collect information and picturesfor a presentation on a topic such as one ofthe following:1. Women and Girls in Sports

your own illustrations, remarks or captions in ---2Sohool Or Neighborhood SPorleorder to make your point. You may follow the 3. Sports Around the World

4. My Favorite Team or individual Sport5. The Olympics

7. Work. Collect articles and photos aboutpeople with different kinds of careers.

8. Food. Collect pictures of attractive foods,table settings, special diets or ethnic menus.

9. Having Fun. Collect photographs, captions,headlines and ads that illustrate what"having fun" means to you. Make a collageor poster to display.

10. Human Interest Stories. Look forphotographs that go with human interest

same procedure for Super Villain.4. Select wirephotos that piece together the

parts of a news event Tell what the newsevent is; who was involved; and where, whyand how it happened.

5. Uses Media.a. Discuss qualities of effective

photography in several newspaperphotographs: framing, scale, visual angleor special optical effects such as the useof light or focus.

b. Find examples of photographs that

3 4

stories. What kind of people are humaninterest stories about? Celebrities oreveryday people? What extraorcfinary thingsdid they do to make them -newsworthy'"?

11. Make a pinhole camera. You'll need a shoebox, some tinfoil, black photographic tape,black paini, straight pins, fight sensitivepaper, a cardboard cutter, and developingchemicals_ Paint the inside of the box black.Cut a small square hole out of one end andtape a piece of tin foil over it Poke a hole inthe tin foil with a straight pin. Make a -lenscap- with a small piece of tape which youcan lift up to let light in and close after takingyour picture. Go into a darkroom or a lighttight closet and tape a piece of photographicpaper inside the box across from the hole.Seal up the box thoroughly with black tape,and you're ready to take a picture. Place thebox in front of your still subject. Steady thebox with a rock or a book. Gently fift up thepiece of black tape covering the pinhole toexpose the paper inside to light. On a sunnyday, the length of exposure is about 30seconds; but you will have to experiment.When done, go back to the darkroom to -

develop, stop, fix and rinse what turns out tobe a negative image. Place your negative ontop of another piece of photographic paper.Mow light to shine through the top pieceand strike the bottom piece. Develop thesecond piece of paper and now you'll get thepositive knage.

12. Make silhouettes which were early forms ofportraiture, the most popular use ofphotography in the early days. Userepro-negative paper which is a Kodak

35

graphic arts paper that is quite fightsensitive, but can be handled in classroomfight. It produces a crisp black and whiteimage when developed in Kodak Dektoldeveloper, stop bath, Kodak Fixer and awater rinse. Tack a piece of this paper on thewall directly behind the student's head,turned slightly so ttat the nose just abouttouches the paper, and turn on a fight heldStraight on toward the face forabout four seconds.

13. Design a newspaper that you wouldfike to read.

14_ Collect pictures and articles aboutoutstanding personalities_ Write essaysabout them.

15. Report on line-drawing andlithographing techniques.

16. Collect and analyze editorial cartoons. Whatis the cartoonist's style. How did he begin?What is the dominant theme?

17. Collect Lou EgneeS columns. -CameraShots-, which appear each Saturday in theJacksonville Journal. Mount on notebookpaper and organize the articles according toheadingm camera, dark room techniques.effective composition. etc.

18. Collect Dick Bussard's series. -Time toRemember", which appears each Thursdayin the Jacksonville Journal. Mount onnotebook paper and organize the articlesaccording to chapters in local history.Observe photographs to dcusschanges in techniques.

Research Topics1. Get to know the work of photographers such

as Mathew Brady. Jean Eugene AugusteAtget Lewis H. Hine. Dorothea Lange,Walter Evans. Paul Strand, Edward Weston,Ansel Adams, Edward S. Curtis, WalkerEvans. Robert Frank, W. Eugene Smith andAlfred Steiglitz.

2. Investigate the ftrst great era of Mustratedjournalism during the last years of thenineteenth century. Observe thee frequentuse of fine drawings in reportingi IheSpanish-American War during the era called

journafism." Check the influence ofWaliam Randolph Hearst and JosephPulitzer. among the first publishers toemphasize visual coverage.

3. Research the process and techniques ofzinc etching.

4. Discuss the tabloid picture paper whichappeared after World War I. (See histories ofthe Daily News and the Daily Graphic.).

5. Report on the system for transmittingpictures by radio which began in the early1930's.

6. Discuss the photographic changes innewspapers brought about by television'scompetition.a. Art in the Daily Newspaperb. How Pictures are Judged and Selected

for Publishingc. Cropping Techniques

7. Discuss the -penny papers- of the 1830'sand their fiberal use of pictur.

8. Determine what training is required inbecoming a photographer. What jobopportunities are available?

9. Compare several newspapers to determinehow photographs affect layout and design.

10. Report on press equipment most commonlyused: cameras, film, darkroom equipment

11. Collect and mount prize winningphotographs.

12 Non-picture press assignments are routinenews pictures which do notdepict news--actually happening. Collect pictures of checkpresentations, plaque and gavel passings.hand shakings. ground breaking.% treeplantings or ribbon cuttings. Are they cfichesor did the photographer arrange a differentand interesting shot out of a non-picturesituation?

13. Report on the better known photographicservices.

14. Report on the history of comic strips.Analyze the various types. Discuss thepopularity of certain comics.

15. Report on the history of the Pulitzer Prizes.When were they first awarded? Who decidesthe winners? What are the categories? Whowere this year's winners?

tiling A PktureOral Communication1. What does the title tell you about the

contents of the mailbox? Why is a mailbox anunusual nursery?

2. Describe the man's appearance. What workdoes he do?What does the caption tell about? Discussthese ideas:

family mailboxbirds' nestling habitskindness to animalscurious neighborstrailer parksbirds often seen

. Locate Palatka on the Florida map. Whatdoes "Palatka" mean?

5. Tell why you think the wren built a nest in themailbox. Discuss other unusual places thatbirds have built nests.

Vocabulary Building Lesson1. List words that describe the mother bird.

(wren, small, protective, sitting, frightened)2. List words that make you see the baby birds.

(tiny, hungry, fluffy, chirping, waiting, brown,open-mouthed)

-37- WOW- does the mother wren feel to you as youhold her?(soft, warm, smooth, feathery, jumpy)

4. How can a bird move:(fly, soar, dive, sail, light, swoop)

5. Tell about the mood of the man.(Surprised, happy, satisfied, friendly, curious,proud)

Phonics Lessons1. List words that start like bird.

(build, bill, boy, buy, bench, belt)2. List words that start like mail.

(meat, minister, money, music, memory,mice)

3. Make a list of compound words like mailbox.(barnyard, birthday, mailman, farmhouse.eyeglasses. necktie, neighborhood)

4. As you hear the caption.read by the teacher,mark on your paper each time you hear the"p" sound at the beginning of a word. (11)

Continued from preceding page

English Lessonst Look at the picture and list the nounsyou find_(man, hat, hand, arm, hair, bird, mailbox,grass, tree, pencil, eyeglasses, shed, ears,nose, shirt. etc.)

2_ List adjectives which describe the man_(tall, kind, well-dressed, pleasant, sensitive)

3. Write adjectives to describe:the weatherthe womanthe mailboxthe locale

List prepositional phrases:in the mailbox (birds)on the mailbox door (hand)on the head (cap)in the pocket (eyeglass case and pencil)

Write sentences using those prepositionalphrases_

5. List the different meanings of nursery.

Creative Writing Lessons for Younger Children1. Look at the picture and tell:

what the mother bird is doingwhy the woman is lookingwhy the mail carrier is proudhow the woman gets her mail

2. Write a letter to a friend telling of the birds asif you were the mail carrier or the woman.

Creative Writing Lessons for Older Children1. The caption says the mail carriers sensitivity

to animals is almost legendary. Write alegend telling of the mail carrier'sextraordinary kindness to animals.Write a story as if you were the mother bird.

3. Write a conversation as you imagine itbetween the mail carrier and the woman.Punctuate properly.

4. Write a poem or script for a play aboutthe picture.

5. Using a simile write what the Mail carrierlooks "like.- The mail carrier looks like amother hen watching over her biddies.

6. Try writing a study of the man, based partlyon the appearance that you can see, andpartly on your guesses as to what kind ofman you think he is.

Practical Writing about the Picture1. Practice writing titles to replace Mailbox

Nursery.A Home in the BoxRufal Free HatcheryA Surprising LetterNo Letter Today

(Note use of capitalization.)2. Practice writing information beneath the

picture. In a few sentences tell:whowhat is happeningwhere it is happeningwhen it is happeningwhy it is happeninghow it is happening

3. Practice writing a friendly letter.4. Practice the correct form of a Ousiness letter.5. Write one sentence to tell what is happening

in the picture.

Projects1. Make a scrapbook Of bird pictures.2. Make a collage of farm pictures clipped from

the newspaper.3. Make a list of Florida'place-names and

their meanings.4. Make a chart showing how a letter gets from

the city to the country.5. Report on organizations which promote

kindness to animals.6. Report on the care and feeding of birds.7. Report on a mail carrier's work.8. Read myths and legends about a character's

kindness to animals.

ResourcesCu lkin, John M., Director. Doing the Media: A

Portfolio of Activities and Resources. NewYork: The Center for Understanding Media,Inc., 1972.

Laliberte, Norman, Richey Kehl, Alex Mogelon andAnne Raymo.100 Ways to Have Fun with anAlligator and 100 Other Involving ArtProjects. New York: Art Education, Inc.,1969.

Leavitt, Hart Day. and David A. Sohn. Stop, Look,and Write! New York: Bantam Books, Inc.,1964.

Morgan, Willard D., Editor. Encyclopedia ofPhotography. New York: Greystone Press,1963.

Payne, Lee. Getting Started in Photojournalism.New York: American Photographic BookPublishing Company, 1967.

Sutton, Albert A. Design and Makeup of theNewspaper. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,-Inc., 1957. - --------

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