DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 259 929

AUTHOR Smith, DianeTITLE Homemade Electrkcity: An /Introduction Small-Scale

Wind, Hydro, and PhotovoitaigSystemg.INSTITUTION National...Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte,

MOnt.SPONS AGENCY Department of Energy, Washington, pc. Appropriate

Technology Program.REPpRT NO DOE/CE/15095-10 ,46

PUB DATE Mar 84CONTRACT DE-AC01-82CE15095NOTE 32p.AVAILABLE"FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, WaOington, DC 20402.PUB TYPE Reference ahterials General (130).1,-- Reports

General (140)

SE 045 900

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EDRS PRICE MFO1 Plus Postage. Pc Not Available from EDRS.DESCRIPTORS *Alternative Ener* Sources; *Electricity; Energy;

Energy Conservationf ower Technology; *Solar Energy;*Technological Advancement; Technology; *WindEnergy .

IDENTIFIERS *Appropriate Technology; *Hydroelectric Power;Photovoltaic Systems'

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ABSTRACTThis report consists of three partg. The first part

provides advice (in the form of questions and answers) to protpectiveindividual power producers who are considering investing inelectricity-producing systems and in generating their own power. Alist of Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) regulationsis included. This legislation rquires utilities to buy electricityfrOm small power producers (or qualifiers as they are called). Thesecond part presents (in,separate sections) discussions on the use ofwind'energy, flowing water (hydro energy), and photovoltaic systemsto generate electricity. Each section includes backgroundinformation, a case study, recommendatiotig, 'end a list of selectedgrant projects from the Department of.Energy (DOE) AppropriateTechnology Small Grhnts Program. Most of the informatiop andrecommendations in this part is based on the fine] reports from andinterviews with ind'v duals who received DOE Appropriate TechnologySmall Grants Progr wards. The third part provides sources foradditional information,, suggested readings, and a glossary of keyterms. (ML)

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'UAL DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 1NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONi lhoCINTLII.IERICI. his) document has berm roproduced es

recegved. from Om parson or orgiintzationorloinoong it

t I Minor thengts fool boon mean to improvereproducoon nueliff

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TO THE EDUCATIONAlo RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

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HOMEMADE ELECTRICITYAn Introduction to Small-Scale _Wind, Hydro,,ancil-PhotovoltaicSystems

-Prepared for: .U.S. Department of EnergyAssistant Secretary, Conservationand Renewable EnergySmall Scale Technology BranchAppropriate Technology Program

PREFACE

From 1978 to 1981) the U.S. Depart-ment of Energy (DOE) awarded morethan 2,000 small grants to individuals,organizations and small businesses across tithe nation to research and demonstrateappropriate technologies. Qrants Weregiven in the generalareas of couseevra-tion, solar, biomass, wind, geothermaland hydro power. In 1982, the 'NationalCenter for Appropriate Technology"'(NCAT) was placed under contract to re-view final reports froch DOE grant:ee in an effort to extriMew ideas and ,

other proven concepts that could-be ofvalue in applying appropriate technolo-gies to energy probleMs.

Thispbokkt is onein a series of publi-cations that focuses on'appropriate tech-nologies and their application in thehome and the work place. These publica-tions combine a qualitative assessment ofthe DOE grant projects by the NCATtechnical staff along with the results ofcurrent research for the particular tech-nology highlighted in this document.Each chapter of this publication has alist of selected projects reviewed in prels-aration of this document.

Prepared by: .

Notthe Notional CentuvhitorZAPProlsiste

PC 36,30 Met mown )0M1 4 AU 497

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For rie by the Superitgendent of Documents, U.S. .GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

DOE./CE/15095- 0January 1984

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HOMEMADE-ELECTRICITYAn Introduction to Small-Scale Wind,Hydro, and Photovoltaic Systems

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This report was mrepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Govern-ment. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makesany warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, comlpleteness, or usefulness of any inforniation, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents thatits use would not infringe on privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial prod'uct, process or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily con-

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stittne or imply _its endorsement, recommendation,'or favoring by the United States Government or anyagency thereof. 'The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflectthose of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

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'ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

While it is impossible to mention every individual who has helped in the development of this document,the following individuals are recognized for their contributions: Diane Smith, author; Ray Schott and JohnMcBride, technical specialists; George Everett, editorial assistant; Hans Haumberger and Jim Durati,technical illustrators. Acknowledgement should also be given to Joel Davidson, Photovoltaic PowerSystems; Christopher Tu Appalachian Statebniversity; John Volkman, Idaho Department of Water

Resources; and Steve W Backwoods Cabin Electric Systems, for their valuable suggestions in the prepa-

ration of this publication. photographs were provided by the grantees unless otherwise noted.-5

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INTRODUCTION 2

PART 1: Preliminary Considerations 3PURPA Regulations A - 4

Pi) 'C-11-technology Review )6.'Wind 6

Rules and Regulations for Wind 6Evaluating the Wind Resources 7Wind Machine Maintenance 7Towers 8

hopping for kyVind Machine 8Case Study: Richard Klinzman 9Wind Projects 11

Micro-Hydro 13Micro-Hydro Rules and Regulations 13Evaluating the Micro-Hydro Resources 14Maintenance of a Micro-Hydro System 14Dams and Impoundments 14Case Study: Mark Drabick 1.5

Hy:.c501- Projects 1/

Photovoltaics 18Rules and Regulatio4 for Photovoltaics 18

. Evaluating the Solar Resource 183 ' Maintenance of a Photovoltaic System 18

Support Structures 19Shopping for Photovoltaics 19Case Study: Dennis Feller 20PV Projects S

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PART HI: Resources 23Where to Go for Mote inforthation 23Suggested Readings . 24Glossary 25

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'LMore and more Aineri&ms are generat-

ing their own electricity. Faced with higherenerizprices, and erisouraged by govsrn-ment repdations which require utilities tobuy'power from small producers, individ-

uals arou the country are investing in' electricit roducing systems. Th9Psources

of energy used by these swenfs are di-verse, ranging from geothermal -water toindustrial and agricultural wastes, but byfar the most popular have been wind,water),and the sun.

But utilizing this "free", energy doespot come cheap. As many of the grantees

tile DOE's Appropriate- Technology.Small Grants Program discovered, pro-

..., ducing pow& with wind machines, micro-hydro systems, and photovoltaicasan in-volve a large commitment of time andmoney, not to mention coping With thevarious problems encountered 'along theway. As one grantee commented, "Manyof the unforeseen pitfalls that must be

overcome are not genetally known until aproject of this type is underway."

For this reason, E/4X, grptees fromaround the country were ask d what ad-vice they would give to individuals whoare considering a wind, hydro, or photo-

. voltaic system: Some grantees were opti-

mistic about the potential of homemadeelectricity, others were more cautious; butall were willing to offer practical advice,based on their individual experiences.

Bated on this advice, Homemade Elec-tricity leads prospective power producersthrough a series of questions that will

help them decide if generating heir own -telectricity is right for them. EacH technol-ogywind, micro-hydro, and photovol-taicsis also introduced, describing pre-liminary considerations and emphasizingthe lessons learned through the in-the-field testing. of the grants projects. Final-ly, adbional sources of information areincluded to help novice electricity pro-ducers answer questions that will arise,and a glOssary to explain some of theterms associated with the three technol-ogy areas.

"Many of the unforeseenpitfalls that must be over-come are not generallyknown until a project ofthis type is underway."

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-7 7. 71,:,71:77M10,}are:- consld,eying wind, hydrot )11

licstions, you should. eogiilersystem. Although

rd, they'can, atel should,-111-1.4),,,,youltime. Making -tfidt

pig4hpsectwilf help avoide'sy0t_on in the future. '

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RECONSIDER .

STEW 1 9

COSTCOMPARISONS,

S Y S TAMAVAIDABILITY"---

ALTERNATIVES

C1FESTYLE`TCONSIDERATIONS

STORAGE ORINTERCONNECTION

ACORUC

RULES ANDREGULATIONS

----LOADREQUIREMENTS

'RESOURCEAVAILABILITY

FIGURE I: Ten Preliminary Considerations

Step 1.Plhat alternatives are available?

Before considering an electricity-tproducing system, it is important to lookfilm at alteniauve. Many individualsconsidering it wind, hydro, or photovol-

..1,P talc system are anxious to save money ontheir energy bills. So the first thing toconsider is whether or not it will be morecost-effective to use less energy ratherthan generate more. Many energy-conserving applluices are now availablewhich can cut electricity consumption by"up to one-half of that used by your cur-

, rent applii ices. Weatherizing and in-sulating yot home will also cut down onenergy co umption and cost much less inboth time and money. -Whether- or notyou decide to proceed with an electricityproducing system, conservation will helpyou use energy more efficiently.

Step 2.this system fir into your

lifestyle?Although this question may seem in-

consequential, in the end it could be themost important consideration. If you areunwilling to make a substantial invest-ment of time maintaining and repairing asystem, you should reconsider before

proceeding further. As many granteescautioned, when you make the choiott,ttoinstall your own electricity-producing sys-tem, you are *sinning the duties normal-ly provided by utility companies. As onegrantee summed it up: "It's no longer aseasy as turning on a switch."

Step 3.What art tile potential feel

and /or Mal problemsconnected with the system?Find out exactly what permits are nec-

essary to prd-duce your own electricityand become familiar with the completearr'gy of regulations.- For example, ifthere are forting ordinances prohibitingany structure over 30 feet, and you arenot able to obtain a variance, you canprobably dismiss a wind system. Or, ifyou have a stream on your property butcan't secure the water rigAts, it's better toknow before investing time and money ina hydro system. One grantee discovered,after installing a small hydro system, thathe could only operate eight months out ofthe year because of the system's potentialimpact on stream fish habitat. hs he em-phasized, it's important to investigateevery potential restriction and regulationbefore proceeding.

"It 's no longer as easy.as turning on a switch."

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Step 4..

How much electric ' do. 4

you need?,.

Understanding exactly how much Ace-.tricity you.:ftiosumc yearly is important i{you finally decide,to inikll in electricity-producing system. The best way to deter-mine electrical consumption, or load, isto look at power bills for the last year.The bills sho t ndicate the number of

ylkilowatt-hours ur household consumesevery month. A year-round analysis ofyour powek needs is necessary becauseelectricity consumption changes with theseasons. For example, in the northernUnited States, mast households cousunwmore electricity during the winter ,

months; in the South, electrical consump-ti often greatest during the summer"- ifair co diti ners or fans aused. Ifyou're buil ing a new home/and can'trefer to past )owe bills, you can estimateybur consul tion by making a list of allyour electrical ppliances, recording hQwmuch power th require and the amountof time each is u d. Several of the gen-eral books on the suggested reading list(Part Illf, include such information fortypical use patterns.

Step 5.What are your resources?

The imPtrtance of accurate and loneJoni measurements of potential energyresources can't be overemphasized. Fre-quently. systems have been installed withiisufficient energy resource data -tor nodata At alland the systems simply didn'tperform to the owner's expectqltiOns.

First, check with state energy offices,local, state or federal weather bureaus, oreven your local utility co npany for anylong-term data that is a ailable foryoursite's vicinity. Next, unless data is alreadyavailable for your specific site, be pre-Pared to invest at least a year in gatheringthe information you'll need. Then com-pare your data with long-term dant col-lected nearby. This is an important stepfor, as anyone who has observed theweather will tell you, a single year's datamay not be t all representative of whatyou, can expel on a long-term basis. Cli- lik rinane fluctua ors, even on an animal

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avflage hasis, can he Auerne and if youhit se your decision to install a renewal*clings. system on (Ilia that is atypical youcould be very disappointed. It's also helphit to talk to anyone who is producing his

or her own power in Oar area, of tosorueone who Is familiar with weatherconditions, to get a comPlete mulct stand-iplg of the it-winces

Step 6.Will you USC AlriTnatingkurn;nt (AC). or Direct

Curfeht (PC)?. . .

'ins can be the most uoRblesome deui

sum you will make when planning yourelectri1 city-producing system. I:veryone

you talk to about the benefits of one orthe othei will linwiffereut , and equallyconvincingvarguMents. One of the fac-lois influencing your decision is the dis-

tance between the generating facility andthe site of application. Direct current can

be easily transmitted over short distances,but over long distances for equivalent

povicr generation, electrical losses are

greater than with higher voltage AC.Another factor to consider is the conven-ience and expense involved in actualMg the electricity. Basically, the ar whewcan be settled like this: If you're pl, nninga home in a remote site where no u 'lilybackup is available, plan to store excesselectricity in batteries, and plan to powerligIN and small agoliane, go /DC. ManyDC appliances are availabIL such asthose used in reemitional vehicles. An in-verter, although (ixpensive, can he added

to operiite the appliances only available inAC. (.;() AC if you are adding a system to

an existing home with wilily service, or-can produce electricity year round, 24hours a day and do not require battery

storage, as with some hydro systems.Another alternative is to use both AC

and D(' electricity simultaneously. One

grantee wired his basement for DC anduses his small wind charger to powerenergy-efficient )C fluorescent lights. As

tic expands his ttery bank, tie plans to

wire the upstairs r DC ,and add other

DC appliances.

use_ One smidl hydro user constructed apond for effective' slot agotabqut for 1110S1energy producers, the option's tome down

to using batteries or inter connecting -v it li

the utility.Interconnection moved to be the most

popular option with the grantees since it

avoids the expense- and inconvenience orbatteries (although an expensive synchronous inverter is required), and it ensuresthat there will he electricity on dmand,,I lowever, interconnection does 114VC its

disadvantages. As one grantee pOinted

out, if the power company goes doltreal possibility in s'orne locations), msystems also shut off. And unless you re,

ceive a reasonable buy-back rate, inter-cormection is less attractive. wow

If you arc considering utility intekcon-

nection, it is Impel ative- thanyon contact

Step 7.Storage and/or utility

interconnection?

While trying to resolve the question ofwhether to desigii a system to use AC orDC electricity, you will also need to de-

cide how to provide storage andlor back-up electricity for the times When yoursystem isn't producing. The options varydepending on the site, the technology,mid the end-use of the electricity pro-duced. For example, one grantee who

,iises wind to pump water provides storageby pumping the water into.a tank for later

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both your utility and public service coinmission early for guidelihrs, restrictions,and, 91 OM r NC, the /my hack fares before

plot:et-Nine, %%Ali our (mT Pt l'ARegulat ions)

Step 8. ,

What electricityLI)''rodut.iris(

air available that match

your electrical needs?

Fins is the step where one grantee sug-gests you "read everything you ctin get

your hands on." Although a few voca-

tional schools teach classes 11 wind,hydro, or suhotovoluncs, for the mostpart, you will have 'to teach yourself the

basics of homemade electricity.The more you learn about the tecluitil-

ogy's history, development, and poten-

."Read everything you can get your hands- on.

PORpAileostio68In 1918. Congress pay;sed legislation requir

ing utilities to buy electricity from small powerproducers. or qualifying facilities as they arecalled This legislation, entitled the Public

UtilitieS Regulatory Policies Act (MITA).has encouraged thousands of Artier cans tobssome small,power producers

nasically. the legislation slates that a utility must purchase power from a qualifying

NkpAcility (Of at the utility's "avoided costThe avoided cost is the amount 01 money the

Arty saves by not having to generate thesame amount of power As of May. 1983,./avoided cost had been determiner by 1)0)11(7utility commissions. or their eouivalc )1, in allbut three slates (Mississippi, West Virginia,and Wisconsin) Rates range Nom Ot 3 centsper kilowatt-hour to 9 98 ce0s.--and somestates molpi for different sources of

_ power But even with buy back rates established. small power producers may Still have

lo enter into negotiations with utilities to determin¢Thittis for any long-term contract

Aside from your state energy office, which

may help you gel started. there-are two basiccontacts for more information, it you areconsidering utility interconnection

Public Utility Commission (of itsequivalent)

The utility commissions can le you g

started in the right direction. "se mg th.e..,

scene" for the transactions thal wil be tak-ing place They also have cop es of te Publie Utility. Commission Rules t PURIA with-

III your state which should be e of the first

L things you read In addrfon. some of the ques-

tions you should find answers to include1 Does PUFIPA apply? (In some utility

districts. with co-operatives for exampie. PURPA may not ippNr )

2 ytiat is the est Ii hed buy bac4( rate'?

3 °What are the ti bligations, by

law'?4 What contactual obligations are

necessary?5 What are the'W'tethods of peal?

6 Who has what responsi in the

ne iations?

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Local Utility Company

Since you will he negotiating with the uhlity, be sure to maintain a professional rela-

tioship with th hi ,Record all contacts madewith the utility, in Wing daNs. names of pm-

-sons 'talked to. e inforn4ion requested.and the .ansvris Teemed Because utilitieshear from hundreds of potential power prorimers. they may treat your initial inquiriesas general in nature Any serious request forinformation should be pi in writing ariadirected lo the person wh can act on that in

formation And he sure to request that the rn

fonfialion you need be provided in writingQuestions you should have answered early in\\the process include

1 Does the utility ha/e any guidelines orhandbooks for'power producers and. -if so, how can you obtain a copy?

2 Who can speak for the company and

has the authority to sign contracts'?

3 What period of ttt4ie does the contractcover'

4 Who can pro e buy-back rates'? (Toobtain buy-bac may require aformal written request, with a, clearstatement of what is required.)

5 ODA:, long will it take the utility to provide this information'?

6 What meter inlibptions are available'?1 What the the charges fon meters, in-

cluding charges for installation andmonthly reading'?

8 How mucb insurance does the utility,/requiils you to maintain'?

9. What kind of equipment (inverters,locks, etc.) does the utility require that

you purchase'?10 What drawings. schematicv, andtor

maps are required'?11. What provisAs are there/Should'your

system break down'? Can they perma-nently disconnect your system fromthe grid?

Some grantees experienced initial MIculties in establishing a relatiOnship wit

their local utility Find Out early wha in-

volved, and how that will affect yo rr elec-tricity-producing system and its economicpotential, before investing in the system

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tial, the better prepared you will be toclitiose a system that will work at yourspecific site Also, the mote you knowabout the technology befote talking. tomaKfacturers or sales representatives,the more likely you will get he answersyou are looking for when investiatingthe system.

Step. 9.How much does the system

cost?

If you've proceeded this far. in theprocess, now is the time to sit down andadd up the costs. Most manufacturers orsales represent a should br able to

_. r 0 give you an estimate f the costs involvedif you.arciat* to give them an accurateassessment of the reso rces available, orwhere the equipment will be sited, andwhat your load will be.

Although the initial costs of these sys-tems are high, the emit] lifetime costsmay turn out to be quite reasonable. Per-forming a simplified life-cycle cost analy-sis of the proposed system will help youdetermine whether or not the system is agood investment. Take the initial cost ofthe system (including installation costs,shipping, any legal fees that may be nec-essary, aryl any other miscellaneous ex-penses), ac to that the estimated opera-tion, ma. tenance and repair opts overthe life of the system (including in-surance, taxes, finance charges if you

.ti have to borrow money for the system,and any other miscellaneous expenses);subtract any federal_ or fate tax credits

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that tingly apply, and divide that.' figureby the .Iifetime of the system -twentyyears is a common assuniptio tot the Incof a system, although some Anponents,like batteries, may have a five to ten yearlife. (Mansifacturers should be able topaivide you with more specific informa-tion.) This calculation will give you alough estimate of how much it, will costyou to operate your system every year.Divide thtt, number by the projectedyearly output of your system in kilowatt-hours and you should have an idea ofhow much your electricity will cost perkilowatt -hour.

Using this technique it is possible tocompare different systems. Fokexample,how would a photovoltaic system com-pare with a wind system over twentyyeas? Or, if your house is a short dis-

`Tame from the utility power lines, howwould the col of cpnnecting with theutility compar with the alternatives? Ofcourse, once y u begin to compare alter-native systems with utility costs, the prob-lem becomes more complex. You knowhow much utility-generated electricitycosts today, but how much will it costtomorrow? How about twenty years fromnow when your system is still producingJag a renewable source of energy? Tomake a valid comparison, you need tofigure an aninel utility cost increase intoyour calculatioq. Using utility price in-creases for the last ten years, utility esti-mates of future price increases, standardprojections, common sense, and intuitionwill 1111 be helpful, but remember, youcannot make a wise investment in yourenergy future on intuition alone. If you

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ate uncertain about the liginq, seek helpfrom a ptofes.sional. It makes good senseto calculate the viability of this investment before making any purchase.

Step 10.Reconsider Steps 1-9.

-if the costs seem too Iligh, even over along term, it's'time kJ go !tack to Step I.What arc the available al ernatives? Or,going back to Steps 2 and 4, are you will-ing to adjust your lifestyle to reduceyour need for electricity an thus the sizeof your system? Or, Step 8, have youoverlooked other systems available thatwill meet your load and resource needs'tIt may be necessary to go through thisprocess several times, evaluating dif-ferent resources, considering differentSystems, or adjusting your lifestyle orelectricity consumption in order to finda system that Meets your needs and fitsyour pocketbook., Or you may decidethat producingy'our own power is sim-ply impractical ,and that conservation isthe best investment,

Whatever your final -decision, itshould be made with a realistic a praisalof your finanCial and time limi at ions.The decision to produc your o n elec-tricity should be made ike at otherlong-term investment: o ly andcomprehensively, itljout emotionalitt

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ART allt:TE HNOLOGY

REVIEW

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Much has. been written on wind,. m roLhydro, andphotovoltaic mtems'but little is available pic.w at it's like to ac-tually live with the'systeMs. Based on final re s and inter -views with grantees, this section is an attempt to highlight thelessons lettrned in the field. Because each technology has its ownpotential prdblems; each section is unique to that technology.But all of the inforinalion is based (IR the day-to-rday experiencesoflpower producers\and should be.of value to anyone consider-ing a similar system.

Technology Review: Wind

"If the wind doesn't blow your hat off, when ,rouralkout the door, forget wind systems."

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WINDWind machines, or windmills as they

are still often called, have played animportant role in the electrcation ofAmerica: Even with the growth of utilitycompanies, whiCh prollided electricity tocity dwellers, farmers still relied on thepower of the wind to pump water and toprovide a limited amount of electricity fortheir homes. in 1935, tvinpralls began todisappear yrom the American landscapeas the Rural Electrification Administra-tion .(REA) helped bring cheap, utility-generated electricity to-rural residents*

But as electricity prices have increased,Americans are again turning to windpower. And as the technology advances,wind power in certain lociitions becomesmore promising as a reliable source ofelectricity for both large-scale wind farm-ers.and they average homeowner.

The key, of course, is the right loca-tion. Knowing the wind resolves that areavailableor not availableat your par-ticular site will make the difference be-tween having a successful wind-generatedelectrical syPern and just "an expensive-lawn ornament."

Rules and Regulationsfor Wind

Federal regulations usually do not ap-ply to home-sized wind machines, exceptin certain locations. For example, theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)may have certain requirements if the windsystem is built near an airport or if theproposed tower rises over 200. feet. TheFederal communications Commission(FCC) would also have farisdiction if thewind machine causes any interferencewith radio or television reception. In ad-dition, if the tower is to be anchoredwithin the high water mark of a river, theArmy Corps of Engineers will need to beconsulted.

State and local regulations are usuallykmore important with wind machines.

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first constrict at ion in urban and suburbanareas is toning A r-omnion reqfinememis [hal tossers bc sited so (hal 0.105' lall,they will riot land on a neighbors ' prop-erty. Other local regulations can prOhibitstructures over certain heights 01 -requirethat they be approved by art architectural

'hoard for aesthetic standards. Also, staleand local electrical and building codeswill apply.

Obviously, restricting a wind.rnachmessheight and placement can seriously affectas pet formance sr) it's good to know be-foie proceeding if such regulations apply.Some grantees worked successfully withlocal officials to obtain variances for theirwind maciiines'; others enlisted the sup-port-of neighbors to help change regulaturns that prevent the Optimum placementor a tower

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Many wind machine owners expressed;disappointment with system'sbecause they didn't adequv,elymelisurethe wind resources available at Unfit- site.One giantik cominented,4"It the winddoesn't blow your leeff when pen ssout the door, forg wind systents." TI scomment rifry be simplist- but it- doesreinfiirce the in-11)14111race of nitk,gouhave sufficient restArces he o investingin a wind machine.

Some wind experts recommend meas-uring the win)eesOurcerat your site forfive years, other5 recommend threeifor the average homerYwner, monitr rig(he wind speeds twice a day forone rshould be su(ficient. However, wispeeds or one year can he off 30 Lkcent from ong-term averages so thesenumbers should then be compared withwind ki collected at the nearest weatherstation.'

fly comparing data collected at the sitewith long -term data collected nearby,.if ispossible to shorten the collection time.However, the I

. actual wind cmore you leava system. Re

measurementssite being comic

s.s you know about theeditions at the 'site, theto chance when installingiember, too, : that windhotdd be taken at eachered and at a height com-

parableo the proposed tower.What constitutes a gbod site? The first

criteria, of course, is 'he availability ofadequate wind. It is, however, possible tohave good wind resources and a goodmachine and still not have a good site.Ideally, the wind machine should beplaced as far .as possible (at least 300 feet)

XI, from obstructions that can slow or createturbulence in the path of the wind and/orat least 30 feet above any obstacle to max-inli7e the energy potential.

!low much wind is enough? One grant-ee recommends that winds aVerage atleast 12 milealper hour before a windsystem is Wisidered, while

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another

tecommends 11 miles per horn. One sitetuetgy officer 4CCOMillenth an averagewind spec(' 0! 14 ill I S rimes per 110111. A',

one energy consultant points out, averagewired speeds are just that, averages be-t igteert. ex( retries... I le lecrimmends havingat least 12 to 18 -miles pen hour "powerwinds" on a weekly basis if considering awind system:

ObViously the amount of wind neriledis open to interpretatioi, and depends onspecifics site! wind turbine design,energy us0, s Ira mini-repents, thetype of machine, and cost of "'Ronafives. A good rule to r ember whencalculating the potential of yr site isthat the power of the wing is threePortional to the wind speed cubed.txample, a 10 miles per hour wind (10 x10x 10 = 1000) has 8 times more power

,(han a 5 miles per hour wind (5 x 5 x S

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... 1 25) . the highei the wind . teed, (hewater (he possibility of Oiletaliilgilvlble illnoitills at cledrwits A 2 of 1

miles pen hour difference. m wind speedtcan have a majo mpact on-your system'soutput aud ove all efficiency.

If find' MachineAlain tenance

1 ike-an automobile, wind ifinichines re-quire regular maintenance_ this can he astontine as changing the oil and greasingthe bearings, to checking the brakingmechanism to be sure it's functioningproperly. And then there are the unex-'Wier' repairs. As one grantee catitioned,"Remember, Mesa are heavy machines,operating al high'speeds, and they're sub-ject to damage."'

But unlike tut automobile, which can

Remember, thek.a)-e heavy machines, operating at,Jiigh speeds, and Ihey're suNect to damage. )f

L 12

t filly farmers still rely on thepower' )f the winwater.*

This 20- kilo watt wind turbinein Lincrofi, New Jersey hasbeen plagued with down-time. The owners of themachine refer to it as a verybeautiful but very expensivelawn ornament.

7

'L:

!$.

The first criterion of a good wind site Lsi

the availability of wind. The wind/ machine should also be placed as far asAlfr' 4 passible from obstructions and/or at least

. - 30 feet above any obstacle.41

'be taken to the shop, the*wind machine isperched atop a 40- to 100-foot towerwhich can be very dangerous to work on.If you like to tinker .with machines and

are not afraid of heights, tins cautionarynote should not present problems. Butnon-mechanical, land lovers should beprepared to spend money to hire trainedpersonnel to maintain .-the machine. As

one lirantee pointed out, people under-standably charge a lot of money to climbwing- towers when performing even rou-tine checks.

TownA main function of the tower is to posi-

tion the wind machine in the path of thewild. Like wind machines, there is a vari-ety of towers to choose from and it paysto do your homework. It also pays to en-list the help of an evert in selecting andinstalling the tower. When investigatingwhich tower to buy it will help to keep thefollowing in mind:

Height. Remember, there is usuallymore Willelivailable at 100 feet than at 40feet, so a taller tower may be a better in-vestment than a larger wind lline.8

\-n

echanical land lovers may want totwice before investing in a wind

Acce sibility. Some towers are de-

signed be easily raised and lowered sothat re airs can be made at ground level.This fc tureptay be worth the added costif you e reluctant, to climb the tower.*St gth. The tower must be designed

ithstand the severest wind everrecorded in your area, and then some.Just because winds haven't reached 1(X)miles per hour in over 50 'years doesn'tmean it can't happen again. The tower

-should also be galvanized to prevent rust.Safety considerations. Nothing attracts

attention like a wind machine tower, so itshould be fenced off to keep people,young and old, from climbing on it. Itshould also be grounded. Be sure thesecosts are included when estimating the

verall economics of the system.anufacturer's recommendations.

Oftn,Aind machine manufacturersrecommend that their wind machines beinstalled on a certain-kind of tower. Infact, some manufacturers won't guaran-tee their machine unless it is installed onan approved tower. Be sure to, seriouslyconsider a manufacturer's recommenda-tions before deciding on a different kindof tower.

4

a

4a'

Wind machine towers should be fencedoff to keep people, young and ok!, fromclimbing on them.

Shopping for a WiredMachine

Because there are so mans' wind ma-chine designs available, and each appli-cation is so site specific, the most impor-tant thing to do is to learn all you can byresearching the various designs and talk-ing to as many wind machine owners aspossible. Remember, you're planning joinvest thousands of dollars in a systemthat you expect to perform under certainconditions. Don't learn the hard way, byinvesting in a machine tkat is inap-propriate for your needs. Learn all youcan before investing.

While researching the various 'designs,also investigate different manufacturersand-their products. General questionsthat should be asked of all manufac-turers include:

How long has the company. been inbusiness? While new, promising tech-nologies and companies should not beoverlooked, their lack of experienceshould be weighed against companieswith successful track records.

What is the machine's warranty? Ob-viously, a company that stands behind

13

their machine 101 five years is prefeiableto a company with a one yea' guarantee.

yew wairanties should be COnsld(led a minimum Also, is the couipan,.bonded?

What is the machine's recorded downnine? Some machines 'have been knownto he down as much as 70 percent of thetime.

Is thine an ownei's manual or trouble-shooting guide and/or is there someonenearby who is authorized to maintainthe machines? If not, he pi"et,nred to livewith downtime unless you're a goodmechanic. If you're not mechanically in-

dined, another important question iswhether in not service contracts aleavailable.

Are space pails readily available? Waiting for spare parts can limit a niachine'soutput and it's cost-effectiveness.

What aft the machine's-design .specifi-cations? Knowing. the wafd machine'srower output, survival wind speed, typeof control system, pt-rformance data,interface requirements, and. auxiliaryelectrical equipment. requirements willhelp you evaluate a potential machine.

What are the names and addresses ofindividuals in yorir area who own simtlar

machines.? As, one wafflee commented.nothing sells 1a wind machine beiiel thansomeone who (ils one-, ,Ind is happywith it.

One final note: When, and if, you pmchase a wind machine (01 any otherelectricity-producing systeril) keep allyour receipts and a iecord of minutenance and repairs. Maintaining thoroughrecords will help it any problems shouldarise with the machine and, again like anautomobile, they could be invaluableshould you ever wan( to sell the system.

*..14 A '.rtAv F V44,

40,,q 10, .sqtrle Reg bolio WseePiko,

,

ingraNing ecwing

The system.Klinzman's system includes all eight-

bladed, twin-rotor wind generator,mounted on a 3-inch steel pipe mast. The

-mast is implanted in the concrete garagt-floor and extends a total of 50 feet in theair. The mast is secured with a four-pointguying sysain (Figure 2).

The grantee designed his wind systemto allow for both utility interconnectionand battery storage back-up. When thesystem is producing more- than hischouse-hold requites, excess electricity is sold tothe utility. When the wind dies down andthe system is no longer producing, Klinz-man draws from the ten - Battery storagesystem which is connected to a DC-to-ACinverter. Klinzman estimates that withconservative use, the batteries can pro-vide five days of electricity.

Problems encountered.

When Klinzmin designed his windsystem he planne for all contingenciesexcept one: time to L. y with all regu:lations. From the initial designing of thesystem to the final interconnection withthe utility it took two years for the systemto conic on line.

The greatest delays came in complyingwith all the necessary permits required tooperate a wind system. The grantee's firstapplication for a building permit was re-jecited due to a local planning regulationprohibiting wind systems on all lands

other than agricultural. This rule could hewaived by applying for a "special excep-tion" which required a new survey of hisproperty, a- list of all property ownerswithin 300 feet, maps and drawings of thesystem, and four public town meetings.The additional cost of this procedure in-cluded a reviewand signature of hisdrawings by a professional engineer, a$120 Re for a new survey, and a $100 feefor an issuance of the special exception.

In addition to the special exception, avariance was required, to allow the tov(erto exceed 35 feet in height. The variancerequired the same documentation as thespecial exception. The grantee also had toprove that the tower would withstand

winds of 120 miles per hour and, if it didfall-, that it would land on his property.fo meet these requirements, the systemwas redesigned and additional drawingswere presented for approval. Costs in-cluded a $50 fee for the variance, a $35fee for the building permit, and a $60 feefor the engineering survey. The granteecould have avoided redesign costs !tad hefully explored the permit system beforebeginning.

Once the local permits were acquired,Klinzman began negotiations with thelocal utility. Again, the process was moretime-consuming and costly than antici-pated. Drawings had to be approved byan electrical engineer (a $250 fee), the

Klinzman's wind machine stands as a constant reminder thatwind systems are possible in residential neighborhoods.

14 9

system had to he approved by the countyand shown to meet code (electrical per-mit 5.20), and the winner had to add

$300,000 coverage to Ins oe-owner's insurance. In addition, the utilitycompany required the installation of aspecial meter And lock (at a cost of $100).

Because the grantee plans to sell elec-tricity he is classified as a private utility bythe Internal Revenue Service, and there-

Kliturvisn'sSritim

FeuSpecial exceptionVarianceBAUM Pen*Enaineerkli surveyEngineering approvalElectrical Per1114Survey

fore any income from electricity sales

must be declared. 1-ot that reason, Kiwimart is lobbying the public service coinmissin and his utility to accept a single

Altering system. A meter that runs back-wards when Klinzman is feeding surpluselectricity into the utility grid-would servea two-fold purpose: the grantee would nolonger be considered a seller of electricityand the monthly charge for the utility toread his extra meter would he eliminated.

Wiad Madder and TowerI-Beams ,

Reinkordng rod `.Cable *adZinc PrimerHardware.Pipe NW conplinpConcrete and 'pumping serviceMachining and weldingWind speed indicators :;:WireWoodRoof flashing around mootWire damps anti shaikiesWind generatorLabor and materials

Grantee recommendations.

1. Use utility interconnection as yourstorage system. Unless a residence is lo-cated in an isolated area without utilityservice, Klinzman does not recommendbattery storage. Interconnection saves thecost of the batteries and the bother of-maintaining them.'

2. Investigatermetering options. If util-ity interconnection is being considered,first investigate all of the metering op-

lions available. Some-me definitely morecost -el fectivr than others.

3. Investigate equipment and equipmentmanulactineis Although the giantee's machine is working well, the mannfacturer has not tcsponded to specificquestions about the machine, Iheieltmemaintenance and repair set vice might hedifficult to obtain. [lie grantee also hadtumble with a DC-to AC inverter whichreportedly blew out his television, TVcable converters, and microwave oven.These problems may have been avoidedwith more research into the equipment.

4. Re prepared for lengthy delays-,

both in the permitting process and inequipment delivery.

5. If possible, have the wind systemprofessionally designed and installed. In-formation on various systems is oftenunavailable which means that the novicewill have to spend considerable time intracking down' the necessary resources."If you can afford it, it makes a lot moresense to have the system installed. It willsave you a lot of frustration," accordingto Klinzman.

Storage System10 batteries 0 SPElectrical equilmtentWeldingVoltage sensor 'and relay ,v

Synchronous iaverlerEndoore, flag

,ShiPPintlUtility tlitterk andSwitch. math*:Sign and soil Aholationuanitotmor.:;

FIGURE 2: Klinznan's System

Wind Turbine

mommudill111

"If you can afford it, itmakes a lot more/Anse tohave the system installed.It will save you a lot offrustration."

AV

Batteryand Controls

In GarageMast Set Into Concrete

Anchored Guy Wires Slab of Garage Floor

04

i Hl

Dr

15

ti

ti

1-4

Klinzman's system includes a synchronous inverter for utility interconnection anda ten battery storage system for back-up power.

The fol 1-fgft.;o re selected grant projects from the DOE AT SmallGrants Program relating to wind systems

Vic's Mobil-Arc. Inc DOE Contract No DE-FG48-80R801398Lafayette, CO ATMIS ID. CO-80-012

A utility-interconnected wind machine was designed and con-structed by the grantee The grantee estimates that the wind machine provides at least one-half of his households annual electrical-needs and all of his electricity in the winter

Granby 4 H Club DOE Contract No DE-FG41-80R110365Granby. CT ATMIS la CT-80-007

The grantee installed a small wind generator as part of a demonstration project on renewable energy technologies In spite of a goodlocation and a 100-foot tower, the grantee concluded that the-windpotential at the site is not adequate.

David Racine DOE Contract No DE-FG43t-79R306052Rehoboth Beach, DE ATMIS ID: DE-79-006

A small wind elatric generator was installed at the grantee'shome to provide radiant electric space heating The grantee reportedproblems with machine noise and machine maintenance He recom-mends passive and active solar heating as a cost-effective alternative

Evanston Environmental DOE Contract No DE-FG02-79R510109Association ATMIS ID. IL-79-010

Evanston, ILA 4-kilowatt wind generator was installed to test wind machines in

urban environments Power is sold directly to the local utility An edu-cational program was also implemented.

Donald Fluhrer DOE Contract No. DE-FG47-80R701107Charles City, IA ATMIS ID: IA-80-008

The grantee installed a 10-kilowatt, AC wind generator on a100-foot, fold-down tower to circulate hot Water to several farm build-ings In 18 months the system generated 20.879 kilowatt-hours ofelectricity, of which 9,737 were fed to the utility.

Josyth Mills DOE Contract No DE- FG43-81R308068Jarrettsville. MD ATMIS ID. MD-81-007

A wind machine was installed to heat water in conjunction with asolar hot water heater. Excess power is fed to the local utility Severalproblems with the wind machine were encountered

Edward Johanson DOE Contract No DE-FG41-80R110411Andover, MA ATMIS ID: MA-80-017

A wind machine was installed on a 98-foot tower at the grantee'shome. Despite the tower's height, the ,turbulence caused by nearbytrees resulted in less than anticipated power production_ The granteerecommbnds that an anemometer, be installed at potential sites andat .the proposed height of the wind machine for at least a year

'-David Amon DOE Contract No. DE-FG02-80R510226Williamsburg, MI ATMIS ID: MI-80-004

A 20-kilowatt wind turbine was installed at the grantee's cherry or-chard The system is connected to the local utility and is currentlybeing monitored for power production The grantee estimates pro-duction of 20,000 kilowatts a year.

Thomas Griffin DOE Contract No DE-FG02-79R510134Cannon Falls, MN ATMIS ID: MN-79-006

A 10-kilowatt wind generator was installed on a Minnesota farmData was collected on system operation and power production

James Miller DOE Contract No DE- FG47- 80R701 172Kearney, NE ATMIS ID: NE-80-008

A wind machine to provide radiant electric back-up heat andlighting was installed in a passive solar home. The grantee reportedproblems with utility interconnection agreements and concluded thatunless a person can use all the power produced, when it's produced,a wind system is not economic*.

1611

A

ie

A,

t.ti

"r*; ).06,

.,1%,*Waktett6q-

This 4-kilowatt wind generator in Evanston, Illinois' was installed

to prove that wind mad:ales earl Operate in urban environments.A

V

...r.rnxe+ve..4.

WIND PROJECTS ContinuedMonmouth Museum arid 1101- Conti act No DI f /01120505'

Cultural Centert incroft NJ

A 20kilowatt wind lurbult! was HIstalled by the grantees Low lower

height (40 feet), poor siting and excessive downtime have conInbuted to the machine s J ower pioduction

AT MIS IC) NJ 79 023

Willard Rhoads Da. Contract No DC I G42 798205041Rochester. NY ATMIS ID NY /9.006

The grantee designed arid constructed a 12 kilowatt wind mac hint)

which was installed at his honie 1 he pioiectdrsiTi includes a large

bane' y bank lor stoi age

ri 11ho11 Wlutesides DOE Conliact No' DC I G44 80114 10212

incoln. NC ATMIS NC-80-(X)IA direct cur lent wind generator was designed and installed to pro

vide supplemental 1.)ower (Mlle grantee's home The system includesheavy-duty commercial batteries for storage

Raymond Miller DOE- Contract No DI 100? 7911510141Cincinnati. (XI ATMIS ID OH- 79 011

The grantee installed a 4 kilowatt wind machine on a 60 footfolding lower to supply power to a residence Excess power is led to

the local utility The wind machine has experienced considerable

dO ntime

kohling DOT Contract No 1)1.-[-G02 -80E1510242

Hamilton. OH ATMIS ID OH -80 001A utility interconnected. 1 8 kilowatt wind mDchine was installed at

the grantee's larm The machine produced a net of 450 kilowatthours over a 14 month period, with winds averaging 5 2 irides per

hour The grantee stresses the importance of collecting sufficient

wind data

C

Jeri y Rosenthal DOE Contract No DE----1043-79R306104ouisa VA , ATMIS ID VA-79-003A wind powered irrigation system was installed on the grantee's

farm with excess energy sold to the local utility A zoning variance

was required to construct the lower and the wind machine has been

subject to vandalism.

White Mountain DOE Contract No DE -1051- 79R000010

Cooperative ATMIS ID WA 79-011Wauconda. WA

Ten horizontal axis wind machines were installed and tested atvarious sites in a small community Twelve-volt deep cycle batterieswere used for electrical storage

12

-Y"

cart Brown Dot. Contract No DE r G48-8111808004

Casper. WY Al MIS ID WY -80 -008The granted installed a 1500 watt wind machine which is intercon-

nected with the local utility In spite of wind Speeds averaging over 13

mules per how, the grantee doubts that his wind machine rseconomical

Roger Peterson and DOE Contract No DC -1048 8111808001and Josephine Porter Al MIS ID WY 80.002

Cheyenne. WYA wind energy system was designed and installed for a passive

solar house in an off-grid location Because of maintenance problemswith the wind machine, the grantee plans to expand his systermusing

pholovoltaics

Technology Review: Hydro'

MICRO-HYDRO Rules and Regulations _for

Flowing and falling water is one of theworld's oldest and most common sourcesof energy. At the turn Of the centuryhydro facilities, accounted for more thanhalf of all electricity being generated inthe United States. Although this percentage has fallen off considerably, the inter-est in hydra potential is still very muchalive.

This interest is particularly great in"micro" hydro systems that produce upto 1(X) kilowatts of electricity and espe-cially those that use high-head, low- owstreams. For individuals who are or-tunate to have streams flowing throughtheir property, hydro systems can he aneconomical and efficient source of elec-tricity, often providing all of the house-hold's electrical needs. Micro- hydrosystems can be designed to fit a widevariety of streams from a fast-movingcreek to a la4y, meandering river and inmany instances, stream disruption due toa micro-hydro installation is minimal.However, as more and more small hydrosystems are constructed, fish and wildlifeagencies are examining their potentialcumulative impact on a stream's habitat.

At the turn of the century hydro facilities acedunted for morethan half of all electricity being generated in the United States.

18

Alicro-I I vdro

Just because you live adjacent to astream or river doesn't necessarily meanyou have the right to dam it up, divert itor even use the water in any form. Forunlike the wind, which is relatively freefor the taking, water is protected by manyrules and regulations that either limit orprohibit its use. Obviously, it's importantto know which regulations apply before

investing in a micro-hydro system.,The Federal Energy Regulatory Ctim-

mission (FERC) issues licenses for allnon-federal hydroelectric projects regardless of.size if: .1) they are on federal land;2) they use water stored behind govern-ment' dams; 3) they affect navigablewaters; or 4) they affect interstate com-merce (which would include any utility-interconnected system). This covers mostpotential sites. It normally takes 10 to 13months to obtain a license from theFERC, despite a short application formavailable for projects under 5000kilowatts. Add an additional year if a;senvironmental impact statement is re-quired.

Exemption from FERC licensing isavailable under certain conditions forsystems under 100 kilowatts. For dram-pie, if your site is located on private laritlioiuses an irrigation canal or a stream that rsnot consid&ed navigable, and all powerproduced will be consumed on site, it maybe possible to receive an exemption. Forfurther information, study the FERCpublication, Application Procedures forHydropower Licenses (see Part 111, Re-sources for full citation).

If your project includes a dam or re-quires any riverbed dredging, it may re-quire a permit from the Army Corps ofEngineers. Also; if any of the projectcrosses federal land, additional permitswill be required.\,

Several different state and local agen-cies may also have jurisdiction over amicro-hydro project, ranging from envi-ronmental and fish and wildlife agencies,to state historical societies, tolocal build-ing or zoning commissions. In Massachu-setts, for example, a large number ofagencies may have jurisdiction overmicro-hydro projects including: theMasSachusetts Environmental ProtectionAct Unit; local conservation commis-sions; the various divisions of the Depart-ment of Environmental Quality, in-cluding Wetlands, Waterways, and WaterPollution Control; the Department ofEnviropmental Management; the Mas-sachusetts Historical Commission (toprotect historical and cultural resotfrces);the Massachusetts Department of Fisher-ies, Wildlife and Recreational Vehicles;the Office of Coastal Zone Management;

13

and even the Department of Food andAgriculture.

Obviously, even a small hydro projectgall involve substantial, - trine consumingpaper work, so it's best to van earl ,andplan lot ixmential delays. One granteemaintains that had he -understood thecomplexities of the permitting system he"might not have undertaken the projectat all." lie recommends planning on atleast two years to process the necessarypermits, although he believes that. "theseprocesses can be streamlined as more ex-perience is gained on the piirt of govern-mem agencies.'

Evaluating the Micro-Hydro .Resources

The power production capability ofany hydro system reties on two essential

variables: I) flow, the volume of wateravailable in the streambgil (usually meas-ured in cubic feet per second), and 2)

head, the vertical distance the ,.waterdrops (measured in feet).

Pow. Unless your potential site is on astream or river where accurate flowrecords have been recorded by the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) or a localagency, you should plan on, spending agood deal of time measuring the stream'sflow. Measuring flow once a week for anentire year is not unreasonable consider-ing the size of the potential investmentand the system's expected performance.During this time you need to assess thequality and quantity of the stream's flow,the duration of high and low water, and

the stream's dependable average flow.But even after a year, additional infor-

mation will be needed. One grantee meas-ured his stream's average flow at 6 to 8

cubic feet per second, constructed .asystem, and has since had two consecu-tive years with stream flows averaging 3to 4 cubic feet per second. So once the

measurements are taken it's important tofind out whether you measured during awet year or a dry one. To find out, con-tact the USGS or local monitoring agen-cies for long-term flow rates for a nearbystream or river and compare your figureswish theirs. For example, if the nearbystream was 30 percent below average forthe year you measured, chances are yourstream was also approximately 30 percentbelow its lonl-term average. Using long-term data for a nearby stream will alsoenable you to identify high and low watertrends which will give you some idea ofwhat to expect in the long term.

If stream flow data is unavailable fornearby streams, talk to as many people aspossible who are familiar with the streamto find out how high it has beenover theyears and, just as important, hbw ,low.The more you know about the long-termcharacteristics of the stream, the better

14

equipped you will he to design an eirec.nye micro hydro system.

Head. You also 'iced an ae curate

assessment of how lar the water dropsvertically between the source 01 collectionand the nimbi site. This can be doneusing topogi at ical maps, photogiaphicsurveying tec nques, or an altimeter butin most cases these tools will only pi OV ale

you with a preliminary estimate. For anaccurate assessment of the head, survey-ing equipment should be used. Unless,you know how to use this equipment, it isa good idea to hire a surveyor.

Net head. Whenever pipe is used totransport water, sonic head losses occur.A commonmistake is to either underesti-mate or ignore these,lossi,s, resulting in ahydro system that is improperly sized.Any reputable pipe manufacturer or supplier will be able to provide you with thepipe sizes and friction loss informationfor your particular flow conditions.Don't forget to account for these head

losses (including losses from pipe bendsand valves) when sizing your system.

Maintenance of a Micro-Hydro System

If the intake structure is properly de:sighed, sediment settles out before enter-ing the system, The trash rack is designedto screen out leaves, rbelcis, and otherdebris, reducing system maintenance to aminimum. Still,' like any mechanicaldevice, the turbine should be kept cleanand the shafts and bearings lubricated ac-cording to the manufacturer's recommen-dations. The mechanical system shouldalso he routinely checked for signs ofunusual movement or wear.

Wheneverpipe is used to transport water,some.head losses occur. A common mis-take is to either underestimate or ignorethese lasses, resulfing in a hydro systemthat is improperly sized.

Weather and seasonal changes can alsoaffect system maintenance. Routine

seasonal tasks include cleaning debrishow Ow hash iat.k diumy the slam):

clearing leaves hom the tack mthe tall, and clearing ice in the winter toprevent blockage of the intake..

Danis and Impoundments

Generally speaking, a !moo-hydroproject will he easier to construct andobtain permits for if stream disruption iskept to -a minimum_ Many successfulsmall hydro systems avoid using dams,and instead take advantage of naturalpools or backwaters for siting the intakestructure. Others have maximized theusefulness of natural pools by adding asimple diversion. .

But in some instances small dams will/be necessary to maximize head or to pro-vide storage. A word. of warning, how-ever. There is more to building a damthan piling up a wall of rock. One grant-,..)ce, for example, chose a rock-crib dambecause -he assumed it would be in-expensive and easy to construct. As itturned out the process was *xtremelylabor intensive and time consuming. Inretrospect the grantee reported he wouldopt for a concrete dam, in spite of theextra cost.

These processes can bestreamlified as moreexperience is gained on thepart of governmentagencies."

"I

Routine seasonal tasks include cleaningdebris from the trash rack.

1..

19

,

CASEMark DrabickOrford, NH-

DOE Contract No.DE-Ft41-80R110382

A TMIS ID: NH-80-008

Mark Drabick, owner of HoMestead Energy Systems, Inchas joined the growing number of individuals and smallbusinesses that are successfully developing small hydro sites.

oWith his background in small energy development, Drabickunderstood and followed all the proper-steps, from accuratelymeasuring his stream's head and flow to filing for the-properpermits, Nit for' various reasons he still experienced cosily

delays. Despite the setbacks, however, Drabkk maintains thatwith ,proper planning and 'understanding ,of the resources athand, a successful micro -hydro system can be installed ".with

-minimal problems, resulting in _a system that will be alit ostMaintenance free..

The system. "Drabick's system consists of a

4.75-inc Pelson wheel turbine,.direttlymounted to a 1500-watt induction gener-ator. Both are housed in an 8- by 12-footwooden shed. Water is fed into thesystem through a 4-inch diameter PVC'pipe, or penstOck, which is buriedunderground 2- to 3-feet. The waterflows a distance of 17(X) feet from a firstintake, and a second intake was added17(X) feet from the first intake to test thedifference in power production. Both in-takes are covered with wire mesh to keepdebris out of the system. When waterreaches the turbine it flows into two2-inch nozzle feed pipes from where it isdirected to the vi-inch nozzles. Depend-ing on the brook's rate of flow, the.water can he directed to either one noz-zle only or it canbe split and directed totwo nozzles, almost doubling the sys-tem's production (Figure 3).

Problems encountered.Drabick ordered his penstock in Oc-

tober, 1980. ii)kpecting delivery in earlyNovember, he began excavating thetrench. Within four days of completingthe excavation, the. penstock materialsarrived, but without the needed elbowsto make the connections. While waitingfor the connectors, Drabick began towork on the turbipe house which wascompleted December I. On December 2,the penstock elbows finalry arrived, butthey were too late; the trench wassnowed in. At this point all he could dowas wait for spring.

Unfortunate -when spring arrived,the Irene as destroyed. "What wasonce a stnooth, loam-filled trench wasnow a washed-out, rock-filled chasm,"Drabick reported.

Lining the trench with hay to protectthe pipe and removing the large rocksand boulders by hand took severalmonths. Laying the pipe took additionaltiffie as . erosion ate away at the pipebedding.

With so mai), hours already invested,Drabick hired a bulldozer to do thebackfilling. It started at the turbinehouse nd worked its way up the hill.Halfwa up it got bogged down inswampy ound, tried to free itself, andcrushed several pieces of the pipin themeantime, winter had once agaiFTettledin so reptiirs were delayed.

In theispring, a IS -foot path wasclearcut around the swampy section ofland to permit access to the site for thebulldozer. Although the bulldozer stillhad trouble, the iiew trail and an unusu-ally dry spring made the job easier. Theexcavation work was finally completed,two years after the project had begun.

rahick's original design called for a9-iteh diameter Pelton wheel to belt -drivea 2250-watt generator. During the excava-tion delay of 1981-82, the grantee installeda temporary intake structure and tested thesystem's efficiency using several differentnozzle sizes. The system worked, but neverreached efficiencies above 35 percent.There are several theories to account forthe system's inefficient performance in-

. FRAME 3: Drabick'S"Systern

chiding: the generator and/or the turbinewere too large for the available streamflow; the nozzles were improperly de-signed; or the system efficiency was over-stated by the manufacturer.

Not satisfied with the performance,Drabick used the delay to design, build,and install a new, smaller turbine andgenerator. The new system has now beenon line for more than a year, with pre-

cprded wateveo-wire efficiencies of up to50 percent.

lnitially Drabick's utility interface situ-ation was also problematic. The estab-lished buy-back rate in New Hampshire is7.74" per kilowatt-hour which Drabick as-sumed he would be paid. However, thegrantee's local utility, a cooperative, hasno 'generating capacity of its own andbuys all of its power. Therefore, they areobligated orgy to buy power at theiravoided cost, which was around 3.5c to4.54" per kilowatt-hour in 1981. The twoparties considered several options:

Option I. The co-op would - transportthe power through their lines from thegrantee's generator to the co-op's power

20'15

supplier. The co-op would not charge forthis service, and the second utility wouldbuy Diabick's power it 7 7(t per kilowatthour. However, this arrangement re

quire(' an expensive magnetic tape meter-ing system.

Option 2. The co-op would buy all thepower for Ott a kilowatt-hour.

Option 3. The co-op would allow "lickenergy billing," which means that thegrantee's meter nms forward when he'susing the co-op's electricity an back-wards when he's feeding excess electricityto the co-op. With this arrangement, theco-op does not pay for any surplus elec-tricity it receives. The co-op and Drabicksettled on this option.

Grantee Recommendations.

The grantee sums up Kis experiencesthis way, "After two years of hard work,Homestead Energy Systems,. Inc. finallyhas an operating micro-hydroelectricplant that it is pleased with. However,getting there wasn't easy." From his ex-perience, Drabick makes the followingrecommendations:

7. Before investing in any hyctro proj-ect, individuals should Thoroughly inves-tigate site hydrology, topography and ac-cessibility, soil composition, boundarylines, water rights, permits required, localweather problems, financing, and avail-ability of equipment.

3,

"Alter two years- of hardwork, Homestead EnergySystems, Inc. finally hasan operating micro-hydroelectric plant that itis pleased with. However,getting there wasn't easy."

2. Read everything you can find on thesubject and talk to someone who hasdone it to see what's involved. There'snothing like experience to help you avoidcostly mistakes.

3. Always place your intake structureand turbine house to maximize head. Asthe grantee explains, "Every inch counts.We gave up 30 feet to make our turbinehouse more accessible. Now }ve wish wehad developed that extra 30 feet."

4. Make maximum use of your re-sources. Drabick designed his system torun year round and provide base loadpower. But, as he points out, $15,000 is alarge investment foripa.se load power. For

$20,000, he could have had a systemcapable of producing five times as muchelectricity, even though it would not beoperable during the swarm!

5. Size your penstock accurately. briction loss through the pipe can be devas-tating to any hydro project. Drabickestimates his system loses oily 2 to 9 feetof head depending on Bow, On low-headsystems a loss 01 even a few inches willresult in a loss olpower.

6. And finally, remember thesesystems can be expensive. But, accordingto Drabick, if you do your homework,and do it right, you will he rewarded.

PennockExcavationTurbineTO** 1,10M,GeneratorControlsWitP .rk7;Miscellaneous!

4.1

.

. .

"What was once a smqoth, loam-filled trench was nowa washed-out, rock-filled chasm.

t

74Artmtee clears debris from the trash rack.

rl

141',:, Jr

16

a.

Drabick 's system consists of a 4.95-ipchPelton wheel turbine,directly mounted to a 150f)-watt indfiction generator.

21# P.

the following are selected giant projects from the DOE Al SmallGrants Program relating to mic re-hydro systems

Bobby Kennedy 0004Contract No DL 1-044-8111410418Guntersville. AL Al MIS It) Al tt t IX) i

A Poston type impulse turbine with a speed responsive governorwas designed and constrVed by the grantee A general booklet onmicro hydro power was also produced

David Inouye DOE Contract No DE -10481k.)11800434Crested Butte. CO Al MIS ID CO -79-005

A small-scale. hydroelectric power plant was constructed at theRocky Mountain Biological Laboratory using equipment purchasedfrom various manufacturers The plant uses a water source that alsosupphei domestic water supply for the laboratory to power a Felton-wheel tilibine A maximum of 7.5 kilowatts can he generated. supply.rig electricity to the laboratory's drning hall for space heat. cookiQg.and hot water

Neil Seitz DOE. Contract No 4E -F Ati--8011801005Villa Grove. CO ATMIS ID CO 80 013

A 30 kgowatt Pelton turbine niicrohydro power system was Installed on a stream near Villa Grove. CO The installed system costwas around $2 31 per peak watt Among the problems encountereddutirA the protect were pipe failure, a hertzmeter that failed immedi-atel: and a loud Pelton wheel that was muffled by installing apiece ofsteel 10 softri'n the impact of the water-q,

Verne TIrostle pOE Contract No,-let.. FG03-18R901942Moloyi. HI . AIIMIS ID HI -1 012r T ritee installed a small hydrtaele ric system at his remote

Carr n the island of Molokai. HI Mite m a sprigJed pond ischannelled through 2.1)0 feet of lt/2 inch C pipe Water passes

.1through a 3/8 inch fire nozzle and drives a 1ton tukbin0 which isc6bpled to an automobile generitor Twel volt DC current is usedto power lights, a radio, and for battery, storag A 1600-watt overteris used when AC current is required

I loyd Wallace ' DOE Contract No' DE FG51-80R0004 f--J2Sandpoint. ID ATMIS ID. ID-849-00

An oil -gird hydroele rsc system was constrticted near Sandpoint.ID The 17-inch diamet r Pelton wheel turbine coupled to an alter-nator produces 3 kilowa continuously with a net head of 125 feetThe Pelton wheel was purchased as a kit and the housinih was labneatecl on site The 2-inch feed line to the turbine reportedly is toosmall and the grantee plans to replace it with a 4-inch feed line

tSuzanne and Robert Kelly DOE Contract Uo DL -FG41-80R110350Enfield, ME ATMIS ID ME-Ms-p09

A 75-foot long, 8-foot high. rock-crib timbertdam was copstructedto store vp6ter for a law-head hydr lectac system The water flows380 feet through a 15-i'nc fft diam9ter ulvert to a home-built crossflowturbine An a °mobile c use contr I was modified to control thespeed of thej ne undk varying load conditions.

DIE Contract No. DE/11-79R110047ATMIS ID. MA-79-

Da vicKfIr6w nShutesburyn MA

A 4-kilovAdt,^double-impeller, crossflow t bind and generator setwas installed at an existing dam site on the grantee's farm. Th'esystem was estimated to prodyce approximately 15,300 kilowatt-hours per year with a payback o71/2 years

Appalachian Mountain} DOE Contract Ng DE-FG41-80R110423Club ATMIS ID: NH-80=-004

Gorham, NH / r

A 1500-watt 3\C induction generator coupled to a Pelton impulse-type turbine uses a head of 202 feet to produce electricity for a Thoun-tarn but near Twin Mountain", NH. The electricity powers lights, .arefrigerator, battery chargers for two-way radios, a food warmeridbeverage water heater, the main water heater, and tempering tangPropane consumption has been reduced by 70 percent One of thesystem's interesting features was the uselpf internal baffles. to pre-vent foreign material from causing premature wear on turbine cups

II 0 Ayers DOI 'Contract litH 11;44 8011410:114Boone. NC AT MIS 10 NC 80 011

A 17 kilowatt micro hydro plant was installed on 1. auiell:reek A15 inch Pelton wheel turns a 30.horseixiwer inductor, motor genorator to produce 00 cycle. 220 volt power whir-ti is led 10 the localutility The grantee also monitored 20 streams In Watauga County lota year to determine annual usable stream flow

Belnard Br adach DOE Contract No DE 1G44 80E1410118Marshall. NC ATMIS ID NC-79 041

The grantee designed arid constructed a towhead hydro systwith the help of students The system uses a crossllow turbine.vJftlpower production of approximately 560 watts at 20 amps The systemwas designed to feed excess power to the local utility, however. thegrantee recommends using batteries to have hack up power shouldthe system go down

1

Thomas Roy DOE Contract No DE -1051-801100054(1Philomath. OR ATMIS ID OR 80-026.

Th0 grantee designed and constructed a hydro system on a high-flow, low-head stream in western Oregon Due to state restrictionsthat required a concilbte sill and wooden flashhoard arrangement. anundershot wheel was chosen for its higher efficiency in high wintertailwater The head was 31/2 feet Due to heavy winter flooding. problents were qinco'hintered with the dam, flahboards, and wheel racearrangements

DOE Contract No "Dt: 1048 1911800407AT MIS ID. WY- 7904

Loring WoodmanJackson, WY

The grantee installed an 11-kilowatt Pelton wheel microhydroelectric generation plant 'in a rgravity fed irrigation system inrural northwest Wyoming The grantee reported the unpor rice of

. understanding water rights, environmental impact, an he largeamount of paperwork required to get a sy$tem app oved by theproper authorities

4

.110

A grantee in Maine chose a rock crib dap because it as madeof local rock and wood and because the grantee thought itwould be inexpensive and easy to build. It Wasn't easy. Thegrantee and about 40 fri nds had to cut and Ael 209 jogs,build the 8x 8x8-foot c s, and fill thembyhand with about 4,000 ibic feet of stone.

17

41.0.;1001

PHOTO-VOLTAICS

Photovoltaics are a product of thespace age. Used to provide electricity forspace craft and communication satellites,the technology has now firmly landed onthe earth. Photovoltaics are clean, reli-able, and don't poildie while being used.In addttion, they are ,nodular, so thesystem an be added to as the need arisesand the budget allows. And, becausephotovoltaics have no moving Iris, theyare virtually maintenance free. But prob-ably the most amazing thing aboutphotovoltaics is what they do: they con-vert sunlight into electricity.

In fact, the only real deterrent to thetechnologNis its cost. Currently photo-voltaics are expensive, ranging from $10to $15 per peak watt. And yelvfie grantreported that, dollar for dollar,photovoltaic panels produced more elec-tricity than his wind system. And litanypredict that photovoltaics will soon befully economical for the average home-owner, on- or off-grid.

Even as the price of photovoltaicscomes down, Vwever, they will still havecertain limitations. }For example, theyonly make electricity when ft sun shines,so at night when you need electricity themost, the system is not producing. In ad-dition, they only produce DC electricitywhich requires either converting to DCqppliances (which many 'TV house-holds have done)- or purchasing an in-verter to convert to A e. Even with theselimitations, however, the technology hasbeen used by grantees in applications asdiverse, as powering an emergency radiostation Jo electric lights and a TV in aremote(-site home.

- Rules and Regulations forPhotovoltaics

Like any electricity producer, a photo-voltaic system will need to conform tostate and local electrical codes and, ifmounted on the roof, they will also haveto pass i'l ..'4 ing codes. Planning and zon-ing boards , ay also have to approve anypho voltaic system. -

ile checking with the planningd d it's a good idea tckfind out if any

ti-storied buildings are allowed inyour neighborhood which might blockyour access to sunlight. It's also helpfulto know if there are any rules or regula-tions restricting vegetation. Trees canquickly grow into as formidable a blockto the in as any multi-storied building.Some Mates have "sun rights" dr solareasements available. If you're planning toinstall photovoltaics in an urban orsuburban area, be sure to investigate yoursun rights bore investing in PVs. 1

18

an 4.4

Technology Review: Photovoltaics

Evaluating the SolarResourres

Photovoltaics will make electricity any-where the sun shines, so generally anyshade-free site will work. And this is onetechnology where the resource informa-tion may already be gathered for you.Unlike wind or hydro resources, solarradiation data which can be applied toyour site is available in basic solar energytextbooks, through the National WeatherService, or through your state energy of-fice. As ontksolar consultant commented,"There's plenty of accurate solar radia-tion data available. The hard part is tofind it."

Maintenance of ciPhotovoltaic System

Because photovoltaic modules have nomoving parts, they are virtually mainte-nance free. Panels must be kept clean,but in most instances an occasional rain isenough to do the job. One grantee re-ported having to clear snow from hispanels, but at many unattended sites thepanels are known to shed themselves ofsnow once the sun shines., Routine main-tetiance should include a yearly check ofthe entire system, particularly the wiresand connections, and, if they are used, aroutine check of the batteries.

Photovoltaics are used to power the circulation systemin this-off-grid solar wood dryer.

111"."

6

.-

23

4

Support Structures

I here ale many ways to install photovoltaic panels: mounting them -on, theground, elevating teem on pole supports,installing rhea on the side or top of abuilding, or using them in place of con-ventional roofing material.

ike wind towers, photovoltaic sup-port structures must be designed to -sur-vive the most severe winds in yorea.One grantee designed a support structurewith quick-release clamps so that theniodule could be easily adjusted for maxi-mum solar gain. Unfortunately, the firstday the panel was installed it was liftedoff the roof by gusting winds.

The support structures should also bedesigned to last the life of the system. Forexample, one grantee designed an adjust-able support system based on greenhouseframing. Made of redwood, the frame ismounted on 2-inch metal pipes withclamps which enables the system to tilt upand down to gather optimum seasonalsunlight. But because it's wood, thegrantee estimates that the frame mayhave to be replaced in approximately tenyears, depend_ ing on weather conditions.In addition, should more modules beadded, a new frame will be required. Forkthat reason, he recommends buying froma manufacturer who also supplies com-patible metal support structures.

Both these grantees found that adjust-able support structures help maximize, thesystem energy production. Althoughso isticated tracking devices may not be

st -effective for the average home-.owner, the ability to manually adjust theangle of the modules of a small arraly to

aximize its em)ostre to the sun couldimprove your system's ydgfly output byas much as 40 percent.

Shopping for Photovoltaics

With knowledge of your load and sitecharacteristics, you shouldn't have anyproblem choosing an appropriate photo- .

voltaic system. One grantee siniply wroteto every manufacturer he could find, re-questing information on panels thatwould meet his particular needs. Withprices and specifications in front of him,he was able to make his choice.

"There's plenty of ac-curate solar radiation dataavailable. The hard part isto find it."

Several grantees commented on the im-port6cg of buying from a company witha good reputatiem, and one that will standbehind its product. A "good deal" in theshort term may not be a good investment

in the long run. Also, be sure to sheckpanels for good water scaling and for theavailability of wan antics and list-N.guides before purchasing_

Power from the phOlOVOttaie panel (between the collectors) is used to pump waferin le grantee's solar hot water system. Wit, predict that this will be'the first realcost effective application of photovoltaies in on-grid homes.

t

24

-t

,19

4

IAlthough many Americans are beginning to use

photovoltaifs to provide electricity for their homes, the mostcost-ttlefectOlise of this technology is still in remote applica-ition ood example is the PV-powered water pump. which

proVides water for Werner Feller's livestocic.Like inan formers and webers, Feller had relied on the

wind to:pimy water,'- but during the summer months, when,liveTtofk ;Water the* most, there is little or no wind.Affm #01,e1T.4n-ctranchers havE instal lte electric, pumps for

)40,411mmei, bijt extending power lines can be ex-,i'ller.00 his scsn\Definis, who designed the system,1 extend power lines to the' well would cost

(10i for ,3 milesl: The cost. to install arte rt was estimated 'at $12,094. As it turned out

takAystem (inCluding the fence and control shed)st. almost $15,000, but .now the Fellers have a

deal maintenance-free system, which uses the sun to pro-

ide''electricity ..

Dennis Feller

ricksbillt

DOEDE-M46-

A TMIS ID:

Feller's system consists of 24 modules,four batteries connected in parallel, mida 1/2-horsepower DC motor which drives .

the water pump. Water is pumped into air3,34)0-gallon storage tank which feeds awater trot90 by gravity flow.' In addi-tion, there is a charge controller whichdisconnects the photovoltaic panelsfrom the batteries when they are fullycharged, and a blocking diode to preventdischarge of the four batteries at night(Figure.,4).

Feller's well can only be pumpedIS minutes at A time, and then needs tobe shut,off for approximately 30 minutesto allow the aquifer to replenish the well.

.To accomplish this, Feller installed a Dtimer to control the pumping. It is estmated that the system can .; ,t., umover 1,000 gallons a day. '

to be cleaned out occasionally and theswitch has had to be replaced, but asWerner Feller points out, spiders wotildbe a problem no matter what the sourceof electricity.

Grantee recommendations.I. Don't oversize your system, since

you can always add to it later. Becau lit-- tle information on sizing was available

when the Fellers designed their system,they designed it on paper and hdped forthe best. As it turned out, they are pro-ducing more electricity than they need.

eller rted that -ifcfie had it to do overagain, he' ould probably install three orfour less ,anels, and then, if the battei-itsweren't maintaining a full charge, hewould add more panels.

2. Use DC equipment whenever possi-ble with PVs, and be pretkared for delays

in the shipping of any equiPrnent.3. Cost has always been the biggest

deterrent to photovoltaics, accordingtoWemer Feller. But even though the initial

Problems encountered.The major problem the Fellers en-

countered was finding tile equipment theyneeded. The original design included aDC-to-AC inverter to power an AC waterpump. However, inverter manufacturerswere very reluctant to honor their speci0-cations and warranty if an AC motor wasthe only load. After encounteming,thisproblem with several manufacturers, thesystem was redesigned to use a DC Motorwhich ,ieliminated the need for the

inverter.Waiting for delivery of the DCsinelor

did delay the Project, however. Fellerliable to locate several DC motors in cat-logs, but the quickest dilivery time he wasable to secure was more than ten weeks.

Maintenance has been unnecessary ex-cept for one problem: spiders have madewebs in the tank float switch. These have

FIGURE 4: Feller's System

costs can be high, once the system is in-

stalled it works unattended. And nowthat the price of photovoltaics is comingdown, it's an even more attractivealternative for ranchers and farmers.

1:livestock need that water," Feller con-cluded; "This kind of system assures thatthey'll have it."

cFeSer's System

ToolsControl-panelpc pumpFenceControl sitpj .;

'Water, meter24 pv pia* 000 watts)

.Sulmipnt*

aw,

Cogs(Approxima

16te)$ 4

425

f TO)300

55

4

Total: $14,934-A,

11101111111:11111iso ,,,,, nommiummmommimmicillimiliolli IrioPhotoroltaksCall Array

.19.! miwout111111111111111111ir--Water

Meter

FloatSwitch

Controls WaterStorageTank

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DC Motor andPump Jack

'441/414-'

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.44 ,,,VC , 4,1,0 .1 .

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Like *any ranchers, Feller has relied on the wind to pump water, but duriltg thesummer m(5nths, when livestock need the water the most, there is little 0f no wind.

Werner Feller checks the DC timer whcontrols the water pumping.

PV PROJECTS

the following are selected projects from the DOE AT Small GrantsPr am relating to pholovollaics

James Sc,hwarber DOE Contract No DE-FG51-- 81E100134 Iairbanks, AK ATMIS ID. AK -81-012The grantee added a 4-module photovoltaic array'to an already ex

isting wind system at hts remote-site home The grantee reports laphOtovoltalcs are safe, reliable, and. unlike his wind system. can beleft unattended It use fully complements the wind syslem's output,

-according t9 the grantee

This photovoli:fik system on 1-70 in Utah is used topower a flasliiPtg sign which warns truckers ofpdangerous section of road. To have extended the powerlines to the site would have cost the slate of UtahSI 25,0tX); this system cost approximately $12, 000.

tR

4:1`41,

1'

Allen Kagel DOE Contract No DE---FG43-80R302402Newark, DE ATMIS ID: DE-80-006

A photovoltaic module was installed to circulate water in an activesolar hot water system The high-impedance pump had to be replaced with a new, low-impedance pump, and the mojle had 10 bereplaced after being lifted off the grantee's rdot in a strong wind Thesystem was reported as successful but not cost-effective'

This skigle panel, mounted above a storage area for bat. teries, provides enough electricity to power lights atWichita State University's observatory.

26'2l

Don Plank DOE Contract Ito DE -FG44/-80R410165

St Petersburg, FL ATMIS ID: FL-79-015The grantee installed a photovoltaic-powered display at the St

Petersburg. Ft main post office A window in the back of the display

has volt and amp meters to monitor the system's output

Don Plank DOE Contract No DE-FG44-80R410318

St Petersburg. FL ATMIS ID. FL-80-004

The grantee equipped.an electric Citi-Car with six photovoltaic

panels The panels charge a 38-volt battery system which can power

the car at 24 to 28 mph for 10 miles on one day's solar charge

Henry Unruh DOE Contract No DE-FG47-80R701184

Wichita, KS ATMIS1D: KS-80-015An adjustable photovoltaic panel, with battery storage, was in-

stalled to provide electricity at Wichita State University's observa-

tory. The panel is covered with plexiglass to protect It from hail and

vandalism.

Brian Kent DOE Contract No. DE-FG41-80R110359 -

Litchfield, ME ATMIS ID: ME-80-005The grantee installed two photovoltaic panels to an already exist-

ing wind system at his remote-site home. The system provides elec-

tricity to power lights and a television.

Michael Drooker DOE Contract No. DE-F041-808110380

Sandborneville, NH ATMIS ID: NH-80-005A photovoltaic panel was Installed at the grantee's home to provide

baCk-up for an emergency rablo -station. The system includes.twQ .t,

6-volt deep cycle batteries for storage

Albert Bates DOE Contract No. DE-FG44-81R410435

Summertown, TN ATMIS ID: TN-81-009The 'grantee developed two portable photovoltaic systems for

demonstration at the 1982 World's Fair. One system uses reflectors

and is mounted on a folding tripod. The other system is mounted on a

photovoltaic-powered golf cart.

Utah Department of DOE Contract No. DE-FG48-818807001

Salt Lake City, UT ATMIS ID: UT-80-001

A photovoltaic-powered flashing sign was installed on Interstate 70

to warn trucks of dangerous road conditions. The system ineibides 8

modules and two batteries for storage.

Jeff Gold and Bruce Boyd DOE Contract No. DE-FG03-80R950025

Nevada City, CA ATMIS ID: CA-80-004Photovoltaics were 'used to provide the electricity necessary ..to

power a DC. motor which circulates air through an offgrid solar

wood dryer

L

22

wf

`'d

A routine check of the batteries is all that issiequired tomaintain this photovoltaic system in Sandborneville,

New Hampshire.

e.

4

WHERE TOGO FOR

MORE IN-FORMATION

In working through the 10steps descriped in Chapter 1, it iseasier if you have help. Severalsources may he able to provide

.avistance.State energy offices, energy ex-

tension services, and/or counyextension services should be thefirst WO for anyone consideringan energy-producing technology.They often have up-to-date infor-matron on conservation and ener-gy pfoduction techniques, namesand addrrsses of individuals whohave electricity-producing systems,rules and regulations in effect inyour particular state, the namesand addresses of local contactsfor federal agencies, and renew:,able energy resource data for thestate (and in some instancesguidelines for measuring themand/or equipment-lending pro-grams). And, in many instances,these offices have useful handoutsto educate individuals considering.specific technologies_

Libraries.

Most libraries have developedand maintained collections onenergy conservation and alter-native energy. If you are consid-ering an electricity-producingtechnology, a good place to startyour research is at the locallibrary.

Local utility companies.

Lima] utility companies oftenhave information on conserva-tion techniques (includingenergy-efficient appliances),records of your electricity con-sumption or information on howto determine it, and guidelinesfor interconnection.

Additional soultes ofinformation and assistance

These organizations, associa-tions and agencies can often helpyou locate resource information,

provide you wigs informationabout manufacturers, and/orprovide helpful informationproducts.

American Solar Energy Society(ASES)

1230 Grandview Ave.Boulder, CO 80302

The purpose of this profes-sional society for engineers, arch-itects, builders, and others inter-ested in the various forms ofsolar energy is to advance the useof solar energy. Membership,which is open to everyone, in-cludes a subscription to themonthly magazine, Solar Age.The society holds annual tech-nical meetings, sponsors the an-nual Papsive' Solar Conference,and publishes conference pro-ceedings and numerous technicalbooks and journals.

American Wind EnergyAssociation

105017th St. NWWashington, DC 20009

This non profit corporationwas established to advance theart and science of using energyfrom the wind. Membership isopen to anyone with an interestin wind energy. Members comefrom industry, government, aca-demia, and the general public.The society publishes Windletterand the Wind Technology Jour-nal and sponsors annual tech-nical conferences.

Conservation and Renewable.Energy

Inquiry and Referral Service(CAREIRS)

Suite 7281001 Connecticut Ave., NWWashington, DC 20036

This organization provides in- ,formation on the full spectrumof renewable energy technologiesand energy conservation. Inaddition, they maintain contactwith a nationwide network ofpublic and private organizationswhich specialize in highly tech-nical or regionally specificinformation.

Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission

Division of Lkerded Projects823 N. Capitol Avenue NEWashington, DC

Formerly the Fed PowerCommission, this agency withinthe U.S. Department of Energy

is responsible for regulating theuse of hydroelectric power. Theagency provides detailed infor-mation required to apply for ahydropower license,

National Hydropower Association2010 Massachusetts A ve., NWWashington, DC 20036

This trade association, withmembership open to the entirehydropower industry, serves itsmembers by alerting them tosignificant developments in Con-gress, the FERC, and other ad-ministrative agencies. Theassociation also works withregional and state hydropowerassociations to form a networkthat deals with both national andregional issues.

National Oceanic and \Atmospheric Adminlsir6tion

Environmental Data andInformation Service

Federal BuildingAsheville, NC 28801

All national weather data, in-cluding wind speed and solarradiation information, is storedand distributed at this center.The center offers a tare amountof data to the public at low cost.Your local U.S. Weather ServiceOffice (usUally at the local air-port) can also provide localclimatic information.

Rocky Flats Small Wind SystemsTest Center

Rockwell International EnergySystems Group

P.O. Box 464Golden, CO 80402

The objectives of the center,which has been administeringprojects involving wind machinesof less than 100 kilowatts since1976, are: I) establish and main-tain sources of small wind systemtechnical data; 2) reduce develop-ment risks-through the conductof a development and evaluationprogram; 3) reduce the capitaland life-cycle costs of windsystems; 4) help increase thereliability of small wind energysystems; 5) establish and operatea national small wind energysystems' testing facility; and 6)disseminate technical informationgenerated by the program.

28

Solar Energy IndustriesAssociation

1001 Connecticut Ave. NWSuite &VWashington, DC 20036

This association's role is to ac-celerate and foster the commer-cialization of solar energy con-version for economic purposes.Members include manufacturersand installers of solar energysystems and components, distrib-utors, contractors, and engineers.The association publishes a bi-weekly newsletter and a monthlymagazine as well as holding asemiannual conference and tradeshow. The association is alsodeveloping standards and cer-tification procedures for testingsolar collectors.

Solar Energy Research Institute ,(SERI)

1536 Cok Blvd.Golden, CO 80401

SERI was create by Congressto provide a national laboratorydedicated to serving the needs ofthe public and industry in thedevelopment of solar energy.SERI conducts and manages re-search, provides planning supportto the Department of Energy,conducts market analyses andassessments of institutional bar-riers to the introduction of solartechnologies, collects and distrib-utes information about solarenelliY, and conducts educationand training programs.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)12201 Sunrise Valley DriveReston, VA 22001

The USGS performs surveys,investigations, and research cover-ing toPograPliy, geology, and na-tional mineral and water re-sources. It also classifies land asto mineral character and waterand power resources. The agencymaintains a network of stream-gauging stations and is the prin-cipal repository for measuredstream flow data in thrcountry.

23

Books General

Other Homes and Garbageand it-fore Other Homes andGarbage, Inn I eckie, et al,Swint (-lob Books, San Hanosco. (-A, 197S. 1981

Ihest hooks movale a goodintroduction not only toelectricit y- producing Iechnologles, but to the enure spectrumof available alternatives_ Youran't design and install a systemwith these hooks alone, but theywill provide you with a good in-troduction to the alternativesavailable

Energy Pruner- Solar, Water,Wind, and Brofuels, RichardMerrill and Thomas Gage, eds.,Dell Publishing Co., New York,1978 -

Ttns hook provides a compre-hensive intioduction to thevarious technologies that can he

used to generate your own eke-meity. It is readable and easy tounderstand yet it providesenough detail foi the beginner togain an understanding of thetechnology, Lists of manufac-turers, hooks and pamphlets,and other resources make thisbook particularly useful.

How to Design an IndependentPower Sy.stem, Terrance I).Paul, Best Energy Systems forTomorrow, Inc., Neeedah, WI,1981.

1 his minter provides an excel-lent introdiaction to the AC/DCargument (AC wins). Also, it

contains good, basic informationon batteries, inverters, and howto determine your electrical load.

How to Be Your Own PowerCompany, Jim Cullen, VanNostrand Reinhold Co., NewYork, 1980.

An excellent introduction tothe IX' side of the AC/DCargu-mem, Cullen's book containsuseful information on all aspectsof IX' systems, from tools youwill need, to wiring your house,to living with a DC system. Onegrantee commented that hecouldn't have installed his DCsystem without the guidance ofthis hook.

fewer Use of Your ElectricLights, Home Appliances, ShopToolsEverything That UsesElectricity, Michael Hackleman,Peace Press, Culver City, CA,1981.

This book provides useful in-formation on DC appliances (in-cluding converting AC to DC) aswell as using AC appliances

,more efficiently.

24

Books Wind

Harnessing the Wind to! HomeEnergy, Dermot McGuigan,Garden Way Publishing Co_Charlotte, VT, 1978.

A rample. yet technicallysound, introduction to small-scale wind/electric generation isprovided in this useful hook. I liesection on planning energy needsis particularly useful to thenovice and contains informationon such topics as site selection,wind measurement, wind energyestimation and home wind equipmeat components.

Wind Power for the Home-owner, Donald Marier, RodalePress, Emmaus, PA, 1981.

This guide to selecting, siting,and installing a wind system pro-vides a good introduction to thetechnology. It contains valuableinformation on the rules andregulations that niay be en-countcmd, and the.basics ofwind system economics. Thebook also contains appendiceswith detailed information orr dif-ferent wind machines, their char6-°

acteristics, and estimated powerproduction,

Home Wind Power, U.S.Department of Energy, GardenWay Publishing Co., Charlotte,VT, 1981.

This thorough introduction telwind power includes goodchapters on site selection, Joadestimation, possible legalhurdles, and information onwind system towers and howthey can potentially fail.

Books Micro-Hydro

Application Procedures forHydropower Licenses, licenseAmendments, Exemptions, andPrelim' ary Permits, FederalEnergy egulatOry Commission,Washin ton, DC, 1982.

Avail. Ile from the FERC, thisbook is c ntial reading for anypotential ydropower developer.It provides I the informationnecessary t apply for a licenseor an cum i ion. It is publishedin loose-leaf orm in a three-ringbinder, and u e ales are routinelyprepared and istributed.

Micro -Hydro wer Reviewingan Old Concep NCAT, Butte,MT, 1979.

This publicati i in walks youthrough a "decis i in tree" sup-plemented with d tailed guide-lines to help you d termine ifmicro-hydro powe is suitable foryou. It also contai detailed in-

,. formation on flow nd headmeasurement, power calculation,

and the types of tut buiesandwater wheels available.

Ilumewng Wino Powef /ofHorne Energy, DermotMcGuigan, Garden Way Publish-ing Co., Charlotte, VI, 1978.

This is an excellent book tic-scribing all manner of materialrelated to small- and micro-scalehydio systems. It gives a numberof examples of installations ofthe various types of water wheelsand turbines in-the United King-dom and the U.S. Manufacturersarc listed with their products andoutputs. Equipment costs areoften included and it contains agood bibliography.

The Idaho Micro-Hydro Hand-book, The Idaho Department ofWater Resources. Boise, II),1983.

This publication contains in-formation on Site analysismethodology, flow and hea"measurement, equipment ,kco-nomics, and regulatory require-ments. It also contains briefforms and checklists to guidepotential micro-hydro develop-ers, and a list of micro-hydroequipment suppliers.

Microhydro Power Handbook,Vol. I and 11, U.S. Departmentof Energy, Idaho Operations Offlee, Boisi ID, 1983'.

This two volume handbookshould be required reading foranyone seriously considering asmall micro-hydro installation. Itcontains chapters on design,equipment, safety requirements,construction, installation,economic considerations, and athorough discussion of the legal,institutional, and environmentalconsiderations. Supportingdocumentation and examples arealso included.

Books Phoiovollaics

The Solar Electric Home: APhotovoltaic How-to Handbook,Joel Davidson and Richard J.

Komp, AATEC Publications,Ann Arbor, MI, 1983.

This book covers the step-by-step procedures involved in siz-

ing, installing, and maintaining aphotovoltaic system, includinginformation on inverters, bat-teries, and wiring. It also con-tains useful appendices, includinga glossary and a description ofcleccrical calculations used in siz-

ing photovoltaic systems.

Solar Electricity: Making the Sun

Work for You, Monegon, Ltd.,Gaithersburg, MD, 1981.

This book is a good introduc-tion to photovoltaics, includingthe technology's history, expla-

29

nation of how the technologyworks, and its potential applica-tions. Also. it includes useful in-formation on solar law. taxcredits and incentives, and an introduction that helps renderspeel& if pholovoltaws arcappropriate foi them.

Periodicals

Alternative Sources of Energy,107 S. Central Ave., Milaca, MN56353.

Hydro Review, P.O- Box 344,Cambridge, MA 02238.

The PV News Netork: SolarElectric Information for theSolar Electric User, 10615Chandler Blvd., North Holly-wood, CA 91601.

'Renewable. Energy News, P -

Box 182, 1377 K St. NW, Wash-

ington, IX' 20005

Solar Age, Harrisville, NH03450.

Wind Power Digest, 398fin St., Bascoi, OH 44809.

New Shelter, 33 East MinorStreet, Emmaus, PA 18049.

GLOSSARY

194.1A, Yintnr ttutAncwhicb thcpresre of the wateir.supply is converted to itelocity bya fiw sentionney Oaks, wig shewterJqs then impinge on

keti Mnwned nn Ole rim of

Al.

ir

LARAFROM

ATERIENCE

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From 1978 to 1982 the U.S.Department of Energy providedabout 2,200 grants to a cross-sectionof Americans with good ideas forsaving energy. Their projects revealhow a broad range of appropriatetechnologies actually work fromthe farm to the couctry's largestcities.

Their experiences have been ex-amined and presented in a series ofthirteen informative [publications.Your State energy offiees have alimited number of these publicationsavailable without charge. Addi-tional copies are on sale at U:S.Government Printiris OfficeBookstores near you.

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGYAT WORK: Outstanding ProjectsFunded by the U.S. Department -of

Energy Appropriate TechnologySmall Grants Program(1978-1981).Highlights twenty of the many success storiesthat are, found in the 00E grants programGPO 061.000.00606

WASTES TO Rt OURCES:APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIESFOR SEWAGE TREATMENT ANDCONVERSIONPresents background infordratioWon carziloin-'lona and alternative sewage 'reamed', in theUnited States add...he key issues facingmunicipal sewage managers.GPO 061-000-00611-7 .

DRYING WOOD WITH THE SUN:HOW TO BUILD A SOLAR-HEATED FIREWOOD DRYERShows the over 14 million firewood users inAmerica how to build an efficient. low-cost

firewood dryer and contains suggestion's formore efficient f,u g of the dry woodGPO 061-00000613-3

MOISTURE AND HOME ENERGYCONSERVATIONFocuses on detecting moisture problems unthe home and how to correct them and in-cludes a training supplement on how to con-duct a moisture audit in a home.GPO 061-000-00615-0

PHOTOVOLTAICS IN THEPACIFIC ISLANDS: ANINTRODUCTION TO PVSYSTEMSHelps teachers'', adult educators, and com-munity leaders in the Pacific Islands explainthe basic parts of a PV systemGPO 061-0000616-8

USING THE EARTH TO HEATAND COOL HOMESProvides a guide to using the earth as a readi-

ly available, low-cost refource for spaceheating and cooling with' a focus on installa-tion, economics, reliabilitylund performanceof systems utilizing low-grade geothermalenergy and earth-tempered air systems.

GPO 061 -Q00- 00620 -6

ibDUCING SUPPLEMENTALCOBUSTION AIR TO GAS-FIRED HOME APPLIANCESShows consumers and building trades peoplehow to increase heating system efficiency byusing outside or supplemental combustion airand also includes a set of basic -how-to in-structions to allow consumers to buildnecessary ducts and vents. Code and safetyimplications of these actions are thoroughlyaddressed.GPO 061-000. 00621-4

SOLAR GREENHOUSES ANDSUNSPACES: LESSONSLEARNEDFocuses on the experiences of hundreds,: ofDOE grantees who designed and builtgreenhouses, and examines individualgreenhouse components, including framing.glazing, storage. ventilation and controlmechanismsGPO 061 OM (X)622 2

HEAT-RECOVERY VENTILA-TION FOR HOUSING: AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERSTeaches owner-builders. building trades peo-ple. and designers how to size ventilationsystems for energy efficient housing Majoremphasis is placed on the air-to-air heat es--

changer \.)

GPO 06! -000-00611 I

MAJOR ENERGY CONSERVA-TION RETROFITS: A PLANNINGGUIDE FOR NORTHERNCLIMATES*Contains state-of-the-art strategies for thebuilder, architect. and skilled homeowner indeciding the most cost effective proceduresfor insulating roofs and walls This decision-making manual allows users in northernclimates to determineine the most cost-effectivemeans for increasing the thermal efficiency oftheir specific building envelope

HOME A1ADE ELECTRICITY: ANINTRODUCTION TO SMALL-SCALE WIND, HYDRO, ANDPHOTOVOLTAICSIntroduces the use of wind. water, and the

sun as electricity producers and, based on the- experiences of grantees, helps the readermake a realistic appraisal of these systems.

GPO 061 000-00630-3

WINDOW INSULATION: HOWTO SORT THROUGH THEOPtIONS*Focuses on the major decision and problemareas with the technblogy including choosingthe right design for the window, how tochoose a workable installation method, andhow to size up your window-insulation needsgiven climate, cost, and home orientation.

AN INTRODUCTION TOBIOGAS PRODUCTION ON THEFARM*Introduces farm-size biogas production andincludes a brief discussliel on how to evaluatethe biogas production p4tential of a specificranch or farm.

1(WIII be available by March, 19114)

.31

Our warehouses here at the Government*Priting Office contain more t han 16,000different Government publications. Nowwe've put together a catalog of nearly1,90 of the most popular books in ourinventory. looks like Infant Care,National Park G anal Map, TheSpace Shuttle at Work, Federal Benefitsfor Veterans and Dependents,Merchandising "Yon r Job

Talents, and- The Bark-Yard Mechanic.Books on subjects ranging fromagricult tire, business, children,and diet t ol,wience, space exploration,transportation, and vacations. Find out.what the Government'~ hooks are allabout. For your free copy of ournew bestseller catalog, write

Now CatalogPost Office Box :170(X)Washington, RC, 20013

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