DOCUMENT RESUME ED 254 012 Software Programs and' the ... · become involved in the development of...
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DOCUMENT RESUME
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Ostertag, B. A.Software Programs and' the Learning DisabledStudent.Feb 85.18p.Special Education Resource Network, 650 UniversityAve., Room 201, Sacramento, CA 95825,4eproductioncosts plus shipping).Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)
MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.Computer Assisted Instruction; *Computer Software;Elementary Secondary Education; *LearningDisabilities; *Media Selection; *Microcomputers
Suggestions are offered regarding the use andselection of software with LD (learning disabled). students. Thescarcity of appropriate software for the population is pointed outand a hybrid selection scale based upon several existing scales isdescribed. It is noted that the major reason for rejecting softwareis the high readability skill required of the user to followdirections. Results of reviews of software are summarized, andreviewers' requirements are noted, including educational soundness,flexibility, and adaptability to the peer teaching process. Appendedare a list of software evaluation sources and/or directories, thesample evaluation scale, a list of software programs recommended forLD students in seven topic areas: microcomputer introduction; typing;quiz or lesson generators; word processing, cognitive, perceptual,spatial; language arts ancLreading; and mathematics, a list ofsoftware publishers. (CL)
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forms': i n "whi'ell these mconditi,ons may 'fiexi st, al sq ham rs software development
in .this t!a. on the positive e s).142, the Departilient of Education has given five
tai 1 I i dollarsS°. of federal" funds to 'contractor, "to' adopt and 'Write courseware
f61' the general, special education pdpul at tegr:.(Roberts,, 1981)". . Despite the
increase' gpvetnent,:aid for the development of appropriate software, is
.unrea i st.i;c id expect a./. greot flood: of pr9grams' for the L. D. population tor. . ,
'aiiiie4.? in* the. very, near i-fu:iiire. ; Thii rNelld implies s that those teachers who now4g,
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' e w nt i-oo iA git''u sjng, Computer assisted'l' n str uit i opal sdftware for persons with
1earning 0-riabil i iti Eis '1,41,1 -have- tb tu to :existing programs', whether or not
this so twecre lerfis bseere ';s4pec i'f'rca 1 I y . des i gned for the L D population.,, . .,- 4
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in order to Sec] ect,,t13/4e mos appropriate. software programs, a system should
be used for:eVal'uattng ,Od selectitig crocompUter courseware. There are
(Tali'le,A)',,thit...O.ffer:c,ourseware,reviews and/or identify,
avai i able'4ftware' (Ffotietts 1583,, liofftnan 1983, Usl an, 1983). A terO
se') ecii hdse ,iprograrn that appear to meet, the general needs of 'your LD,.. 4 J.
poptilati is-, crUci al to apply a formal fev.aluation tool.
Software Programs
,
An evaluation screening tool that has proved useful in this capacity As
hybrid scale developed by the author and based upon several existing software
evaluathn vales (see Table B). This quick evaluation tool has been
, successfully utilized by teachers on the campus in graduate-level courses and
in their own special classes. As with any screening device, the benefits of
its brevity also tend to negate some positive factors a more lengthy evaluation
proces migh, develop.
Q.
The mai orit of the software evaluated1Was originally designed. for general
education; scores have fallen in the low 70's and many pro ms have not whole-
heartedly been recommended. Only some,--teacher utilities word processing
systems received very favorable reviews. The major problem with most rejected
/"software centered on the high readability skills required of the user to follow
,directions. This was true eveon supRosedly remedial- skill programs. The
reviewer consensus- was that a reading-level of high-third or better was
necessary for a user to function indepeNeCly with current software programs.
A heterogeneous peer-teaming, aide or teacher supervision was deemed necessary,
to allow low reading-level students to appropriately utilize the majority of
this software.
There was eireat d;aiOr-eorinnaiity between reviewers as to some features
they demandedfrom computer assisted instructional software. \First, the ,
reviewers looked for the educational soundness of the .material: Next, they
wanted user-friendliness; included ease of use for the novice computer
user And clear, readable (5th reading level or less) directions. Reviewers
4"
Software Programs
also preferred software tO/be flexible; because of the expense of most
commercial software (public domain software was excluded from teacher review),
teachers wanted versatile software that could be used more than once with a
pupil, would allow teacher=input of problems, spelling words,etc.,'and could
be used over a variety of subjects,,. Lastly, reviewers wanted software
programs, after students had mastered their content, to be adaptable for
student-input of problems, materials, etc.; the concept of using software as
part of the peer-teaching process was strongly endorsed.r.
Software that was found to be generally useful withLD students are listed
by recommended category (Table C). It is important to note that evaluator-.
.
....--/
subjectivity varied based upon the needs and abilities of their ?own students OP"'
st.
.)situation. Teacher utilities and word processing systems received the best
overall teacher evaluation. Next, the evaluators rated mathematical programs-
as being more successful with-their LD students than the currently available
reading or language arts programs. The top five rated programs, in descending
order were: 1. Magic Slate (word processing): 2. Crossword Magic (teacher
utilit.y); 3. Academic Drill Builders (math-and reading)1 4. The Print Shop
(cognitive spatial/teacher utility), and 5. BLOCKS (teacher utility). All
programs were reviewed on an Apple II+ or IIe and are npt inNWive of all
available software in the education field.
6
J
SoftwareilPrograms
-5-
Teachers of the LD are unlikely to meet all of their student's micro-
computer needs through currently available softwa.re; they are going to have to
become involved in the development of appropriate softwal.e. -Unfortunately,
softwareigogramming is exceedingly time-consuming and Afficult. Most 'special
educators do not have the programming expertise necessary to create even thg
simplest of'programs. However, alternatives do, exist. First, teachers must
identify exactly what software needs exist for their particular situation.
Next, they must objectify,those needs. Third, special educators must
.
prioritize on the basis of importance, over-all class utility and longevity ofb
those needs. Teachers must then be able to identify community resources which
are capabie,of developing software programs. Excellent sources are institutes
of higher education (computeNcience majors are always looking for program\.--
ideas) and local computer-user groups. Educational software-developing
at
companies continually seek ideas. Another important contact would be your
State Department Of education; they should be able to serve as a resource
network for personnel involved in microcomputer centers, projects or grants.
The fifth step is to sit down with the identified programmer and explain
exactly what you need. Sixth, determine what type of program (simulation,
drill and practice, etc.) will be developed. Lastly, maintain constant4
communication with the programmer to assure that proper educatiOnal
methodologies, goals, reading levels, objectives, multi-modalitypproach, etc.'
are being fulfilled. The end result should be a useful software program
appropriate for LD students.
J.
-6-
Software ProgramPs
For those who. wish to begin "yesterday" in providing appropriate micro-
computeraided lessons to learning disabled students, the recommended list of
software shouldiprovide a base. Be aware that federal, state and private
concerns are encouraging and funding software development for the handicapped;
4o material will become available over the(next several years. Check
educational periodicals, directories, magazines, etc. to keep abreast of these
new software programs. Remember that microcomputer software is like any other
educational tool: the selection and application must fit ta needs of the
individual learner. Choose that software which.is flexible and able to be
adapted to meet those needS posed lyour particular students.
4
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. Software Programs
1 -7-
Selected.Bibliograpyand Sources
411%
11
Ahl, D.H. (Ed.). Creative computing. Morristown, NJ: Ahl Publishing, Nt.1983.
Behrmann, M. H'andbook of Microcomputers in Special Education. San Diego, CA:College-Hill Press, 1984.
Bowe, F.G. Personal Computers & Special N1984.
Berkeley, CA: Sybex Press,
Goldenberg, E.P., Russell, S.J. & Carter, Computers, Education, andSpecial Needs. 'Reading, MA: Addisqn-Wesley Publishing Co., 1984.
Hannaford, A.E. and Taber, F1 "Microcomputer software for the handicapped:develo ment and evaluation. Exceptional children, October 198, Volume 49,Num er ,
Hannah, L. Courseware evaluation. Unpublished paper, California StateUniversity, Sacramento, Summer 1983.
Hoffman, R. Microcomputers and teachers. Deriver: Love Publishing, 1979.
Jenkins, S. Providing CAI for the mentally retarded. Closing the gap, April-
May 1983, Volume 2, Number'1, 10. st
Kellerman, P. (Ed.). Classroom computer news directory of educational
computing resources. Watertown, MA: Intentional Educations, Inc., 1983.
Kosel, M. Designing educational microcomputer software: A model in use.Paper presented it the annuaLconAntion of The Association for-EducationalData Systems, St. Louis, April 13-16, 1980. (ERIC Document Reproduction
Service No. ED 192-718).
Lobello, S.T. (ed.). Software buyer's guide. Electronic education.
September, 1983, VoIpme, 3, November 1, 29-43.
Microsift. Evaluator's guide for microcomputer - based instructional packages.
Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, 1982. J, I
Morgan, C.P..(Ed.). Popular computing. Rochelle Park NJ: BYTE Publications,,Inc./McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1983.
Moursund, D. (Ed.). The computing teacher. Eugene, OR: International Council
for Computers in Education, 1983.
Ost'rtag, B.A. Microcomputing and Special Educatibn. _Sacramento, CA: Special
Education ResourceOtwork, 1464.
C
sLo
s,4
Softyare Programs
Roberts, J. (Ed.). How to find-good software, Electronic learnihg,:October1982, Volume 2; Number 2, 40-44.
Roberts, J. (Ed.). The software line-up: what reviewers look for whenevaluating software. Electronic-learning. October 1982, Volume 2, Number2, 45-48.
Roberts, J. (Ed.). Report 'sees use of micros in spec ed rising dramatically.Electronic learning, October, 1983 Volume 3, Number 2, 18.
Sanders, R.L. and Sanders, M.E. Evaluating microcd uter software. CRLA,-Summer, 1983, Volume 1, Number 1, 21-25.
0
Special-Ware Directory, The. LILAC Associates, Inc., thbus, OH: 1983.,
Sloane, E. Computer orgasbord: FLDRS-Sotth microcomputer evaluation form.
4101tA paper presented he annual convention of the Council for exceptionalChildren, Hartford, .T., March, 1983. *.s.
araber, F. Microcomopters in special education: 'Selection and decision makingprocess. Reston, VA: CEC, 1983.
Uslan D. The human element in computer use. The catalyst, January /February1983, Volume 2, Number 1, 1.
aI'
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71 I, A714.
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Software Pro,grains
Table,A1 Softvare Evaluation Sources and /or Directories
AEDS Bulletin .
Association of ducational DataSystems
1201 Sixteenth Street; N.W.Washington,'D:C. 20036
Apple Journal of COUrseware ReviewBox 28426San Jose, CA 95159
Electronic Learningholastic Inc.'
P. O. Box 645Lyndhu,rst; NJ 07071 -9986
EPIE Micro-ColcsAarle Pro/FilesEPIE -84 Consumer s UnionBox 620Stony Brook, NY 11790
Atari Program ExchangeAtari, inc.,*P, O. Box 427155 Moffett Park Dr.Sunnyvale, CA 94086
J.
Classroom'Computer,NekwsBox 266
, Cambridge, MA 921.3a
Commodore SoftwareEncyclopediaComm9dore Busines1 MachinesSoftware Group681 Moore Rd.300 Valley Forge SquareKing of Prussia, PA 19406
Computers, Reading and nguageArts
Box 13247Oakland, CA 94661 0
The Computing TeacherDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of OregonEugene,,OR 97403
Courseware ReportiCard150 West Carob StreetCompton, CA 90220
Directory ofMicrocomputer Software.Detapro Research1895 Underwood BoulevardDelran, NJ 08075
Educational SoftwareDirector, Apple II EditionSterling Swift Publishing Co.1600 Fortview RoadAustin, TX 78704
Electronic cda-ifion1311 Executive Center Drive,
Suite 220. Tallahassee, FL 32301
Microprocessor SoftwareD.A.T.A: BookD.A.T.A.
P. O. Box 26875San Diego, CA 92126
MicroSoft ReviewsNorthwest Regional Education
Laboratories300 S.W. Sixth AvenuePortland; OR 97204
Popular Computing70 Main StreetPetersborough, NH 03458
Radio Shack TRS-80Applications SoftwareSourcebook 1
Radio ShackBox'17400Fort Worth, TX 76102,
School MicrowareDresden AssociatesP. O. Box 246Dresden, ME 04342
Software yrograms
-10-
Software and Services'Sourcebook and SupplementInformation Sdurces, Inc.1807 Glenview RoadGlenview, IL 60025
Special Educatibn SoftwareReview
c/o Drive One Publishers, Ltd.3807 N. Northwood Ave.Peoria, IL 61614
Special Net Edutech Bulletin BoardNational Association of State
Directors of Special Education1201 - 16th Street, NWWashington, D.C. 20036
The Special Ware DirectoryLINC Associates, Ihc.1875 Morse RoadColumbus, OH 43229
Teaching and Computersc /o' Scholastic, Inc.
. P.O. Box 645Lyndhurst, NJ 07071-9986
VanLovess 1983 AppleSoftware Director, Vol., IIAdvanced SoftwareTechnology, Inc.7899 Mastin DriveOverland Park, KS 66204
c,
12
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11,
Software Programs
Table B: Microcomputer Software Evaluation Scale for L. D. Students
Subject Area/Topic: Date Evaluated:
*Title: Date Published:
INTENDED ABILITY LEVEL: K 1 2 3
INTENDED INTEREST LEVEL: K 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adult. Other
4 5'6 7 8, 9 10 11 12, Adult Other
SOFTWARE MEMORY: 8K 16K 12K 48K 64K Other
HARDWARE NEEDED: Apple Atari Commodore 4BM PET TI TRS Other
.TRANSFER MEDIUM: Tape 5 1/4"Disk 8"Disk Cartridge Other
SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Audio Color Graphics Joystick/Paddle Light Pen
Printer /Other
COST:
PUBLISHER:
p REPRODUCTION PERMITTED: Yes No BACK-UP AVAILABLE: 'I/6s No
TYPE OF-PROGRAM: Authoring System ;Data Management Diagnosis /Assessment
Drill and Practice Educational Game Game
Problem Solving Simulation Tutorial Other
MENU DRIVEN: 'Yes No WRITTEN MANUAL: Yes No
*CONTENT:
Poor
1
Not Applicable
0
5, 4 3 2 1 0 1.
5° 4 3 2 1 0 2.
5 4 3' 2, 1 0 3.
5 4 .1 2 1 0 4.
Content based on Stated Behavioral Term&
Content Accurate and Consistent
Content Presentation Clear and Logical.
Racial, Ethnic and Sexist Stereotypes
Avoided
-12-4
oftware Programs
EDUCATIONAL(QUALITY: 5 4 3 2 1 0 5. Directions Clear
5 4 3 2 1 0 9'6. Text at Intended Conceptual Level
5 4 3 2 1 0 7. Text at Intended Reading Level.
5 4 3 2 1 0 8. Purpose of Material Defined
5 4 3 2 1 0 9. Program Objectives Met
5 4, 3 2 1 0 10. Appropriate Feedback for Incorrect
Reponses.
5 4 3 2 1 0 11. Functions at User's Pace
5 4 3 2 1 0, 12. Size of Print Clear and Well-Spaced
5 4 3 2 '1 0 13. Multi-sensory Approach Used
5 4 3 2 1 0 14. Material Relevant to User Needs
0 5 4 3 2 1 0 15. Program Motivating
5 4 3 2 1 0 16. Skills Taught Transferrable to Other
Situations
GENERALQUALITY: 5 4 3 2 1 0 17. Program Operation Uncomplicated
5 4 3 2 1 0 18. Support Materials Effective and
5 4 3 2 1 0 19.
Comprehensive,
Program Reliable in Operation
5 4 3 2 1 0 20. Material Effective with Individual
Learning Styles
PROGRAM RATING TOTAL (Add items 1-20)
Score
90-100 = Excellent. 'Recommend Without Hesitation.
80-89 = Very Good. Worth4Purchasing.
70-79 m Good. Consider Purchasing
6d-69 = Fair. May Want to Wait for Something Better.
59 and below =. Poor. Do Not Recommend Purchasing
PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS
'Recommended For LD Students Usage: Yes No
Reading Level Required: K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adult
Estimated Interest Level: .K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adult
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:
NMI
Software Programs
-13-
Table C: Software Programs Recommended for Use With the Learning Disabled
PROGRAM
I. Microcomputer Introduction.1. Apple Keyboard2. Apple Presents Apple
ti
II. Typing.
3. Mastertype4. Typing Strategy
5. Typing 'Tutor II
III. Quiz or Lesson Generators
6.-BLOCKS.
8.
Master Match
10. Mix and-Match11. Tic Tac Show
IV. Word Processing12. Bank Street ,Speller
13. Bank Street Writer14. Ma is15. Milliken Word Processor
V. Cognitive, Perceptual, Spatial16. Apple LOGO17. Delta Drawing18. Early Games for Young Children
19. Facemaker20. aerfrude's Puzzles21. er
22. GetIing Ready to Read23. Jugglers Rainbow24. KinderComp25. Memory: The First Step in
Problem Solving
26. Motown27. Add-0-66 Out
28. Print Shop
VI. Mathematics29. Arcademic Drill Builders in
4afh -Series30. Basic Living Skills Series31. Basic Skills in-Math-Series32. Bumble Games33. Rumble Plot34. Calendar35. Challenge Math
PUBLISHER
Apple ComputerApple Computer
Lightning SoftwareBehavioral EngineeringMicrosoft
San Juan Unified Schools
L&S SoftwareComputer Advanced IdeasComputer Advanced IdeasApple ComputerComputer Advanced Ideas
Broderbund SoftwareBroderbund SoftwareSunburst CommunicationsMilliken Publishing Company
Apple ComputerSpinnaker SoftwareCounterpoint Software, Inc.Spinnaker SoftwareLearning CompanyLearning CompanySunburst CommunicationLearning CompanySpinnaker SoftwareSunburst Communication
Learning CompanySunburst CommunicationBroderbund Software
DLM/Teaching Resources
Love PublighingLcfarning CompanyLearning CompanyLearning CompanyHartley CoursewareSunburst, Inc.
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36. Clock
37. givision Skills38. Elementary Math39. FastMath40. Getting the Basics41. Math for -Everyday Living42. Mathematics43. Math Maze
44. Survival Math45. Teasers 6y1Obbs46. Telling Time
VII. Language Arts and Reading47. Aracademic Drill Builders in
Language Arts48, Dragon Games49. DragonTs-keep50. Carly Words51. Elementary #752. Sentences53. cpellicopter54. Spellcaster55. Spelltronics Series56. Sticky Bear ABC Series57. Word-Families58. Wordrlash59. WordMaster
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Hartley CoursewareMilton Bradley Company -
MECC
NTS SoftwareNTS SoftwareEducational ActivitiesMECCDesignwareSunburst CommunicationsSunburst CommunicationsHartley Courseware
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Educational ActivitiesSunnyside SoftMerry Bee Communications.MECCMicro Power and LightDesignware
`NTS SoftwareEducational ActivitiesXeroxHartley CoursewareIdeatechNTS Software
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A pal. Computer Company, inc.._',Z0$25 Marianna AvenUe
Cuii&tlpoCCA 95014
IBehavjonal Engineering,230 Moudt Herman Road'-Suite 207
Scotts 95066
-Broderbund,Spftware1.938 Fourth Stredt
San.Rafael, CA 94901
Computer Assisted Ideas.1442A Walnut Street -
Suite 341Berkeley, CA 94709
Counterpoint Software, Inc.4005 W. 65th StreetMinneapolis, CA 55435
Designware,.Inc.185 Berry StreetSan Francisco, CA 94107
DLM Teaching Resources, Inc.One DLM ParkAllen, TX 75002
Educatidnal Activities, Inc.P.O. Box 392Freeport, NY 11520
Hartley. Courseware, Inc.
Box 431Dimondale, ML 48821
Ideatech CompanyP.O. Box 62451Sunnyvale, CA 94088
L&S Computerware1589 Fraser DriveSunnyvale CA 94087
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4:earning Software.4370 Alpine Roadportola Valley, CA 94075
Lightping SoftwareP.O. Box 11725`Palo Alto,'CA' 90436.'
Love POlishing Company1777 SouthBellaire StreetDenver, C0 80022
Merry Bee Communications815 Crest Drive-PapilllonOmaht, NE 68046
MicroSoct Corporation10700 Northrup WayBellevue, WA 98004
Milliken Publishing Company1100 Research BoulevardBox 21579St.fLouis, MO 63132-0579
Milton Bradley443 Shaker RoadEast Longmeadow, MA 01028
Minnesota EducationalComputer Consortium
2520 Broadway DriveHighway 280 & Broadway
Saint Paul, MN 55113
MUSE347 North Charles StreetBaltimore MD 21201
NTS Software680 North Arrowhead AvenueRialto, CA 92376
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San 'Juan Unified SchoollDrstrilot-
3738 Walnut AvenueCarmichael, CA 95608
Spinnaker215 First Street(Cambridge, MA 02142
Sunburst CommunicationsP.O. Box 40Pleasantville, NY 10570
Sunnyside Soft5815 East Parkway4,Fresno, CA 93727
Xerox.Computer Software Division246 Longhill RoadMiddletown, CT 06457
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