DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 057 902 PS 005 174

AUTMOR Pennock, Jean L.TITLE Cost of Raising a Child.INSTITUTION Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.PUB DATE 18 Feb 70NOTE 26p.; Paper presented at the 47th Annual Agricultural

Outlook Conference, Washington, D.C., February 18,1970

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

MF-S0.65 HC-$3.29*child Rearing; *Costs; *National Surveys; RuralAreas; *Statistical Data; urban Areas

ABSTRACTEstimates of the cost of rearing children have been

developed by the Consumer and Food Economics Research Division,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, fromthe 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures conducted jointly by then.s. Bureau of Labor statistics and the TTSDA. Costs are at the levelsof the USDA's economy, low-cost and moderate-cost food plans, forurban, rural nonfarm and farm families in the four principal regionsof the U.S. Estimates cover the first 18 years of the child's lifeand are presented at 1960-61, 1969 and 1970 price levels. Costs forthe average child in families of no more than 5 children arepresented in "Cost of Raising a Child:" costs for the child infamilies of specified size in "Child Rearing Costs at Two Levels ofLiving" (limited to the North Central and Southern regions). Morethan one-half the document consists of tables. (Author/MX)

(NI(:) COST OF RAISING A CHTLD 1/aft.

f- Talk by Jean L. PennoCkLA" Consumer and Food Economics Research Division

at the 147th Annual Agricultural Outlook ConferenceWashington, D.C., 3:45 P.M., Wednesday, February 18, 1970

* *

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREAgricultural Research Service

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGMATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR °PINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDL'CATION POSITION OR POLICY

What does it cost to raise a Child? The answer to this question isanother question--how much can you afford to spend?--for costs vary with stand-ards of what is necessary and desirable. These standards are closely relatedto economic position. Today I shall be talking about costs for children withno more than 4 siblings in fRmilies whose level of living is such that theii;food expenditures are at the level of the Department's low-cost food plan./Very Shortly we will also have available estimates at the levels of themoderate-cost and economy food plans.

Using the food plans is one way of setting the economic level in which ourhypothetical child livesx, For those of you who may not be familiar with theDepartment's food plans,A/ let me take a moment to describe them and explaintheir use in this research. They are at four cost levels--econamy (the lowest),low-cost, moderate-cost, and liberal. Each provides a guide for estimating thequantities of foods needed for individuals of specified age and sex. Costs forindividuals are estimated periodically. These costs can be combined to estimatecosts for families of varying size and composition. On the assumption thatgroups of families that are eating at the same level are living at the ssmelevel, the budgets can be used to bridge differences ill family size and com-position to locate families at comparable levels of living.

1/ This paper follows up work reported at the NoveMber 1966 OutloOk meetingby Lucile F. Mork. As in the earlier work, the methodology was developed by theauthor, with Carol M. Jaeger, Minnie Belle McIntosh, both formerly with the Con-sumer and Food Economics Research Division._ DT0 J. Patriek Madden, AssociateProfessor Agricultural Economics, Pennsylvania State University, suggested the

444 regression equation used.3/ AA this paper was being prepared it was discovered that a programming

error invalidated estimates for the farm dhild in the West. Corrections mouldnot be sada in time for inclusion in this paper and consequently estimates fOr

7ml this Child have had to be omitted.adm3/ The plans are described in detail in HERR 20, Family Food Plans and FOod

Costs, and in CA62-19, Family FOod Plans Revised, 1964, both USDA pdblications.

(DPrices are publidhed quarterly in Family Economics Review. MOdifications Madein the pricing of the plans for thi-s- research are descrOed on p. 6.

C:$CPI

Estimates in constant vs. current prices

The data we used to derive the estimates of costs of raising a child camefrom the 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures conducted jointly by USDA andthe Bureau of Labor Statistics. As a result our first estimates are in termsof 1960-61 nrices (table 1). Alch estimates have little more than historicalinterest in 1970, in view of a price rise of 23 percent from 1961 to 1969.Consequently we have updated the costs to 1969 prices (table 2). .We have alsocomputed costs for a child born in 1951 and reaching age 17 in 1968 so as toreflect the price changes that occurred during his childhood (table 3). Theindex numbers used in computing prices in tables 2 and 3 are given ie table 4so that costs for a child of any age can be computed in prices of any yearbetween 1951 and 1969.

Whether you will want to use the estimates presented in c nstant dollars--that is, costs for all ages in prices of a specified year--or in currentdollars--prices varying with the year--will depend on the use you plan to makeof them. The data tn constant dollars are pertinent when allowances for presentcosts are being considered. Persons in welfare programs determining allowancesfor the support of dependent children will want data for each age as nearly intoday's prices as possible. So will lawyers and courts when support for chil-dren is being adjudicated. So will researchers when they are considering thepresent costs of rupporting the youth of the country or of a segment of thepopulation. But the lawyer and court considering the past costs met in raisingan individual child will want the costs in current dollars to reflect pricesthroughout the child's lifetime. So will the researcher interested in pastcosts of a cohort of individuals.

First, let us consider costs in 1969 dollars. At the low-cost level weare dealing with in this paper estimates for the first 18 years of life rangein constant dollars from $19,360 for a rural nonfarm child in the North Centralregion to $25,000 for a rural nonfarm Child in the West. These costs compareto costs ranging from $15,800 to $20,190 for a Child born in 1951, computed atthe prices current in each year through his childhood. Here also the extremesare a North Central rural nonfarm child and a rural nonfarm child in the West.

Proportion of family income required per child

There are many differences between costs relating to where VI- child lives,but same generalizations are possible and of interest. Over the 18-year spanwe are considering, costs per child in constant dollars at the time of the aur-vey--1960-61--consumed from 15 to 17 percent of family income (table 5). Thepercentage is lowest for the farm Child in the Northeast and North centralregions. There income has to be spread to cover somewhat more children thanelsewhere.

Variatir&::f* child

Even without taking into account the effects of price change over the life

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span of the child, total costs per year generally rise as the child grows. In1969 dollars, costs in the eighteenth year are about 30 to 45 percent higherthan in the first year.

Price changes over the life of a child may increase the variation in annualcosts. Consi,ler, for expmple, the child born in 1951. In that year and thenext,you may remember, th.2. Korean :risis caused a sharp rise in prices. Subse-quently food and clothing prices dropped somewhat, but by 1957 average pricesfor the goods and services we have grouped together in our tabular presentationwere all back to the 1951 levels or higher. Since then the trend has beengenerally upwards, and the rate of increase has been accelerating in recentyears. As a result, the costs in the child's eighteenth year, in 1968 dollars,are about 75 to 95 percent h'gher than the costs in his first year, in 1951dollars. This is more than double the difference in constant dollars.

Costs do not all rise at the same rate over the life span of the child.The increase is anarpest in clothing and food, categories for which we have thebest basis for estimating individual costs--in food from the food plans and inclothing from the reports for individuals in the survey.

In other categoriesitures for the family asdetermine the

Lpoportion4rto the child.7 Lacking

of consumption, the survey is limited to data on expend-a whole. Data from another survey have been used toof family expenditures for medical care to be assignedinformation on the shares of housing, transportation,

r.nd miscellaneous goods and services used by each family member, we have giventhe child his per capita share of these categories, making no distinction onage although there is same inequity in this procedure. The infant and the teen-ager do not require equal amounts of transportation, for example, yet we assignthem equal shares of the family costs.

When costs are assigned on a per capita basis and family expenditures donot vary in proportion to family size, costs per dhild can be expected to de-crease through the years When family size tends to increase and to turn upwardagain When the Child is a teenager and has fewer brothers and sisters at home.This pattern is evident in transportation but is most marked in housing.

Food and clothing costs also increased more than other costs between thechild's first and eighteenth year when costs are expressed in constant dollars.Price changes between 1951 and 1968 in food and clothing were less than in othercategories but not enough less to counterbalance the relative changes in realor constant-dollar costs.

Relative rt ce of the cate ories

A pattern in the way total costs are distributed among the categories ofconsumption is easily discernible in the estimates by region and urbanization.

4/ For more detail on the computation of costs for medical care and othercategories of consumption, see pp. 9-10.

Housing generally takes a larger share than any other cacegory over the child'sfirst 18 years--up to 30 percent of the total. Food is a close second to hous-ing and exceeds it among Northeast farm and urban children. Clothing and theresidual category that includes recreation and pelsonal care each take roughlythe same proportionsusually 10 to 12 percent. Transportation takes samewhatmore. The smallest proportigns are used on medical care--4 to 6 percent--andeducationabout 1 percent.5/

Rural-urban differen-es

The opinion is rather widely held that rural people ean live more cheaplythan city people. It has been suggested, however, that when we expect farmpeople to live at less cost we frequently also expect them to live less well.In this study we have attempted to hold levels of living constant, measuringcosts as the value of goods and services used without regard to whether theywere purchased or hame-produced./

find that when levels of living are held constant, there is little dif-fe in costs for the farm, rural nonfarm, and urban child in the South.Costs for the urban child are appreciably higher than for the two rural childrenin the North Central region, but in the Northeast and West the rural nonfarmchild has the highest cost. Food and housing costs of the urban child aregenerally higher than these costs for a rural child in the same region. Histransportation costs are generally lower.

I would like to be able to tell you What part of these differences betweenrequirements far farm, rural nonfarm, and urban Children result fram the choicesfamilies make because of differences in needs and preferences and how much fromvariation in price levels. However, we worked fram expenditure data in whichit is not always possible to determine the quantities consumed and never posstole to determine whether items bOught by farm and nonfarm households were oflike quality.

I mentioned a moment ago that we have attempted to hold level of livingconstant. Because it is harder to do this between farm, rural nonfarm, andurban situations than between regions of the country, perhaps this is the pointat WhiCh I Should tell you something about our procedures and assess our success.

As I said earlier, we are proceeding on the assumption that families whoare eating at the same level of adequacy are living at the same lerel of ade-quacy in other respects. In other words, we are assuming that family spendingis "of a piece" across the areas of consumption--that families will apply thesame standards in all areas of spending.

2/ Any college expense that may have been incurred before age 18 is not in-cluded. For a more detailed explanation of the derivation of the estimates foreducation, see p. 10.g Goods and services received as gift or pay, except food and housing re-

ceived as pay are not included in the analysis. For treatment of home-producedfood, see p.

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We must recognize, however, that the goods and services families buy areonly one factor in determining levels of living. Goods and, more frequentlY,services furnished by the community also are a part of level of living but arenot included in our basic data. A few differences in the level of communityservices may be reflected in the level of family spending, many will not be.If school systems do not provide free school books, families must. This maybe one explanation for higher education expenses among southern farm families.If free libraries are not available, families may buy more books and keep uptheir level of living. On the other hand, they may read less and be at a lowerlevel of living. If goveramtnt does no+ provide police protection, few fami-lies will be in a position to buy it prJ-fately and their level of living willbe reduced. But as long as we are concerned primarily with the out-of-pocketcosts of families, inequalities in community services are of little moment.

Of more importance than inequalities in community services to our thesisthat families eating at the same level are living at the same level is theimplicit assumption that all goods and services are equally available to allfamilies, without cost differentials, and that differences in selections madeare based only on differences in needs and preferences. This is not universallytrue. While price differences are believed to be decreasing, same still exist.Location also accounts for same differences in costs that are not true pricedifferences. A farm family, for example, may have to pay mileage costs in addi-tion to the standard fee for a physician's house call. And a farm family willually have to pay for room and board when a child attends college, whereas

many city children can live at hone while attending college. On the other hand,the city child may have to spend money to reach and enjoy the fresh air and openspace that constantly surrounds the farm child at no cost. The pressures ofpopulation also result in the urban family paying more than the rural familyfor comparable housing. In any of these instances the family facing highercosts nay decide to buy less of the commodity and more food. On the other hand,the family facing lower costs may put some or all of the money saved into morefood. In both cases, the relation between food and other consumption is dis-torted and our thesis that families eating ,t the same level are living at thesame level is not universally true. However, it is probable that these distor-tions average cut to some extent when families are grouped together.

gelli Regional differences

There are considerable differences among the regions in the absolute levylof the estimated cost of raising a child and no consistent pattern in these dif-4 ferences. Regional differences are greatest for the rural nonfarm Child. For

1.11:1this Child, the highest estimate for the West, exceeds the lowest estimate, forthe North Central region, by almt!ist 30 percent. The distribution of costs among

C) the categories of consumption, on the other hand, shows few regional differ-ences. Most noteworthy is that food tends to take a high and transportation alow proportion of total costs in the Northeast.

Methodol_ ical statement

As same of you will remember, we presented estimates of the cost of raisinga farm child in the North Central region and the South on this program in

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5

November 1966. My presentation today would not be camp ete without discussingbriefly the changes we have made in our methodology and the differences theyhave caused in the two sets of estimates.

First, let me review our use of the food plans--specifically the low-cost

plans. The low-cost plan, as published in CA 62-19, Family Food Plans Revised,64, and priced for the four regions annually in Family Economics Review,

suggests amounts of 11 groups of food that together provide an adequate diet.The difference in the cost of food in the four regions comes about partly be-cause in pricing the plans choices of foods in each food group are based on thefood habits of the lowest third of families in each region. In thE South thisis a lower income level than in the other regions. If we are to use the costof the food plans to locate families at a constant level of 14ving we cannotpermit differences in incone to affect food choices and deternkine, even in part,

the co-t of the plans. We have therefore used one set of food, choices--the U.S.nonfarm average--and priced them in the same income class throUghout. By thisprocedure we have eliminated as far as possible differences attributable to

differences in income level. The remaining cost differences between regionsand umbanizations are largely attributable to variations in price levels. Theseprice differences, of course, must be taken into account in locating familiesat the same level of consumption.

Pricing the U.S. average nonfarm choices in 1 regions and urbanizationsbrings the costs of the food plans closer together both across regional linesand cls between farm, rural nonfarm, and urban areas. And of particular impor-tance in explaining differences in our 1966 and present estimates of the costof raising a farm child in the North Central and Southern regions, this procedurereverses the relation of the food plan costs for North Central and Southern farmfamilies at the low-cost level. Whereas in the 1966 computations, costs in theSouth were lower, they are now higher than in the North Central region. Thesechanges can be illustrated in costs per week for the low-cost food plan for theusual budget family of four, a husband and wife aged.20 to 34 and 2 Childrenaged 7 to 9 and 10 to 12. The pricings used in 1966 and in our present computa-tions, both in 1 0-61 dollars, are:

North CentralSouthNortheastWest

Used in 1Ruralfarm

$21.3018.5023.9023.10

6 computationsRural nonfarm

and urban

$25.4021.0026.8027.20

Principally as a result of the reversal ofof the North Central and Southern low-cost foodof our estimates of the costs of raising a farmin the two regions. In 1960-61 dollars the old

North CentralSouth

Used in 1970 computationsRural Ruralfarm nonfarm

Urban

$22.30 $22.8022.70 22.9025.60 25.5024.30 25.70

$25.1022.9026.0026,30

the relative positions of costsplans, the relative positionschild have also been reversedand new low-cost estimates are:

12§k 1970

$15,010 $16,01013,270 17,830

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Both the earlier and present estimates are based on regression rInalysis.In the earlier analysis, the estimate for each category in each regio7 andurbanization was compiled fran a series of nine regressions, each using datafor that region and urbanization only and for one family type and usually oneor two family sizes. This procedure requires a very large sample and we wouldprobably not have been able to develop estimates for the farm population in theNortheast, and the rural nonfarm population in the NortheaL't and West if we hadstayed with it.

The present estimates are based on multiple regressions which utilize thedata for all children in families of husband and wife, one to five children,and no other persons. It permits the introduction of tenure and age of the,head of the family, pertinent variables not used in the earlier procedure.D

The new equation forms, together with the changes in the level of the foodplan costs have resulted in same changes in the make-up of our total costfigures. Because the level of total costs was raised somewhat in the NorthCentral estimates and more so in the Southern, the proportion of the total takenby food has decreased in both regional estimates but more in the Southern. Inthe latter, there is also an appreciable decrease in the proportion going totransportation. In the South, these shifts are balanced principally by an in-crease in the proportiLn going to housing. In the North Central, the decreasein t'e proportion for food is balanced principally by an increase in the propor-tion for the miscellaneous category that includes personal care and recreation.

Methodological .elp.pendix

Rsgressions used

Allowances for all the categories of consumption except food at home wereobtained by a two-step procedure. As a first step, a proxy for the normal levelof consumption was determined at the level of the low-cost food plan. AB asecond step, each of the categories was determined at the level of the proxy fornormal level of consumption.

The regressluns used were:

F = f(P, P2, HU, H, S, T, A)

X = f(P, F2, , H, S, T, A)

The terms are defined as follow.:

F = food consumption defined as the sum. of expenditures for food athome or to be carried from home, one-half of expenditures for food away fromhome except expenditures for school lunches, the value of seals received as pay,

V The regression equations used are discussed rurther below.

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and Wor percent of the value of home-produc :t food. The adjustment to eApendi-tures for food away from home was made to transform expenditures to a food-at-

home basis for use in conjunction with the -P-od plans in which it is assumed

that all meals are from the home food supply In the 1955 Household Food Con-slxmption Survey the cost of a meal away from home was approximately twice the

cost of a meal at home. Expenditures for school lunches were not similarlydeflated because family expenditures meet only a part of the total cost. The

value of home-produced food was reduced because analysis of data from the 1960-

61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures indicates that 40 percent of home-producedfood subspltutes for purchases and 60 percent increass the level of f.).)d. con-

sumption.°/ This adjustment is necessary because of the basic premise thatfamilies at comparable levels of living have comparable food consumption.

P = the sum of family expenditures for food (actual, not adjusted),

clothing, housing, education, transportation other than automobile purchase,

personal care, reading, recreation, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, miscellaneous

fami?.y expenditures, gifts and contributions, and personal ingurance. These

are the categories of family outlay relatively unaffected by year-to-year vari-

ations in family income. Their aum is used as a proyy for the permanent or

normal level of living in determining the average level of expenditure for the

individual categories.

EU = region and urbanization.

H = tenure of the family home.

= family size in year-equivalent persons.

T = family type. The data are limited to three family types. All are

comprised of husband and wife, unmarried children, and no other persons. The

distinction between types is based on the age of the oldest child--under 6 years,

6 through 17 years, and 18 years and over.

A = age of the head of the family.

X = in individual equations, family expenditures for food away from

home, clothing for children (by age of child), clothing materials and services,

housing, medical care, education, transportation other than automobile purchase,

automobile purchase, and all other,

In determining the value for P in specified classes F is set at the esti-

mated cost of the food plan for the class, In determining the value for X, P

is set at the value derived in the first equation. Estimates were developed for

all family type-size classes in each region and urbanization on the basis of the

known average age of the head and known age of the oldest child and assumptions

as to the age distribution of other Children.

21 Pennock, J. L0 "Home Production and the Family's Food." Family Economics

Review. ARS 62-5, USDA, September 1966, pp, 13-14.

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Content of the cate ories

In one category of consumption, clothing, the survey data indicate theindividual for wham the expenditures were made. We can, therefore, developcost estimates tailored to specific age groups. In the other categories ofconsumption, however, expenditures were reported on a family basis. In thesecategories, except as noted in the discussion of food away from home and medi-cal care, the child has been assigned his per capita share of the family'sexpense. These per capita cost estimates were developed independently forchildren in families with oldest child under 6 years of age, 6-17, and 18 andover, using the family size-type groups indicated above.

Estimates in tables 2 and 3 have been rounded to the nearesta false appearance of precision. Table 1, which is essentially acarries the data to the nearest $1.

The estimated costs in the various categories of consumptionas follows:

$10 tO avoidworktable,

were computed

Food.--The cost for food at home is the cost of the food plan for a Childof the specified age to which adjustments have been made (1) for the economy ofscale involved in family size, and (2) to compensate for the costs for meals andsnacks away from home. The age intervals used are those of the food plans aspublished in 1961:

Under 1 4-C 13-151-3 7-9 16-17

10-12

No differentiation in costs has been made for sex. The costs in the ageintervals in which the food plans differentiate between costs for boys and girlsare averages of the food plan allowances for boys and girls.

The estimated cost for food away from home is the child's per capita shareof expenditures for meals other than those at work, at school, and for snacks.It is assumed that no children in the age range we are concerned with were em-ployed and so we allowed no meals at work. We also assumed that children under4 years of age do not eat in restaurants. Because a meal bought awmy from homecosts roughly twice as much as a meal at home, one-half the cost of meals awayfrom home has been subtracted tram the cost for food at home.

Clothing,--The estimated costs are derived from the actual expendituresfor Children in the following age groups:

Under 2 6-112-5 12-15

16-17

To these has been added a per capita share of family expenditures for clothingmaterials and services.

Honsi: ,--This category includes the cost for the family dwelling; ftel,light, re _igeration, and water; household operations; and housefUrnifithings and

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equipment. The cost per child is a per capita share of the ily's reported

expenditures.

Medical care.--The family expenditures reported in the 1960-61 ourvey ofConsumer Expenditures were assigned among individuals on the basis of the vari-ation in individuals' expenditures by age in a survey conducted as part of the

National Health Survey .2/ When the expenditures of persons 15 to 44 years ofage are set at 100, the relatives are as follows for the income levels shown:

$2,000-$3,999 $4,00046,999 $7,000 and over

Under 15 years 39.8 45.5 51.315-44 years 100.0 100.0 100.045=64 years 156.5 143.2 141.7

65 years and older 197.2 159.1 197.4

The $2,000-$3,999 ratios were used. We have applied the ratios for under 15years to 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds rather than the ratio for 15 through 44.Other studies indicate that adolescence is one of the healthiest periods. There-fore the ratio for those under 15 seems more pertinent to this 3-year span thanthe ratio for 15 through 44 years, which includes the child-bearing years forwomen and the period in which the degenerative diseases begin to develop.

Expenditures for medical care vary greatly because of the irregular inci-dence of illness and accidents. In relatively small samples such as these esti-mates are derived from, the standard error of the average expenditure may bequite large. It is probable that any differences in the source data, resultingin different cost estimates, are not statistically significant.

Education.--Costs were estimated from the expenditures of families whoseoldest child was 6 to 17 years of age. Inspection of a selection of question-naires from the aurveyorConsumer Expenditures showed that most of the educationexpenditures reported by families whose youngest dhiid was under 6 were incurredfor the husbanii or wife, While most expenditures in families whose oldest childwas 18 years of age or more were for college education of these older children.

Tran- rtation.--This category includes costs for the purchase and operationof automobiles and for public transportation. The child is assigned a per capitashare of expenditures.

All other.--Included here are the child's per capita share of the family'sexpenditures for personal care, recreation, reading, and other miscellaneousexpenditurc Children in the age groups with Which me are concerned vivreassumed not to use tobacco and alcoholic beverages. They have been assigned nocost for insurance or giftr and contributions.

2/ Medical Care, _Health Status and Family Incamei United States. Vital andHealth Statistics, Series 10, NO0 9, Po 450 U.S. National Center fOr HealthStatistics, 1964.

Adjusting costs for_price change

Table 4 presents the percentage changes in prices between the base period

and each year between 1951 and 1969 as measured by the Consumer Price Index

(CPI). The base period for the urban data is 1960-61; for the farm and rural

nonfarm data, 1961. Therefore, two sets of index numbers are shown.

Table 2, showing estimates of costs in 1969 prices, was produced by apply-

ing these index numbers to the 1960-61 values in table 1 and summing the resultsto obtain the total cost in each year of age. Table 3, showing estimates of

costs for a child born in 1951 in the prices current in each year of age was

produced by applying the index numbers for the calendar year corresponding to

the child's age to the values for that age in table 1, and, as in table 2,

smnming the results to obtain total annual costs.

Index numbers comparable to those in table 4 can be produced for other

years. It must be recognized, however, that the effects of rising real incomes,

the new goods and services coming on the market, and Changing consumer prefer-

ences on the mix of food and other goods and services being consumed cannot_be

built into our updating. Therefore as the span between the base period, 1960-61,

and the year for Which adjustment is made lengthens either forward or backward

in time, adjustment for price change alone becomes increasingly insufficient as

a correction to true current costs.

The component indexes of the CPI that nave been used to adjust for price

changes in the various categories are:

Category

Food at homeFood away from homeClothirwHousingMedical careEducationTransportationAll other

Index

Food at homeFood away from home 12/Apparel and upkeepHousingMedical careReading and recreationTransportation2ersonal care, reading andrecreation averaged

10 f The index for food away from home was begun in 1953. Index numbers fOr

1952 and 1951 were computed using tbe average percentage annual Change in the

years 1953-56.

Tab

le 1

A4-

-Tat

imat

ed c

ost o

f ra

isin

g, a

.fa

rm c

hild

at l

evel

of'

low

-coA

rood plan, by region, in 1 061

prio

,[I

n fa

mily

of

husb

and

and

wif

eand no more than rive children)

Ago of child

(Tbarg)

a, ii

mat

edcost for--

Tot

alFo

od

Tot

alA

tho

me

2Li

Aw

ayfr

omho

me

Clothing

HO

US

ing

Medical

care

Educa-

tl_on

Tram-

vrta-

tion

A.1

.

cddI

h Central

$756 v.

,

162

$133

162

400

143

ui .3

4297 292

15 ,

.

$0 0..

,

749

158

158

074

256

4 ,,

01

y

:'74

915

815

818

2

1 1974

75h

III

I4,

i

011

3'''

1

...'

792

792

201

201

182

1974

L'5

f...

03

31.,

L

819

200

180

1910

52-

1457

114

131

857

236

218

1910

57:

144'

di4

L1

31

857

238

218

1910

523

111[

3'11

113

1--

,,,1

857

238

218

1910

527

144:

'15

1

895

27f,

256

1910

5',,

,,4t.

141

ii_

895

271,

256

1910

522

1447

14i 3

1"

986

'

282

259

2 i

155

250

5215

1 0

1;-

'2.

7

1,01

330

828

52

i15

521

4047

14'

i5,_

1,01

330

828

57

315

52h

047

1415

71

''

.7

1,01

330

828

5?"

i15

521

0II

,.

1515

2I

'

..71

1,08

914

432

0,7

-14

180

?4L

,-,

"[iii

1.5'

;

1,08

9.

34.4

320

2418

074

342

115

159

5.

$16,

007

$14,

373

$14,

075

292

11,9

9200

55$7

66$1

03iL

255

0i[

iL1

[

Sout

h

$854

$111

3$1

431

4,10

$50

$313

44:..

,,t,

o.$2

00$1

[L

i'1

5.2

883

172

172

050

31.3

4r,

020

0

856

169

169

011

32H

,4

.;ID

[7,,

',7

856

159

1e9

00

3tl,

(,,

5 3

r,1(

9.,.

(5.

7

901

,21

419

123

0320

65

--;

017

997

5.7

901

214

191

2383

2E3(

.4,

,0.

179

",,li

925

21 3

189

2 3

113

257

142

1917

:1

-)..

959

214

22 3

2311

325

752

.19

176

1,5.

959

256

223

231.

1325

.11

V19

172

25.

,.,.

959

246

223.

2 i

113

257

r42

1917

61,

.

1,00

2I

209

266

2",

113

257

[L19

176

-.

.,,A

1,00

226

926

623

113

2.57

5719

1.72

t,

1,07

129

3I

267

2515

4N

119

119

IL'

'.....

.'

1,09

8.3

191

294

2515

4.?

(,,

h?19

1;`-

'1

..,

1,09

1331

929

425

154

'.!(

347

12!

1,h)

1,09

831

929

1425

155

N

1,20

255

833

02b

1

P-,e

,24

, ,.

41,

1,)

; '02

ILI

.-

1,20

2.35

833

021

1:3

:,-.,,

h2(

i,51

1

4:1

,l

:',Y

11-

dd

d.

417,

826

$14,

i644

,2 j4

4340

$2,1

72$1

,1,,-

Jf .,

$705

.1.2

,LT

1. ''

,,, ti

2II

, '!J

LI

Table 1A.--Continued.

Age of child

(years)

Total

Total

Food

At

home 1

Away

from

home

Clothing.

Housing

/

Medical.

care

duce-

tion

Trans-

porta-

tion

'We

oth.

, ri

Under 1 ----

2-

3 4 , 5 6, 7 8, 9

.....

10

11.

12 ---------

13 ---------

14,

16

Total ----

Northeast

$765

800

753

753

800

800

842

879

879,

879

927

927

991

1,020

1,020

1,020

1,102

1,102

$16,

259

$159 19 186

233

232

270

270

270

317

317.

325

354

354

354

400

400

,$5,

05

$159

193

186

186

215

215

212

250

250

250

298

298

305

334.

334

334

376

376

4,77

1

$0 0 0

18

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20.

20

24

214

4.28

4

$40

4,7

447

95

95

95

95

95

139

li9

139

139

148

148

$1,770

$297

297

252

252

252

238

2.38

238

238

238

238

246

246

246

2146

250

250

$4,514.

442

$0

42

0

41

041

0

41

041

0

40

4o

11

40

11

40,

11

11

11

41

941

9

41.

9 9

4o

8

40

2.

$153 153

134

134

134

134

119

139

139

139

139

145

145

145.

145

163

163

$7 2

$118

$2,582

41,4)4

).1

5. (1.2

6,2

6.2

6.2

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.4

Note:

tetail say not 01 to total bee

se of rounding,

1/

Includes heme-prodUced.

2Includes shelter; fLel, light, refrigeration, and water; household

operations; and furnL;limgs

and equipment.

3/

includes, personal care, recreatIon,, reading, and other miscellaneous

expenditures.

Source:

Derived from, the. 1960-61 SurveyofConsimaer Expenditures.

Table 111.--ktinated cost of raising a rural nonfarm child at level of lov-cost food plan, by region, in 1961 p

[In family of husband and vife and no more than five childrenl

I.of ddld

()mere)

Mir 1 ----

1 3 5

..mosomarn..

mmmm

6mmmm

7.........

mmmmm m.m

U 13M

.M10

0.1

MM

IMM

.1.1

-01.

-

161

ale

..11.11 MMMMM

10

I----

1 2MMMMM

3

MMMM

5 8 9

10

MMMM -

1.5

I

Estimated cost, for--

Aver-

agf

family

size

(Persons)

Total

Clothing

Medical

care

ITrans-

Educa-

,porta-

tion

tion

All

other

At

home y

Avq

frca

hone

North Central,

$802

831

744

744

785

785

81k

81h0

170

163

163

20

2o4

20k

Po

I170

/3

163

189

189

189

$13 0 0 0

15

15

15

$43

43

62

62

62

62

97

$318

1

318

259

259

259

1

259

242

$39 39

36

36 36

36

36

$0 o 0 0 0 0 9

¶$178

178

147

147

'47

147

142

4

84

77

77

77

77

84

4.9

4.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5. 5.9

852

242

227K

15

97

242

36

9142

84

5.9

852

2h2

227

115

97

242

36

9142

84

5.9

852

242

227

i

15

97

242

36

9142

84

5.9

090

2e0

265

15

97

242

36

9142

84

5.)

890

280

265

I

15

97

242

36

91142

84

5.9

964

284

267

18

138

245

36

9160

92

5.6

992

312

294

18

138

245

36

9160

92

5.6

992

312

294

18

138

245

36

9160

92

5.6

992

312

294

18

138

2145

36

I9

10

92

5.6

1,081

351

332

20

171

2147

35

8171.

97

5.5

1,081

351

332

20

171

247

35

8171

97

5.5

415,943

44,456

44,227

$232

$1,810

m

$4,598

$652

$106

2,778

$1,542

South

9 a36 as 879

879

est

922

922

922

960

960

1,02

71,

053

1,05

310

5,3

1,16

71,

167

817,353,

$146

176

169

212

212

210

248

248

248

287

287

290

316

316

316

355

355

9560

$146 176

169

169

193

193,

191

229

229

229

267

331

331

$4,2

70

$0

$52

052

075

75

19

75

19

75

19

102

19

102

19

102

19

102

19

102

19

102

22

141

22

141

22

14].

22

141

24

190

24

190

$288

$1, 9

60

$341 341

282

282

282

282

256

256

256

256

256,

256,

259

259

259

259

265

265

44,9

12

42

,142

39

39

39

39

38 38

38

38 38

38

37

37

37

37

37

37

0 0 0 0

11

11

11

$216

216

177

177

177

.177

167

167

167

11

11

167

11

167

10

182.

10

182

10

182

182

10

196

196

90

$126

31262

$104

104

93 93

93

100

100

100

100

107

107

107

107

114

114

1,83

6

4.8

4.8

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.6

5.6

Table 12.- -0ootinued

Age of' child

(pears)

Tot

alTotal

Ifi

tbone

Clothing

NO

USi

ngMedical

I

Educa.,

care

tion

Trans-

porta-

tion

All

othPi

Aver-

age

family

size.

Persons

Under 1 ----

1MMMM

MMMM

5 8 9 12 MMMM

13

23

17

Teta ----

Older 1. ----

1 2 3 5 .........

6 9

.13L 13

26

17 .........

Total,

Northeast

'

,

187

187

230

57

192

187

1.87

211

0 0 0,

19

7

47

70

70

70

$354

354,

315

315

315

$141

41

39

39

39

"0 o o o 0,

1 197

177

177

.177

111.

5J.

m.

5.3

107

5.8

107

5,8

.107

5.8

, 9140

230

I

211

19

70

315

39

I0,

.177

107

5.8

979

229

209

20,

102

302

39

15

174.

117

5.9

19022

272

1

252

20

102

302

1

39

15

174

117

5.9

1,022

272

11

252

20

102

302

39

15

174

117

5.9

11022

272

,

252

1

20

102.

302

39

15

174

117

5.9,

1,069

320

300

1

201

102

302

39

15.

174,

117

5.9

1,069

320.

300

20.

102

302

39

15

1

174

117

5.9

1,148

324,

302

22

156,

309

39

15

184

121

5.7

19177

353.

'

331

22

156,

309

39

15.

184

121

5.7

1,177

353

331

22

156,

309

39

15

184

121

5.7

1,177

353

331

22

156

309,

39

15

184

121

5.7

1,293

397

, '

372

25

195

315

39

14

203

130

5.4

1,293

397

372

25

195

315

i9

14

1

203

131)

5.4.

$18,972.

5,045

$II,7149

$296

$2,000

$5,6146

J6

178

$3,288,

$2,096

West

969

1,02

1Cd8,

1,047

4090

1,090

1,090

1,133

1,133

1,232

1,261

19261

1,261

1,376

1,376

$20,417'

$154

1891

183,

183

232

232

230

272

272

272

315

315

320

349

349

402

$5,0

20

$1511

189

183

183

211

211

208

251

251

251

2911

29k

295

324

324

324

374

3r4

$4,6

95

0 0

21.

21

21.

21

21.

21.

21

21.

24.

24.

24

24

28

28

$3201

48

48

77

77

77 77

113

113

113

113

113

313

173

173

173

173

177

177

$2,128

$373

373

317

317

317

317

295

295

295

295

295

295,

302

302

302

302'

317

317

$5,626

50 50

47

47

147

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

48

48

$854

15

15

15

15

15

15

14

14

14

14

12

12

$170

Note:

Detail nay rat add

Includes hoes-produce44

ecuipneat.

Source:

Derived from

to total because of rounding.

V Includes Shelter; Awl, light, refrigeration, and water4 hous

includes personal care, recreation,reading, and other miscellaneous expendi

196041 gamy or Comsumer Expenditures.

256

256

214

214.

214

214

208

208

2 2 2 238

227'

227

227

227

256

256

$4,036,

$147'

147

131

131

131

131

141

141

141

141

141

150

150

150

150

164

164

$2,5

92

5.0

5.0

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.7

6.0

6.o

6.0

6.o

6.0

6.0

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.7

5. 5.3

hold operati

s; and furnishings

urea.

Table 14Estimated cost of' raising an urban child at level of low-coot food

.

plan, by regton, in 191 pri r,

[In family of husband and wife and no more than five children]

Estimated cost for--

Ale f Child,

Tota l

(yea

ri)

Food

Clothing

,

H ousing

VMedical

care

l Euca-

tion,

Trans-

porta-

tion

AL

otL ,

r.

q

Total

At

home 1/

Away

from

home

Under 1

1 5MMMM

Under 1 ----

8,M

MM

M .

910 11

12

13

....

14

1516

17

North Central

$919

955 5

885

929,

915

965

985

985

1,028

1,028

1,098

1,127

1,127

1,12

71,264

1,264

$18,435

5

190

184

184

228

228

225

268

268

268

311

311

.315

344

1

344

344

389

389

,

$4,945

55 190

184

184

209

209

206

249

249

249

292

1

292

294

323

323,

323

366

366

$4,663,

0 0 0

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

21 21 21 21 24

24

284

50 50

73

73 73

73

105

105

'

105

105

105

105

148,

148

148

148

205

205

$2,024

,37

321

321

291

291

291

291

297

297

297

297

306

306

$5,576

$44

44 42

42'

!12

42 41

41 41

41 41

41

41

41 41 41

41 41

$748

0 01 0 0 0 0

14

14

14

14

14

14

13

13 13 13

12 12

$160

tuyo

190

li,5

105

11,5

1W)

ILW

157

157

157

157

157

101

1(0

19 169

187

187

,p,,02

Illy

i,(

1 I I'o

1 c

1q'

1,r'

1P,

115,.

115

it'

1.',

1..,,,

5.

sout

h

$889

919

843

843

880

880

888

$151

181

175

175

213

213

211

$151

181.

175

175

196

196

194

$0 0 0 0

16

16,

16.

$52

52

76

76

76

76

106

$357

357

301

301

301

301

268

$44

44

42 42

42

42

40

$0 0 0 0 0 0

15

$178

L78.

151.

151

Ita

151

14.3

$107

1u7

'

',h.

,.'k

105

1.

:0

,

926

249

233

16,

106

268

40,

151

143

105

926

249

233

16,

106

268

40

15

143

105

926

249

233

16

106

24,:,

40

15

143

105

5.E,

965

288

272

16

106

268

40

15

143

105

965

288

272

16

106

.;

4.0

151

143

16

1,035

291

272

1

19

147

272

40

14

158.

11.3

0

1,062

318

299

19

147

272

40,

14

158,

1.1.

.

1,062

318

299

19

147

272

40

14

1,062

318

299

19

147

272

40

14

15E'.

11_

1,15

1361

341

20

167

279

40

14

170

1-11

1,151

361

341

20

167

279

40.

!14

170

liu

..

$17,373

$4,609

$44362

244

$1,966

$5,172

$7.3/6

$174

$2,790

$1,

Table

ontinued

Age of Child

(years)

Tot

aa

Under 1 ----

1 2 5, 6 8 9

.....

13

1111.

15 ......

16

17. Total.

7 7' 7 7 814

857

857

857

905

905

967

995

995

995

1,07

11,

071

5,93

6

1,033

1,033

1,033

1,C81.

1,08

11,

1441

781,

178

1,17

81,270

1,27

C

$19,

097'

Total

Away

from

hcme

Clothine

Moaning

Medical

Educa-

care

tion

Trsns-

All

porta-

otlwr

tion

.

Aver-

acc,

family

Northeast

: 44

$1,17

740

4122

4.

2(111

201

044

37

0122

T ,c

194

072

'

In,

110

7c"

114

194

072

110

2 Ot

222

12

72

274

0,

lin

234

222

12

274

r)

110

l'

232

218,

13

loo

252'

71001

,71

275.

262'

13

100

252

106,

...i

275

262'

13

100

252

710

6H.

275

262

13

100

25.2

7106

-

323

309

13

1.00

2')2

36

7106

H.

323

309

11

100

62

it.

,

1tut

H.

328

313

16

132'

257

6121

r

356

141

16,

132

257

46

121

356

141

16

132

257

121

356

341

16

132

257

16

6121

:H7

404

386

17

147

259

15

"

612)

)1

5 0

4

404

386

17

147

259

356

129

91

45,1

,4,

9$200 ,

$4,788

4648

$78

$2,062

$1,4!i2

est

$160

$160

$0

$48

$367

$54

$0

4191

4113

4.9

195

195

048

367

54

0191

189

189

072

319

51

0167

107

189

189,

072

319

51

o167

107

239

216

2372

319

51.

01

167

107

5.10

239

216

231

72

119

51

0167

107

238

213

24

106

299

51

11

1:65

120

281

257'

24

106

299

51

11

165

120

Fk

281

257

24

106

2991

51

11

16,5

120

281

257

24

106

299

51

11.

165

120

329,

304

24

106,

299

51

11

165,

120

329

304

24

106

299

51

11

165,

120

333

)D6

26

144

306.

51

10

179

12f,

5.6

)62

335

26

144

106

51

10

179

126

362

335,

26

144

306

51

10

179

126

5,6

36,2

335

26

144

306

51

10

179

12(

5.h

412

382

11

147

313

50

9201

1Th

412

382

31

147

313

50

!9

201

15.

4

45,193

44,832'

$356

$4890

$5,654

$922.

$124

$3,158

$2,154

Mel Dateline, not add to total because of rounding.

ay

Includes, hame-produced.

gof

Includes shelter; fuel, light, refrigeration, and water; household operations; and 1uris1ing2,.

Wilmest.

3,

Includes, personal care, recreation, reading, and other miscellaneous expenditures.

boreal

Derived Tram the 1960661 Survey of Consumer Expenditures.

Ado of child

(years)

2thlo 2A.-4rt1oshed coot of raising a farm Child at level of low-coat food plan, by region, at 1969 prices

(IR family of husband and wife and no more than five children)

Vidor 1 ----

1

11.0

4...W

116.

.*

MM

M.W

WW

.M,

Total. ----

Under 1 --

2 6 7 ...

......

8M

MM

MM

M

10-

11 rommirmweelam

12 ......

13 .....

14 ISIMPWW=MomON

16

......

17

140401 "--,

Estimated cost, for--

Aver-

age

family

size

(Persons)

Avsy

tram

home

Clothing

Housing

Medical

care

Educe-

tion

Trans-,

porta-

tion.

All

other.

North Central

460

$0

$50

360

0$1

1

130

190

054)

360

080

130

190

090

310

1u0

130

190

90

310

6a0

160

240

220

20

90

310

600

160

240

220

20

90

310

Go

0160

1,

240

220

20

130

280

Go

20

160

1,040

2801

260

20

130

280

6m

20

1

1,04

01,

040

280

260

280

260

20

20

130

120

280

280

60

6o

20

20

1.1';())0°0

4090

330

310

20

130

280

60

20

160

1,09

333

)310

20

130

280

6m

20

160

1,200

3%0

320

30190

290

60

20

180

1,230

370

340

301

190

200

6o

20

180

1,233

370

340

30

190

2j0

, 0

20

180.

1,23

3370

30

190.

290.

60

20

,

180

1,33

0Ii

lO38

030

220

300

60

20

190

1,3P

hID

380

30.

220

300

6o

20

190

$199

460

$5,2

200,680

$314

11

$2,1

440

$400

$1,080

$240,

060

South

$190

4070

$0

$60

$360

$60

$0$240

1,08

0210

060

38,0

6o

240

11040

200

0100

350

60

0210

1,040

200

0100

350

Go

0,

210

1,100

1,100

260

260

2 2

30

)0

100

100

350

350

6o 6o

0

''211100

0

1,130

260

230

140,

310

60

20

210

1,170

30

140

310

60

20

210

1,170

300

270

30

ibo

310

60

20

210

12170

)30

270

30

hho

310

6020

210

1,220

350

320

30

140

310

60

20,

PIO

1,220

350

320

30

1,14,

310

60

20

qo

11300

1,330

1,3))

12330

1,46

0

350

300

300

301

oc

320

350

350

350

400

)0 30

30 30

4o

190

190

190

190

240

320

320

320

320

320

6o

20

220

60

20

220

60

20

220

60

20

220

* #

20

240

1,46

0440

430

4o240

320

60

20

240

$246

90$51530

$5,090

$14,

0$2

,600

$5,940

$1,080

$210

)40

1f01

15.:.3

13

100

5.8

100

100

100

110

6.a

110

1(.0

110

110

i).0

110

.0

110

6.0

120

5.7

120

5.7

120

5.7

120

547

Ho

5.5

130

5.5

$2,020

1

$130

5.2

130

5.2

120

5.7

120

5.7

120

5.7

120

5.7

130

5.9

130

5.9

130

5.9

130

5.9

130

5.9

lio

5.9

140

5.6

i140

5.6

,

140

,.t)

Pio

5.6

140

5.5

140

5.5

$2 ,

360

Table 2A.- -Continued

Oso of child

(lurg)

Total

Food

At

home lj

Ausy

frces

hom

e

Clothing,

Housing

2

Medical

care

Educa,

tion

Trans-

porta-

tion

All

other

2/

4111

.00.

100.

M.

10.

MMMMM

mommimmer.rom

MMM

16.

MMMMMM

17

heast

Aver-

age

family

size

(Persons)

$930

970

920

920

00

9190

4020

1,070

1,070

1,070

1,133

1,133

1,200

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,330

1,330

$19'770

$1. 230

220

I

220

280

280

280.

3301

I

330

3301

39)

390

390

h30

430

430

480

480

$6,110

$190

2301

220

220

2601

260

250

450

450

$547

10

0 0

20

20 30 30 30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

$400

$50 50 80

80

80

80

120

120

120

120

120

120

170

170

170

170

180

180

$2,1

80

310

310

310

310

290

290

290

290

290

290

300

300

300

3)0

300

300

$5,500

$60

$0

6o

60

0

60

60

40

6o

10

60

10

60

10

610

10

601

lo

6,0

10

60

10

60

10

60

60

10

60

60

10

$1,o8o

$120

$180

180

160

160

160

160

160

160

160

16c/

2.60

160

170

170

170

170

190

190

$3,,020

90

100

loo

loo

loo

loo

100

100

100

100

110

110,

1,760

5.1

5.1

5.9

5.91

5.91

5.91

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.4

e nearest $10.

3/

Includes shelter; fuel, light,

personal care, recreation, reading,

Survey of Consumer Expenditures..

VOW:

Beta have been rounded to th

1/

Includes hcre-predueed.

soipment.

If Includes

loom: Derived from the 1560,61

refrigeration, and wateri household operations; and furnishings,

and other miscellaneous expenditures.

Table 211.--A1timated cat of raising a rural nonfarrn child at level of low-ro,Jt food plan, by region, at 1969 prices

[In family of husband end wife and no more than five children]

Age of child

(years)

Estimated cost for--

Tots.1

FOod

At

ham 1/

Away

from

home

Clotbing

Housing

Ei

Medical

Care

Educa-

tion

Trans-

porta-

tion

r

Aver-

age

family

niv!

(Pernons)

Wie

r 1

1 2 MMMMM

.._-.....

7

orth Ctntral

14000

910

910

960

960

990

1,030

1,030

4030

1,08

o4.

,080

1,170

1,22^

1,2(

1,200

1,320

1, 320

$191360

2 2 250

2

250

11

2.

250.

250

270

290

270

290

270

340

i

320

340

320

340

320

370

350

370

350

370

350

4))

4001

430

5,380

45,080

0 0

20

20 20

20

20

20

20

201

20

20

20

20 30 30

300

80120

120

120

120

120

120

170

170

170

170

210.

210

$2,240

320

320

370

290

290

290

290

290

290

300

300

300

300

300

$54600

$50

50

0

)0 50 50 50

50

50

50

50 50

50

50 50 50

50

50 50

$900

0

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10 10

$120

$210

210

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

190

190

190

190

200

200

PHO

(10

90

5.8

100

5.9

100

100

00

5.9

LOO

100

5.(,)

110

5.()

110

1.10

5.()

110

120

5.5

120

5.5

$1,840

Sout

h

$4103

1,1110

1,000

1,000

1,060

1060

4080

1,120

1,120

1,120

1,170

1,170

1,250

1,280

1,280

1,280

1,410

1,410

$21,

050

$310

210

200

200

260

260

260

300

300

300

350

350

350

380

430

431)

$5,510

$170

tO

210

0

2001

200

.0

230

30

230

30

230

30

270

30

270

270

303

30

320

30

320

30

350

30

350

30

350

30

400

400

30

54090

'

$4.20

$60

60

90

90

90

90

130

130

$420

420

340

940

340

3140

310

1 30,

310

1 30

ilo

1 30

310

130

310

170

320

170

320

170

320

.170

320

2)0

320

210

320

$2,400

$5,980

$60

610

50

50

510

to 0 0 0

50

0

50

10

50

10

50

10

50

10

50

10

50

10

50

10,

50

10

50

10

50

110

50

10

50

10

$260

260

210

210

210

210

POO

200

200

200

200

200

220

00

220

220

230

230

$920

$120

$3,900

$130

130

110

110

110

110

120

120

120

120

120,

130

HO

1 i0

1i0

140

lliO

2,2'20

4.8

4.d

5. 5.h

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.6

5.6

'Table

ontinued

Agg of Child

(years)

Total

Tot

al

Food

At

hcne 1

Away

frea

khome

Clothing

Housing

2Medical

Educa-

care

tion

Trans-

porta-

tion.

other

Aver-

family

PPrs,Jr4

Under 1 ----

1 2 3 4 ..

5 6 7. 8 9 .........

ID 11 12

-----

13

-----

17

Total ----

Northeast

$1,100

1,140

1,080

1,10180

1,130

1,130

1,200

$1 230

220

220

270

270

280

$190

230

220

220

250

250

250

$0 o 0 0

20 20 30

$60

Go 90

90

90

90

130

$430

430

360

380

360

380

370

$60 60

50 50

50 50

50

$0 0 0 0 0 0

20

$ d 30

230

210

210

210

210

210

1 ir)

130

130

1 30

130

130

140

',.

5.

5. ,

5.c

5.P

5.1

1125

033

0300

30

130

370

50

20

210

H

140

5. 4

'

1,250

330

300

30

130

370

50

20

210

140

5.'i

1,250

1300

30

130

370

50

20

210

140

5.

1,310

360

30

130

370

50

20

210

140

5.7

1,310

390

360

30

130

370

50

20

210

140

5. 4

1,400

390

360

30

190

360

50

20

220

150

5.7

1,440

430

400

30

190

380

50

20

220

150

5.7

1,440

430

400

30

190

360

50

20

220

150

1,440

430

400

30

190

380

50

20

220

150

5.

1,560

470

44o

3o

240

380

50

20

240

160

5.4

1,560

470

440

30

2140

380

50

20

240

160

5.4

1070

$6,070

$,670

$400

$2,500

$6,880

$920

$240

$3,920

2,540

Wes

t

Under 1 ----

411250

1,300

1,190

31,190

1,250

5 .... -----

1,250

6 - ----- ---

1,290

$180

233

220

220

280

280

280

$180

230

220

220

250

250

250

liu 0 0 0

30

30

30

$6060

:00

100

100

100

140

$460

460

390

393

390

390

360

$70

70

70

70

70

70

70

$o 0 0 0 0 0

20

$300

300

250

250

250

250

250

$18c

160

160

160

160

10

170

5.

, 5.(

5.(

5.7

6.0

7 - ----- ---

1,340

330

300

30

140

1360

70

120

250

l

170

6.0

81, 340

330

300

30

1401

070

20

250

170

6.o

1,340

330

300

30

140

360

70

20

250

170

6.0

1,390

380

10

30

140

360

70

20

250

170

6.0

11 ---------

1

1,390

380

350

30

240

360

70

20

250

170

6.0

350

30

210

370

70

20

270

180

5.7

13

1,540

420

390

30

210

370

70

20

270

180

5.7

14

1,540

420

390

30

210

370

1

70

20

270

180

5.7

1,540

420

390

30

210

370

70

20

270

180

5.7

1,680

490

450

40

220

390

70

10

300

200

5.3

17 ... ----- .

1490

450

40

220

390

70

10

300

200

5.3

Total ----

1

$25,000

$6,060

$51620

$440

$2,640

$6,900

$1,260

$220

H

$14,7i

$3,10

Note:

Dela have been rounded to Vae nearest i10.

li

Includes home-nrodnced.

2/

Includes shelter

flipl

lipht. rnfriaprn-

tion, and miter; houshold operatjons; and furnishings and equipment.

Saone:

Derived from the 19b0461 Survey of Consumer lapenditurea.

3/

Includes personal care, recreation, reading, and other

[ miscellaneous expenditures.

Table 2C...Est1aated coat of raising an urban child at

Level of low-cost food plan, byregion, at 1969 prices

[In family of husband and wife and no anre than five

children]

Aga of child

(yaws)

Total

al

Pood

At

home 1/

"-

I17

.....

$1,1

301,

170

1,08

0,0

631,140

1,140

1,170

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,270

1,270

1,340

1,380

1.380

4380

1,55

01050

$22,

690

$180

230.

220

220

280

280

280

333

333

333

380

380

420

420

420

470

470

$6,030

$190

230

220

220

250

250

250

300

303

300

350

350

35o

390

390

390

440

440

$5,610

Estimated cost for--

Aver-

age

family

size

Persons)

Clothing

Medical

care.

Educa-

tion

Trans-All

porta-other

tion

Away

from

hate

North Central

$0 30

30

30

30

30

310

30

30'

30

30

30

30

30

30

$420

$60

$46c

60

460

90

390

90

390

90

390

90

3

130

130

130

130

130

130

180

180

180

180

250

250

$2,480

$6,840

$60

$0

60

060

060

(0

60,

0(0

20

60

20

60

20

60

20

60

20

60

2060

20

60

201

60

20

60

20

60

20

Go

20

$1,080

'

$240

$230

230

200

200

200

200

190.

190

190.

190

190

190

200

POO )0

200

220

220

3,640

$130

130

120

120

120

120

130

130

130

1.30

110

1.10

140

140

140

4.8

4.8

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.6

140

5.6

150

5.3

150

5.3

-680

$1,080

$180.

1,120

220

1,030'

210

1,030

210

1,080

260

1,080

260

1,090

250

1,140

1,140

1,140

1,190,

1,190.

1,280

1,310

390

1.310

390

1,310

390

1,420

440

1,420

440

$21,360

$5,600

3 350

350

Sout

h

$180

220

210

210

240

240

230

280

280

2801

330

3301

330

360

360

360

410

410

$0 0 0

.0

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

30

30

30

30

30

30,

$5, 26o

340

90

1301

130

1301

130

110

130

180

180

180

180

210

210

040

440

370

370

370

370

330

330

330

330

330

330

3310

330

330

330

340

340

$60

$0

60

60

60

0

60

0

Go

0

Go

20

Go

20

60

20

60

20

601

20

60

20

60

20

60

20

6,0

20

Go.

20

60

20

60

20

$210 21

01 1

; #

1.80

180

170

170

170

170

170

170

190

150

190

190

200

200

$130

130

120

120

120

120

130

130

130

130

130

130

140

140

140

140

150

150

$2,4o0

$6,340

$1,080

$240

$3,320

i $2,380

4.8

4.8

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.6

5.6,

5.6,

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.2

5,2

Table 2C.--Continued.

Age of child

(yean)

Total

Total

rood

At

home 1/

Clothing

Housing

2

Medical

care

Educa-

tion

Trans-

porta-

tion

All

other

J/

Northeast

Aver-,

age

family

size

Persons)

9 970

930

'

930

990

990

1,000

1,050

1,050

1,050

1,110

1,110

1,180

1,210

1,210

1,210

1,300

1,300

419,520

4200

240

230

230

2 3 3 4

$6,1

80

2' '

2' 270

270

260

310

310

310

370

370

380

410

410

410

460

460

$5,9

00

0

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

$280

60

120

120

120

120

120

120

160

160

160

160

180

180

$2,200

90

190

340

340

340

30

310

310

310

310

310

310

310

310

310

310

320

320

5,88

0

$50 50 50

50

50 50 50 50

50

50

50

50

50

50 50

$900

0$150

0150

0130

90

0130

90

0130

90

0130

90

10

130

100

10

130

100

10

130

100

10

130

100

10

130

100

10

130

100

10

140

110

10

140

110

10

140

110

10

1140

110

10

150

110

10

150

110

$120

$2,460

$1,780

4.8

4.8

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5,5

5,5

5.5

5.5

5.3

Wes

tUnder 1.

...

$1,150

$190

$190

$0

$60

$450

$80

1.1,190

230

230

0.

60

450

80

21,110.

230

230

090

390

1

To

3. ...... ------

1,110

230

230

o90

390

70

4 .... ----- ..

1,170

290

260

30

90

390

70

5 .... ------

1,170 .

290

260

30

90

390

70

6 ---- -----

1,220

290

260

30

130

370

70.

7i

4270

340

310

30

130

370

70

8 ....

1,270

3140

310

30

130

370

70

1,270

340

310

30

130

370

70

10

1,330

400

370

30

130

370

70

11 - ----- -

1,330

400

370

30

130

370

I

70

12

1,400

4101

370

43

180

370

70

1,430

44o

400

40

180

370

70

14. . - ,. -- ......

1,430

44O

400'

40

180

370

70

1,430

440

400

40.

180

370

70

1,550

500

460

40

180

380

70

1,550

500

460

40

180

380

70

Tot

al$23,380

$6,300

$5,820

$480

$2,340

$6,920

'

$1,280

pt.:

Data have been munded to the nearest

$10,

1/

Includes, hcoe-produced.

2tion, and eater; household operationv and furnishings andequipent.

Includes, personal

SOurce:

Derived from. the 1960-61 Sitrvey of ConsumerExpenditures.,

[

$0 0 0 0 0 0

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

$120

$230

230,

2001

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

210

210

210

210

240

240

$3,780

$140

140

130

130

1301

130

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

170

170

$2,640

4.9

4.9

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.4

Includes shelter; Nel, light, refrigera.

care, recreation, reading, and other

miscellaneods eapenditures.

Table 3.-4stimated costs, of raising a child born January 1, 1951, at low-cost food plan

level, by region and urbarlization,

in prices current in the year specified.

(In folly of husband and wife and no more than five children]

Ago of

ehild.

(pars)

1

Year

1

Rural farm

Rural nonfarr

Urban,

North

Centril

South.

North-

1

east

West

North

Central

South

North-

cant

Wr,st

North

Central.

So th

North-

cast

Went,

Under 1

1 ----

2 ----

3 ----

4 ----

5 ----

6 ----

7 ----

8 ----

9 ----

10 ----

11 ----

12 ----

13 ----

14 ----

15. ----

16 ----

17 ----

Total

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

,1

1963

,,

1964

1965

1

1966

1967

1968

$650

1

6901

670

670

710

720

770

830

8110

850

890

910

1,010

1,050

1,070

1,100

1,210

1,260

$15,900

$730

780

760

770

;41

820

ByOl

930

1940

950

1,000

I1,020

1,100

1,140

1,160

1,190

1,340

1,390

$17,690

$660

1

710

',

680

680

1

720

730

1

790.

1

850

,

860

870

930

940

1

;1,010

4060

1,080

1,110

1,230

1,4,1

$16,180

L

68o

:

730

670

670

700

710

760

820

830

840

890

900

990

1,030.

1,050

1,080

1,200

1,250

$15,800

$770

820

750 1.

750

1

780

790

830

890

900

910

9601

970

1,050

1,090

1,110

1,140

1,300

1,350

$17,10

$780

'30

00

f.00

f-40

U50

coO

..90.

1,,000

1,(10

1,(70

1,080

1,280

1,',.20

1,40

1,80

1,L40

1,490

1i8,f20

070

930

860

8o0

910

920

980

1,050

1,01,0

1,080

1,130

1,150

1,260

1,3101

1,330

1070

1,5_10

1,590

$20,190

$790

84o

800

800

8 9

850

890

960

970

980

1,0 0

1f040

1,13)

1,180

1,190

1,230

1,410

1,47o

$18, 390

$7h0

810

760

760

i5oo

800

84o

900

91,0

920

970

11)80

1,070

1,110

1,120

1,1601

1,2801

1,4o

$17,20

$, 50

700

,,:so

t.io

720

7 30

770

8.40

840

i,5101

'310

'.120

1,000

1,040

1,060

1,090

1,200

1,40

$15,20

'8 8.10

Hlo

860

870

930

1,000

1,020

1,030

1,080

1,100

1,180

1,230

1,250

1,280

1,420

1,48o

119,010

Sote:

Data rennded to nearest, $10

Source:

Date in, table. 1 adjusted by index numbers, in table 4.

Table 4.--Index numbers of price change from base periodto specified year, by urbanization

YearFood

Athome

Awayhome

Clothing Housing Medicalcare

Educa-tion

Rural farm and rural nonfarm (1961

1951 -- 95.5 80.2 95.31952 -- 97.1 81.5 94.41953 -- 9t,.4 82.8 93.71954 -- 94.9 84.3 93.51955 -- 93.0 85.2 93.11956 -- 93.4 86.8 95.01957 -- 96.5 90.1 96.61958 -- 100.7 92.8 96.91959 -- 98.2 95.4 97.71950 -- 99.1 97.9 99.21351 -- 100.0 100.0 100.01962 -- 100.7 102.7 100.61963 -- 102.0 105.0 101.71964 -- 103.2 105.9 102.61965 -- 105.6 109.3 103.71966 -- 110.9 114.3 106.41967 -- 110.6 120.2 110.71968 -- 114.2 126.AL 116.61969 -- 119.7 134.1 123.4

84.986.588.889.990.691.994.896.497.599.2

100.0100.9102.0103.2104.4106.9110.0114.6121.9

69.172.975.477.879.682.585.889.993.897.1

100.0102.6105.1107.3109.9114.7122.8130.3139.3

Urban (1960-61 = 100

1951 95.9 81.1 95.71952 97.6 82.4 94.71953 95.8 83.7 94.11954 95.3 85.2 93.91955 93.4 86.1 93.51956 93.8 87.8 95.31957 96.9 91.0 97.01958 101.1 93.8 97.31959 98.7 96.4 98.11960 -- 99.6 98.9 99.61961 -- 100.4 101.1 100.41962 -- 101.1 103.8 101.01963 -- 102.4 106.1 102.11964 -- 103.6 108.0 103.01965 -- 106.1 110.5 104.11966 -- 111-4 115.5 106.81967 -- 111.1 121.5 111.11968 -- 114.7 127.8 117.11969 -- 120.2 135.6 123.9

85.286.989.290.290.992.895.296.897.999.6

100,4101.3102.4103.6104.8107.3110.4115.1122.4

70.173.976.578.980.883.787.191.295.298.5

101.5104.1106.7108.8111.5116.4124.61 32-'1-1.3

= 100

85.886.287.086.285.987.190.494.095.597.9

100.0102,2104.0106.4107.5109.2112.0117.3121.7

86.887.188.087.136.800.191.49.7,096.698.9

101.1103.3105.1107.6108.6110.4113.2118.5

Trans-porta-tion

Allother

80.o 84.285.3 84.887.7 85.686.5 85.485.4 86.087.0 88.391.9 91.695.0 95.098.9 96.798.9 98.7

100.0 100.0102.1 102.0102.7 103.6104.1 105.4105.8 106.3107.3 108.3110.4 111.2113.9 116.1118.3 121.2

80.5 84.785.8 85.488.2 86.287.0 86.085.9 86.587.5 86.992.4 92.295.5 95.699.4 97.399.4 99.3

100.6 100.7102.7 102.7103.3 104.3104.7 106.1106.4 107.0108.0 109.0111.0 112.0111-.6 116.911-.0 12=-0

Source: Derived fram components of Consumer Price Index.

-25-

215

Table 5.--Cost-income relationship, by region and urbanization,in 1960-61 prices

[In families of husband, wife, and no more than five children]

Urbanization North Central_ South Northeast West

FarmRural nonfarmUrban

FarmRural nonfarmUrban

FarmRural nonfarmUrban

Annual average cost, all ages of child

$890890

1,020

$990960970

$9001,050890

NA1,1301,060

Annual average disposable family income,21all ages of child

$6,1305,6606,560

$5,8705,9605,690

$6,2806,5605,370

NA$6,8306,700

Cost as a percentage of income

151616

171617

Pct.

141617

NA1716

Note: Averages rounded to nearest $10.1/ Average weighted by nuMber of children.Source: Derived from the 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures.