Docslide.us Itcs-Assignment (1)

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F-2,Block, AmityCampusSec-125, Nodia (UP)India201303

ASSIGNMENTS

PROGRAM: Post Graduate Diploma in IT

SEMESTER-I

Subject Name Introduction to IT and CSStudy COUNTRY SOMALIA LCPermanent Enrollment Number PEN DIT02512012-2013014Roll NumberStudent Name Mohamed Abdullahi Khalaf

INSTRUCTIONS

a) Students are required to submit all three assignment sets.

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS MARKSAssinment A Five Subective uestions 10Assignment B Three Subjective Questions + Case Study 10Assinment C 45 Obective uestions 10

b) Total weightage given to these assignments is 30%. OR 30 Marksc) All assignments are to be completed as typed in word/pdf.d) All questions are required to be attempted.e) All the three assignments are to be completed by due dates (specifiedfrom time to time) and need to be submitted for evaluation by AmityUniversity.

f) The evaluated assignment marks will be made available within sixweeks. Thereafter, these will be destroyed at the end of eachsemester.

g) The students have to attached a scan signature in the form.

Signature:Date: 12/12/2012

( ) Tick mark in front of the assignments submitted


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Assinment A Assinment B Assinment C


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INTRODUCTION TO IT AND CS

Assignment A

Q: 1). Explain register transfer language..

Answer:

In computer science,register transfer language (RTL) is a kind ofintermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language,

such as that which is used in a compiler. Academic papers and textbooks

also often use a form of RTL as an architecture-neutral assembly

language.RTLis also the name of a specific IR used in the GNU Compiler

Collection, and several other compilers, such as Zephyr.

The symbolic notation used to describe the micro -operation transfer

among registers is known as register transfer language. A register transfer

language is a system for expressing in symbolic form the micro-operation

sequences among the registers of digital module.

RTL is a simple, human-oriented language to specify the operations,register communication and timing of the steps that take place within a

CPU to carry out higher level (user programmable) instructions.

Computer registers are designated by capital letters to denote the function

of registers eg. The register that holds an address for the memory unit is

usually called a memory address register and is designated by the name

MAR. Other designation for registers are PC (for programme counter), IR

(for instruction register), and R1 (for processor register). The individual flip

flops is an n-bit register are 3 numbered in sequence from zero through n-1, starting from zero is the right most position and increasing the number

towards the left.

Block diagram of register


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Copying the contents of one register to another is a register transfer

A register transfer is indicated as R2R1


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In this case the contents of register R2 are copied (loaded) intoregister R1

A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to thedestination register R2, during one clock pulse.

Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are

not altered by copying (loading) them to R2

Q: 2). What are peripheral devices list them.

Answer:

Peripheral Devicesare computer devices, such as a CD-ROM drive orprinter, that is not part of the essential computer, i.e., the memory and

microprocessor. Peripheral devices can be external - such as a mouse,

keyboard, printer, monitor, external Zip drive or scanner - or internal,

such as a CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive or internal modem. Internal

peripheral devices are often referred to asintegrated peripherals.

List of peripheral devices include:

Keyboard

Mouse

Monitor

Printer

Scanner Microphone

Speaker

CD-ROM drive

Joystick

Modem

Q: 3). Describe the circuit implementation of function xy+yz.

Answer:

Combinatorial Logic Circuit that implements the function xy+yz

DeMorgansLaw

(ab)=a+b(a+b)=ab

Property for generating equivalent functions


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X

y

xy' + yz

z

Allows conversion of AND function to an equivalent OR function and

vice-versa It may allow the simplification of complex functions, that will allow asimpler design

It is useful in generating the complement of a function.

(xy + yz) = (xy)(yz) = (x + y)(y + z) = xy + xz + yy + yz (becauseyy=0) =>(xy+yz) = xy + xz + yz

x Y z x'y' x'z' yz' x'y + y'z + yz'0 0 0 1 1 0 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 11 1 1 0 0 0 0

Q: 4). What is the difference between assembler, compiler andinterpreter?

Answer:

The difference between assembler, compiler and interpreteris that:

Compile r: is a program that translates English-like words of high-levellanguage into the machine language of a computer. A compiler reads a

given program called aSource Codeand then, translates the program into

the machine language, which is called anObject Code.


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Eg. When you run a program in C or high level language, it is done

through compiler to convert them automatically into the machine level

language.


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A computer translates an assembly language program from mnemonics to

the binary machine code of a computer. It is used when we write a

program in assembly level language and execution is performed, It

converts the that assembly level language into computer understandable

level language i.e. binary machine code.

Compiler translates high-level instructions directly into machine language.Compiled programs generally run faster than interpreted programs.

The compiler has a number of phases plus symbol table manager and anerror handler.

Input Source Program -> Lexical Analyzer -> Syntax Analyzer -> Symbol

Table Manager Semantic Analyzer Error Handler -> Intermediate Code

Generator -> Code Optimizer -> Code Generator -> Out Target Program

Structure of a compiler

Compilers bridge source programs in high-level languages with the

underlying hardware. A compiler requires 1) determining the correctness

of the syntax of programs, 2) generating correct and efficient object code,3) run-time organization, and 4) formatting output according to assembler

and/or linker conventions.

A compiler consists of three main parts: thefrontend, themiddle-end,

andthe backend.

The front endchecks whether the program is correctly written in terms ofthe programming language syntax and semantics. Here legal and illegal

programs are recognized. Errors are reported, if any, in a useful way. Type

checking is also performed by collecting type information. The frontend

then generates an intermediate representation or IR of the source code for

processing by the middle-end.

The middle end is where optimization takes place. Typicaltransformations for optimization are removal of useless or unreachable

code, discovery and propagation of constant values, relocation of

computation to a less frequently executed place (e.g., out of a loop), or

specialization of computation based on the context. The middle-end

generates another IR for the following backend. Most optimization efforts

are focused on this part.


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The back endis responsible for translating the IR from the middle-endinto assembly code. The target instruction(s) are chosen for each IR

instruction. Register allocation assigns processor registers for the program

variables where possible. The backend utilizes the hardware by figuring


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out how to keep parallel execution units busy, filling delay slots, and so

on. Although most algorithms for optimization are in NP, heuristic

techniques are well-developed.

Interprete r: is a program that translates the English-like statements of ahigh-level language into the machine language of a computer. It translates

high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which it then executes.

An interpreter translates one statement at a time from a source code to an

object code.

Interpretation does not replace compilation completely. It only hides it

from the user and makes it gradual. Even though an interpreter can itself

be interpreted, a directly executed program is needed somewhere at the

bottom of the stack (see machine language). Modern trends toward just-

in-time compilation and bytecode interpretation at times blur thetraditional categorizations of compilers and interpreters.

Other languages have features that are very easy to implement in an

interpreter, but make writing a compiler much harder; for example,APL,

SNOBOL4, and many scripting languages allow programs to construct

arbitrary source code at runtime with regular string operations, and then

execute that code by passing it to a special evaluation function.

Assemble r: Assembler is a program that translates programs from

assembly language to machine language is called as Assembler.

An assembly language is a low-level programming language forcomputers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable

devices. It implements a symbolic representation of the machine codes

and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture. This

representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is

based on mnemonics.

Q: 5). What are the different level of programming languages?

Answer:

A programming language is used by a human programmer to direct a

computer to accomplish a specific set of steps whichlead to a desired outcome.

The figure at right illustrates several key points

about programming languages. First, programming

languages are built upon and relate directly to the

underlying computer (hardware). In fact, they are

design


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ed to control the operation of the hardware.

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Second, these programming languages can be divided into three differentlevels. They are:

Machine Languages

Assembly Languages and

High-level Languages

Machine language is the "native tongue" of the computer, the language

closest to the hardware itself. Each unique computer has a unique

machine language. A machine language program is made up of a series of

binary patterns (e.g., 01011100) which represent simple operations that

can be accomplished by the computer (e.g., add two operands, move data

to a memory location). Machine language programs are executable,

meaning that they can be run directly. Programming in machine language

requires memorization of the binary codes and can be difficult for the

human programmer.

Machine Language is the fundamental language of the computers

processor. It is also called Low Level Language.

All programs are converted into machine language before they canbe executed. Consists of combination of 0s and 1s that represent high and lowelectrical voltage.

Assembly language represents an effort to make programming easier for

the human. The machine language instructions are replaced with simplepneumonic abbreviations (e.g., ADD, MOV). Thus assembly languages are

unique to a specific computer (machine). Prior to execution, an assembly

language program requires translation to machine language. This

translation is accomplished by a computer program known as an

Assembler. Assemblers are written for each unique machine language.

Assembly Language is low level language that is similar to machine

language. Uses symbolic operation code to represent the machine operation

code.

High-level languages are more English-like and, therefore, make it easier

for programmers to "think" in the programming language. High-level

languages also require translation to machine language before execution.

This translation is accomplished by either a compiler or an interpreter.

Compilers translate the entire source code program before execution.

Interpreters translate source code programs one line at a time.

Interpreters are more interactive than compilers.


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High-level Language is Computer programming languages that iseasier to learn.

Uses English like statements. Examples are C ++, Visual Basic, Pascal, Fortran and

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Assignment B

Q: 1). Explain memory hierarchy in brief.

Answer:

The memory unit is an essential components in any digital computer since

it is needed for strong progress and data.

The hierarchical arrangement of storage in current computer architectures

is called the memory hierarchy. It is designed to take advantage of

memory locality in computer programs. Each level of the hierarchy is of

higher speed and lower latency, and is of smaller size, than lower levels.

Most modern CPUs are so fast that for most program workloads thelocality of reference of memory accesses, and the efficiency of the caching

and memory transfer between different levels of the hierarchy, is the

practical limitation on processing speed. As a result, the CPU spends

much of its time idling, waiting for memory I/O to complete.

The memory hierarchy in most computers is as follows:

Processor registers fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle), only

hundreds of bytes in size

Level 1 (L1) cache often accessed in just a few cycles, usually tens ofkilobytes .

Level 2 (L2) cache higher latency than L1 by 2 to 10, often 512KB ormore .

Level 3 (L3) cache (optional) higher latency than L2, often multiple MB's

Main memory (DRAM) may take hundreds of cycles, but can be multiple

gigabytes .

Disk storage hundreds of thousands of cycles latency, but very large.

The term memory hierarchyis used in computer architecture whendiscussing performance issues in computer architectural design,

algorithm predictions, and the lower level programming constructs such

as involving locality of reference. A 'memory hierarchy' in computer

storage distinguishes each level in the 'hierarchy' by response time. Since

response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be

distinguished by the controlling technology.


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The many trade-offs in designing for high performance will include the

structure of the memory hierarchy, i.e. the size and technology of each

component. So the various components can be viewed as forming a

hierarchy of memories (m1,m2,...,mn) in which each member miis in a

sense subordinate to the next highest member mi-1 of the hierarchy. Tolimit waiting by higher levels, a lower level will respond by filling a buffer

and then signaling to activate the transfer.

There are four major storage levels.

1.Internal Processor registers and cache.

2. Main the system RAM and controller cards.3. On-line mass storage Secondary storage.

4. Off-line bulk storage Tertiary and Off-line storage.

This is a most general memory hierarchy structuring. Many otherstructures are useful. For example, a paging algorithm may be consideredas a level for virtual memory when designing a computer architecture.

Most general purpose computer would run more efficiently if they were

equipped with additional storage device beyond the capacity of main

memory. The main memory unit that communicates directly with CPU is

called theMAIN MEMORY . Devices that provide backup storage arecalledAUXILARY MEMORY. Most common auxiliary devices are magnetic

disks and tapes they are used for strong system programs, large data filesand other backup information. Only programs and data currently needed

by the processor resides in main memory. All other informations are

stored in auxiliary memory and transferred to the main memory when

needed.

The main memory hierarchy system consists of all storage devices

employed in a computer system from the slow but high capacity auxiliary

memory to a relatively faster main memory, to an even smaller and faster

cache memory accessible to the high-speed processing logic. Memory

Hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible access speed while minimizingthe total cost of the memory system.

Memory Hierarchy in computer system


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A very high speed memory is calledcache memoryused to increase thespeed of processing by making current programs and data available to

the CPU at rapid rate. The cache memory is employed in the system to

compensates the speed differential between main memory access time

and processor logic.

Q: 2). What do you understand by parallel processing?

Answer:

Parallel processing is a term used to denote a large class of techniques

that are used to provide simultaneous data processing tasks for the

purpose of increasing the computational speed of computer. The purpose

of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability

and increased its throughput that is, the amount of processing can be

accomplished during a interval of time the amount of hardware increases

with parallel processing and with it the cost of system increases.

Processor with multiple functional units 8.1

Parallel processing at a higher level of complexity can be achieved byhaving a multiplicity of functional units that perform identical or different

operation simultaneously. Parallel processing is established by

distributing the data among the multiple functional units. . For example,

the arithmetic, logic, and shift operations can be separated into three

units and the operands diverted to each unit under the supervision of a

control unit . The normal operation of a computer is to fetch instructions

from memory and execute them in the processor.

The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction

stream. The operations performed on the data in the processor constitutes


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a data stream. Parallel processing may occur in the instruction stream, in

the data stream, or in both. Flynn's classification divides computers into

four major groups as follows:

1. Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)2. Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)

3. Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)4. Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)

SISD represents the organization of single computer containing a control

unit, a processor unit and memory unit. Instruction are executed

sequentially and system may or may not have internal parallel processing

capabilities. Parallel processing in this case may be achieved by means of

multiple functional units or by pipeline processing.

SIMD represents an organization that includes many processing units

under the supervision of a common control unit .All processor receive the

same instruction from the control unit but operate on the different items

of data. The shared memory unit must contain multiple modules so that it

can communicate with all the processors simultaneously. MISD structure

is only of theoretical interest since no practical system has been

constructed using this organization. MIMD organization refer to computer

system capable of processing several programs at the same time. Most

multiprocessor and multicomputer systems can be classified in this

category.

Flynn's classification depends on the distinction between the performance

of the control unit and the data-processing unit. It emphasizes the

behavior characteristics of the computer system rather than its

operational and structural interconnections. One type of parallel

processing that does not fit Flynn's classification is pipelining.

Q: 3). What is array processor and what is the role of attachedarray processor?

Answer:

An array processor also called avector processoris a microprocessor that

executes one instruction at a time but on an array or table of data at the

same time rather than on single data elements. It is a central processing

unit (CPU) that implements an instruction set containing instructions that

operate on one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors. This is in

contrast to a scalar processor, whose instructions operate on single data

items. Array processors can greatly improve performance on certain

workloads, notably numerical simulation and similar tasks.


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An Array processor performs computations on large arrays of data. The

term is used to refer two different types of processor . An attach array

processor is an auxiliary processor attached to general purpose computer.

It is intended to improve the performance of the host computer in

specific numerical computation tasks. An SIMD processor is a processor

that has single instruction multiple data organization. It manipulates

vector instructions by means of multiple functional units responding to a

common instruction . Although both types of array processors manipulate

vector , their organization is different.

Attached Array Processor

An attached array processor is designed as a peripheral for conventional

host computer, and its purpose is to enhance the performance of

computer by providing Vector processing for complex applications. Itachieves high performance by means of parallel processing with multiple

functional units. It includes an arithmetic unit containing one or more

pipelined floating point adders and multipliers. The array processor can

be programmed by the user to accommodate variety of complex arithmetic

problems.

Attached array processor with host computer

SIMD Array Processor

An SIMD array processor is a computer with multiple processing units

operating in parallel. The processing units are synchronized to performthe same operation under the control of common control unit, thus

providing a single instruction stream, multiple data stream organization.

A general block diagrams of an array is shown in the below diagram. It

contains a set of identical processing elements (PE),each having a local

memory M. Each processor includes an ALU, a floating point arithmetic

unit , and working registers. The master control unit controls the

operations in the processor elements. The main memory is used for

storage of the program. The Function of the master control unit is decode


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the instructions and determine how the instructions and determine how

the instruction is to be executed. Scalar and program control instructions

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are directly executed within the master control units. Vector instructions

are broad cast to all PEs simultaneously. Each PE uses operand stored in

its local memory. Vector operands distributed to the local memories prior

to parallel execution of the instruction.

There is no case study

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Assignment C

(Multiple Choice Question)

Q: 1). The worlds fastest and most advanced computer.

a) Main frames Computersb) Super Computers ()c) Personal Computersd) Mini Computers

Q: 2). Who is the father of computers.

a) Blaise Pascal

b) Charles Babbage ()c) Konrad Zuse

d) John Atanasoff

Q: 3). Who invented Pascalin.

a) Blaise Pascal ()b) Charles Babbagec) Konrad Zuse

d) John Atanasoff

Q: 4). Who invented ABC .

a) Blaise Pascalb) Charles Babbage

c) Konrad Zused) John Atanasoff ()

Q: 5). earned the semiofficial title of "inventor of themodern computer"

a) Blaise Pascal

b) Charles Babbage

c) Konrad Zuse ()d) John Atanasoff

Q: 6). MARK series of computers was designed bya) Konrad Zuseb) John Atanasoff

c) Howard Aiken ()d) Blaise Pascal

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Q:7). Thecomputersoftubes withtransistors.

a) 1st

b) 2nd ()

c) 3rd

d) 4th

Q: 8). EDVAC stand for

generation replaced vacuum

a) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ()b) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator.c) Electric Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.d) Electric Dependent Variable Automatic Calculator.

Q:9). type of computers recognizes data by

counting discrete signal of (0 0r 1), they are high speedprogrammable; they compute values and stores results.

a) Digital computer ()b) Analog Computerc) Hybrid Computer

d) Super Computer

Q: 10). In the decimal number system, there are _possiblevalues.

a) 2

b) 10 ()c) 8d) 16

Q: 11). In a positional notation system, the number base is calledthe .

a) radix ()b) radius

c) remixd) base value

Q: 12). The decimal number 163 would be represented in BCD asfollows.

a) 0001 0110 0011 ()b) 0001 0011 0110c) 0001 0011 0001d) 0001 0001 0110

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Q: 13). When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold onlypositive values, it is said to be

a) unsigned ()b) Signed

c) Positive

d) Negitave

Q: 14). The binary number system is numbering system.

a) positional notation ()b) non-positional notationc) signed

d) unsigned

Q: 15). Convert 3710to binary

a) 100100b) 100101 ()c) 101101d) 100110

Q: 16). Convert the binary number 01011011 to a hexadecimalnumber.

a) B5b) 5B ()c) 4B

d) B6

Q: 17). Sometimes called , memory consists of one ormore chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board inthe computer.

a) primary storage ()

b) auxiliary storagec) secondary storage

d) permanent storage

Q: 18). Examples of storage media are all of the followingexcept .a) floppy disks

b) expansion cards ()c) compact disksd) tape

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Q: 19). A , is a narrow recording band that forms afull circle on the surface of a disk.

a) track ()b) cluster

c) shutter

d) sector

Q: 20). A disks storage locations consist of pie-shaped sections,which break the tracks into small arcs called .

a) backups

b) clusters

c) shuttersd) sectors ()

Q: 21). Hard disks provide for access times than floppydisks.

a) lesser storage capacities and much slowerb) greater storage capacities but much slowerc) lesser storage capacities but much fasterd) greater storage capacities and much faster ()

Q: 22). Below are the major structural components of CPU

except:

a) Control Unit

b) ALUc) Registers ()d) RAM

Q: 23). A hypothesis that states transistor densities in a singlechip will double every 18 months

a) Mores Law

b) CPUs Lawc) Moores Law ()d) Transistors Law

Q: 24). RISC stands for

a) Reduced Instruction Set Computer ()b) Redundant Instruction Set Computerc) Reduced Information Set Computerd) Reduced Instruction Set Chip

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Q: 25). is not an auxiliary memory.

a) RAM ()b) Hard Diskc) Tapes

d) DVD

Q: 26). is most commonly used to store system-levelprograms that we want to have available to the computer at alltimes.

a) ROM ()b) RAMc) Hard Diskd) CD

Q: 27). The purpose of is to act as a buffer betweenthe very limited, very high-speed CPU registers and the relativelyslower and much larger main system memory.

a) cache memory ()b) RAMc) Virtual memoryd) ROM

Q: 28). When data are found in the cache, it is called a

a) Cachemiss

b) Cache found

c) Cache hit ()d) Cache data

Q: 29). By placing some parts that should be in memory insideyour hard-disk one can extend the memory capacity of acomputer way beyond what is installed; this is called .

a) virtual memory ()b) cache memoryc) primary memory

d) secondary memory

Q: 30). is not an input device.

a) MICR

b) OMRc) Touch Screend) Plotter ()

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Q: 31). is not an output device.

a) Projectorb) Printer

c) Plotter

d) Scanner ()

Q: 32). All are Variants of the Mouse except.

a) Track ball

b) Track padc) integrated pointing deviced) Game pad ()

Q:33). is a device that can read text or illustrationsand translate the information into a form the computer can use.

a) Printerb) Plotter

c) Scanner ()d) Reader

Q: 34). MICR stands for .

a) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition ()b) Magnetic Ink Character Reader

c) Mechanical Ink Character Recognitiond) Mechanical Ink Character Reader

Q: 35). is not an operating system.

a) Unix

b) Linux

c) DOS

d) Internet Explorer ()

Q: 36). COBOL is language.

a) 1st

b) 2nd

c) 3rd()d) 4th

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Q: 37). converts source code into object code.

a) Compiler ()b) Interpreterc) Translator

d) ConverterQ:38). is a software program that enables thecomputer hardware to communicate and operate with thecomputer software.

a) Application Softwareb) Translators

c) Languagesd) Operating System ()

Q: 39). An Operating systems that is capable of allowing multiplesoftware processes to be run at the same time is.

a) Multiuser OS

b) Multiprocessing

c) Multitasking ()d) Multithreading

Q:40). A is a language that provides little or no


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abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.

a) low-level programming language ()

b) High- level programming languagec) Assembly level programming languaged) Real programming language

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