Nama : Wina SusanaNIM : 138114114Kelas : FKK C 2013

Paton, D.M., 1979, The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons, Permagon Press, New York, p. 376

Bethanidine (Sulphate) is used in hypertension to reduce the blood pressure.its actions and uses are similar to those of guanethidine monosulphate but it causes less depletion of noradrenaline stores. It also has a more rapid onset, together with a shorter duration of action, than guanethidine.Primary Characterstics. It is of Synthetic origin and belongs to Guanidine Salt. It belongs to Antihypertensive Agents pharmacological group.The Molecular Weight of Bethanidine (Sulphate) is 226.30.Its pKa is 12.0.

PharmacokineticsVolume of distribution is found to be 2.7 l/kg and plasma protien binding is < 10%. Plasma half life is 8-15 hr.IndicationsBethanidine (Sulphate) is primarily indicated in conditions likeHypertension.ContraindicationsBethanidine (Sulphate) is contraindicated in conditions likePhaeochromocytoma,Renal failure.Side EffectsThe severe or irreversible adverse effects of Bethanidine, which give rise to further complications include Diarrhoea, Thrombocytopenia, Impotence.Bethanidine produces potentially life-threatening effects which include Severe Hypotension, Myocardial infarction, Angina pectoris, Cerebrovascular insufficiency, Syncope, Cerebral infarction. which are responsible for the discontinuation of Bethanidine therapy.The signs and symptoms that are produced after the acute overdosage of Bethanidine include Bradycardia, Postural hypotension, Dizziness, Fainting.The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Bethanidine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include Dizziness, Vomiting, Nasal stiffiness.Warning / PrecautionsBethanidine (beta-blocker) should not be given to patients with bronchospasm, asthma, with history of obstructive airway disease, metabolic acidosis, partial heart block, sinus bradycardia or psoriasis. The dose may need to reduce in patients with renal (kidney) or hepatic (liver) dysfunction. Patients with long term treatment with beta-blockers should have their medication discontinued gradually over a period of 1 to 2 weeks, because it may result in angina, myocardial infraction (MI), ventricular arrhythmia or death. This drug should be used only if clearly needed during pregnancy or lactation.http://druginfosys.com/Drug.aspx?drugCode=94&drugName=&type=3

http://www.ticplchemicals.com/CP2148035-bethanidine.html

Aviado, D.M., et. al., 1981, Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors, 2th Edition, Spinger-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp. 430-431.