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Guide to

MS 2

Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov Papers, 1945-1998

47 linear inches

Processed by Alexander Tokovinine July 2008

Provenance: Estate of Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov, 2007 Citation: Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov Papers, 1945-1998, MS 2, Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Trustees for Harvard University.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection

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Biographical Sketch Iurii Knorozov was born in 1922 in Kharkov, Ukraine. His parents had Russian and Armenian roots and were members of the Soviet intelligentsia. By the time Knorozov graduated from high school, he spoke Russian, Ukrainian, and some German. In 1939, he was admitted to the Kharkov State University where he majored in history. Knorozov met the beginning of the war of 1941-1945 in the Ukraine. The country was soon occupied by the German army. Knorozov and his mother eventually managed to cross the battle lines back to the Soviet-controlled territory in 1943. Knorozov was then able to continue his undergraduate education at the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU). His college friends recalled that he was fascinated with writing systems and paleography, especially with Egyptian hieroglyphs. In 1944, Knorozov entered the military service. After the end of the war in 1945, he went on to complete his undergraduate studies at the MSU. His thesis on the Shamun Nabi mausoleum and the associated oral and written tradition was based on his fieldwork in Xorazm (Khwarezm/Khorezm), Uzbekistan, as a member of the archaeological-ethnographic expedition of 1945-1948 directed by Sergei Tolstov. Knorozovs first publication in the Sovetskaia Etnografiia journal (Soviet Ethnography) in 1949 was based on his undergraduate thesis. In 1949, Knorozov moved to St. Petersburg. Thanks to the efforts of Sergei Tokarev, another of Knorozovs mentors at MSU, he was appointed junior research fellow at the Museum of the Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. About that time, Knorozov became increasingly fascinated with the problem of the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphs. While studying the manuscript written by Diego de Landa, the Bishop of Yucatan, that was supposed to be the main subject of his doctoral dissertation, he realized that the so-called Landas alphabet of Maya hieroglyphs contained readings of several syllabic signs. Knorozov then turned to the published Maya codices, identified the same signs in these manuscripts, and deciphered new syllables. He discovered that Maya writing was logo-syllabic and determined basic spelling rules. The first results of Knorozovs decipherment were published in 1952 as an article in Sovetskaia Etnografiia. It was well-received by the Soviet academia. Tolstov and Tokarev then arranged Knorozovs new research appointment at the Kunstkamera Museum which was affiliated with the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and obtained permission for Knorozov to defend his Ph.D. dissertation on Diego de Landas manuscript in 1955. The initial article on the decipherment was followed by a series of publications in Russian, Spanish, and English. In 1956, Knorozov participated in the International Congress of Americanists in Copenhagen where he presented his ideas to the international academic audience for the first time. Two later monographs Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia (The Writing of Maya Indians) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie Rukopisi Maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975 summarized Knorozovs work on the Maya writing system. Also in 1975, he received the prestigious Gosudarstvennaia Premiia (National Fellowship) of the USSR for his contributions to Maya studies.

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Knorozovs decipherment of Maya writing was met with strong opposition from several prominent Mayanists, particularly J. Eric S. Thompson and his students. However, several anthropologists, art historians, and linguists including Michael D. Coe, David Kelley, Floyd Lounsbury, and Tatiana Proskouriakoff corresponded with Knorozov and encouraged him. An abridged edition of Knorozovs Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia translated by Sophie Coe was published as Selected Chapters from the Writing of Maya Indians by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University in 1967. Epigraphers applied Knorozovs approach to Classic Maya inscriptions and deciphered additional signs. As more inscriptions were photographed, drawn, and published, the corpus of Maya logograms and syllables with known phonetic values grew exponentially. As early as the mid-1950s, Knorozov also became interested in the decipherment of the Easter Island (Rongorongo) script. This work resulted in a number of articles, some of them written jointly with Nikolai Butinov and later with Irina Fedorova. Knorozov also contributed to the study of the Indus Script and published several reports and articles on this subject between 1965 and 1995. Nikolai Gurov was Knorozovs main collaborator in this research until the late 1970s. Subsequent publications on the Indus script were co-authored by Margarita Albedil. During the 1960s-1970s, Knorozovs research interests extended into signaling theory and semiotics as he participated in the Linguistics section of the Research Council on Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Beginning in 1963, Knorozov headed a special research group dedicated to the decipherment of ancient scripts. Knorozovs research on Maya writing in the 1980s and 1990s was shaped by collaboration with Galina Ershova, who co-authored a number of publications on Classic Maya inscriptions. In addition, he became fascinated with the topic of the peopling of the Americas. Knorozov took part in archaeological and ethnographic expeditions to the Kuril Islands. This research resulted in several publications on Ainu ethnography and archaeology. In the 1990s, the Guatemalan and Mexican governments acknowledged Knorozovs contributions to Maya studies. He was presented with an honorary medal by the Guatemalan government during the 1990s and in 1994, the government of Mexico awarded him the Order of the Aztec Eagle. The 1990s was also the first time when Knorozov traveled to Mexico and Guatemala and visited several important Maya sites. Knorozov died of pneumonia in St. Petersburg in 1999. He was survived by his daughter Ekaterina and granddaughter Anna. Scope and Content Note The Knorozov Papers contain correspondence, manuscripts, notes, journal offprints, and photographs from the personal papers of Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov (1922-1999), Russian anthropologist and linguist, famous for his breakthrough in the decipherment of Maya writing, who also made important contributions to the study of other ancient

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scripts, signaling theory, and semiotics. The collection contains materials dating from 1945 to 1998 and is organized into four series: biographical, correspondence, writings, and research files. The Biographical series, 1945-1994, includes a group of Knorozovs personal daily notes, receipts, notes on research planning, hand-written selections of prose and poetry, and documents related to Knorozovs trips to Copenhagen, Mexico, and Guatemala. The files also include newsclippings about Knorozov from Soviet and Spanish language newspapers. The earliest document in the Papers is a typed text on table manners dated 1945. The Correspondence, 1952-1998, includes professional correspondence as well as various notes and attachments, between Knorozov and other scholars and institutions in the Soviet Union and abroad. The few personal letters are New Year/Christmas greetings. The series is not large, but recurring subjects of the letters are theoretical linguistics, Maya languages and writing, Peru writing/notation systems, archaeology of Kuril Islands, and publishing. Correspondence with David Kelley, Michael and Sophie Coe, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Thomas Barthel, Norman and Dolores McQuown, and the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, will be of particular interest to Mayanists. Letters and reports related to the activities of the Research Council of the Soviet Academy of Sciences on Cybernetics, the Semiotics research group, the Group of the decipherment of ancient scripts, and to Ustinovs work on the computer-assisted decipherment of Maya writing are also of great importance for future scholarship. Other Knorozovs correspondents include Ignace J. Gelb, Rafael Girard, John P. Harrington, Eleazar Meletinskii, Peter Lanyon-Orgill, and Aleksandr Reformatskii. Of greatest importance in this series, Writings, 1960 -1988, are manuscripts and offprints of Knorozovs publications, including parts of the drafts of the monographs Pismennost indeitsev maiia (Writing of Maya Indians) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie rukopisi maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975. There are also offprints of Knorozovs articles on Maya and Mesoamerican calendars published in the Sovetskaia Etnografiia journal in 1971-1973. Knorozovs work on Classic Maya inscriptions in the 1980s is represented by a full set of drafts and notes, which led to a publication of the inscription on the sarcophagus from the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque, in 1988. The series also includes some manuscripts related to the signal systems theory including transcripts of the colloquium on signaling theory organized by the Research Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1961, as well as drafts of an article on childrens art, and drafts of a paper on the origins and evolution of Paleolithic art. In addition, there are several manuscripts of reviews and an offprint of an article on ancient Peru writing systems that Knorozov co-authored with Fedorova. The Research Files, 1940s-1990s is the largest series in the Knorozov Papers and contains notes, news clippings, manuscripts and offprints by other scholars, all files organized by topic. The range of subjects is broad from Ainu pictographs, archaeology, and religion, to the peopling of the Americas, contacts between the Old and New

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Worlds, and Mesoamerican archaeology. There is a number of files on Maya languages and writing, and fewer files on Olmecs, Isthmian script, Peruvian writing and notation systems, Indus script, systems theory, structural linguistics, phonology, morphology, semantics, semiotics, and signaling theory. The largest subject cluster is the materials on Maya languages and writing. It features Knorozovs notes on Maya (Yukatek) grammar and vocabulary made while working on the manuscripts of Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia (Writing of Maya Indians) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie Rukopisi Maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975. Some notes on Yukatek are organized by specific subjects like weather or astronomy. Another set of notes is dedicated to names and place names (onomastics and toponymy). Besides glosses, these notes contain examples of hieroglyphic spellings from the codices. There are also notes on the grammar and vocabulary of other Maya languages. A set of notes deals with the frequency of signs in Maya codices. In addition, the section includes thematic selections of images from the codices and photographs of Maya monuments grouped by region and archaeological sites. There are also offprints and manuscripts by David Kelley, Thomas Barthel, and Roberto Esclante. A selection of Danish newspaper articles about Knorozovs presentation of the decipherment of Maya writing at a congress in Copenhagen in 1956 is of particular importance to anyone interested in the history of decipherment and can be found in the Biographical series. Knorozovs bibliographic notes on Maya studies reflect his knowledge of and preferences in dealing with published works on Maya languages, writing, art, and archaeology. In addition to Knorozovs study of Maya writing, this series reveals his interest in the Olmec civilization and Isthmian (Olmec) and Zapotec writing, including offprints of articles on Olmec archaeology and early Mesoamerican writing systems, photographs, and notes on some Isthmian and Zapotec inscriptions. The inclusion certain offprints and drawings also illuminates Knorozovs correspondence with Michael Coe, George Stuart, and Joyce Marcus. Various correspondents sent materials to Knorozov for opinions, or because he had difficulty obtaining a copy. Victoria de la Jara and Thomas Barthel were Knorozovs main correspondents and providers of materials on Peru writing systems and there several files dealing with tukapu and Colonial hieroglyphic writing. Knorozovs interest in the history and theory of writing systems is also reflected in a selection of notes and materials on various scripts and notation systems grouped by type of script/signs (alphabets, syllabaries, numbers, rebuses, ciphers, and pictograms) or by geographic location (China, Japan, Africa, and Eskimo). Materials on linguistics theory constitute another major section of the research files series. These include Knorozovs own notes on signaling theory, offprints of articles by several prominent Soviet linguists on the subjects of morphology, semantics, and phonology, and reports and newsletters of the Research Council on Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of USSR. Despite the fact that Knorozov published multiple articles on Easter Island and Indus scripts, there are almost no research files on these two subjects. Knorozov was in the habit of folding a piece of paper in half and placing a set of notes inside. Sometimes

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the package was identified, others not. A few re-used notes on the Indus script decipherment have been identified and placed in a separate folder. Finally this series contains a few notes and visual materials on Ainu ethnography and language with a special emphasis on pictograms. Several packages of notes and reports also reflect Knorozovs participation in the archaeological research on the Kuril Islands in the1980s and 1990s. A set of notes corresponds to Knorozovs research on Ainu religion, which led to a publication on Ainu beliefs about reincarnation. Provenance The Knorozov Papers were purchased from his estate in 2007. Permission to Publish Please contact the Curator of Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives for further information about copyright issues and permission to publish items from this collection. Notes to Researchers The series divisions do not reflect the original organization of the papers because by the time the papers arrived at Dumbarton Oaks, original order had been lost. The series and many file names were created to facilitate scholarship. Most of the papers are in Russian, with other languages including Spanish, Dutch, English and German. Further Ainu files and materials are at the Library of Congress. Other Knorozov materials exist at the institutions where he worked. There are oversized Russian language newspapers in a box at the end of the collection.

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Biographical

1 1 Business Cards and Contact Information, n.d.

2 Daily Planners, n.d.

3 Mexico Trips, 1992-1993

4 MSC Notes,1977?

5 News Clipping, 32nd International Congress of Americanists (Copenhagen, 1956 Press Reviews

6 Newsclippings, Mexican and other Spanish Language Newspapers, re: Knorozov

7 Newsclippings, Soviet Newspapers about Knorozov

8 Poetry, n.d.

9 Prose, n.d.

10 Receipts, 1976

11 Research Planning, 1968, 1994

12 Reviews of Knorozovs Writing of Maya Indians and of Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinous Application of Electric Computing Machines in the Study of Maya Script

Correspondence

13 American Anthropologist, 1962, 14 Argentina,1952, 1958, 1960, Correspondence with Individuals from

Argentina

15 Arqueologa Mexicana, 1994 16 Thomas Barthel, 1964

17 Belgium, Jamin, 1956

18 C.R. Bird, 1962

19 Iu. Bromlei, 1966

20 Lyle Campbell, 1979

21 Centro de Estudios Mayas, 1997

22 Charles Upson Clark, 1952-1954

23 Michael Coe, 1957

24 Sophie Coe, 1965, 1993

25 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain); Francisco De P. Solano, 1962

26 Costa-Rica (33rd International Congress of Americanists), 1957-1959

27 George Cowgill, 1957

28 Current Anthropology, 1961 29 Alexander Ebin, 1962

30 Embajada de Mexico, 1995

31 Galina Ershova, 1986, 1990

32 Rudigh Fuchs, 1994

33 Ignace J. Gelb, 1964

34 Rafael Girard, 1956

35 Francisco Guerra, 1960

36 John P. Harrington, 1956

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37 Hermann Publishing House, 1958, Pierre Beres Knorozov

38 Hermitage Museum, 1998

39 Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliothek, 1957, Hans-Joachim Bock Knorozov G. Kutscher

40 Institute of Slavic and Baltic Studies, 1979?

41 Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1968

42 International Biographical Catalogue, 1998

43 C. Jaschek and F. Atriobarandela, 1998

44 P. Jeganathan, 1994

45 Katsnelson, Isidor S. (Kauheteoh, Ueuaop), 1968 46 David H. Kelley, 1956-1959, 1961, 1963

47 Johann Knobloch, 1969

48 La. Kuzmin, 1988

49 Peter A. Lanyon-Orgill, 1957, 1959?, 1960

50 George Lobsiger, 1956

51 Norman and Dolores McQuown, 1970-1972, 1993, 1979

52 Alan L. Mackay, 1956

53 Joyce Marcus, 198?

54 E. Meletinskii, 1982

55 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc, 1971

56 Mexico, 1954, 1957

57 Museo Nacional de Arqueologica y Etnologia Guatemala, 1952-1960

58 Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography Kunstkamera, 1994

59 Nauka Publishing House, 1966

60 Pamiatniki Mirovoi Literatury, 1966 61 Peabody Museum Harvard University, 1964-1966, (J. Brew, Iu.

Knorozov, Gordon Willey, Sophie Coe, Henry Field)

62 Tatiana Proskouriakoff, 1970

63 Luis Vasquez Pueyo, 1970

64 F. I. Pyzhianov, 1985, 1994

65 Jim Rauh, 1970

66 A.A. Reformatskii, 1961

67 Research Council on Cybernetics Academy of Sciences, USSR, Re: Correspondence Reports on Linguistics-Semiotics, 1959, 1962, 1966

68 Research Council on Cybernetics Academy of Sciences, USSR, Re: Decipherment of Ancient Scripts, 1964-1966, 1968, 1970, 1973, [Folder includes correspondence with Pavlov, Boiko, Rozentsveig, Markov, and Shreder]

69 F. Roucaute, 1962

2 1 Salvador, 1953, 1956

2 Anatolii Shkunkov, 1994

3 Staatliches Museum Fr Vlkerkunde, Dresden, 1957, 1959, [Kurt Biermann to Knorozov]

4 L. Supagn, 1970

5 W. Cameron Townsend, 1956

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6 C.L. Trepaniek, c. 1960

7 University of Chicago Press, 1974

8 Uruguay, 1953

9 V.A. Ustinov, 1959-1962 (correspondence and notes related to Ustinovs dissertation)

10 Venezuela, 1953, 1956-1959

11 Vestnik Akademii Nauk , n.d. 12 Voprosy Iazykoznaniia, 1976 13 Voprosy Istorii , 1976-1977 14 Wenner-Gren Foundation, 1962

15 Mark Zhukovskii, 197?-199?

16 Unidentified Correspondents, 1977

Writings

Manuscripts

17 K State Izobrazitelnoe Tvorchestvu Detei on the article Children Art 18 Colloquium on Signal Systems Theory (transcript)

19 K Voprosu Osmysle Termina Promiskuitet (of the meaning of the term promiscuity)

20 Ieroglificheskie Rukopisi Maiia (EPOL ) (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts)

21 Nadpis na sarkofage V Palenke (Inscription on the Sarcophagus at Palenque)

22 O Sbornike Iskusstvo Stran Iatinskoi Ameriki (O Ceophlike Uckycctbo Ctrah Atuhckou Amerk)

23 Osobennosti detskikh izobrazhenii (Peculiarities of Childrens Art)

24 Osobennosti sovremennykh signalnykh sistem (Peculiarities of Contemporary Signal Systems)

25 Paleolithic Art in North America

26 Peopling of the New World (Original Title Unknown)

27 Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia (The Writing of Maya Indians) 28 V Zashchito T. Kheierdala (In Defense of T. Heyerdahl)

29 Review of Andreevas Dissertation Algorithmic Recognition of Statistical Combinatory Types of Word Change and Word Categories Based on Russian Language

30 Review of the article Cosmological Text of the Ancient Eastern European Black Sea Area - By Marchenko

31 Response to Thompsons and Barthels Critique of Knorozovs Decipherment of Maya Writing

Offprints

32 The Ancient Ways of the Mayans

33 Review of Michael Coes Book Americas First Civilization 34 Drevnee Pepuanskoe Pismo: Problema I Gipotezy, 1970 (Ancient

Peruvian Script: The Problem and Hypotheses) 35 K Voprosuo Genezise Paleoliticheskikh Izobrazhenii, 1976 (On the

Origins of Paleolithic Art)

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36 Zametki o Kalendare Maiia (Notes on Maya Calendar, 1971, 1973), [several articles about classic Maya calendar]

Research Files

37 Africa - Nigeria Archaeology, [an article about Akwanshi]

3 1 Africa Writing

2 Ainu - Artifacts-Ikunisi, [photographs and notes on Ikunisi]

3 Ainu - Pictographs

4 Ainu Religion - Kuril Islands Archaeology

5 America - Contacts with the Old World

6 America - Indigenous Languages

7 America - Peopling, [Offprints of several articles]

8 Anthropology Russia - Bibliography

9 Aztec Archaeology [Michael Coe 1964 offprint]

10 Central American Newspapers

11 Chinese Writing

12 Communication in Space

13 Consejo Estatal Consultivo de la Educacion en Yucatan

14 Eskimo - Archaeology

15 Eskimo - Pictographs

16 Europe Astronomy

17 Evolutionary Biology

18 Indus Script - Decipherment

19 Japanese Writing

20 Ket Mythology

21 Kuril Islands -Archaeology

22 Kuril Islands - Newspapers

23 Linguistics - Bibliography

4 1 Linguistics - Cybernetics

2 Linguistics - Cybernetics, Reports of the research Council on Cybernetics

3 Linguistics -Invented Languages

4 Linguistics -Morphology

5 Linguistics - Phonology

6 Linguistics - Secret Codes and Cyphers

7 Linguistics - Poetry and Metrics

8 Linguistics - Semantics

9 Linguistics - Semiotics

10 Linguistics - Semiotics Ethnic Semiotics Group, 1989

11 Linguistics - Semiotics Research Council on Cybernetics 1962

12 Linguistics - Signal Systems

13 Linguistics - Signal Systems, Animals

14 Linguistics - Signal Systems, Child Development

15 Linguistics - Signal Systems, Nonverbal Communication

16 Linguistics - Structural Analysis, Articles by A. Reformatskii

17 Linguistics-Theory

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18 Maya - Archaeology George L. Cowgill

19 Maya - Art Themes, Specific Themes: Women, bats, snakes, vultures, rabbits, foxes, dogs, jaguars, monkeys, deer, trees, zodiac, new year, katuns

5 1 Maya Artifacts, Pottery

2 Maya Artifacts, Pottery - Clarkson

3 Maya Artifacts, Pottery - Chetumal Vessel [now at Dumbarton Oaks]

4 Maya - Astronomy, Michael Coe Native Astronomy in Meso America

5 Maya - Languages Names and Place Names

6-8 Maya - Bibliography (3 folders)

9 Maya - Calendar Maricela Ayala and Munro S. Edmonson, 1969

10 Maya - Chronology

11 Maya - Kinship

12 Maya Languages - Chontal, Article by Atwin Smailus, Escritura Maya, November 1969

13 Maya Languages - Comparative

6 1-2 Maya Languages Writing, Word Lists by theme, Time, Weather, Celestial Objects, Pottery, Clothes, Household Items, Astronomy, Political Organization, Kinship, Agriculture, Trade, War, Gods (2 Folders)

3 Maya Languages Yukatek, Colonial Dictionaries

4 Maya Languages Yukatek, Dictionary

5 Maya Languages Yukatek, Grammar

6 Maya Movies, Ershova

7 Maya Religion - Gods, Red Winter Moiety, Blue Summer Moiety

7 1 Maya Religion -Gods, God B/ Chaak, GI, God K/ Kawill, God D

2 Maya Writing - Decipherment notes on Leon de Rosny

3 Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by Thomas Barthel

4 Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by Roberto Escalante

5 Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by David H. Kelley

6 Maya Writing - Decipherment, Reviews of Knorozovs Writing of Maya Indians and of Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinous Application of Electr. Computing machines in the study of Maya script.

7-8 Maya Writing - Inscriptions (2 folders)

9 Maya Writing - Reading and Translation Leiden Plaque

10 Maya Writing - Sign Frequency

11 Maya Writing - Signs

12 Mesoamerica Archaeology, Teotihvacan

13 Mesoamerica Writing, Joyce Marcus

14 Mongolian Archaeology and Writing

15 Navigation History Dicke Y Julio A. Ibarra Grasso

16 Nogai Kinship, [1 chart of kinship terms]

8 1 Olmec - Archaeology, offprints of articles by M. Coe, and Knorozovs Notes on M. Coes Americas First Civilization

2 Olmec - Monuments, Photographs of Monuments from Lauenta Cerro

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de las Mesas

3 Olmec - Religion, Notes on Olmec religion and Gods

4 Olmec Writing - Notes on Isthmian Writing [sign lists and specific inscriptions Tuxla tres zapotes]

5 Paleolithic Art Origins, Unorozous Notes on a monograph by stoliar

6 Peru - Inca, Guaman Poma de Ayala, Cutouts of Drawings by Guaman Poma Published in the Russian Edition of Garcilaso de la Vega

7 Peru - Mochica Mythology [offprint of an article by Berezkin]

8 Peru Writing - Knorozovs Notes on Tukapu Offprints of two articles by Thomas S. Barbel Dealing with Dukapu Offprint of an Article by Ibarra Grasso [About Inca Hieroglyphs], Offprint of an Article by Gustavo Baca Corzo [on Same subject] Review of Peruvian Writing by unknown author Bibliography of words by Barthel and Jara

9 Peru Writing [publications and materials prepared by Victoria de la Jara]

10 Russia - Ethnography

11 Russia - Kinship

12 Russia - Siberia Ethnography

13 Russia Writing - History

14 Social Theory - Ethnicity, Articles by Gomilev

15 Social Theory - Kinship, Articles by Girenko

16 Social Theory - Political Economy

17 Social Theory - Social Evolution, Marriage

9 1 Statistics

2 Survival in Extreme Conditions

3 Systems of Theory

4 Systems Theory, Theory of Collectives

5 Writing - Comparative Alphabets and Syllabaries

6 Writing - Comparative Numbers

7 Writing - Comparative Pictographs

8 Writing - Maps

9 Writing - Rebus

10 Writing Theory, Samkovas Manuscript Origins and Development of Writing

11 Zapotec Archaeology, Religion

12 Zapotec - Monuments and Inscriptions