Do

tmSoT

m m TREATMENT OF THIRTY SPECIES OF

PASTURE GRASSES AMD LEGUMES W O T

CERTAIN DO POST DIBXMF&GTkWT®

THESIS

Presented to the Graduate Council of the

North Texas State College in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirement*

For the Degree of

MASTER OF SCHICK

By

179888 Caleb Perrin Clark* Jr., B.S*

Sonic* Texas

August, 1950

179888

TABLE OP COHTBHTS

f a g # MBT OF TABLES I v

Chapter I. XStTRODUCTICm . . . . . . . 1

Review of Literature 5fiae Problem

I I . DISIHPEC5AOTS, SXP6BZKE9TAL WORK, AHD EXFERBilHTAI/ BAfA . . , . 10

Disinfectants Laboratory Worte Experimental Data

I I I . DI3CUSSI08, SUJMAHXV C0SCL0SI0»S, AID RSCOMHEirDATIORS 1 5

D i s c u s e l a n

R®coEEtt©adati ons

BIBLIOGRAPHY $k

ill

tlST OP TABI&S

Table Page

1* Scientific and Casmm Hamas of the Ifairtj Species of Plant Seeds Used la This Study • 3-3

2. Gemination Rates of 100 Seed® of Afgrostls &lba, (E&dtop cane), Treated T»ith2.G flUTlgrama„ 2»5 Milligrams and 3,0 X U U g n w of of Three Du Pocefc Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 milignoNi of Seeds 16

3. Gemination Bates of 10© Seeds of Aadawpogaa fure&tus (Bis "blu©st<as)» Treated with Z.O Milligrams, 2.5 Milligrams and 3*0 MllM^WttS of E&Gh of Three Du Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds 17

If. Gemination Rates of 100 Seeds of Andropo&on ischaeiam (King Ranch Wastes)» treated with z.o Milligrams, 2.5 Milligrwas and 3»0 Milligrams of Eaeh of Three Du Peait Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 milligrams of Seeds 10

5* Gemination Rates of 100 Seeds of Aadropof acopariuja (Little bluest**}, treated wj ^.0 Milligrams# 2.5 Milligrams and 3«0 Milligrams of Bach of Three Du Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milli-graas of Seeds . 19

6» Germination Rates of 100 Seeds of Bouteloua. ourtlpendula (sideoats grama), lamlM*™" irith 2.0 Milligrans, 2.5 Mill!grans and 3*0 Milligrams of S&eh of Uhre© Du Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Xilligraas of Seeds 20

iv

Table Page

?* CHunslnatlon Kates of 100 Seeds of Brcama (Mountain bfon«), Treated «dUi

2«0 Milligrams* Z*$ Milligrams and 3.0 Milligrams of Each of Three Pu Poat Seed Disinfectant* Reapeotively par 500 m i l l grass of Saeda 21

8* 0«»2afttlm latea of 100 Seeds of Brornua cathartlcua (Rescue grass), f rented irlth

grama, 2»5 Jfilligrams and 3 . 0 Milligrams of Each, ©f ©ire# Bu Pont Seed Disinfectants Beapeotivaly par 500 Milllgranui of Seeds 22

9* Qamiaafclfai Hates off 100 Seeds ©f Buehloe daofcyleidea (Buffalo Rrasa). With 2.0 Milligrams, 2.5 Milligrams and 3.0 Milllgims of Bach of Sbvaa'Du Pont seed Bisinfeetimts Respectively par 500 Milligrams of Seeds • • • » # . . . . . « , » 23

10. Germination Rates of 100 Seeds of Cynodon d&etjlon (Benrtuda grass} t Treated a i th £*d Milligrams* 2«5 Milligrams and 3«0 Milligrams of Each, of Three Bu pent Seed Bisinfeatanta Reapeetively per $00 Killigraons of 3eeds , . , . 2)4,

11 * Geminatioa Ritas of 10© Seeds of Era roatig eOTga | Weeping!©?'egrass) # • freaied wi'tK 2.0 Milligrams, 2*5 Milligrams and 3 .0 Milligrams of Each of Three £u p<mt Seed Dis infectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

12, Semination late® of 100 Seed# of Paafcuea elatior (Meadow fescue), Treated with 2*0 Milligrams, 2 .5 Milligrams and 3.0 Milligrams of laofa of Three Du Poat Seed Disinfectant* Bsapeetively par $00 MiUigraaa of Saeda 26

13 * demlnafclm Bate# of 100 Seeds of Lespedeza jjjgjgftS* (Lespedesa), Treated w l l T O MiUlgraiaa, 2.5 Mi l l igram and 3 . 0 Milligrams of Each of Three m Pont Seed Dis infectants Reapeetively par 500 Milligrams of Seeds . , 2?

Table Big#

l4« Gemination Bates of 100 Seeds of Kedioago hlsplda (Bur clover), Treated wlth. Z.0 Milligrams, 2.5 Milligrams «&d<3+0 Milligrams of Eaeh of Three Du Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds 28

15* aeralnatlon Rates of 100 Seeds of ttedicago

Milligrams of Bach of Three Du Font Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds . . . . 29

16. Geisiafttioa Sates of 100 3eeds of Melilotus alba (White clover), treated with 2.0 Milligrams, 2.5 Milligrams and 3«0 Hi 111-

of Saoh of Three Du Font Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds 30

17. Germination Rates of 100 Seeds of Hclilotus alba annua (Hubs® clover), Tinted with S»0 Milligrams, 2*5 Milligrams and 3,0 Milligrams of Bach of fturee Du Poet Seed Disinfectants Respectively par 500 Milligrams of Seeds 31

18. Gexwlnatian Rates of 100 Seeds of Melilotus alba Cvar.) (Evergreen, sweet clover), treated with 2,0 Milligrams, 2*5 Milligrams, and 3«0 Milligrams of Each of Three Du Font Seed Msiafeotaxstg Respectively per 500 Milligram* of Seeds 32

19* Germination Rates of 100 Seeds of Melilotus <MRd?15 clover), reatesfwlth

2.0 miligwas# 2.5 Milligrams and 3.0 Milligrams of Each of Three Du Font Seed Dlslnfectanta Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds 33

20* Gemination Rates of 100 Seeds of Melilotus sp. (Sweet clover) , Treated with 2.0 ' Milligrams, 2.5 Milligrams and 3.0 Milligrams of Bach of Three Du Font Seed Disinfectants Reprectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds . 3^

vi

Table Pag®

21. Gemination Rate® of 100 Seeds of Melllotus ap+ (Red clover)» Treated with Z.Q KlligrSBi#, 2.5 Milligrams and 3«0 Milligrams of Each of three Dm Font Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 M i l l i g m a s o f Seeds 35

22* G&m&mtlm Hates of 100 Seeds of Panleiaa vlrgatmt (Switch grass), Treated with."*2,0 Milligrams, 2*5 *Tiliigraas and 3 . 0 Milligrams of Each of Bare© ©a, Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 M i l l l g m a a of Seeds . 36

23 • Gemination fetes of 100 Seeds of pagpalra di la t&tm { m i l l s g m # s } # T r e a t s m t h ~2,0 Mllligrsaas, Z*$ Milligrams and 3»0 Mi 111 grama oC Each of three Du, Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds 37

«%* Gemination Rates of 100 Seeds of Poa pratenals (Kentucky blusgrass), Treated lli 2,0 "

Milligrams, 2,5 Milligrams and 3»0 Milli-grams of Each of Three Du Pont Seed Dis-infectants Respectively per 500 Milli-grams of Seeds . , 4 • , . , 38

25* Oexnlnatlon Rates of 100 Seeds of Sorafaastrm (Indian g r a s s ) , Treated idth 2»0

M i l l i g r a m s , 2.5 M i l l i g r a m s and 3,0 M i l l i -grams of iSaeh of Three Du Pont Seed D i s -in fectants Respectively per 500 Milligraas of Seeds — 39

26, Gexmlnatlon Rates of 100 Seeds of St sadanenae (Caramon sndanHTfreated > Milligrams, 2-5 Milligrams and 3 , 0

Mil l igrams of Each of Three Dm Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds * J o

27. Gemination Rates of 100 Seeds of Sporobolus (Seashore grass), Treated with

2»0 M i l l i g r a m s» 2 * 5 M l l l i i p p a a s and 3 . 0 Milligrams of Each of Three Du Pont Seed Disinfectants Respectively per 500 Milligrams of Seeds • *

v i l

28.

2f,

32,

obolu* mmimtion Mm tm of 100 Bm4m of i n m » C forerty G3NM*}, TSNft r T S S t e m # 2*$ Milligram* and

3*0 Ilillignaaa of laeti of fto®# Su Pont Seed Disinfectant* Respectively per 3>00 Milligram! of 3ood«

GHmaiimtiaa R&tos of 100 Soods of Trlfoliua (Alalia;

i, 2*5 M^U^vmas «od 3«0 XlXligmis of £Mh of ftee* ©« Ponfc 3®©d Blalnfootants Respectively p®r 500 Elll^wt of 3e*d*

30* Si«3mtlOR B&tas of 100 Se«d» of ggjfaMm (crtnaaa e la rar ) , f m t o O «ltb

i« 2#5 KtlXigrm* «&d 3*0 MiUJtows of Basil of ffcr«# Ou ?onfc S@ed XO^taT«0tiinfcs Bespoetlvely' p«r 500 MinignHM of

31* 0*ittiaafci«i fata&s of 100 S®ed* of YicUi „ w W l l i ^xwatod WMBT'2.0

•* Zm$ 1ft Ingram* and 3*0 Silllgfiw®. of 8Mb «C 3!fcre© Da Pont Seed. Slalnfae tanks per £00 pf of Seeds * #

parcontagea of Xaeraasad domination of thirty of ?la»fc Seeds Tree/feed with 1«ttoMnM Ji»Rijfci of Cortain Sa. Wat S-inwi S&alnftoetants «

Page

1*2

fa3

1*4

ks

So

viii

CHAPTEB I

INTRO DU CTIGH

Attempts at revegetation of grasslands are now being

mad© at great eoat and fch® outcos# is problematical* Follow-

ing the destruction of natural vegetation by fir®, wind and

mt@r # imn baa attempted by means of artificial barrier# and

the furrowing of vast areas, to minimiae the damage. The

regressing of nearly denuded areas is being scientifically ^

studied, and work if in progress along botanical, agronomic,

mad engineering lines# Soil technologistst pasture manage-

ment specialists, and others trained and experienced in their

special fields are diligently at work on this vitally im-

portant subject, determined to give constructive advice which

eventually will tend to heal these unsightly spots on the

surface of the earth.1 One hundred and ten million acres of

graaaland improvement has been practiced on less than three

million acres.2 The climax grasses, so well known by our

forefathers, AMropogton sooparlus. Andropo&on furoatua and

aorglmatruM nutans, have long since retrogressed to a graeing

^Prank Cm Sates, Grasses in Kansas, p. 9*

f?®ul Walser, WA Survey of Conservation in Texas During 1948,* Dallas Morning News. January 19, 1949, Section Three*" p. 9. ' *

dlscllsjax of Andronogon saooharoldes. Buchloe dactyloldes or

to the various species of Stlpa« Climax forage conditions

are moat desirable but even when sueh conditions have been

determined It may take years of regrassing for such a projeofc

to become a reality. Today, the trend Is toward raising more

lives took for market* This trend could be enhanced if surety

of seed germination and production of mature plants were la-

proved.

History of Seed Treatment

Accident frequently plays an important role in the dis-

covery of better ways of doing things. An accident was

largely responsible for first teaching nan how to control

plant diseases* A study of the innumerable failures and the

occasional successes which have attended the efforts of sol-

entific workers in the development of seed treatments reveals

a thrilling chapter in the struggle of man with nature*

About the year 1670 a sailing vessel loaded with wheat en-

countered a storm ana ran aground near Bristol, England*

Parsers living along the coast salvaged some of the grain,

found it too saturated with sea water to use for flour, and

hence planted it instead. One farmer noticed that the wheat

produced by the salvaged seeds was fairly free from sazut#

while nearby fields grown from normal seeds were heavily

smutted. This farmer resolved to try tanking his seed wheat

in sea water before p l a n t i n g . ^

Whether this individual followed good experimental

practice and left sooe of the seeds untreated as a control

is not known• He must have succeeded, however, in proving

to his fellow farmers that soaking seed wheat in sea water

or sprinkling it with brine helped to grow cleaner crops of

wheat* . The writings of the next century indicate that the

brining of seed wheat was a coiaaon practice.*

It was nearly 100 years after the sailing vessel met

with disaster that Sehulthuss of Germany suggested the use

of blue vitriol for treatment of seeds In place of salt.5

Thus, for an entire century, men treated seed wheat with salt

water before anyone had sufficient curiosity to search for a

better method* Mo one knew why treating seed wheat helped

to reduce smut* In the case of severely smutted wheat,

people undoubtedly noticed that the seed coat was darkened

with a black powder from the smutty heads* Evidently it did

not occur to anyone to associate this black powder on the

seeds with the smutty crop which such seeds produced* other

farmers, no doubt, blasiod this condition on too nsuoh moisture

©r too dry weather* At any rate, no one seemed to have the

slightest conception of the nature of the source of the amit

disease-*

% u Pont de Keoours Corporation, author and publisher, 8e«d Treatment, p* 5-#

W * 5Ibid.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, frmmt In

Franco observed the germination of smut spores in water* He

found, however, that a small amount of copper sulfate added

to the water prevented spore germination*® His observation

furnished the key to the problen of seed treatment. It was

not, however, until the year 1363, that Anton de Bary, a

Oenaan Botanist, proved that smut was caused by a parasitic

fungus living on and at the expense of the wheat plant#7

From the time of the discovery of de Bary of the para-

sitic nature of smut and of the role played by spores on the

seeds, the search for a suitable substitute for copper sul-

fate went on until the year 1396• Copper sulfate did not

always control smut effectively. Frequently this chemical

injured the seeds* The method of soaking seeds was slow and

laborious and required drying the seeds before planting,8

Consequently the search for a better seed treating material

centered around a product which could be applied store readily,

and which did not require the soaking of the grain*

Many treatments were studied and reJeoted for nearly

half a century. There were numerous modifications of the

%oy A. Chesaxaore, private correspondence, Oklahoma. Agricultural and Mechanical College*

% a Pont de Nemours Corporation, author and publisher. Seed Treatment, p* 7#

%©y A* Chessmore, private correspondence, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College*

original copper sulfate treatment• For example, following

the soaking period in the copper sulfate solution, a lime

bath was used to reduce Injury to the seeds. All of the

available compounds of copper were tested without finding

any one superior to the sulfate. Sulfur compounds were also

examined and one known as liver of sulfer (potassium poly

sulfide) was used to a limited extent»&

In the early 1890*s a newly introduced chemleal,

formaldehyde, was believed the answer to the seed disinfect-

ant problesu This had several advantages over copper sul-

fate# The long soaking periods required of copper sulfate

solutions were reduced in that Merely wetting the seeds with

the formaldehyde solution was sufficient. Furthermore,, the

new cheaioal was much more effective than copper sulfate and

was also found suitable for use against oat and barley sisuts«

I*oriaaldehyde, following its Introduction to this country by

Arthur of Indiana and Bolley of forth Dakota, rapidly re-

placed copper sulfate, although the latter is still used

somewhat *2-0

Thus far, scientific workers bad directed their studies

toward products which oould be used in water, in that it was

felt that solubility In water was a necessary requirement»

However, in the year 1917, Darnell-Smith of Australia suggest-

ed the use of copper carbonate applied to seeds as a dust

9 S M » 10Ibid*

6

treatment• Following the investigations of Darnell-Smith,

copper carbonate was Introduced as the first successful dust

treatment for the seeds of wheat Perhaps World War I

stimulated the use of this product, in that losses from

wheat a out could not be tolerated during war times* It was

necessary that every acre of land yield a sax!mm crop.

In 1912 a new group of compounds were brought to the

attention of those seeking nm and better way® of treating

seeds* European scientists seeking new chemicals for use

ia cofltoatting diseases of mankind found that certain organic

meroury compounds coxabined high efficiency in destroying

bacteria and spores with relatively little tendency to injure

body tissueSince these Qualities were eagerly sought by

those studying seed treatment problems, these new organic

mercury compounds were tested extensively. The results of

the prelimlnary Investigations were so encouraglng that

scientific workers turned their attention to these new com-

pounds* The earliest of these organic mercurials wore the

mercurated phenols, chemical combinations of mercury and car-

bolle acid. These were suitable for use only when dissolved

or suspended In water.13 I n these chemicals was found an

l02K>ttM Corporation, author and publisher, •'iimmSmSmiimimm

. - ^ * Chessoore, private correspondence » Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College*

almost Immediate use for the treatment of vegetable seeds and

seed potato®*. However, the coat of the substances Involved

was prohibitive as compared to the cost of formaldehyde and

copper carbonate,

Haturally the discovery of the fact that organic mer-

curials of the aercurated phenol type possessed certain very

desirable qualities as seed disinfectants led to the prep-

aration by chemists of many other organic mercury compounds•

Hundreds of compounds and thousands of mixtures and Modifi-

cations of these have been made and studied* About ten

years ago further Impetus was given to the seed treatment

investigations by the introduction* aaoog others, of the

alkyl and aryl mercury salts* These were many times more

efficient as fungicides than the original mercurated phenols.

These were highly effective against the smuts of wheat, oats

and barley* 14 The chief objection to this group of compounds

was that the cost of manufacturing was still too high to make

thea available for seed treatments* Made by the usual labor-

atory process a pound coat over one hundred dollars. Research

chemists finally found a way to manufacture these compounds

in large quantities at a siaall fraction of the original cost*

Nevertheless, the cost of treating seed grain was still

eight to fifteen cents per bushel. This was too high to

favor general adoption of these chemicals as seed disinfectants.i5

„ . 4Du Font de Nemours Corporation, author and publisher. Seed. Treatment, p* 10. *

15Ibid.. p. 11*

8

Further studies showed that these mercurials were

volatile and gave off disinfecting vapors upon toeing applied

to the seeds# This showed their action to be somewhat like

that of formaldehyde* In that the vapors from these volatile

mercurial disinfectants penetrated the m&sa of seeds and

surrounded each one, a relatively small aaount of the powder

suffices in the treatment of a large quantity of seeds.3-6

On the basis of this information it was then found possible

to prepare a dry disinfectant which was effective and yet

inexpensive. Modern grain treatments of this sort have now

reduced the cost of dry disinfection to less than two cents

per bushel of seeds* Furthermore, much of the labor and time

involved in treating large quantities of seeds have been

eliminated.

This review has dealt primarily with the efforts of

scientists to control certain snmt diseases of grains» How-

ever, one zaust not overlook the fact that the cereals con-

stitute only one group among laany plants attacked by seed-borne

diseases, These can and should be controlled or eliminated

by the use of disinfectants»

The Problem

The principal reason for treating plant seeds is to

obtain good stands of vigorous, healthy plants that will pro-

duce increased yields of superior seed. A good fungicide

16Ibid., p» 11.

9

destroys harmful seed-boraa pathogens and also protects the

germinating seeds fro® soil-Inhabiting fungi* Such fungicides

are now available, but for the moat part current literature

deals with the use of these with reference to fruits, vege-

tables and other crops such as cotton and wheat.

Seed treatment for forage crops has received consider-

able attention in recent years, but the great number and

diversity la genera and species in this group stakes general

recommendations difficult. Under suitable conditions the

landowner would have at his disposal comparative values of

the most popular fungicidal disinfectants* These data are

of concern to specific species and definite localities*

Pertinent literature dealing with seed treatment of

forage crops is almost non-existent# This lack of liter-

ature, plus a recognised need for improving farms and range-

land In a large portion of the United States, emphasizes the

necessity for this study. This problem has oonslsted of

first, the acquisition of three present day reoognized Du Pont

seed disinfectants and the seeds of thirty species of plants

of significant economic importance; second, the conduction

of a series of experiments whereby the three test seed dis-

infectants could be evaluated as such In terms of the plant

seeds used; and third, an attempt to set up recoramendation*

of value to the agriculturist and the rancher who practice

the planting of those seeds, used in this study, for the im-

provement of their lands.

CHAPTER II

DISIfiFECTA&TS, EXPERIMENTAL ffOKK,

AND KXPERBiEHTAL DATA

Disinfectants

Dm Pont seed disinfectants Arasan, lew Improved Ceresan

and Semes&n Jr. were selected for this study* The reason

for ohoosing these three disinfectants is accredifcable to

favorable results that have been obtained by others in the

treatment of seeds similar to the ones used in this investi-*

tation. Preference was given disinfectants believed to pro-

tect the plant seeds over extended growing periods•

Hew Improved Ceresan, a slowly volatile compound, has

been recommended coHSBeroially for disinfecting seeds pos*

sessing protective husks. The seeds of several plants used

ia this problem, particularly the grasses Andropogon fug**

oatus. Buchloe dacfc.yloldes. Sorghastrum nutans and Boute-

loua curtipendula. have such husks, hence the selection of

this particular disinfectant. The active ingredient of this

compound is five per cent ethyl mercuric phosphate.

Senesan Jr. contains one per cent ethyl mercuric phos-

phate. This ia the same active ingredient of Hew Improved

Ceresan with the strength of the active organic mercury

decreased. In order to disinfect seeds such as those of

10

11

Melllotus sp» and Ira-rostla ourirola., all of which possess

rather non-resistant seed coats, a less potent fungicide

for these fis believed desirable•

Arasan contains fifty per cent tetraiaethyl thiura»-

dlsulfide, This was chosen because It is reputed to be

highly effeotive against soil fungi for the prolonged germ-

ination periods required of many plant seeds such as those

of Andropogon scoparlus, Andropogon lsohaemuia and Cynodon

daotylon, all of which were used in this problem#

laboratory Work

Three varying dilutions of each Arasan, New Improved

Ceresan and Semesan <Jr* were prepared and placed into snail

glass bottles• Two and five tenths silligrams of disin-

fectants for each five hundred milligrams of seeds were used

as an average dilution, two milligrams of disinfectant for

each five hundred milligrams of seeds were used for the

least concentrated dilution and three jail 11 grans of disin-

fectant for each five hundred milligrams of seeds were used

for the most concentrated dilution. The weighed quantities

of each Individual species of seeds were &dd«<S to the respec-

tive dilutions. The bottles were then capped and shaken

vigorously in order to distribute thoroughly the disinfectant

over the seeds* Thus treated, the seeds were undisturbed

for a twenty-four hour period, the length of time reputedly

required for most organic fungicides to penetrate seed

12

A clean whit© sand was collected at Clear Creek,

seven miles northeast of Denton, Texas, brought to the lab-

oratory and sereened of foreign material• The pE of the

sand, determined by the oolorimetric method, was found to

be 7#4. In order to set up the incubation plates three

hundred petri dishes were sterilized and fifty-five grama

of thia ©lean sand were added to each#..

The bottles containing the seeds were shaken again and

their contents emptied upon clean filter paper* The treated

seeds were then divided into ten lota of one hundred aeede

each and the respective incubation plates seeded* Twelve ••

cubic centimeters of distilled water were added to each

incubation plate* These were covered and placed in an incu-

bator at a temperature of thirty-seven degrees cent igrade*

Most of the specie® of seeds used in this study were

obtained froci a corsnercial seed distributor in Denton,

Texas* The others were obtained upon request from the

Southern Oreat Plains Field Station, Woodward, Oklahoma*

The thirty species of plants, the seeds of which we.ee used

in this problem, are listed in Table 1*

15

TABLE 1

SCIENTIFIC AH1) COMMON KAHKS OF THE THIRTY SPECIES OF PLANT SEEDS USED II THIS STDUT

Scientific Same

Agroatia alba » . • . . Andropogon furcatua . •• Andropogon lachaemun.- • Andropogon acopariua* • Boutel©ua curtipendula. Bromua oarlnatua. . . . Broaaia catharticua. • « B»©hl©@ daotyloidea * « Gynodon dactyl em. * • • Kragroatia curvula . * • Featuoa elatior • • • • Lespedem oaja@ata • • • Hedle&go hiapida, * . * Jtedieag© aativa. • « « Melilotu* alba • * * « Melilotua alba annua. . Kelilotua alba (Tar) • Kelilotua officinalla * Jlelilofcus ap# « • • * # Melilotua ap« * * * * « Panlcum virgatunu • • « Paapalum dilatatum • . Poa pratenaia • « « • . Sarghaatru» nutana. , . • Sorghum vulgar® audanenae Sporobolua virginicua » • Sporobolua vaginaeflorus. Trifolium hybridua. . * . Trifollua incarnatum. • • Vlcia vllloaa « . « . * *

m m m •

* •

*

*

#

*

• CoB«ori Name

Kedtop cans Big bluest®® King Ranch bluestea Little bluesten Sideoata gram fountain broae Reaeue graaa Buffalo graaa B©K»£a grass leeplng lovegraaa Meadow fescue

Bur clover Alfalfa Whit® clover Hubam clover Evergreen awoot-clover Madrid clover Sweet olover Red elover Switch graaa Salll® grata* Kentucky bluegraaa Indian grass Cobbsoq audan Seaahore graaa Poverty graaa Alaike clover Criiaaon clover Hairy vetch

Experimental Data

Tablea 2 through 31 give the ratea of germination for

the individual apeciea of aeeda with reapect to the three

dilutions of each diainfectant used, The fourth column of

theae tables presents germination ratea for the untreated

species of plant aeeda* The number of daya growth during

14

which observations were made upon the seeds of each individual

spaclea of test plants is recorded In the last coIuheu fabl®

32 lists the percentage of Increased germination of the

treated as compared with the untreated seeds and the deter-

mined aaounts of disinfectant necessary for the treatment of

one hundred pounds of seeds of each species*

CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS

M m RBCCS4MEBD&TIGHS

Emphasis has been placed upon two phases of study la

this investigations First, the germination rates of seeds

treated with various dilutions of three Du Pont seed di»-

lnfectants; and second, the fungicidal properties exhibited

by these various dilutions of the three seed disinfectants

used#

The average germination rates of untreated seeds, the

asm© species of which were used in this problem, were ob-

tained froa the Denton County Agricultural Experiment Sta-

tion. Comparisons were made between these data and the

gemination rates of the thirty species of plant seeds used

in this problem. These comparisons show that the normal

germination rates of the treated seeds were not affected#

Tables 2 through 51 show the number of days during

which seedlings were counted and the rates of germination of

th# treated and of the untreated seeds* These experiment&1

data have been placed Into three groups• Th« first group

contains the species of plants the treated seeds of which

wer# not attacked by fungi. The untreated seeds of thesa

n&rnm species were attacked by fungi. This group is

15

16

A M M I M T K M BATES OP 100 SEEDS OF AGROSYIS ALBA (HBOTOP CANE) » YHEATSD WITH 2.0 MILLIQRAHS, "2.5 TOXTGRAKS AMD 3*0 MILLIGRAMS OF EACH OP 3SHSB W POUT SHIS) DISIHFECMTS RESPECTIVELY PES 500

MILLIGRAMS OF SEEDS

XiiigS' Cmmfced

Day Counts of Seedlings Control

XiiigS' Cmmfced

Millies®! of Control XiiigS'

Cmmfced Arasan Seros&n 3T* '

Control XiiigS'

Cmmfced 2,0 zs 3*0 —2^F 2.5 '3.0 2,0 2,5 3.0 '

Control

1 © 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 9 2 i 2 3 3 1 3 1 1

3 3 9 2 6 7 7 2 9 4 3

If 6 16 9 10 11 12 4 lL "T 9 7

5 11 21 Ik 12 14 15 6 21 12 8

6 4Sm€*L 23 2k anvnegir 15 23 25 8 29 19 11

T 34 37 31 19 31 31 10 33 23 19

3 39 43 37 23 49 48 12 37 25 21

10 51 48 51 29 61 60 16 4l 31 3?

12 56 55 62 33 74 75 18 50 39 4l

14 6i % 67 41 8l 81 25 63 50 47 16 63 73 70 58 83 % 39 71 54 54 18 71 77 76 71 90 90 44 73 61 % 20 72 81 79 80 94 94 56 76 68 70 22. 73 83 80 S3 94 95 60 77 71 73 2k 73 83 00 84 94 95 68 77 71 73 26 73 83 80 84 94 95 68 77 71 73

17

TABLE 3

(2SRHIHATI0N RATES OF 100 SEEDS OP AKDROPOGOH FURCATOS (Biff mmsrm), mmmm w i t s 2,0 v&ijRMm;1

AID 3.0 wmmmm OF EACH OF TSSES m POI SEED DIS ISFECTAJIFS HESP£CTI?1I»Y PES $00

ISLLXQRAMS OF SEEDS

Days Seed-ling*

- »«r Counts ®P..S#®4Mn» Days Seed-ling*

©if QmitTQ.1 Days Seed-ling* Arasma CaaMiiai S«©S«B J**

QmitTQ.1 Days Seed-ling*

2U0 3 .0 2*0 lOi • 3*0' •1 -2*0 • XV

QmitTQ.1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Q 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 3 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 $ 5 7 0 0 © 0 0 0 0 a 9 7 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

10 i t •MTOtnlft, 9 lit 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

12 li} 11 20 2 1 0 1 0 Q 0 18 IS Ik 2^ 3 3 1 1 0 0 0# ?j| 21 18 26 4 5 2 2 1 0 0 26 27 21 31 7 6 4 3 3 0 0 30 28 2fy, 34 11 7 7 . 5 7 2 3 35 29 31 3? 13 9 9 7 8 2 7 4o 3© 3k 38 14 12 11 8 10 2 8 10 30 36 4 l 14 14 14 9 12 3 11 $0

SPEKn

30

r u n

36 4 l

«"or

14

jffiks-f

14 14 9 12 3 12

•Mur.i? ii

m m m A f i m rates OF 100 seeds OF ahdropgoon xschaekum irm) ( u s m c h mmmm), thbated W W X n T i Z M e T ^ ^ MILLIGRAMS AM) 3,0 HILLXaRABS OP BACH OP ffliUS BU POST

B&y» Seed-lings

Cauatad

Bay Govwti f of SeeC Umv Control

B&y» Seed-lings

Cauatad

KiXi: t*wa its . 3f. Control B&y» Seed-lings

Cauatad . kwmm

Control B&y» Seed-lings

Cauatad <«v 2 #5' T*y 2.0 — r - 3*0 2.0 •2*5 3 * r

Control

1 a 0 2 0 0 Q 1 1 1 0

2 2 0 4 1 2 3 1 3 5 0

3 3 7 9 1 3 5 3 7 9 0

12 J4 17 a 6 7 || 9 9 4 5 21 26 31 5 9 10 9 H 13 12 6 35 39 Jjp 8 10 12 15 17 19 2211 8 45 50 55

• 9

13 15 17 19 21 28

10 50 54 59 13 15 IS 19 21 23 28

15 A 57 60 ik **T

16 m 22 24 2IO .32 20 60 63 68 17 19 22 23 25 27 37 25 66 71 73 19 21 24 25 28 31 4 l 30 ?0 73 75 30 35 39 29 31 33 44 32 72 75 77 37 4l 44 33 36 37 46 3^ 74 77 00 51 5 l 51 4l 4 l 46 43 35 ?4 77 80 51 51 51 41 42 46 43 IfO

*&lra

7%

i ©vi

77

.16&

80

>e or

51

"TSSsc

51 51 41 42 46 48

19

mmximioM mrm w 1 0 0 SEEDS OP mrnm-t {LITTLE mm&mi), TEMTSD WITH 27TWFFIZ%@$MB7Y%~

MILLXGEAM3 USB 3,0 MILL1QRAMM OP MACS OF THREE

mm 500 Mimxmmm OF SEEDS

S®©cl-llngs

Counted

. . S&s y Caa ztai of $© ©€t£» sea • Control S®©cl-

llngs Counted

— • Control S®©cl-llngs

Counted ' Geresaa " ! • » essa* 1 • Control S®©cl-

llngs Counted 2«*» 3*0. 2.#0 2*5 3*» " IB' 3*0

• Control

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 § 3 0 0 I 0 2 2 0 3 2 0 3 1 2 3 1 3 5 0 If 3 0 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 1 |Ni# J

3 1 5 3 5 •*|p 5 8 10 * %

6 k 6 3 7 9 11 7 10 13 3 8 10 12 15 9 12 14 9 11 13 |i

10 17 19 24 13 15 17 16 IS 23 8 20 24 27 30 33 14 17 20 26 2d 14 25 32 34 37 15 17 19 20 29 30 17 30 38 43 46 17 19 21 30 31 34 23 35 53 5? 59 24 fffi 26 33 36 38 27 38 to 63 65 34 37 39 35 38 40 36 l|0 60 67 6? 42 43 45 3« 40 40 39 42 61 67 67 50 53 55 46 43 47 42 44 61 67 67 54 54 55 46 45 4? 42 4& 61 67 67 54 54 55 46 45 47 42

20

f m m 6

aSEMIIAflOI HATES OF 100 SEEDS OF BOtjfBLQUA CUHTIPEliDiJLA (SIDEOA^S ORAM A) » THMSSD WITH

MIHiiaBMS Al© 3«0 MILUGBUUiS OF HASH OF 9HRBS OT PGHf SSiB DISIHPECTASfS RESPECTIVELY

M l 50G MILLIGHA1S OF SEEDS

Days S#®4~ Xioga

Counted

Bay Counts of Seedling* Coatrol

Days S#®4~ Xioga

Counted

^ 1 Coatrol Days S#®4~ Xioga

Counted ' 1 Cereson ' S«ia@s&n Jir. "

Coatrol Days S#®4~ Xioga

Counted 2*0 2*5 3 .0 ~m -m **#U 3 . 0 "jm f%

2*0 3.0

Coatrol

1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

2 6 12 3 1 1 2 0 3 0 0

3 9 n 9 2 3 3 2 6 0 1

4 12 15 11 6 7 7 6 9 3 3

S 15 IT 15 9 9 10 8 10 9 4

6 1? 20 19 11 11 13 11 17 10 17*

3 20 22 22 15 17 18 16 18 14 21

10 26 27 28 18 19 21 20 21 27 31

12 32 31 39 2«S 4Brt r 24 2k 23 30 36 32

14 41 38 '. lt)f *T*r 33 38 37 37 34 42 33

16 56 1# 57 39 42 43 48 49 34

18 63 54 63 47 47 47 47 51 52 36

20 69 67 68 53 51 53 52 54 53 40

22 ? i 73 71 57 6?l 61 58 60 53 40

24 73 73 75 60 66 65 60 60 53 4o

26 A 73 77 60 66 66 60 60 53 40 28

iFfirs

1%

t «v;

73

G&aai

77

S« Sf

60

Twist:

66

L

66 60 60 53 4o

21

wm t

«WW i KATXOH BATES 0? 100 DP BRCMUS CARIKATUS (3K0BHTAIK BROKE), TBKATKD WITH 2 .0 H I L L i a R J M S , ' A I D

3 . 0 vxx&eobahs of each of tubes 00 pqstd s i s b EtSIHIBCTAWPS BESPSCfZVSLT B S 5 00

of seeds

Bays Star Counts «f S e e d l i n g Seed- •"••••• ' SXXX&SMM Control l ings ' ' ' ' "jgMftNMNBT. Samesaa "

Counted 2#Q 2.5 3*0 2.0 2*5 3*0 2*0 2*5 3.0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

2 1 1 i 1 z 0 3 0 3 1

3 3 3 2 3 6 1 7 4 7 5

4 8 8 8 5 10 3 11 5 11 11

5 11 9 10 9 12 5 17 14 15 14 6 14 11 12 14 19 7 28 19 18 19

7 17 14 16 24 25 19 31 24 21 22

8 26 29 18 33 33 26 38 33 30 34 10 36 37 2? 43 47 23 43 41 34 43 12 1§3* 43 38 51 53 33 51 53 43 57

14 54 57 39 60 61 kk 63 % 47 65 16 62 63 43 66 67 53 73 7$ 56 70

18 73 ft 51 73 73 57 81 83 63 70

25 76 3? 6l 78 73 63 as 86 68 71 30 % 90 69 73 84 77 87 37 70 72 35 % 90 74 79 88 77 87 87 74 72 4o 85 90 74 79 88 77 07 87 74 72

22

CrEfMXlATIGH ltftSBS OF 100 SEEDS OF BBGMU8 CAmHTICUS (RESCUE mms), t r ea ted mm 2*0 mujmMm, zS Miidimms jm

3*0 SIliI.2Q.IMMS OF BACH OF MME SO WOWS SEED smxsmmmB msmmzmm rm $m

m m m m m m seeds

Days Seed-lings

Counted

Bay Qmm\ fell of $.*edlla£ii Coat 1^1

Days Seed-lings

Counted

Bill^RPSSS Coat 1^1 Days Seed-lings

Counted Ar&saii Ci gj?osais " S®ae«m: ?r«

Coat 1^1 Days Seed-lings

Counted 2*0 2*5 3*0 2.0 2*5 3*0 2.0 2#5 3.a

Coat 1^1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 1

3 3 3 0 0 1 0 6 7 4 4

k 7 7 1 2 4 3 8 8 a 7

5 9 10 4 4 7 ? 9 10 34 n

6 H 10 17 5 12 12 14 13 17 16

8 17 IS 25 5 13 17 20 19 22 19

10 20 24 31 6 22 29 24 24 29 24 u> 26 32 37 7 22 23 29 32 33 29

14 31 41 41 a 22 24 36 43 41 33 *1 38 m 46 9» 22 35 45 47 52 39®

18 43* 57 47 9 22 26 50# 53 64 41

20 51 58 P 10 22 26 54 62 69 42 #%#% 4£*<K» 57 60 49 11 22 27 59 % 69 42 24 6o 63 49 11 22 27 60 % 69 42 26 6© 63 49 n 22 27 to' % 69 42 28 6o 63 49 11 22 27 * • * < 60 % 69 42

#FIiSr eVi .d'enf fwagi

TABLE f

agfigmATXCSi RATES OF 100 SEEDS OP BUC11UB PACTYLOIDES (BUFFALO 8HASS), YREATED WITH 2.0 HII&GIttfelS, 2.5 miJtimms a® 3*0 ku&xosams w mm of msm

m P«f' SSED DISIOTECTAHT5 RBSFECTIVE3Hr mn $oo nummm of seeds

Bay* Bay Count* of SeadXinjgs Seed- 11 1 1 mtiikjwi "IIIJ '' Control Msgs MMwm ' n i m i Counted %*0 3«o Z*& 3*©' 2*0 3§0

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

3 5 7 2 0 5 0 0 1 0 1

4 8 9 5 0 9 1 0 3 1 3

5 9 11 9 1 11 5 0 IP 3 7

6 11 15 35 3 13 9 0 19 T l4

8 1? 19 18 9 15 34 3 31 19

10 21 25 alf 15 19 17 7 38 19 ?)j

12 2? 30 30 21 21 22 9 43 24 29

34 34 36 33 29 2if 29 14 4? 31 33

16 3S 41 4o 31 29 31 26 So 39 38

18 kx 43 4? 31 30 37 38 53 47 46

20 $7 57 54 31 33 33 43 A 53 53

22 60 59 66 31 36 38 51 56 57 60

24 63 62 70 31 33 3« 51 53 5? (3 26 63 65 71 31 39 38 51 58 58 65 28 68 # 71 31 38 38 51 58 58 65

fABLE 10

a g R X X X A T X G S R A T K S O F 1 0 0 S E E D S O F g g g P S S . | S H A S S ) , f B E A T K D W I S H 2 * 0 M I L L I G R A M S # 2*1

m B 3 , 0 x x u x a s t i i s O P M c a O F rasas i w p a r e s i ®

D a y ® S e e d -l i n g s

C o m i e d

p a y c o u o f c s . C M i ® C G B & T O I

D a y ® S e e d -l i n g s

C o m i e d

M l i l K S W S C G B & T O I D a y ® S e e d -l i n g s

C o m i e d J L W M W M I a m s s a r i j I, ..&3P&

C G B & T O I D a y ® S e e d -l i n g s

C o m i e d " X ' d ' <!#*> 3*0 IS# CI 2 . 5 3 W 2 * 0 2 » 5 3 * " 5 ™

C G B & T O I

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 5 1 1 1 0 3 1 2 1

3 7 6 3 7 2 0 5 4 3 1

i f 1 1 9 7 9 3 1 6 4 5 2

5 1 5 1 3 0 1 4 J*"*T 6 5 9 1 0 2

6 1 9 1 9 1 8 3 4 8 1 0 1 6 1 7 20 3

1 2 t f r 2 5 1 5 9 1 9 1 8 2 3 6

8 3 k 3 9 3 7 1 6 1 9 2 1 2I4. 2 5 2 5 1 2

1 0 1 1 1 1 | 3 2 1 2 8 3 3 - 3 1 4 0 3 6 1 5

3 2 5 0 5 1 5 1 2 9 3 1 4 i 3 9 k$ 1 9

3 4 5 3 6 3 6 2 1 1 1 5 1 4 5 4 8 4 9 1 ( 0 2 1

1 8 6 ? 7 1 7 1 5 0 ft 5 1 5 3 5 7 S f c 2 7

2 4 T 3 7 8 7 9 5 3 6 3 5 3 6 0 5 5 2 3

3 0 7 4 8 5 8 1 % 7 1 1 «i* 7 3 ft 6 1 5 5 2 9

3 5 T 4 8 6 8 1 7 1 7 3 7 5 A 6 1 5 5 3 0

1|X> 7k 8 6 8 1 7 1 7 4 7 5 ft 6 1 5 5 3 1

l i l t ^T*T T % 8 6 8 1 7 1 7h 1 5 5 4 6 1 5 5 3 1

25

TABLE 11

QEMIMAfJOI BkTM OF 100 SEEDS OF S S B f ^ (WEEPING LOfEGEASS}» TKE&TED WlHiit* &

2 . 5 FTTXTflRMIS AHD 3*0 MILU0KAKS OP EACH OF . M P01IT SESB DI SIIFECf Allf S RESSECTIVBKr PER 500

IF SESB

Daja Seed-

Day Comts of Seedlings Control Daja

Seed- Control lings Ar&san •' O&re&m S«a©*an Jr. Comfced 1*0 2*5 3.6 2 , 0 2 . 5 3 0 2.0 2,5 3*0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

3 5 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 It 7 11 7 1 0 0 0 2 0 34

5 13 17 19 3 1 1 1 4 3 17

6 13 I f 24 7 3 2 3 7 5 17

8 21 26 33 9 6 5 7 9 7 16

10 29 38 11 8 7 9 13 a 18

12 36 37 43 32 I© 9 10 17 10 20

34 38 4? 14 13 13 12 21 11 . 27 16 43 43 4? 16 15 24 24 23 Hi 2g

18 P 48 19 19 18 16 29 15 31 20 4? 4s 19 21 20 19 31 17 37 22 48 1*3 its 19 23 21 19 36 19 J|3

24 * -1

49 49 48 19 24 23 19 39 20 47 26 49 49 1# 19 25 24 19 39 23 51

28 to 49 48 19 35 2if 19 39 27 63

TMMM 12

GERKIffATICH BATES OP 100 SEEDS OP F'KSTUCA (mmm wmam}, fsmwrn WXTM zJFWIIHXdEL*, 2*5 MtLLmmm M ® 3*0 miliiqems OF BACH

OP mums m POUT mm mmimmmm jRESFICOTELY FSH 500 KILLIGBAKS

OF SKEPS

Days S©©d-lings

Counted

, u«3r Control

Days S©©d-lings

Counted

HUttsrtwi.. ' , . Control Days S©©d-lings

Counted .. tot© :S«6®aa «fi?*

Control Days S©©d-lings

Counted 2.0 3*0 2.0 2.5 3 .0 2*0 2.5 3*o

Control

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4? 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 2 3 9 11 3 0 2 l 0

4 5 9 9 34 19 9 % 5 3 3

5 10 11 lit 21 24 11 6 11 7 9 6 16 17 17 2k

MM"T> 33 17 13 18 11 21

T 20 26 20 39 48 19 19 21 15 36

8 2? 32 31 48 A 26 31 38 18 43

10 38 47 (pi 58 63 37 32 53 27 51

22 43 54 43 69 71 1{? 43 67 39 67

% St 62 51 78 83 57 54 70 SO' 13

16 61 71 59 80 88 % m 72 61 73 18 68 76 61 80 88 73 71 7% 67 14 20 71 S3 78 80 as 81 71 74 70 74 22 82 85 S3 80 §8 81 71 1% 73 74 HfL W « W | f 82 85 % 82 83 81 71 % ft 74 26 32 05 85 82 88 81 71 74 74 74

2?

f&BXJI 13 mwmwiGE s a t e s of 100 sssds m lbspsbeza mmmm

( X X S m O S S A ) , TRSMBEED W O T 2 . 0 1

XXL&IDRASS £ S D 3*0 KILLIORAKS OP EACH OF O U I m POKT SEED 3JISIHFBCTASTS Hss^cfi.¥iLT mn $m

SEEDS

O&f# D a y Q o w i t s o f 3«< a d l i n , ' 1® SMKI** C o n t r o l X i o g l £«*©«< 5 « a »

2 * 0 2 * 5 3 . 0 Z*J> '3*'b TE33F 2 . $ '2*t t

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 5 5 6 9 3 11 18 0

3 6 9 7 1 3 7 1 7 7 1 3 2 6 7

* 1 5 1 7 1 7 2 3 20 2 2 1 7 1 7 2 8 1 8

5 1 9 2 8 2 5 3 1 25 2 7 2 3 2 0 3k 2 6

6 2 5 3 6 2 9 3 8 31 2 9 3 1 2 3 3 8 3 2

8 3 1 4 f c 3 7 3 9 37 3 6 ^ 7 3 9 1 | 3 111

1 0 l f 2 6 2 M? IfO 3 S 5 7 i t f k9 12 l | 7 7 1 A .10 k$ i f 2 6 3 5 3 5 7 5 3

3% 5 8 7 6 6 2 m 5 B 5 3 6 3 6 0 6 2 6 1

1 6 6 6 # 8 3 7Q 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 5 & 1 8 7 3 8 5 7 3 6a# 67 67 6 7 6 9 70 7 0 #

20 7 9 8 9 87 75 7 8 71 7 9 7 7 7 7 7 0

2 2 % 9 3 9 7 80 82 8 3 3 4 8 0 8 3 7 1

2 i f 3 6 96 9 7 83 % 8 3 %# 8 3 83 7 3 2 6 8 7 9 9 9 7 % % 8 3 % 8i* % 7 3 2 6

— -teres 8?

1 " wft

9 9

tdan<

9 7

; « o f

% ' I S a S

8lj. 8 3 % dk % 7 3

28

TABLE llf

o s a x z i r A T z o s ratbs of 100 seeds of kedicmo msFim. (BOB CLOS«2l}» USSAfEB WOT 2.0 HlkLXGEiffiS , 2.5

m m s a t o s asd 3 « o milligrams of bach of THHEE OT FCMf 311B DISIHFECTAHTS msmcTimm: mn $m milligram

OF SEBDS

Days ,§##$• l i n g a Counted

. . rm Coimt a of S i d l i n g ® Control

Days ,§##$• l i n g a Counted

Control Days ,§##$• l i n g a Counted

Arasan ' '~l«Ea#saii. Control

Days ,§##$• l i n g a Counted 2.0. 3*6 2.0 r 3 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 5

Control

1 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 8 8 4 3 0 5 3 9 8

3 14 13 12 1 2 1 1 0 9 7 13 1 1

4 17 17 14 1 7 17 4 17 1 2 22 19

5 20 2 1 19 1 9 26 11 22 1 9 35 26

6 26 24 a * 2 2 35 17 31 33 37 37

7 32 4 9 36 26 41 1 9 36 4 1 40 40

8 kit. *T*T 53 4 7 28 52 23 39 43 43 44

10 4 8 58 53 32 6 0 2 8 4 2 43 4 4 47®

12 54 63 59 37 60 31 4B 47 43 5 0

l l i A 72 63 4 1 6 0 32 4 8 48 A 5 0

16 62 % 7 6 43 6 1 34 53 5 0 59 . 50

18 70 91 % $1 6 1 35 58 5 0 6 1 51

20 78 97 88 54 6 1 37 59 53 61 5 1

22 8 7 100 * 54 61 37 59 56 61 51

24 w 100 99 A 61 37 59 58 6 1 51

26 97 100 9 9 54 6 1 37 59 50 6 1 5 1

29

TMMM 15

nmnm :mm(m hates of ioo seeds op mepicaoo sa l iva CASFAmj* mis 2,o ISLLICIKAMS ® 3 , 0 MILL!SHIMS OF SACH OF

sbhsb sn mm mm b isx i fectahts RESPECTIVELY PH 500 S I E 1 W

Buy® Bay Coan&s of Seedlings Seed- Control lings A raaar* Ceresan S«esaaa Jr.""

Coimted 2V9 2.5 3.© 2 .0 2U5 3«0 2 ,0 2,5 3«o

1 5 3 6 4 3 2 0 1 1 0

2 23 9 15 9 5 6 3 3 4 0

3 15 1? 17 17 15 IS 7 7 9 0

4 19 2% 20 18 21 a 14 14 13 2

5 28 34 27 27 27 28 17 18 3#

6 3? 31 33 43 Itii T T 44 3S 27 27 4

? i a k3 37 56 58 57 46 39 38 9 8 61 $1 *3 63 % % 57 50 47 11

10 % % 57 71 71 71 60 61 63 13

12 72 72 67 79 79 78 63 64 70 15

ft 78 78 71 83 m 88 69 67 74 16

16. 88 88 88 38 89 89 78 77 83 19 IS 93 93 93 91 90 91 87 •B5 87 21 20 93 97 94 95' 96 93 93 92 90 25 22 9? 100 99 99 loo 95 93 9k 91 27

ft 9? 100 99 99 100 93 <& 91 28

26 9? 100 99 99 100 93 93 qL #*T

91 28

30

TABLE iS

(mmm&rim msm w 100 mms & mblxlotus {WHITS CI,anSR>* fRMTED W O T 2*0 HILLIORWrST"KTESX&RAMS

M S 3*0 KCLUCHUK3 0? MCH OP fflKB OT POtfT SSS5 DXSIKFECfAHTS S I S I E O T f f l PER 500 H i m S M I S

Days Seed-l ings

Comtawl

Bay Ccnmta isf 3«©dli»&s Control

Days Seed-l ings

Comtawl

''KTOOoatth ' • Control Days Seed-l ings

Comtawl Arasan S@rat i m . Jr.

Control Days Seed-l ings

Comtawl •2,0 3.0 2 ,0 2.i> 3*0 ""TOT 3 . 0

Control

1 0 2 0 0 0 7 0 5 5 3

2 3 9 0 7 2 10 7 9 6 35

3 ¥ 18 7 10 12 35 17 15 14 19

4 10 28 11 16 19 21 26 21 20 24

5 IS 3llr •*T

24 26 23 37 31 27 31 33

6 gfy 43 31 37 31 Mi Tf 44 37 43 41

T 3© • l|B 37 53 33 52 56 }{? 54 10 8 33 61 39 60 ||j 6l 63 54 63 47

10 59 72 A 6<t 62 74 77 63 77 51

12 % 59 75 73 98 85 77 % 59

* 77 83 63 83 73 90 87 79 86 68

16 33 87 76 87 % 93 91 83 90 73

18 87 93 80 91 93 96 94 84 92 82

20 93 99 89 97 97 98 97 92 96 90

22 97 100 100 99 100 100 100 99 100 96

24 97 100 100 99 100 100 100 99 100 98

25 99 100 100 99 100 100 100 99 100 99

31

TABLE 1?

GEBlfXHATI® mTEB OF 100 SEEKS OF milWSm ALBA ASSM (HUBAM c l o v e r ) , TREATED WITH — MXU£OB«18 J»B 3*0 xx raoKn i s OP i a c s OP m a »

ro Kin? a s © s x s n w c f « T S respec t i ve ly peb 500 IBXJtftlBABS IF s »

D«9» Seed-HiOgS

0ouafc«i

—— - - ^ W P J ? 3©e<ainES Coatr©!

D«9» Seed-HiOgS

0ouafc«i

Mi lllgtf8iE8tf Coatr©! D«9» Seed-HiOgS

0ouafc«i Arasan an Smesan jy« *

Coatr©! D«9» Seed-HiOgS

0ouafc«i <t.O Z+? 3.0 2*0 2.5 3 . 0 ' 2*0 2.5

Coatr©!

1 0 0 0 2 ? 0 0 0 0 0

2 5 7 3 T 10 27 2 6 3 6

3 11 12 7 13 15 31 2 9 8 14

4 l ? 17 11 16 19 37 3 11 11 23

5 i f 19 17 23. 22 41 5 14 I k WBm 'f! 27

6 2i{ 22 21 30 33 53 7 16 16 33

? 30 31 33 4 l 44 67 9 18 18 37

8 39 43 4? 45 53 70 u 22 ^?l 38

10 4? 54 53 53 61 73 13 26 27 41

12 6 l 66 59 67 77 , 77 17 *£| 38 Mi

14 71 77 63 71 as 81 26 29 39 47 16 80 % 67 % 88 87 27 37 4 l 52

i a 8© % 73 % 93 90 31 40 44 57 20 m 77 % 93 93 36 fill 44 63 22 31 85 77 % 93 93 3? 44 l±h *f*r 69 24 81 35 77 85 93 93 if.0 Ml

^ n r 44 69 26 31 85 77 85 93 93 43 44 4k

T ^ r 69

32

TABLE 1 8

— B A T E S OP 100 SEEDS OF MBLILOTOS ALBA <VAR) {Mfficura SWBE? CLOVER), fRE«$S 'fefell •Z.CfTO&I-

OHMS, 2*5 KCWaaRHfS ISO 3*0 HILLXGEJI1IS OF SACK OF fHHIE W POT SEED BISISFlCfASTS

BBSFECTXVEEy PER $00 MILLIGRAMS

Pay#

Counted

T-1 of sealing# , Control

Pay#

Counted jg,%. 1. i gyafipijjj , Control

Pay#

Counted P W , - , 0®TOSiaa . . U@mm.Bxi J r .

, Control Pay#

Counted Z#0 2 * 5 3 * 0 2*£ «J-Oi 3 . 0 "2*0 2*5 3*r , Control

1 6 7 4 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 9 13 1 4 7 7 6 9 4 7 5 3 13 35 16 12 1 1 1 1 7 12 8

4 1 8 1 9 1 8 1 6 1 6 1 8 12 19 15 1 0

5 35 27 26 19 2 1 23 15 23 20 1 1

6 30 29 2 9 27 33 3 3 19 28 27 24

7 38 38 37 28 tor 49 28 3% 38 23 8 42 43 43 37 54 A 36 39 47 39

1 0 61 68 6 6 53 73 68 ks 43 53 !fT

12 7 1 IS 73 57 81 80 53 49 60 5 4

1 4 80 83 83 % % 85 67 5 9 % 63 16 8 4 88 89 73 91 90 71 6k -13 73 18 90 93 93 87 97 96 n 7 1 77 78 20 f l 98 9 9 98 98 % 79 82 83

22 93 98 9 7 99 100 100 % 86 82 83 93 98 97 99 100 100 &

***T 86 82 S3

2 6 93 98 97 99 100 100 % 8 6 82 ' 83

33

TABLE 19

<ffiKMINATIO» RATES Of 100 SiSSDS OF M 0 T O 3 OFFICINALIS (VAR) (KADHXD CLOT1H}, TBE&TED WITH j£«d 'kZtX^<HttSs>'' ' '2^

® m ® « 3 A ® 3*0 MILLIGRAMS OP BACH OF S 20 f « T S I ® DISOTECTAITS

HS®CTX?EL3t Pf f i 500 MILLIGRAMS OF SEEDS

Baju Day Counts of Seedlings Seed- 1B32Sg*«£ Control l ing*

Comfced "• Araaan e< »2*©s&a Seaesim J>» l ing*

Comfced a«o 2 .5 3 . 0 " 2 ,0 iCm?? 3*0 2*0 3 .0

1 0 11 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0

Z 6 I f 9 3 11 7 5 5 5 4

3 16 26 11 32 18 18 7 7 7 9

4 21 38 IS 14 22 23 12 13 13 13

5 23 53 19 27 34 35 35 14 15 15

6 A % 29 38 43 44 TT

17 18 19 16*

7 47 79 36 58 61 63 24 24 25 16

• 8 63 91 69 73 71 31 32 33 19

10 so 92 47 71 76 38 37 37 22

12 •wln-fer 37 92 54 72 78 79 47 44

T*T 1*6 36

llf 91 & 65 74 % 81 56 51 53 33

16 f a 9k 74 75 88 87 62 63 61 4 l 18 93 9k 75 75 92 90 67 67 64 47 20 * <& 76 75 95 90 70 63 67 51 22 94 9k 89 75 96 91 70 70 71 52 2?{ 9k 92 75 96 91 70 70 71 52 26 94

1?. AW1

oL jrw

1

93 i j f f c

75 96 91 70 71 72 52

3 4

T A B L E 2 0

m m u a i m S M S S O F 1 0 0 SMM o f wmxmma. s p . ( s t r e e t

C L O V E R } # T R E A T E D W I T H 2 * 0 M X L & O R A t f t , 3 E 5

M I L L I G R A M S X K D 3 « 0 K I L L X G l U S i S O F E A C H

OP THREE W P01IT SEED MSXIFEOTMTS H B 3 K C 7 I V S L T P E R $00

I H L L I O R A M S O F S E E D S

B & j a

S e e d -

l i n g *

C o u n t e d

U s e r C o u n t s o f J t e t d & t a g *

Control B & j a

S e e d -

l i n g *

C o u n t e d

"" i l l l i « r ® 3 a » Control B & j a

S e e d -

l i n g *

C o u n t e d 1 ?

p a s s u C e r © s i « r .

Control B & j a

S e e d -

l i n g *

C o u n t e d 2 , 5 * • 0 , , O £m # V

TSTTcr 2 « 0 2 . 5

Control

X 0 3 0 0 0 Q 1 © 0 0

2 3 6 1 7 7 7 3 3 4 0

3 7 1 0 4 9 9 1 0 8 7 8 1

4 3 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 2

5 1 9 I B 8 1 4 15 1 3 1 4 3 3 1 4 3

6 2 4 1 7 1 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 1 5 1 6 1 5 5

7 2 7 1 9 1 1 2 4 26 3 0 a 2 1 3 0 7

8 3 3 ZZ 2 7 3 a 3 0 3 4 2 8 2 9 3 4 12

1 0 4 7 3& 3 1 4 4 41 10 3 7 3 9 3 3 1 9

3 , 2 5 6 4 3 3 7 4 S 5 0 5 3 4 5 5 2 41 22

2 4 6 1 5 7 4 3 5 7 5 4 5 6 51 5 6 4 9 3 7

1 6 6 7 6 2 4 7 5 9 5 8 5 9 5 8 6 1 5 9 4 5

1 8 6 9 7 3 5 4 6 7 6 0 6 7 6 1 6 4 6 7 4 7

20 7 3 7 7 62 m % 7 0 64 7 3 5 0

22. 7 5 8 2 7 4 7 3 6 9 7 8 6 5 6 4 8 1 6 0

p j | 7 9 8 2 8 0 7 3 7 4 % 6 5 % 8 1 6 l

2 6 8 0 3 2 8 3 7 3 8 0 J4**'

Dp 1 5 % 81 6 l

35

TABLE 21

GSfSJXBATIOH M I S OP 100 SSEDB OF ISMtOTS SP. CLOVEB), TREATED WITH 2.0 ' 2 J T

MILLIGRAMS AX2> 3*0 XILLIGRtfiS OF EACH or nmm M mm SSSD D i s i iPEcmi f s

IHSSPBCTIVEEr pee 500 MILLIGRAMS 0? &

(BUB

Bays Sead-llrsga

Counted

. Day Count* of Seed l l ^a Control

Bays Sead-llrsga

Counted

Mi l l igrams Control Bays Sead-llrsga

Counted Aimsaii Q&rmm J r . '

Control Bays Sead-llrsga

Counted 2*0 2*5 3<#0 2,0 2,5 3.0 2,0 27T €>» # 3.0

Control

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

2 ? 5 3 11 5 4 3 2 2 3

3 11 6 9 25 10 9 5 7 7 6

4 17 34 16 17 13 13 9 35 I k "•"nr 7

5 22 17 m 19 18 16 19 18 19 8

6 32 21 28 23 21* 21 32 21 20 11

7 30 32 37 37 33 31 47 28 27 l 4

3 47 51 43 43 42 62 37 36 19

10 63 60 60 4? 62 53 73 57 52 27

12 71 67 61 63 73 69 79 63 58 29

Ik 79 78 67 11 81 78 85 71 70 42

16 81 83 71 Ik 87 83 85 77 74 46

13 87 78 81 90 85 « 81 79 46

20 87 88 80 93 91 87 85 % 81 46

22 37 88 81 % 92 87 85 &k 81 k& p)| 87 83 83 % 92 87 85 % 81 46

26 87 88 83 % 92 87 85 84 81 46

TABLE 22

GEBMIlfATIOH RATES OP 100 SEEDS OP PAKICUK VIHGATUM (SWITCH GRASS)» TREATED WOT 2 , 0 MILLIGRAMS, 2*5 MII£iaMMS AID

3 .0 MILLIGRAMS OP EACH OF THiSB W POST SUB 0ISIMFKCTA1WS RESPECTIVELY FEB 500

MILLICJMMS OF S£g&S

Days Seed-

Bay Cenmts of Sm&llnm Days Seed- jfjjy [frturri rif 1111 ir Miff " ' Control lings ' Araaan S<S£1©@831 J * .

Counted 2.0 .•2*5 2 .0 2*5 2 .5 3.o'"

1 0 0 Q 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

2 3 k 3 4 0 6 1 2 3 1 3 12 7 10 8 2 10 2 5 7 3. if 18 17 19 13 9 17 10 11 20 9 5 23 a . 24 17 18 19 19 14 25 17 6 2f 30 a? 22 28 26 24 29 26 8 33 fill *fT 34 35 34 39 35 36 4l 33

11 40 Si t|rl KP 46 45 45? 44 53 42 34 44 59 49 46 59 50 47 58 56 51 16 5l 64 54 53 65 50 53 66 60 58 20 59 70 61 60 74 63 62 75 % 63

22 % 73 69 62 73 66 65 77 68

2k W H 1 f 71 80 66 65 80 67 70 7 8 75 69

26 78 85 66 68 80 70 73 79 75 73 28 81 86 66 70 81 70 73 80 75 79 30 31 86 66 70 81 70 73 80 75 81

34 81 86 66 70 81 70 73 80 75 81

37

TABLE 23

..JIHMCK 8 A « S OF 100 SUDS OF MSFAUM BZtATATlM CM£UM mm%h I M ® RA 2 * O " « S S 8 M I 7 X 5

miLLionms AID J.Q MILLIGRAMS OF men OF 2IIKEE JXJ POST SEED DISIHFLCMTLF S

W I C F L T O PER £00 MILLI-GRAMS OP SE2DS

Seed-lings

Counted

My Counfcs of S©#dlia^a Control Seed-

lings Counted

" ' 1 1 Hilli&«us • ^ J- Control Seed-lings

Counted .... IL msaii ' '0#jN«Hia 8ll8 6'jBS8yi. jjljp#

Control Seed-lings

Counted "2*0 Z*> ,3.0 . 2,0 3*0 2*0 :.?»5 3 »G

Control

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 8 2 1 0 0 1 12 3 3#

3 5 9 7 3 5 2 5 14 11 7

u 22 n 7 11 9 a 18 18 9

111- 111 12 12 17 35 11 21 22 l?l

6 21 18 15 15 27 g?l 14 29 28 15

8 26 23 23 27 31 37 19 31 32 19

10 29 29 31 38 39 43 25 35 35 23

12 35 35 36 ifjf, TT U Tt 51 A 4© 39 28

14 38 ifl kl 51 53 % 41 4-2 31 16 4f3 lf7 kl 57 59 73 47 48 48 37 13 57 50 55 63 % 81 53 54 53 43 20 62 55 64 76 78 % 61 58 58 iff 22 a 58 69 79 79 85 67 61 61 SI

.g][ 73 61 70 80 83 85 69 63 67 S3

26 ft 61 70 80 85 95 70 67 68 S3

28 7 | 61 70 00 85 85 70 67 68 S3

38

MMMMIIM mms OF 100 sesds of poa M&MAIA cmmicicr BHJEGSASS), TRMTID WTfH 2,

wxiMmums mm 3«o u a i s w OF m m OF

RESPECTIVEKST PER 500 HILLI-

Bagrs 3 ©sel-lings

Coimted

Day Croats of SMcOJjisi GffitPOl

Bagrs 3 ©sel-lings

Coimted

111. J* Jptj, «f""" GffitPOl Bagrs 3 ©sel-lings

Coimted ' ""E mmm C#»sS«0l "'"S® gg&rt

GffitPOl Bagrs 3 ©sel-lings

Coimted &$• 3?0 a:»o 2.S 3.0 , w ;

GffitPOl

1 1 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 Q 0

a 4 4 3 ' 5 4 2. 1 1 Z 0

3 8 9 5 7 7 5 5 3 7 9

4 12 12 9 16 16 24 10 10 11 15

5 19 20 10 23 j?ji. 19 17 17 16 ZL 6 26 n 18 31 33 24 28 27 21 27 8 33 IfO 24 %0 So 34 34 34 29 31

10 Ip, 43 31 $$ 63 47 36 39 32 43 12 54 A 33 59 70 53 47 47 4 l 51 T j 63 6? Iili

TT % 70 60 5& 56 49 63 16 A T8 54 69 70 67 66 66 54 77 18 6d 33 63 70 70 70 71 72 59 80

20 fiiw 5? 9© 76 70 70 70 74 75 % 83 22 91 * 83 70 70 71 79 81 71 87

plj 93 97 84 70 70 71 80 88 79 87 26 93 99 90 70 70 71 81 88 87 87 as 93 99 90 70 70 71 81 88 87 8?

39

TABLE 25

MWMIMICM MTM OP 100 SEEKS -OP SOE^ASTHDU MRAM IM>IM GRASS)» ZBBMSD TOB 2 . 0 SZLUOKiaS M B 3 . 0 MILLISRMS OF EACH OF THREE

M pou t BMM MSINMCTMTS E&SFMGTIVBLT FIR $00 MILLI&BAMS OF S8SD3

Days D a j Ccwaaats o f Seed l i ngs Sued- M i l l i g g i s i ® C o n t r o l l i n g s ' Oeresaa ' S'wv MMB& J * .

Coxmted 2 *0 » • > 3 , 0 3 - o , ' I . $ «£•> J i O

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 § 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0# 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

* 0 0 0 0# 0# 0 0® 0# 0# 0#

5 0 0 0 0 0 0# 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

34 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

20 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2

2ij. 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 2

30 0 3 K 0 4 0 0 2 0 3

34- 0 ? 6 0 5 0 0 3 0 K

4o 0 8 8 0 5 0 0 3 0 K I||| 0 10 1 1 0 5 0 0 3 0 K

K& 0

X"-tJ 10 12 0 5 0 o 3 0 H

I|0

TABLE 26

GEMIIATIOH BATSS OF 100 SEEDS OF SORGHUM VULOAHE SUDMSI3E (COHKON S0DAH), TREATED W m * X F ® l S 8 f O T f * T 3 HX&LIGMHS AID 3.0 MILLIGRAMS OF EACH OP THREE

W m m SEED DISIHPSCTAKTS BBSESCTIYELY HSR 500 m i O B t t S OF SEEDS

Day* Seed* Xing*

C m w t d

_J>#3rr..Count*. M SeedLinga " " S K a B E Control

Day* Seed* Xing*

C m w t d

Control Day* Seed* Xing*

C m w t d Arasaa 0#resan Sein esan . jffcr

Control Day* Seed* Xing*

C m w t d 2*0 ,Jsii2 3*0 270 ic«v « f5 'j;-ar

Control

1 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 2 1 5 4 9 3 2 1 0

3 4 18 9 11 9 12 7 7 3 3

4 5 23 19 34 13 14 9 9 6 8

5 19 31 23 20 15 16 16 16 11 11

6 27 38 31 22 18 19 19 19 17 24

8 34 44 39 29 26 22 24 25 24 19 10 43 58 44 30 37 39 36 35 31 26

12 51 6? 57 45 43 47 43 45 42 37

14 63 73 63 60 51 54 56 54 50 43* 16 73 84 67 68 68 66 63 67 % 58

18 83 91 78 71 73 73 77 78 73 64 20 92 91 % 78 76 81 78 79 74 73 22 96 89 81 82 84 81 80 76 76 21* 02

Wmm 96 93 84 86 86 81 80 80 73 28 93 96 93 85 86 86 81 i l 80 78 30 93

P-SS

96 93 •<*• 40k.

m 86 86 81 81 80 78

41

TABLE 27

msauauatm msm or aoo s i sos GPSPOROBops m m o f f , (SEASH0BE GRASS), TEMOT) WITH 2*0 k££LXGKAK$# & £

IGLtJORAMS AMU 3.0 l im®AMS OP SACS OP THREE Da pare seed d is ikfectasts hespkcwvsxjt

500 MILLIGBMS OF

My® Day Counts of Se&dllmts Seed- Milligrams Control llnga Amsan C«a?@s«ua. #1*11

Counted 3 .0 2.0 2.^ 3rP Z.0 z<> 3 .0

1 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

3 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 O 6

4 5 3 0 0 2 3 0 0 o 7

5 9 6 3 0 2 4 0 0 0 9

6 10 9 7 0 3 5 0# 0 0 11

8 H 11# 9 1 4 0 0 1 12

10 34 12 11 2 4 $ 0 1# 2>. lit

12 18 18 17 4 $ 1 0 1 3 16

tk 21 20 20 7 6 e 1 2 5 18

16 21 20 2lf 9# f 10 1 2 5 23

13 25 $k 27 9 9 11 1 3 5 28

20 31 32 A 9 11# 14 2 3 6 34«

22 3T 39 38 9 32 14 2 3 6 36

2it 37 39 38 10 12 ik 2 3 6 37

36 3? 39 38 10 12 14 2 3 7« 37 28 37 39 40 10 12

#§*.«*», 34 2 3 7 37

*Flrat ©v ia©nc© of fungi

I|2

TABUS 28

mmm&Tim mm$ OF 100 S m m OP SFOBOBCMJS VAGIHAELORUS (POVSM' OT«SS)» 'treated M M MIH IGRRAMS MC 3»0 C M W OF BACH OP TSSEE

M HHY SEBX> DISINPECTAHTS USTSCFIFBEF I® *>00 K ELQEFFIS OF SEEDS

BAYS Seed-lings •'•••|ra*W£wP9P«^^^p|F.

Ctsunted

J*W. CONN FCS OF SA@< 1 Control

BAYS Seed-lings •'•••|ra*W£wP9P«^^^p|F.

Ctsunted

V I B I M I Control BAYS Seed-lings •'•••|ra*W£wP9P«^^^p|F.

Ctsunted .itA&uraxi ~ GAM' ESAN

Control BAYS Seed-lings •'•••|ra*W£wP9P«^^^p|F.

Ctsunted 2,0 2*0 2*> hP " H""K «*»O. M .

Control

I 4 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 7 11 5 0 0 2 0 3 0 0

3 9 16 7 0 0 3 1 5 3 0

4 IT 18 9 0 1 4 5 7 9 0

5 19 24 11 0 3 6 6 8 10 1

6 1| 32 XL **T

2 4 7 7 9 11 3

8 3& 38 18 3 6 8 10 12 14 3

10 IJT TFT

IJJS 21 % 8 9 14 IS 16 3

12 SB 3® 5 10 10 15 17 17 3

111- 69 54 MI 7 12 12 17 18 19 9 16 71 to 54 9 14 13 18 20 22 XI

18 7% 63 10 14 15 23 25 24 14

TO 74 69 % 12 14 17 23 27 24 18

22 TLF 71 73 lif 14 17 23 27 2K 21

24 7% 71 73 34 14 17 23 27 24 |

26 7% 71 73 ILL 14 17 33 27 24 24 28

— 74 74 73 34 14 17 23 27 24 24

to

TABLE 29

OEMIMTICt? MTES OF 100 SS1DS OP CLOVER}» Tmmm WITH 2*0 XI of a ® of bcbbb m p<m mm maxmcnuam RESPECTIVELY PER $00 MILLiamMS or SEEDS

(Ml , ; s 5 " S t o b E « s

DttyS Caj . j & A M g & l t S ! Seed- Control lings AvuBmi ' Ceresaa 3emesan

Counted 2*5 JE#U 2»5 3 . 0 2*0 .3*0,

1 1 5 1 0 4 2 2 0 2 3

2 1? 14 4 9 12 11 6 3 5 8

3 27 20 21 11 23 17 9 7 11 10

4 30 32 32 17 30 27 23 24 ****T

14 H

5 3& 1*1 33 26 35 37 17 22 23 14

6 4 l 4? 4£ 33 46 fill ""FT 22 31 31 17

T 63 6l 60 48 57 S3 27 36 3k 19

8 n 73 71 60 64 *T

62 33 44 TT

Jl.ll. 29

10 77 ?8 77 71 13 1% It5 57 53 3 1

22 80 82 $2 80 30 81 53 58 59 10

Hf 8? 88 88 85 31 % **Y 62 62 61 53

16 90 93 92 89 89 88 63 68 67 60

IB 9*f 9£ 95 90 90 91 67 73 72 67#

20 95 96 *0 92 93 A 71 74 73 71

22 93 96 95 9k & 95 A 74 Tfc 71

a t 93 96 95 9k 95 74 74 74 71

26 93 96 95 9^ A 95 74 Th % 71

#Flrst ev: L&euc© or f t i i g l

1*

m a s 30

O&RIIXBATX0H M ® OP 100 SEEDS OF (CKTMSOlf CLOVER), TREATED

MILLIGRAMS JID 3*0 MILLS GBMS OF BAGH !2HHSE IHJ fOWS SEED DISXNFSCYMTS

RSSPlCTIfBLY FIR 50© MILLI-GRAMS OF SEEDS

&¥0K

mj* &©©&•*

fli'iga Cotnfc**

Day Couafc* of Seedlings Control

mj* &©©&•*

fli'iga Cotnfc**

Slllijscrasa# Control mj* &©©&•*

fli'iga Cotnfc**

VAWBlifl Seme a an J r . Control

mj* &©©&•*

fli'iga Cotnfc** 2 ,0 3 .0 2.0 2#p 3 .0 2*0 2*5 3»0

Control

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a 0 6 7 9 7 7 7 4 5 5

3 9 12 24 14 11 10 11 10 9 10

4 13 19 20 18 13 17 17 15 17 13

5 18 28 27 20 28 27 27 26 25 21

6 19 l»0 36 27 43 fjS 27 Jj.0 42 44

7 27 59 45 38 6 l % 3« 59 59 58

8 to 71 62 S3 70 73 52 67 68 71

10 61 79 74 S8 77 79 57 73 79 82

12 65 91 89 61 . 80 83 63 79 86 85

34 7k 94 95 77 % 89 74 81 90 86

16 81 95 95 83 90 93 81 90 90 88#

18 % 95 96 38 91 96 87 91 91 89 20 90 95 96 91 93 96 90 93 91 89

22 91 95 97 91 95 96 91 93 91 89 2l* 91 95 97 9f 95 96 92 93 91 89 26 91

r "xJi 95 9?

rr""ry 91 95 96 92 93 91 89

45

TABLE 31 msmimTim mrm OF 100 SUDS OP YICIA vuxcsa ( m u x VETCH). TBEATSD WOT 2.0 IttLLIGRAMS, £.5' itt&feSJifS

«D S«0 MXLLIGRAKS OF IA® IF THBE! W PGBT SUB DISISFSCMfS ISSfBCfIfffiT 1KB 500 MILLIGHAMS

©«$•$ Da? Counts of Seedling* S©@4**- XXXXlghMM 0<3Bta?©l Itfrng# Amass » Ceres* Sfijaesan Jr.

Counted 2 .0 *f£ 2.0 2,5 _ r _ 2*5 3*0,

1 1 2 13 0 0 0 1 ' 1 Q 0

2 6 6 21 0 1 0 3 1 2 0

3 9 10 36 0 7 3 5 5 3 0

4 11 13 42 5 IS 7 7 6 5 1#

5 l6 18 kit 12 26 17 9# 7# 7 3 6 13 23 10 15* 38 29 13 9 9 7 ? 2? 27 4l 23 51 43 18 11 11 8

8 37 31 !§2 37 63 58 19 14 34 10 iO 4l 46 53 39 67 66 22 15 19 a

12 ¥ 53 58 1|2 71 70 27 18 24 27

14 51 54 61 J|2 73 A 31 23 29# 29

16 59® 57 65 1|2 73 75 35 28 3^ 31

18 68 62 68 74 76 35 32 42 33 m 68 63 73 12 75 77 35 35 42 37 22 68 65 73 i|2 75 77 35 35 42 39 ^||. 68 6?# 73 )|? 75 77 35 35 42 39 26 68 69 73 il2 15 77 35 35 42 39

«?!*«• tdenoe of fimgj ft

1|6

represen ted by Tables 3 , 4 , 6 t 14, I S , 1 9 , 23, «©* 29 and

30 . 7h» second group, represen ted by Table* 0 , 13, t § # fc7

and 31, con ta in t h e spec ies of t r e a t e d and un t r ea t ed s*ed«

t h a t were a t t a cked by f u n g i . The t h i r d group i s r ep resen ted

by Tables 8#. Sjr *7, Of 10, Xlf .aJ3, IS^ 1*7, 13^ 20, 21, UHj,

24 end 28* These spec ies of seeds showed ao evidence of

fungal contaxslnatl on . Three spec ies of p l an t

8 a w t l < cu rvu la . Kcltlotsug site* end awsfttt»*au» fiataBM

showed i*o evidences of Improved g e m i n a t i o n and a d e t e r i o r -

a t i o n of the endosperm m s observed In a few of t h e s e seeds«

This condi t ion i s be l i eved due t o t h e i n s u f f i c i e n t cur ing of

the seeds and not * f a u l t of t he d i s i n f e c t a n t .

Observations of r e s u l t s i n Sroup I show t h a t the t h r e e

seed d i s i n f e c t a n t s Arasan, Mm Improved Ceresan and Seaesazi

J r . were very e f f e c t i v e fungic ides# The p l a n t seeds of t h i s

group t r e a t e d wi th t h e s e d i s i n f e c t a n t s were s o t I n f e c t e d

wi th fung i while a l l of t he un t r ea t ed seeds were i n f e c t e d .

The un t rea ted seeds of tho spec ies AadffWwqwBi

Boutaloua curtlsen^mlft* K#61CSU8Q s a t l v a . E e l l l o t u a o f f t c l n a l l g a jS j3 Pfttg&lma' dt l f t t&tua were f e w a i n f e c t e d oa the *eva&th. day

of lncv&atlon. On the e igh teen th day of incubat ion fungpl

contaminat ion was recorded f o r t h i s e n t i r e g roup .

According t o t abu la t ed r e s u l t s Arasan appeared t o be t he

most s u i t a b l e d i s i n f e c t a n t f o r the seeds of Group I* Andro-

pogon furca tus» Andropo^on lac'iaenuru Bot

kl

and Trlfollug lncarnatum showed the beat results when, treated

with the lowest dilution of Arasan. The seeds of Medlcam

hisplda, Medlcago aatlva. Kelllotus officinalis. Sorghum

vulgar# audanena® and Trlfollum hybrldum showed best results

when 2.5 sallligraas of Araaan per 500 milligrams of seeds

were used. The germination percentage of Faspalxm dilatatua

was /Increased when #3 mil 11 grama of Ceresan per five milli-

grams of seeds were used#

. ' Beeords kept during the progress of this study showed

that the seeds of all the plant species in this group not

treated developed fungal growths. Percentage increases up

to as much as 42.2 were recorded for the species of seeds

treated with the Dm Pont seed disinfectant Araaan* Percent-

age increases up to as much as 22.4 were recorded for the

species of seeds treated with the Du Pont seed disinfectant

Ceresan. Percentage increases up to as siuoh as 14*1 were

recorded for the species of seeds treated with the Du Poet

seed disinfectant Semesan Jr.

Group II showed an incidence of fungal contamination in

treated as well as untreated species of seeds. Seeds of

Bromus cathartlcus and X»®gped®ga cuneata developed fungal

growths after sixteen days of Incubation* Seeds of

nutans were so infected with fungal growths that

germination data of value could not be recorded* These

results, however, were for seeds treated only with the least

amounts of disinfectants. Fungal infection was controlled

1*8

when stronger dilutions of Arasan and Ceresan were used*

Soorobolua vlrgclnlcus and Ylcla villoa* showed no signs of

Infection whan three milligrams of either disinfectant per

500 milligrams of seeds were used* Ceresan increased seed-

ling production of Viola villoaa 5 per eent store than that

produced by Arasan* Arasan increased seedling germination

of Sporobolus vlrglnlcua 3 per cent sore than Ceresan*

Semesan Jr* affectively controlled fungi and increased total

gemination counts for Breams oatharticu* 9 per cent and

42 per cent store than that of Araaan and Ceresan respectively.

An average of 18*8 per cent Increased germination was noted

and recorded for these five species of treated seeds*

Gfroup XIX contains the remainder of the species of

plant seeds, observed in this study, that did not show evi-

dence of fungal contamination* The seeds of Breams carlnatus.

Cynodon dact^lon. Helllotus sg* (Bed clover) 9 Fanicua

vlrgatum and Poa prat ens is increased seedling production

25*5 per cent whan treated with 2*5 milligrams of Arasan per

600 milligrams of seeds* Records show that the seeds of

Andropogon scoparlua and Buefaloe daotyloldss treated with

three milligrams of Arasan per 600 milligrams of seeds give

more substantial growth than when treated with lesser amounts

of this disinfectant. The seeds of Agrostls alba* Eelilotua

alba annua* Melllotus alba {var*) ana gel Hot us sg* (Sweet

clover) averaged an increased seedling production of 21*7

per cent when treated with *3 milligrams of Ceresan per 500

4 9

milligrams of seeds* A dilution ©f 2«5 milligrams of Gere-

•an per §00 milligram* of seeds of Festuca elatlor increased

germination 14 per cent* The germination of the aeeds of

Sporobolua vaglnaeflorua was increased 50 per cent when

treated with *2 milligrams of Araaan per 600 milligrams of

seeds*

Svmmrj

I* A study was made in order to determine the potential

value of three Du Pont aeed disinfectant! Araaan, Near late

proved Cereaan and Semesan Jr. upon thirty apeeiea of plant

aeeda which are of importance to the farmer and range manager.

2* The majority of the apeeiea of plant aeeda were ob-

tained from a commercial aeed distributor in Denton, Texas*

The reminder were obtained upon request from the Southern

Great Plains field Station, Woodward, Oklahoma*

3. The study waa made during the period from September

20, 1949, to June 15, 1950.

4. The laboratory work for each speoiea of plant aeeda

consisted of treatments with varying amounts of each of the

three seed disinfectants, incubation of the seeds and com-

parative observations in order to determine their semination

rates and prevalence of fungal organisms,

5# The germination rates and incidence of fungal con-

tamination were recorded at predetermined intervals in tabular

forau

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Conclusions

The procedures used la this problem have been designed

and carried out as a means of determining m accurately as

possible the beneficial effects of seed treatment upon thirty

species of plant seeds which are of economic value in a large

portion of the United States* Records kept during the pro-

gress of the study shewed that treatment of the seeds did not

affect the normal rates of germination,but the fungicidal

action of the three disinfectants contributed to seedling

production*

Three and seven tenths per cent fungal contamination

was found among the treated seeds as compared with an in-

fection rate of 51 per cent of the untreated seeds* Sixteen

end six tenths per cent of the thirty species of plant seeds

treated with two milligrams of each of the three seed dis-

infectants developed fungal growths* Seven and seven tenths

per cent of the thirty speciea of plant seeds treated with

2*5 milligrams of each of the three seed disinfectants

developed fungal growths* Pour and four tenths per cent of

the thirty species of plant seeds treated with three milli-

grams of each of the three seed disinfectants developed

fungal growths•

Final tabulations show that the speoles of plant seeds

treated with the Du Pont seed disinfectant Arasan averaged

28*4 per cent Increased germination. The species of plant

seeds treated with law Improved Ceresan averaged 21.5 per

53

cent increased germination* Seses&sa Jr. wat found valuable

for only ©a® species ©f plant seeds, Broaug gartharticug*

Best result® were obtained with Arasan when 500 milligrams

of seeds were treated with three milligrasm of disinfectant.

Best results were obtained with Ceresan when 600 milligrams

of seeds were treated with 2*5 milligrams of disinfectant.

Recommendation*

Arasan, in practical dilutions of nine ounces of dis-

infectant per hundred pounds of seeds, is recosaoended for

very snail seeds that have thick, dry husks suoh as

AadropQKon furcatua* Ceresan, in practical dilutions of

eight ounces of disinfectant per hundred pounds of seeds,

la recommended for larger seeds that possess sensitive seed

coats such as Melilotus sp» (Red clover}*

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Du Pont Am Hes&oura Corporation, author and publisher, Facta About Duat. Wilmington, M a w s , 1947*

Du Pont d© Hemoura Corporation, author and publisher, Seed Treatment, Wilmington, Delaware, 1939#

Qatea, Frank C*, Graaaea in Kanaaa. Topeka, Kanaaa, Stat# Print itig Plant, 1937,

Newspaper

Walaer, Paul, "A Survey of Conaervation in Texas Bering 1948.* Dallaa Morning Hews, January 19. 1949. Section three, p. '

Peraonal Correapondenca

Cheaamore, Roy A«, Department of Agronomy, Texac Agri-cultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Texaa*

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