Do Now 21

Complete the life functions diagram. Look through notes and tell what organ system and what cell organelle carry out those life functions.

Asexual Reproduction&

Mitosis

Cell CycleMitosis

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction

Reproduction Life process by which living things produce other living

things of the same species

All living things need to reproduce Without reproduction the species will die!

Reproduction is NOT necessary for the individual organism to survive

What is one thing that can not reproduce on its own and therefore is considered non-living?

The Cell Theory

1. All cells carry out life functions

2. New cells arise from other living cells – not from nonliving matter

3. All life is made of one or more cells

4. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

FLASHBACK

ReproductionThere are two types of reproduction:

1. Asexual Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction

• A single parent makes an EXACT copy of itself • Offspring have EXACT same DNA as parent• NO VARIATION (variety)

• Two parents• Each parent has specialized sex cells and organs• Offspring are DIFFERENT than parents • Creates VARIATION

New organisms develop from a cell or cells of a single parent and have characteristics IDENTICAL to that of the parent

Types of Asexual Reproduction1. Binary Fission 2. Budding3. Sporulation 4. Regeneration 5. Vegetative Propagation

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Do Now 22 (loose-leaf)

1. What is an organism?

2. What is the smallest unit of life (smallest living thing)?

3. What cell organelle does reproduction involve? Why?

4. Why do cells divide /reproduce?

Any living thing (carry out life functions)

A cell

Nucleus - Contains the cell’s DNA (Genetic Material)

• Reason why we grow bigger • Cells don’t live forever (need to make more)

Binary Fission 1: Type

Parent cell divides and forms TWO daughter cells Each new cell (daughter cell) has:

SAME SIZE Same shapeSame DNA

Examples:Unicellular organismsParameciumAmebaBacteria

Budding 2: Type

New organism grows out of the parent Offspring:

Are smaller than the parent Same DNA as parent

Examples:YeastHydras

Sporulation 3: Type

Parent forms specialized cells with same DNA called spores Parent releases spores Under the right conditions (usually warm and moist) spores will

divide rapidly and create new organism

Examples: FungiMosses Ferns

Regeneration4: Type

Production of one or more new organisms from cut-off parts of a single parent

New organisms:Same DNA as parent

Examples: Starfish SpongesWorms

Vegetative Propagation5: Type

New plants develop from roots, stems or leaves of the parent plant (not flower)

New organisms:Same DNA as parent

Examples:CuttingsBulbsRunnersGrafting

Vegetative Propagation5: Type

Grafting - The stem of one plant is attached to the cut of another

Runner – Stems that grow along the ground and a new root forms into the ground making a new plant

Bulb – enlarged underground stem surrounded by leaves and containing stored food to develop a new plant

Do Now (Question sheet)

On Sheet, complete questions:#1, 2, 3, 4, 8

In Asexual Reproduction, how can the DNA of the offspring be an EXACT copy of the parent cell’s

DNA? DNA of the parent is copied and split between the 2 new daughter cells

This is called Mitosis

Mitosis

Type of Asexual Reproduction Type of cell division Produces TWO identical daughter cells with

same number of chromosomes as parent Large organisms use mitosis for growth and

repair Unicellular organisms use mitosis to reproduce

Same amount of DNA?Same DNA?

Complete the cell division diagrams below. Remember the relationship between the 2 daughter cells and the parent

46 6 10

Some Mitosis VocabularyOffspring When organisms reproduce, their new born are called offspring

Daughter CellsWhen one cell divides it creates TWO cells called Daughter Cells

ChromosomeTightly packed strands of DNA

Centromere

Chromatid

Hold chromatids together

One half of a duplicated (copied) chromosome

MitosisStages of Mitosis

1) Interphase

2) Prophase

3) Metaphase

4) Anaphase

5) Telophase

How to remember the steps:

I - P M A T

Interphase The longest phase of the cell’s life

Cell Life

Why can’t we reproduce when we are born?Our bodies need to grow and develop in order to prepare for reproduction

Cells are they same way! They have a life too!

Spends life carrying out life functions and preparing to divide

Cell division (mitosis) = small part of a cells life

Do Now (Question sheet)

On Sheet, complete questions:#5, 7, 11, 14, 15, 17

Mitosis

Interphase – The storyInterphase is the growth period of the cell cycle. It appears

that nothing is happening, but the cell is actually busy

growing, repairing itself and maintaining homeostasis. The

three phases of interphase include periods of rapid growth,

duplication of DNA and synthesis of cell organelles. During

interphase, the nucleus and nucleolus can be clearly seen, but

the chromosomes cannot.

Interphase Notes The longest phase of the cell’s

life

DNA, the genetic information, is a jumbled mess called

CHROMATIN

To prepare for Mitosis, DNA Replication occurs

Cell organelles copied for new cell

VOCABULARYNuclear membraneCell Membrane

Cell Wall

CENTRIOLESChromatin

Prophase – The storyProphase is the first phase of mitosis. This is when

the nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disappear,

chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes and a

spindle forms between the pairs of centrioles.

Centrioles also travel to the opposite ends of the

cell. Chromosomes have already been duplicated

during interphase.

Prophase Notes DNA, chromatin, condenses into

chromosomes (becomes visible)

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Spindle fibers (threads) begin to appear

Animal Cell Centrioles separate and spindle

fibers begin to form VOCABULARYNuclear membraneCell Membrane

Cell Wall

CENTRIOLESSpindle FibersCentromere

Metaphase – The storyMetaphase is when the sister chromatids line up

around the center of the cell. Each sister chromatid

is attached to a separate spindle fiber by its

centromere.

Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the

center of the cell

Spindle fibers attach to all centromeres

Cell is READY to split!

Anaphase – The storyAnaphase is when each centromere divides and

the sister chromatids separate. The chromatids then

begin to move away from each other toward

opposite poles of the cell. Each chromatid becomes

a separate chromosome.

Anaphase Centromere disappears and the

two chromatids separate

Chromosomes start to move to opposite ends of the cell

VOCABULARYSingle chromosome

Do Now (Question sheet)

On Sheet, complete questions:#9, 13, 16, 18

Telophase – The storyTelophase is the final phase of mitosis and where the centrioles

and spindle fibers begin to disappear. The chromosomes stretch

out and become harder to see. A nuclear membrane forms around

each set of chromosomes and the nucleolus appears in each

nucleus. At the end of mitosis, the plasma membrane begins to

pinch in the middle and cytokinesis occurs. Two new identical cells

are created!

Telophase Chromosomes gather at

opposite ends of the cell

Chromosomes begin to uncoil and become chromatin again (threads instead of rods)

New nuclear membrane forms

Spindle apparatus disappears

VOCABULARYSingle chromosome

What happens next?Cell needs to split!

Cytokinesis Is when the cell membrane pinches in

and the cell cytoplasm splitsTwo new IDENTICAL cells are formedONLY in animal cells

Cytokinesis Drawing

What happens if the cell doesn’t split?

• During telophase, membrane-enclosed vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus migrate to the center of the cell where the metaphase plate used to be and fuse to form a cell plate.

• Eventually, the growing cell plate fuses with the existing plasma membrane, producing two daughter cells, each with its own plasma membrane.

• A new cell wall forms between the two membranes of the cell plate.

How does 1 plant cell make 2 then?

Sometimes cells can replicate their DNA and divide without any control. This is known as

Cancer –

cancer

A disease characterized by uncontrollable cell division and growth

What causes these changes in a cell?

Mutation – a change in a gene (piece of DNA)

Do Now (Question sheet)

On Sheet, complete questions:#6, 10

Same amount of DNA?Same DNA?

Complete the cell division diagrams below. Remember the relationship between the 2 daughter cells and the parent

46 6 10

DO NOW

Take a Cancer article, read and complete the questions.

Don’t worry about the tough words. Questions are in order and that is the information I want you to get from the reading.

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• Mitosis video clip