DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology Biology 3.3.3 Understand the application of DNA...
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Transcript of DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology Biology 3.3.3 Understand the application of DNA...
DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology
Biology 3.3.3
Understand the application of DNA technology.
Mutation
• There is always a chance for a mistake during DNA replication.
• There are 3 possible mutations:• Point• Frameshift• Chromosomal
Point Mutation
• One nitrogen base is switched or incorrect.
• Changes 1 amino acid.
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.• THE DOG BIT THE CAR.
Ex. Sickle cell anemia
Frameshift Mutation
• A single nitrogen base is added or deleted.
• This disrupts all following codons!
• Example:
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.• THE DOG BII TTH ECA T.
Chromosomal Mutation
• When an entire chromosome is missing or there is an extra chromosome.
• Occurs during Meiosis.
• Called Non-Disjunction.
• In most cases, causes death or sterility.
Causes of DNA Mutations• Under most circumstances, DNA molecules are very
stable. They survive in the nucleus of a cell without undergoing change, and they reproduce themselves during cell division without being damaged. But accidents do occur.
• • For example, an X ray passing through a DNA
molecule might break the chemical bond that holds two nucleotides together. The DNA molecule is destroyed and is no longer able to carry out its function.
Mutagen: something that causes a mutation.
• caffeine (found in coffee and colas),
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogenic drug),
• benzo(a)pyrene (found in cigarette and coal smoke),
• nitrous oxide (laughing gas), • ozone (a major pollutant when in
the lower atmosphere). • X-rays
DNA Fingerprinting
• is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Transgenic Organism
• an organism which has been modified with genetic material from another speciesby inserting DNA into an embryo with the assistance of a virus, a plasmid, or a gene gun.
Reason Transgenic Organism
• Goal is to reduce the threats on an organism.
• DNA in one organism is expressed in another organism
GMO
Genetically Modified Organism
• Organism genetic material has been altered to benefit the organism
Genetically Modified Food
• Food that has been altered to reduce pest, pesticides, carbon emission, or “dry crop”
Top GMF
Human Genome ProjectGives the complete blue
print of EACH GENETIC CODE
PRO
• Can map out your entire genetic up for diseases or risk factors
CON
• Can cause liability for insurance companies –No insurance
Stem Cell
STEM CELLS occur during FERTILIZATION
• derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.[1] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells
REPAIR ERROR in the Human GENOME
STEM CELLS –GENETIC DISEASE
Cystic Fibrosis Fragile X syndrome