DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that...
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Transcript of DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that...
![Page 1: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
![Page 2: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is DNA?• The hereditary material in the nucleus of
cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins it should make.
• Regions of DNA that code for proteins are called genes.
• These proteins give organisms their traits, such as eye color.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
![Page 3: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DNA Structure• Discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick.• DNA is a double-helix = 2 strands twisted around each
other like a spiral staircase.• DNA is made of repeating subunits called nucleotides.• Nucleotides have 3 parts:
– Deoxyribose sugar
– Nitrogen base
– Phosphate group
•
![Page 4: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA Nucleotide
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DNA Structure continued…• The sides of the DNA ladder are repeating
phosphates and sugars.• The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen
bases.• There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA:
– Adenine– Guanine – Cytosine– Thymine
Purines = Have a double ring structure
Pyrimidines = Have a single ring structure
![Page 6: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nitrogen Bases in DNA
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Complementary Base Pairing• Watson and Crick discovered that the following
base pairing rule exists in DNA structure:– Adenine is complementary (fits together) with Thymine
• Held together by 2 hydrogen bonds
– Cytosine is complementary with Guanine• Held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
•Each pairing includes one purine and one pyrimidine.
![Page 8: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Label the small portion of DNA shown below:
Label the following:•Sugars•Phosphates•Nitrogen bases•Hydrogen bonds
![Page 9: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Build a DNA Model• Black= sugar• White hollow= phosphate• White solid= hydrogen bond• Blue= cytosine• Green= thymine• Orange= adenine• Yellow= guanine
Make the sequence for ½ of the DNA
CTGGACT
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• If the sequence of half of a DNA strand is TAGGCC, draw the entire DNA strand. Label the phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, nitrogen bases, and hydrogen bonds.
![Page 11: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Replication • During interphase, chromosomes create new chromatids. This
process of making new DNA strands is called replication.• This process happens in the nucleus of the cell.• Each new DNA produced has ½ from the original strand and ½
that is newly built.• DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the 2
strands of DNA together. • DNA polymerase forms the new halves of DNA by putting the
correct nucleotides into position. It also proofreads the new DNA built for any errors.
• This process occurs once in a cell’s lifetime.
![Page 12: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Let’s Practice Replication!
• Build the DNA model with the sequence GTTCA.
• G=yellow
• T=green
• C=blue
• A=orange
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Transcription• Transcription is the making of RNA by using the DNA code as
a template.• RNA is single stranded so only ½ of the DNA is used as a
template. This half is called the sense strand. The other is the non-sense strand.
• RNA polymerase starts at the promoter on the DNA and builds the new strand of RNA until it reaches the termination signal.
• RNA produced leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores to enter the cytosol. Why can it leave?
• 3 types of RNA are produced: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Contrasting DNA and RNA
DNA
• 2 strands• Deoxyribose sugar• Remains in the nucleus• Bases
– ATCG
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
RNA
• 1 strand• Ribose sugar• Exits nucleus• Bases
– AUGC
A pairs with U
G pairs with C
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![Page 17: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Let’s Practice Transcription!• Build the DNA model with the sequence
CTGGATC.
• G=yellow, T=green, C=blue, A=orange U= purple ribose=purple pentagons
• The side of the DNA listed above is the sense strand.
• If the promoter is after the 1st “C” and the termination signal is before the last “C”, what is the RNA strand produced?
![Page 18: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
3 Types of RNA1. mRNA (messenger)- carries the
DNA’s instructions for making proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol.
• Every 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon. Each codon codes for an amino acid.
– See codon table
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![Page 20: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2. tRNA (transfer)- carries a specific amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other end. The anticodon complements the codon on mRNA.
Draw the tRNA structure:
3. rRNA (ribosomal)- Along with protein, this makes up the structure of a ribosome.
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Translation (Protein Synthesis)1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytosol.2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.3. At the start codon (AUG), a tRNA brings its amino
acid into position. 4. Adjacent amino acids bond together with a peptide
bond and the tRNA leaves.5. The ribosome then moves onto the next codon.6. This process continues until the STOP codon is
reached.7. The new protein is released.
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Draw the translation process
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![Page 24: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? The hereditary material in the nucleus of cells that tells the cell when to make proteins and what proteins.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e205503460f94b0af7d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• DNA code TGA ______________ _______________
• mRNA codon _____________ UCU _______________
• tRNA anticodon _____________ ________________ _______________
• Amino acid ____________ ______________ tryptophan
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• DNA code CAT ______________ _______________
• mRNA codon _____________ GUU _______________
• tRNA anticodon _____________ ________________ _______________
• Amino acid ____________ ______________ methionine
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