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Transcript of DNA Model
![Page 1: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA Replication
By: Laura Keller
![Page 2: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA
• The DNA double helix refers to the shape of the DNA molecule, or the twisted ladder. It has two intertwining strands made of sugar and phosphate with links across the middle. The rungs of the ladder are base pairs made of four different bases, represented by the letters A, T, G, and C.
![Page 3: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Enzyme DNA helicase “unzips” or unwinds the double stranded DNA at the origin of replication by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary strands.
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Hydrogen Bond
3’
3’5’
5’
![Page 4: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 5: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 6: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 7: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 8: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 9: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 10: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 11: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 12: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 13: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 14: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 15: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 16: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
![Page 17: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
![Page 18: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 19: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 20: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 21: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 22: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 23: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 24: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
DN
A P
oly
mera
se
III
![Page 25: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
![Page 26: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
`
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 27: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 28: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 29: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 30: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
5’
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.D
NA
Pri
mase
3’5’
![Page 31: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 32: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 33: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 34: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 35: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 36: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 37: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A
Pri
mase
![Page 38: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 39: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
![Page 40: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I
![Page 41: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I
![Page 42: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I
When the DNA
Polymerase II reaches
the RNA primer, it turns into
DNA.
![Page 43: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I When the DNA
Polymerase II reaches
the RNA primer, it turns into
DNA.
![Page 44: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I
![Page 45: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I
![Page 46: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A
Poly
mera
se I
I
![Page 47: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
![Page 48: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 49: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 50: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 51: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 52: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 53: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 54: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 55: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 56: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
5’
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 57: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
5’
DN
A
Lig
ase
![Page 58: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Key
=
Phosphate
= Sugar
=
Adenine
=
Thymine
=
Guanine
=
Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
an
d
Lag
gin
g S
tran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
5’ 3’
3’
3’
3’ 5’
5’
5’
![Page 59: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Why Does DNA Need to Replicate?
• DNA needs to replicate because when a cell in your body divides, in order for your body to grow or repair itself it must also duplicate the cell's DNA. This is so the cell will then have it's own set of directions to know how to continue replicating.
![Page 60: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
In My Own Words...
• Telomeres- keep chromosomes from becoming attached to each other accidentally.
• Okazaki Fragment- a section of complimentary strands of DNA formed when the enzyme DNA Ligase is present.
• DNA Ligase- an enzyme that “stitches” a new complimentary strand of DNA called an okazaki fragment.
• Telomerase- an enzyme that helps a cell maintain the length of their telomeres.
![Page 61: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
In My Own Words… (Continued)
• Cancer- expresses the enzyme telomerase, which helps a tumor to grow.
• Transplanted Cells- cells that have been taken, added to, and then given back
• Cloning- taking a piece of something and making another copy
• Aging- the steady shrinking of cells in the body
![Page 62: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mutations (Mistakes)
• If there are any mistakes while replicating DNA, it will result in the mutation of a gene. An organism can only have up to 3 mutations, or it cannot live. Sometimes, mutations are minor, while other times, they can change one’s whole genetic makeup. For example, a mutation can result in the crossing over of a 21st chromosome, resulting in one having Down’s Syndrome.
![Page 63: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Where in Mitosis Does DNA
Replication Happen?• DNA replication happens in S Phase and also in cytokinesis, or
the last phase of mitosis.
![Page 64: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Where in the Cell?
•DNA replication happens in the nucleus of a cell.
![Page 65: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Works Cited• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_if
_there_is_a_error_in_DNA_replication?#slide=6
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409
• http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/dna6.html
• http://www.biology.ewu.edu/aHerr/Genetics/Bio310/Pages/ch13pges/ch13note.html
• http://www.astrochem.org/sci/Nucleobases.php
![Page 66: DNA Model](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110121/558e58511a28ab546e8b46e6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The End