Dna flipbook
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Transcript of Dna flipbook
STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION: (OCCURS IN THE
NUCLEUS.)
• 1. RNA polymerase causes the DNA to unwind and unzip.
• 2. RNA polymerase goes to the promoter region.
• 3. RNA Polymerase reads the DNA and creates mRNA.
• 4. RNA Polymerase hits the stop codon and lets the mRNA go.
• 5. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters into the cytoplasm.
Nucleus of the
cell
DNA is in a double helix
shape
RNA polymerase getting
ready to separate the DNA
A T
C G
A T
A
A
A
A
A
A
c
c
c
c
c
cT
T
T
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
G
G
Hydrogen Bonds
Sugar Phosphate Backbone
The promoter regionRNA Polymerase will bind tightly to this region.
A
T
C
G A
T G
C
A
T
C
G
T
A
G
C
A
T
C
G
RNA Polymerase getting ready to bond.
Coding Region :RNA Polymerase will read the DNA and create
mRNA.
A
T
C
G A
T G
C
A
T
C
G
T
A
G
C
A
T
C
G
RNA POLYMERASE
The mRNA Strand is created:
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
Starting CodonTermination sequence
The mRNA strand will move through the Nuclear Pore:
A T
C G
A T
A
A
A
A
A
A
c
c
c
c
c
cT
T
T
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
G
G
The mRNA strand.
The Nuclear Pore
STEPS OF TRANSLATION: (OCCURS IN THE
CYTOPLASM.)
• 1. The rRNA will form ribosomes.
• 2. The mRNA will bind to a ribosome, and it will be read.
• 3. The tRNA will check the mRNA for any mistakes, and then it
will transfer the amino acids.
• 4. The amino acids that are attached to the tRNA will bind with
peptide bonds.
• 5. The ribosome will hit the stop codon and finish the protein.
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA binding to a ribosome:Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
Met
mRNA strand bases
Amino Acid
Start Codon
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
tRNA checking for mistakes and transferring the
amino acids:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
Met
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
tRNA checking for mistakes and transferring the amino
acids continued:Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
(The amino acids also start binding with the peptide bonds.)
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
A A U
Leu
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
A A U
Leu
C G U
Ala
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
A A U
Leu
C G U
Ala
U U G
Asn
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
A A U
Leu
C G U
Ala
U U G
Asn
G U C
Gi
n
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
A A U
Leu
C G U
Ala
U U G
Asn
G U C
Gi
nA G A
Ser
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
The ribosome will hit the stop codon and finish the protein:
Ribosome
tRNA anti-codon
U A C
mRNA strand bases
Amino acids
C A G
Val
U C A
Met Ser
Peptide bonds
G G U
Pro
A A U
Leu
C G U
Ala
U U G
Asn
G U C
Gi
nA G A
Ser
A U U
Stop
Stop Codon
Steps of Translation and Transcription Summarized:
1. RNA polymerase causes the DNA to unwind and unzip.
2. RNA polymerase goes to the promoter region.
3. RNA Polymerase reads the DNA and creates mRNA.
4. RNA Polymerase hits the stop codon and lets the mRNA go.
5. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters into the
cytoplasm.
6. The rRNA will form ribosomes.
7. The mRNA will bind to a ribosome, and it will be read.
8. The tRNA will check the mRNA for any mistakes, and then it
will transfer the amino acids.
9. The amino acids that are attached to the tRNA will bind with
peptide bonds.
10. The ribosome will hit the stop codon and finish the protein.