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5

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Ufhrfdb gbcfk% $Ckfdzycrbq zpsr yjcbn d chtlytdtrjdjq tdhtqcrjq gbcmvtyyjcnb yfpdfybt [fyffycrjuj zpsrf> rfr djj,ot ckfdzyt> pf bcrk/xtybtv ytcrjkmrb[ ckexftd d ytq> gjl bvtytv [fyffywtd.$ !$J zpsrt tdhttd> ;bdib[ d lhtdytt dhtvz yf Hecb> b j ckfdzycrb[ ckjdf[> dcnhtxftvs[ e tdhtqcrb[ gbcfntktq$> C-G, 1865> cnh. 17> ghbvtx. I@. Dgthdst ckfdzyt yfpdfys ds[jlwfvb bp {fyffyf d tdhtqcrjv bcnjhbxtcrjv nhelt $Bjcbajyt$> dhtvz gjzdktybz rjnjhjuj cgjhyj. Ytrjnjhst cxbnf/n> xnj rybuf yfgbcfyf tot d V-v dtrt> n. r. tt fdnjh yt ,sk pyfrjv c Nfkveljv !Dfdbkjycrbq Nfkvel pfdthity d rjywt V - yfx. VI-uj dtrjd@. Gjplytqibt pfgbcb d ntrcn $Bjcbajyf$ dyjcbkb gthtgbcxbrb. Pfgbcm j [fyffycrjv ghjbc[j;ltybb ckfdzy jnyjcbncz crjhtt dctuj rj dnjhjq gjkjdbyt X-uj dtrf. Ufhrfdb jnvtnbk pfckeue extyjuj Ktjgjkmlf Weywf> rjnjhsq d ghbvtxfybz[ r fyukbqcrjve bplfyb/ gentitcndbq Dtybfvbyf bp Neltks !Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. London. 1841. v II> pp. 226-229@ $cjgjcnfdbd lheubt vtcnf tdhtqcrb[ gbcfntktq j [fyffycrjq ptvkt> ghbitk r pfrk/xtyb/% gjl ckjdfvb ${fyffy$ b $[fyffycrbq zpsr$ hfpevt/ncz ckfdzyt b b[ zpsr$. Ghjbc[jlbdifz ytcrjkmrj gjp;t lbcreccbz tdhtqcrb[ extys[ gjlndthlbkf d cdjb[ dsdjlf[ gjkj;tybz K. Weywf.

D tdhtqcrjq kbnthfneht pfljkuj lj gjzdktybz cnfnmb Zrj,cjyf b Ufkkt [fyffycrbq zpsr jnj;ltcndkzkb c xticrbv !f yt c tdhtqcrj-xticrbv@. D xfcnyjcnb> Bjcba Rfhf !XII d.@ yfpsdfk ckfdzycrbt ckjdf nj xticrbvb> nj [fyffycrbvb. Yfb,jktt dthjznyjq ghbxbyjq 'njuj vjukj ,snm nj> xnj tdhtb> ghbitlibt c pfgflf> dcnhtnbkbcm c xt[fvb ght;lt> xtv c lheubvb ckfdzyfvb. Yj tcnm afrns> cdbltntkmcnde/obt j ,jkmitq eybdthcfkmyjcnb nthvbyf KFIJY RYFFY> jghtltkz/otuj b jpyfxf/otuj djj,ot dczrbq ckfdzycrbq zpsr. Jn XI-uj dtrf cj[hfybkfcm rjgbz htrjvtylfntkmyjuj gbcmvf> lfyyjuj tdhtqcrjq j,obyjq uhtxtcrjuj ujhjlf Cfkjybrb vjkjljve xtkjdtre bp Hecb> yfghfdkzditvecz d Gfktcnbye. D gbcmvt cjlth;bncz ghjcm-,f r lheubv j,obyfv gjvjufnm vjkjljve xtkjdtre d ljhjut> gjcrjkmre jy yt pyftn ybrfrb[ lheub[ zpsrjd> rhjvt CFAFN RYFFY !nj ;t> xnj b KFIJY RYFFY> CFAF b KFIJY - cbyjybvs@> yf rjnjhjv ujdjhzn yf tuj hjlbyt. Jnc/lf cktletn> xnj cathf hfcghjcnhfytybz [fyffycrjuj zpsrf drk/xfkf yt njkmrj Xt[b/> yj b Hecm. Lfktt. D rybut Vtbhf [f-Rj'yf CTATH [f-LBYBV !XI d.@ egjvzyenf cnhfyf ZDFY RYFFY> n. t. {fyffycrfz Uhtwbz. Rfrfz cnhfyf bvt-kfcm d dble - ytzcyj& vj;tn> pf[dfxtyyfz d yfxfkt XI-uj dtrf Dbpfynbtq> bkb Vfrtljybz. Dj dczrjv ckexft> htxm ikf j rfrjq-nj bp ckfdzycrb[ cnhfy> cjctlcnde/ob[ c Uhtwbtq> yj yb d rjtv ckexft yt j Xt[bb. Yfrjytw> bpdtcnyj cjj,otybt tdhtqcrjuj gentitcndtyybrf XII-uj dtrf Dtybf-vbyf bp Neltks j njv> xnj ckfdzyt ghjlf/n cdjb[ ltntq lheubv yfhjlfv d hf,cndj> gjxtve b[ cnhfyf yfpsdftncz {fyffyjv> f jyb cfvb - [fyffytzyfvb. Yflj crfpfnm> xnj d ckfdzycrb[ cnhfyf[ Dtybfvby yt gj,sdfk b jnc/lf tuj ytljcnfnjxyfz jcdtljvktyyjcnm. Jy yt hfpkbxfk jnltkmys[ cnhfy b yfhjljd dyenhb ckfdzycrjuj vbhf - 'njn vbh ,sk lkz ytuj tlbysv jn Ghfub lj Rbtdf> yj b wtyyjcnm tuj cjj,otybz d njv> xnj dtcm ckfdzycrbq vbh yfpdfy jlybv bvtytv> yjcbn jlyj yfpdfybt. Nfrjuj yt vju dslevfnm ytjcdtljvktyysq gentitcndtyybr. Jy dscrfpsdfk j,otghbyznjt vytybt. Dtybfvby bp Neltks yt pyfk yfcnjzotq ghbxbys ghbcdjt-

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Ntrcn gbcmvf ,sk jge,kbrjdfy L;. Vfyyjv d rybut "The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs", Oxford, II, 1922, p.192.

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Heccrbq bcnjhbr XIX-uj dtrf D.J.Rk/xtdcrbq gbcfk% $"rjyjvbxtcrjt ,kfujcjcnjzybt Rbtdcrjq Hecb XI b XII d.d. lth;fkjcm yf hf,jdkfltybb. R gjkjdbyt XII d. hf,jdkfltybt nfv ljcnbukj uhjvflys[ hfpvthjd. E;t d X-XI d.d. xtkzlm cjcnfdkzkf ukfdye/ cnfnm/ heccrjuj dsdjpf yf xthyjvjhc-rbt b djk;crj-rfcgbqcrbt hsyrb.$ !Cjx.> n. I> Vjcrdf> 1956> cnh. 274@

Tdhjgs> rhjvt njhujds[ cdzptq& tcnm b pyfrjvcndj pfgflys[ tdhttd cj ckfdzycrbvbv ptvkzvb> tdhtb djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs tplzn yf pfgfl !Ahfywbz> Bcgfybz@ bpexfnm d frfltvbz[ Nfkvel. D Fyukbb XII-uj dtrf jcnfdbk gj ct,t gfvznm extysq Bwf !Bcffr@ bp Xthybujdf. J ytv egjvbyfkb 2 bcnjxybrf% tdhtqcrbq !CTATH {FIJ{FV@ b fyukbqcrbq !Gfqg-hjkp> 1180-1182@. Pfgbcm bp gthdjuj wbnbhjdfk b rjvvtynbhjdfk Ufhrfdb% $Crfpfk vyt h. Bwf bp Chbuj, !Xthybujdf@> xnj d Nbhfct> n. t. d Hecbb> cjbnbt yfpsdftncz $. "nbv jy [jntk j,(zcybnm ukfujk !ry. uk.38> cn.8 b Dnjhjpfrjybt> uk.25@> ghjbc[j;ltybt rjnjhjuj lj cb[ gjh yt hfpuflfyj$. Gj;fkeq> 'nb vfktymrbt afrns> 'nb uke[bt cdbltntkmcndf j, Bjcbat Rfhf b Bwt bp Xthybujdf> bcrfdib[ b yf[jlbdib[ pf,snsq cvsck ,b,ktqcrb[ ckjd d ckfdzycrjv zpsrt> ghjkbdf/n cdtn yf bcnbyye/ ghbxbye ghbcdjtybz ckfdzycrjve zpsre yfpdfybz KFIJY RYFFY> f ckfdzycrbv ptvkzv - yfpdfybz {fyffy> rjnjhsv lhtdybt ctvbns yfpsdfkb Gfktcnbye. "njq ghbxbyjq> tckb yt

13

Cnhfyyj> xnj F. Ufhrfdb> pyfz j, 'nb[ df;ys[ afrnf[> yt eltkbk bv ljk;yjuj dybvfybz b d njq ;t cdjtq rybut jxtym crtgnbxtcrb dscrfpfkcz j hf,jnf[ lheub[ extys[> gsnfdib[cz gj vtht cbk hfpuflfnm nfqye ctvbnj-ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjds[ cdzptq. D ghbvtxfybb 4 !cnh.19@ jy gbcfk cktle/ott j ytj,[jlbvjcnb cj,hfnm ckfdzycrbt 'ktvtyns bp hfpujdjhyjuj tdhtqcrjuj ;fhujyf% $... 'nj yflj cltkfnm c ,jkmibv abkjkjubxtcrbv nfrnjv> f yt herjdjlcndezcm jlybv c[jlcndjv cjpdexbq> rfr yfghbvth D.Neutylujkml d cdjtq ,hji/ht Semitische Nachklnge, Dbkmyj> 1847> ult jy> gjlj,yj Nhtlbfrjdcrjve> cnfhfkcz ljrfpfnm yb ,jktt yb vtytt rfr ghjbc[j;ltybt ckfdzycrjuj zpsrf jn tdhtqcrjuj b [fkltqcrjuj^$ Vyt yt ghbikjcm gjrf jpyfrjvbnmcz c hf,jnjq D.Nhtlbfrjdcrjuj. Gj[j;t> xnj c ytq yt ,sk pyfrjv b D.Neutylujkml> ;bdibq gjxnb yf 100 ktn gjp;t heccrjuj fdnjhf> yj r xtcnb b[ j,jb[ yflj crfpfnm> xnj jyb ,skb gthdsvb> rnj gsnfkcz j,jcyjdfnm cnfhe/ blt/ ghjbc[j;ltybz dct[ zpsrjd jn tdhtqcrjuj bpscrfybzvb gj ckfdzycrbv zpsrfv. B[ ,jkmifz pfckeuf> ytcvjnhz yf jib,jxyjcnm bc[jlyjq bltb bkb dsdjljd> - d yfrjgktybb afrnbxtcrjuj vfnthbfkf b lf;t ghjcnj d njv> xnj jyb pfvtnbkb ktrcbxtcrbt b lheubt cjjndtncndbz ckfdzycrb[ b ctvbncrb[ zpsrjd. Nhel D.Neutylujkmlf> d xfcnyjcnb> cjlth;bn jxtym cthmtpysq chfdybntkmysq ktrcbxtcrbq vfnthbfk gj tdhtqcrjve> fhfvtqcrjve> heccrjve b gjkmcrjve zpsrfv b d tuj gjl,jht fdnjh herjdjlcndjdfkcz yt jlybv c[jlcndjv cjpdexbq !pf ytvyjubvb bcrk/xtybzvb> jxtym njxysv@> yj b njxysv cvsckjdsv cjjndtncndbtv chfdybdftvs[ ckjd.

tlbycndtyyjq> nj ukfdyjq> ,skj gjhfpbntkmyjt c[jlcndj vt;le zpsrfvb lhtdyttdhtqcrbv b lhtdytckfdzycrbv. J,otghbyznjt vytybt tdhtqcrb[ fdnjhjd j, 'njv cnhfyyjv zdktybb vj;yj yfqnb d pfvtxfybb Vjbctz uf-Ujkf bp ujh. Kblf !,kbp Dbkmys@ j heccrjv ckjdt $if,fi$% $...yf b[ bcrf;tyyjv zpsrt - if,fi$ !wbn. gj rybut Ufhrfdb@. Vjbctq gbcfk d yfxfkt XVI-uj dtrf. Rhjvt tuj vytybz> dscrfpfyyjuj> rfr dblyj> vbvj[jljv> nj;ltcndtyyjuj vytyb/ F,ekfabb j ghjbc[j;ltybb dct[ zpsrjd jn bcrf;tybz bdhbnf> bpdtcnys tot ytrjnjhst dscrfpsdfybz b lf;t hf,jns ,jktt gjplytuj dhtvtyb% pfvtxfybz heccrjuj bcnjhbrf XVIII-uj dtrf D.Nfnbotdf j yfkbxbb d ckfdzycrjq ktrcbrt $vyjub[ ckjd tdhtqcrb[ b cbhcrb[$> nhels extys[ D.Nhtlbfrjdcrjuj !XVIII d.@ b D.Neutylujkmlf !XIX d.@ j hjlcndt ctvbncrb[ b ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjd b j ghjbc[j;ltybb gjcktlyb[ jn gthds[> bpdtcnys ge,kbrfwbb $Vfnthbfkjd lkz chfdybntkmyjuj bccktljdfybz zpsrjd tdhtqcrj-[fkltqcrjuj b heccrjuj$ d hb;crjv ;ehyfkt $Tdhtqcrbt pfgbcrb$ yfxfkf 80-[ ujljd XIX-uj dtrf b> yfrjytw> bplfyysq d 1982-v ujle d Bphfbkt> ckjdfhm A.Zabn gjl yfpdfybtv $Cvjnhb d rjhtym$> cjlth;fobq jrjkj 2000 tdhtqcrb[ b heccrb[ ckjd> c[jlys[ gj pdexfyb/ b cvscke. Rhjvt bltb ghjbc[j;ltybz dct[ zpsrjd jn bdhbnf> tcnm tot ytrjnjhst ntjhbb. Jyb ,elen hfccvjnhtys gjp;t.

14

Bdhbncrjt IF

Yflj jnvtnbnm> xnj D.Y.Nfnbotd ibhjrj bcgjkmpjdfk nhels chtlytdtrjds[ gjkmcrb[ fdnjhjd Cnhsrjdcrjuj> Rhjvthf> Lkeujif> b tuj cdtltybz gj bynthtce/otve yfc djghjce bc[jlzn ytcjvytyyj jn yb[. Lhtdyttdhtqcrjuj zpsrf jy yt pyfk - yt vju jghtltkbnm bp rfrjuj zpsrf ckjdj rfufy> [jnz pyfk> xnj wfhm - bp tdhtqcrjuj. !cv. $Bcnjhbz Hjccbqcrfz$> n. I> c. 206@. Heccrbq bcnjhbr Y.V.Rfhfvpby> ;bdibq b gbcfdibq ghbvthyj yf 100 ktn gjp;t Nfnbotdf> ,sk pyfrjv c ghj,ktvjq gj ytvtwrjve bcnjxybre. D tuj $Bcnjhbb ujcelfhcndf Hjccbqcrjuj$ !n. I> uk. III@ xbnftv% $... k/,jgsncndj Bcnjhbrjd [jntkj jnrhsnm d ytv !ckfd. zpsrt. - I.@ cktls vfkjbpdtcnyjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz ckfdzy. Ytrjnjhst endth;lfkb> xnj jy dtcmvf ,kbpjr r lhtdybv zpsrfv Fpbfncrbv !pltcm Rfhfvpby> yt wbnbhez> cjckfkcz yf bcnjxybr Kfepbncrbt Provinzialbltter> c.101@& yj dthytqitt bpcktljdfybt ljrfpfkj> xnj cbt vybvjt c[jlcndj juhfybxbdftncz dtcmvf ytvyjubvb ckjdfvb> Tdhtqcrbvb bkb {fkltqcrbvb> Cbhcrbvb> Fhf,crbvb> rjnjhst yf[jlzncz b d lheub[ zpsrf[ Tdhjgtqcrb[> cdbltntkmcndez tlbycndtyyj b[ j,ott Fpbfncrjt ghjbc[j;ltybt& b xnj Ckfdzycrbq bvttn c Uhtxtcrbv> Kfnbycrbv> Ytvtwrbv ujhfplj ,jktt cdzpb> yt;tkb c Tdhtqcrbv b lheubvb Djcnjxysvb...$ "nj dct> xnj vju bkb [jntk cjj,obnm Rfhfvpby. Jabwbfkmysq bcnjhbjuhfa ghjcnj yt vju crfpfnm ,jkmit. Cgfcb,j b yf njv. Tuj crjhjujdjhrf rhfcyjhtxbdf% jy yt yfpsdfk jggjytynjd> yt wbnbhjdfk b[> yt ghbdtk lf;t yfpdfybz bccktljdfybz> jghjdthuf/otuj b[> yj pfnj yfv bpdtcnyj> xnj dgkjnm lj dhtvtyb Rfhfvpbyf djghjc tdhtqcrj-ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjds[ cdzptq cnjzk yf gjdtcnrt lyz> xnj rjve-nj gjyflj,bkjcm wtkjt bccktljdfybt> xnj,s 'njn djghjc pfvznm b pfvjkxfnm jlby bp df;ytqib[ afrnjd 'nyjutytpf ckfdzy.

15

Ghb j,hfotybb r bynthtce/otve yfc zdktyb/> ghb gthdjv ;t chfdybntkmyjv jpyfrjvktybb c ktrcbxtcrbv vfnthbfkjv chfpe j,hfoftn yf ct,z dybvfybt ytj;blfyyj ,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj ctvbncrb[ pfbvcndjdfybq d ckfdzycrjq

2

ktrcbrt. Ghjdthrf gj ckjdfhzv> gj jnhsdrfv bp $Heccrjq Ghfdls$ b $Ckjdf j gjkre Bujhtdt$ gjrfpfkf> xnj ckfdzycrfz ktrcbrf - yfgjkjdbye ctvbncrfz. Nfrjt zdktybt vj;tn gjrfpfnmcz ytdthjznysv> gjcrjkmre htxm bltn j nsczxf[ ckjd> njulf rfr d j,sxys[ ckexfz[ pfbvcndjdfybz bcxbckz/ncz cxbnfyysvb ltcznrfvb !20 - 'nj e;t vyjuj@. Yf jcyjdfybb yfkbxbz d dtyuthcrjv ckjdfht jrjkj 200 n/hrcrb[ ckjd zpsrjdtls cltkfkb dsdjl j cvtifyyjv [fhfrntht cjdhtvtyyjuj dtyuthcrjuj zpsrf b j ,skjv ldezpsxbb dtyuhjd. Ntv ,jktt ghfdjvthty dsdjl j cvtifyyjcnb ckjdfhz ckfdzycrjuj b cjjndtncndtyyj - j, bvtditv ytrjulf vtcnj ldezpsxbb ckfdzy> rjulf dnjhsv b[ zpsrjv ,sk zpsr ctvbncrbq. Cvtifyyjcnm ckfdzycrjuj ckjdfhz yfukzlyj ltvjycnhbhetn ktrcbrf hjlcndtyys[ jnyjitybq> rjnjhfz> jnyjczcm r jcyjdyjve ajyle dczrjuj ckjdfhz> zdkztncz> rfr ghfdbkj> jxtym ecnjqxbdjq> vfkj bpvtyz/otqcz> vfkj gjllf/otqcz dkbzybzv. Pltcm yfhzle c byljtdhjgtqcrbvb nthvbyfvb !vfnm> nfnj-nznz> ljxm> ,hfn> ctcnhf> cdtrjh@ ytvfkj ckjd ctvbncrb[ !ctvmz> jntw> ve;> ;tyf> csy> dyer> gktvzyybr> lzlz> ntnz@.

16

Afrnbxtcrjt rjkbxtcndj pfbvcndjdfybq yt vj;tn ,snm jghtltktyj njxyj. Ghjdthrf cjdhtvtyyjuj heccrjuj ckjdfhz yf yfkbxbt ctvbncrb[ pfbvcndjdfybq lftn htpekmnfn d 43fi> njulf rfr ghjdthrf ktrcbrb ytrjnjhs[ lhtdytckfdzycrb[ ntrcnjd lftn dct 60. Pltcm crfpsdf/ncz ytbp,t;yst gjnthb pfbvcndjdfyys[ ckjd d jlyb[ ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[ b cj[hfytybt b[ d lheub[ ghb hfpltktybb tlbyjuj lhtdytckfdzycrjuj zpsrf b ghb lkbntkmyjv hfpdbnbb e;t lbaathtywbhjdfdib[cz zpsrjd. Yj ghtgzncndbt lkz jghtltktybz afrnbxtcrjuj rjkbxtcndf pfbvcndjdfybq d cktle/otv. Rfr 'nj ,eltn dblyj bp gjcktle/otuj> ckfdzyt pfbvcndjdfkb ctvbncre/ ktrcbre bp hfpujdjhyjuj lhtdyttdhtqcrjuj zpsrf. "njn zpsr> gtht;bd lkbntkmysq gthbjl cbv,bjpf c zpsrjv fhfvtqcrbv> dsitk bp egjnht,ktybz rfr hfpujdjhysq d VI-VII d.d.y.'. Gthdsq lhtdyttdhtqcrbq ckjdfhm ,sk cjcnfdkty Cfflbtq d yfxfkt X-uj dtrf> tuj ktrcbrf xthgfkfcm e;t bp kbnthfnehys[ bcnjxybrjd b yt drk/xfkf d gjkyjv j,(tvt hfpujdjhye/ lhtdyttdhtqcre/ ktrcbre> d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht r njve dhtvtyb enhfxtyye/> pf,sne/. Gj'njve ltqcndbntkmyjt rjkbxtcndj lhtdyttdhtqcrb[ pfbvcndjdfybq d ktrcbrt ckfdzy - ,jkmit njuj> rjnjhjt vj;tn lfnm ntgthm hf,jnf cj ckjdfhzvb> n.t. jyj ghtdsiftn 60fi.

Gj cfyrhbcncrjve ckjdfh/ ghjckt;bdf/ncz cktle/obt byljtdhjgtq-crbt nthvbys% vfnh ~vfnm~> nfnf[ ~jntw~> le[bnh ~ljxm~> ,[hfnh ~,hfn~> cdfch ~ctcnhf~> idfiehf[ ~cdtrjh~> gbnh ~jntw~. Bp ctvbncrjuj ckjdfhz d

Yfkbxbt ytgjvthyj ,jkmijuj rjkbxtcndf ctvbncrb[ ckjd d ktrcbrt ckfdzy cjdthityyj bcrk/xftn djpvj;yst ghtlgjkj;tybz j pfbvcndjdfybz[ bp gbcmvtyys[ bcnjxybrjd !gthtdjljd yfghbvth@ bkb bp zpsrjd-gjchtlybrjd. D gthdjv ckexft ghbikjcm ,s ghtlgjkj;bnm ceotcndjdfybt b bcgjkmpjdfybt e ckfdzy gthtdjlf xnj ktrcbrf ckfdzycrb[ gthtdjljd yj djghjc d njv> xnj hfymit gjzdbkjcm - zpsr cj cvtifyysv ctvbncrj-ckfdzycrbv ckjdfhtv bkb gthtdjl d ajytnbrt ckfdzy b ctvbnjd tcnm nj;t vyjuj j,otuj> f pfbvcndjdfybt ghfdbk ajytnbrb wtksv yfhjljv bp gbcmvtyys[ bcnjxybrjd ytdjpvj;yj. Njkmrj ytgjchtlcndtyysq b lkbntkmysq zpsrjdsq rjynfrn vj;tn ,snm ghbxbyjq nfrjuj zdktybz. Xnj rfcftncz djpvj;yjuj pfbvcndjdfybz ctvbncrb[ ckjd bp zpsrf-gjchtlybrf> nj ckjdfhm nfrjuj zpsrf ljk;ty ,sk ,snm gjkyjcnm/ ctvbncrbv> tckb ,skf pfbvcndjdfyf ,jkmifz tuj xfcnm. N. j,h.> vj;yj ujdjhbnm j ghzvs[ pfbvcndjdfybz[ bp ctvbncrjuj zpsrf. D gjkmpe ,skjuj ldezpsxbz ckfdzy cdbltntkmcndetn nfr;t rfxtcndj ctvbncrb[ pfbvcndjdfybq. D j,sxys[ eckjdbz[ zpsrb pfbvcnde/n lheu e lheuf ckjdf> jpyfxf/obt ghtlvtns

17

ckfdzycrbq gthtikb cktle/obt nthvbys% tdh. #KTJV ~yfhjl> yfwbz> gktvz~> jnrelf b ~gktvzyybr~> ghjbc[j;ltybt ghbcnfdrb $gt-$ ,eltn j,(zcytyj yb;t& tdh. #WTVTL ~gfhf> xtnf~> jnc/lf ctvmz& tdh.#DFNBR ~dtnthfy> jgsnysq~> jnc/lf jntw b ,fnmrf& tdh. #VTJLB ~cbkmysq> vjuexbq~> jnc/lf ve;& PEY bkb tdh. #{TPBY ~rjhvbnm> gbnfnm~> jnc/lf ;tyf b csy& tdh. #YT{TL ~dyer~& tdh. #LJL ~lzlz~& tdh. LJLF ~ntnz~. Pltcm> d ghjnbdjgjkj;yjcnm njxyjve cjjndtncndb/ pyfxtybq cfycrhbncrb[ b ckfdzycrb[ nthvbyjd> dblys fccjwbfnbdyjcnm> ghb,kb;tyyjt cjjndtncndbt ytrjnjhs[ ctvbncrb[ b ckfdzycrb[ ckjd. D 'njv> gj;fkeq> jlby bp dthys[ ghbpyfrjd njuj> xnj byljtdhjgtqcrbq zpsr ,sk hjlysv lkz ckfdzy> f ctvbncrbq - dnjhsv> ghbdytctyysv> c nheljv ecdjtyysv> c ytbp,t;ysvb ghb pfbvcndjdfybb ytnjxyjcnzvb.

bkb gjyznbz> ytbpdtcnyst pfbvcnde/otve yfhjle. Tckb ;t yfhjl gj rfrjq-kb,j ghbxbyt cnfyjdbncz ldezpsxysv !n.t. gjkmpetncz gfhfkktkmyj ldevz zpsrfvb@> nj ckjdf tuj hjlyjuj zpsrf xfcnj pfvtyz/ncz ckjdfvb zpsrf yjdjuj> jnxtuj rheu pfbvcndjdfybq jrfpsdftncz xhtpdsxfqyj ibhjrbv - jn bvty b ukfujkjd lj cke;t,ys[ ckjd. Bvtyyj nfrjuj hjlf zdktybt yf,k/lftncz d ckfdzycrjq ktrcbrt c tt ctvbncrbvb pfbvcndjdfybzvb cfvjuj hfpyjj,hfpyjuj njkrf. Tckb d ckjdfhz[ rfrb[-kb,j zpsrjd tcnm uheggf j,ob[ nthvbyjd> jnyjczob[cz r ,fpbcyjq ktrcbrt !yfpdfybz jcyjdys[ dtotq> zdktybq b gjyznbq> rfcf/ob[cz xtkjdtrf> jrhe;f/otq tuj ghbhjlyjq chtls> jcyjdys[ rfxtcnd> cdjqcnd> ltqcndbq xtkjdtrf b tuj jrhe;tybz@> tckb tcnm r njve ;t b ,kbpjcnm uhfvvfnbrb> nj chfdybntkmyj-bcnjhb-xtcrbq vtnjl zpsrjpyfybz gjpdjkztn ecnfyjdbnm afrn jnltktybz 'nb[ zpsrjd jn j,otuj ghfzpsrf. Cjdhtvtyyjt zpsrjpyfybt yt jnhbwftn jnlfktyyjuj hjlcndf ,jkmibycndf zpsrjds[ ctvtq Cnfhjuj Cdtnf !d njv xbckt byljtdhjgtqcrjq> d rjnjhe/ d[jlzn ckfdzycrbt zpsrb> b ctvbnj-[fvbncrjq@ b b[ ,skjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb r tlbyjq ghfctvmt !Yjcnhfnbxtcrfz ntjhbz@. D yfitv ckexft gjcnekfn jnltktybz zpsrjd jn tlbyjuj ghfzpsrf b ntv ,jktt gjkj;tybt Yjcnhfnbxtcrjq ntjhbb j, jnltktybb zpsrjds[ ctvtq jn tlbyjq ghfctvmb yt bcxthgsdf/n dctq ghj,ktvs bp-pf ytgjvthyj ,jkmijuj rjkbxtcndf b hfpyjj,hfpyjuj rfxtcndf ctvbncrb[ pfbvcndjdfybq d ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[. Yfkbxbt pltcm yfhzle c pfbvcndjdfybzvb ,fpbcyjq ktrcbrb nfr;t ,jkmijuj ckjz pfbvcndjdfybq ktrcbrb rekmnehyjq !n.t. nthvbyjd> jnyjczob[cz r [jpzqcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb> r j,otcndtyyjq> r ghjcdtotyb/> htkbubb b n.l.@ cdzpfyj yt c hfpltktybtv> f c rjynfrnjv zpsrjd b c lkbntkmysv ldezpsxbtv ckfdzy> rjnjhjt d ljgjkytybt r crfpfyyjve gjlndth;lftncz tot hzljv afrnjd. Ytrjnjhst ckfdzycrbt dshf;tybz yf gjdthre jrfpsdf/ncz nfdnjkjubzvb> gjcrjkmre d yb[ hzljv cnjzn jlyjpyfxyst ckjdf> dpznst bp hfpys[ zpsrjd. Nfr> d erhfbycrjv dshf;tybb iehf-,ehz gthdjt ckjdj tdh. #CTFHF ~,ehz~& d heccrjv dshf;tybb lbrbq pdthm dnjhjt ckjdj - cjcnfdyjt tdh. # PT !IT@ GBHMB ~'nj#rj-

18

njhsq lbrbq~& pyfnm-dtlfnm - dnjhjt ckjdj tdh. # xnj b KFLFFN - ~pyfnm~@& e,tktyysq ctlbyfvb - dnjhjt ckjdj - ghjbpdjlyjt jn tdh. #CBTL ~,tkbnm~& rhjdyjt hjlcndj - gthdjt ckjdj jn tdh. #RFHJD ~,kbprbq~& hjl k/lcrjq - dnjhjt ckjdj jn tdh. #BKEL ~hj;ltyysq~> jnc/lf ecnfh. k/lm> erh. k/lsyf b j,otckfdzycr. k/lb& jcnfnmcz cbhjnjq - dnjhjt ckjdj - tdh. #CFHBL ~jcnfnjr> jcnfdibqcz~& rhjdfdsq ,jq - gthdjt ckjdj - jn tdh. #RHFD ~,jq> ,bndf~& nfv b czv - dnjhjt ckjdj - tdh. #IFV ~nfv~& cnthtnm d gjhjijr !erh. cnthns yf gjhj[@ - dnjhjt ckjdj - ghjbpdjlyjt jn tdh. #GFHF{ ~hfplhj,kznm> rhjibnm~& dj dhtvz jyj - gjcktlytt ckjdj - tdh. #JYF ~dhtvz> ctpjy> gthbjl~& vfnm-ptvkz - gthdjt ckjdj - fccbh. VFNNE ~ptvkz~. Nfrjuj hjlf dshf;tybz vjukb gjzdbnmcz njkmrj dj dhtvz b d htpekmnfnt ldezpsxbz> rjulf jlyjpyfxyst ckjdf ghbdjlbkbcm byjq hfp yf j,jb[ egjnht,kzdib[cz zpsrf[ jlyjdhtvtyyj dj bp,t;fybt ytgjybvfybz vt;le ujdjhbdibvb bkb lkz frwtynbhjdfybz crfpfyyjuj. Dgjkyt gjyznyj> xnj dyfxfkt 'nb dshf;tybz pdexfkb ytcrjkmrj byfxt> xtv ctqxfc& jyb ghjikb ljkue/ ikbajdre dhtvtytv> dbljbpvtyzzcm d cjjndtncndbb c dyenhtyybvb pfrjyfvb hfpdbnbz zpsrf> b ntv yt vtytt d yb[ b ntgthm tot zcyj ghjcvfnhbdftncz cjtlbytybt lde[ hfpyjzpsxys[ 'ktvtynjd b yfkbwj ghzvjt cdbltntkmcndj ldezpsxbz. Tcnm ytvfkj ghbvthjd b yt nfrb[ zdys[> rfr ghzvst nfdnjkjubb. R hfphzle nfdnjkjubq dgkjnye/ ghbvsrftn !bkb lf;t jnyjcbncz r ybv@ jcj,sq dbl pfbvcndjdfybq - cjcnfdyst ctvbncrbt ckjdf. Jyb cjcnjzn bp bvty bkb ukfujkjd d cjtlbytybb c fhnbrkzvb> cj/pfvb> ghtlkjufvb b vtcnjbvtybzvb% fhfv. #LT ~rjnjhsq> xnj~> tdh. # jlyj bp pyfxtybq rjnjhjuj ~cjdvtcnbvjcnm> cjghjdj;ltybt~> tdh. #{F !jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm@> tdh. #RT !ckbnyfz xfcnbwf> bvt/ofz pyfxtybz ~rfr> gjlj,yj~ b gjkyjuj c[jlcndf@> tdh. #IT ~rjnjhsq> xnj~> tdh. #PT erfpfntkmyjt vtcnjbvtybt ~'nj~> tdh. #PJN erfpfntkmyjt vtcnjbvtybt ~'nf~. Tckb bcrk/xbnm bp cjcnfd-

19

ys[ ckjd bvtyf bkb ukfujks> nj pyfxtybt jcnfdib[cz xfcntq cdjlbncz r jlyjve b njve ;t% ~xnj#'nj pyfxbn~> ~nj tcnm~> ~xnj gjlj,yj~> ~xnj cjjndtncndetn~> ~d cvsckt~. Cjdthityyj jxtdblyj> xnj pltcm vs bvttv ltkj c ntvb nfdnjkjubzvb> d rjnjhs[ ckfdzycrfz xfcnm enhfxtyf> f ctvbncrfz cj[hfybkfcm. Gj njve> xnj ckfdzycrbt zpsrb cj[hfybkb ctvbncrbt ckjdf cjcnfdysvb> d cjxtnfybz[> vj;yj yfukzlyj ghtlcnfdbnm> rfr ckfdzyt pf,sdfkb j njv> xnj gjkmpjdfkbcm dnjhsv !ctvbncrbv@ zpsrjv> rfr ,jktt gjplybt gjrjktybz k/ltq gthtcnfdfkb hfpkbxfnm cjcnfdyst xfcnb d cj[hfybdib[cz ctvbncrb[ ckjdjcjxtnfybz[ b yfxbyfkb gjkmpjdfnmcz bvb rfr tlbysvb ckjdfvb> ckbnyj. Ghb 'njv pyfxtybz bvty b ukfujkjd> d[jlzob[ d ckjdjcjxtnfybz> cj[hfyzkbcm ljdjkmyj njxyj. Hfccvfnhbdfz lfktt cjcnfdyst pfbvcndjdfyyst ckjdf> vj;yj c njxyjcnm/ jghtltkbnm> bp rfrjuj ctvbncrjuj zpsrf gjgjkybkb cdj/ ktrcbre zpsrb ckfdzycrbt> n.t. rfrbv bvtyyj ,sk dnjhjq zpsr ckfdzy. Bp ctvb cke;t,ys[ ckjd b vtcnjbvtybq> d[jlzob[ d cjcnfdyst ckjdf> njkmrj jlyj vtcnjbvtybt #LT - fhfvtqcrjt> jcnfkmyst 6 - bdhbncrbt !lhtdyttdhtqcrbt@. Celz gj njve> xnj bdhbncrb[ ckjd ,jkmibycndj b xnj fhfvtqcrjt LT nj;t dcnhtxftncz d lhtdyttdhtqcrb[ ntrcnf[> vj;yj pfrk/xbnm> xnj dnjhsv zpsrjv ckfdzy yf pfht b[ bcnjhbb ,sk lhtdyttdhtqcrbq zpsr !bdhbn@. Ljrfpfntkmcndjv 'njve ,elen b lheubt afrns. Yb;t ghbdtltys ghbvths pfbvcndjdfyys[ cjcnfdys[ ckjd.

20

D pfbvcndjdfyys[ ukfujkf[ b jnukfujkmys[ ceotcndbntkmys[ ghbcnfdrf #LT- !NT-@ vj;tn ,snm b byjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz. Dj II-v kbwt tl. b vyj;. xbckf ,eleotuj dhtvtyb !rfr b d gjdtkbntkmyjv yfrkjytybb@ tdhtqcrbt !pltcm b lfktt 'nj pyfxbn $lhtdyttdhtqcrbt$@ ukfujks ghbybvf/n ghbcnfdre #N- b jyb vjukb ,snm pfbvcndjdfys d 'njq ajhvt> jxtym xfcnj egjnht,kztvjq d htxb. Hfpkbxfnm vtcnjbvtybt #LT b ukfujkmye/ ghbcnfdre #N- d ckjdf[ yt ghtlcnfdkztncz djpvj;ysv> n.r. d heccrjv b lheub[ ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[ hfcghjcnhfytyj xthtljdfybt cjukfcys[ L-N. Ghbvthyj nf ;t cbnefwbz c pfbvcndjdfyysvb ukfujkfvb> cjlth;fobvb ghtlkju-ghtabrc # - jyb vjuen ghjbc[jlbnm b jn nfdnjkjubq> b jn ukfujkjd d ajhvt byabybnbdf !# xnj d ctvbncrb[ zpsrf[ rjhtym ckjdf cjcnfdkz/n njkmrj cjukfcyst> gj'njve ukfcyst d chfdybdftvs[ ckjdf[ vjuen jnkbxfnmcz. Cktletn exbnsdfnm nfr;t xthtljdfybz cjukfcys[ pderjd> xnj bvtkj vtcnj rfr ghb pfbvcndjdfybb ckjd bp zpsrf d zpsr> nfr b ghb lkbntkmyjv hfpdbnbb zpsrjd. Xthtljdfyb/ !dpfbvjpfvtyt@ vjukb gjldthufnmcz ue,yst gthtlytzpsxyst L-N> ibgzobt !cb,bkzyns@ :-P-C-I-W-X-O b n.l. Ckjdf vjukb nfr;t nthznm bkb ghbcjtlbyznm pderb.

1@ Ckjdf c vtcnjbvtybtv LT !fhfv. ~rjnjhsq> xnj~& lftn b lheubt pyfxtybz - hjlbn. gflt;f> ghbyflkt;yjcnb b ghbnz;fntkmyjcnb@.

21

lfktt> lfkmit> erh. lfkbltkj

lhfpybnm

lth/uf

lhj;fnm

ltcgjn

ltnb> lbnz> lbntyjr>!erh.@ lsnsyf> lsnsyrf

ltitdsq

njdfhbo

nhe,f

lj,sxf

ljhjuf

ljcrf

ljcneg

ljceu

nhtcr

nfr

ndfhm

ndjhtw

ntprf

ntcnj> !erh.@ nbcnj

nevfr

~ltqcndbt> ltzntkmyjcnm~ b FKBKBZ ~ltkj> ltqcndbt> ltzybt~.

~hjuj;f~ b ~hjujp~ !,jkjnyfz nhfdf c lkbyysvb ht;eobvb b ltheobvbkbcnmzvb@. Ckjdj pfbvcndjdfkjcm c LT b ,tp ytuj. Nj ;t dblyj yf ghbvtht heccr. [jhm b erh. n[bh> ghjbc[jlzob[ jn tdh. #{JH ~yjhf~.

~nrfym> vfnthbz~>FHBUF ~gktntybt> nrfymt~.

~celmz> ghfdbntkm>yflpbhfntkm> ghbye;lf-/obq xnj-nj ltkfnm~.

~ht,tyjr~.

~hfdysq> cnjzobq~> IF-DT GHENF ~uhjijdsq>cnjzobq rjgtqre~.

~lthtdj~.

~exfcnbt~.

~buhf> pf,fdf~.

~hfpkfvsdfybt~& ~nhtcr~.

~ndfhm~.

~bltynbxysq> nj;ltcndty-ysq> cjdgflf/obq~.

# FKF# FKBKF

# BHUBP&

# FHBU

# HFUFP.

# IJATN

# IFDT

# {FDTH.

# FHE

2@ Ckjdf c gthlkjujv- ghtabrcjv # ndjhbn. gflt;f> cjdvtcnbvjcnb> cjghjdj;ltybz> wtkb> ghbxbys> dhtvtyb ltqcnbdbz> j,hfpf ltqcndbz b gh.@

22

,fhf[kj

,fhsi

,fh[fn

dscjrbq

,fcyz

gnbwf

dth[jdjq> dth[jv

,ht[kj> ,ht[ey

,tlf

gjksym

,jh

,jhm,f

,eleott> ,eltn

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

~bveotcndj> rfgbnfk~.

~gjdnjhznm> bpexfnm~.

~dth[jdjq~.

~cgktnybr> rktdtnybr~.

~ktc~& ckjdj pfbvcndjdfyj b ,tp ghtlkjuf - zh ~jdhfu> ljkbyf> rjnjhst> rfr ghfdbkj> pfhfcnf/n ktcjv~.

~bynhbuf> pfujdjh~.

# HT{EKF

# HT{EI

# HF{EN

# CFUB

# IFYF

# NBCF

# HF{ED

# HF{KFY

# "QL

# KFFYF.

# ZFH

# FH njdfh~& celz gj

yfkbxb/ d hecrjq ktrcbrt ckjd he[kj !cnfhjheccr.@> he[kzlm b ghtlkjuf d> tdh. bvz ceotcndbntkmyjt b tdh. ghtlkju pfbvcndjdfys rfr dvtcnt> nfr b

gjhjpym.

~vzurjcnm> yt;yjcnm~.

~vjueotcndtyysq> vjuexbq> dtkbrbq~.

~gjktn~& njuj ;t rjhyz b heccr. nexf ~ktnzofz> ktnexfz~.

~ujht. ytcxfcnmt> ,tlf~.

~,eleott~.

# HBWF KF{EN.

# YT{TL.

# HBRTP b HFRFP

23

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

,hscm

,hfym

,htl

,htvz> ,thtvtyyjcnm

,h/puf

dtctksq

gktvz

,erdf

,hjl

,evfuf

dkfuf

dyer

ghbrfp

~,tu~> ~,tujv~& ckjdj pfbvcndjdfyj b ,tp ghtlkjuf% hscm - ,tu rjyz.

!jlyj bp pyfxtybq - ~hjgnfnm~@

~lhtvjnf> cjy~.

fyfn. ~vfnrf~> gthty. ~enhj,f vfnthb~.

~dcgskmxbdsq> hfplhf;bntkmysq~.

~dtctkj~.

~yfhjl> yfwbz~.

~kbybz> xthnf~. Gj ckjdfv xthyjhbpwf {hf,hf lj gjzdktybz ckfdzycrjq

fp,erb ckfdzyt e;t gbcfkb $xthnfvb b htpfvb$.

~vtkrfz djlf~.

~ds;bvfnm> hfcnbhfnm>hfpvbyfnm~ bkb jn VTUTU ~ksrj> ke,> vjxfkj~>

~cjchtljnj-xbdfnm> rjywtynhbhjdfnm~ b ~xtkjdtr>

rjjhlbybhe/obq b yfghfdkz/obq ltqcndbz hfpys[ kbw~& HBREP - ~cjchtljnjxtybt>

rjywtynhfwbz~.

!rfr exht;ltybtd ljgtnhjdcrjq Hjccbb@

tdh. # WJ"K& # bp xtuj ,evfuf bpujnjdkztncz

3@ Ckjdf> cjlth;fobt jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm #{F bkb ckbnye/

xfcnbwe #RT.

24

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

ryzpm

rjpf

rj;e[

rjhsnj

jctym

[jhjvs

uhzpm

ujcelfhm

uhjv

uhtiybr

jib,rf

[kt,

uke,byf !erh. uks,@

ujkjdf

[hfv

uhji

jgtrf

ecgt[

~gjrhsdfnm> pfdtibdfnm~.

~ujl~& ujl e tdhttd yfxbyftncz b rjyxftncz jctym/> yj d lhtdyjcnb jy yfxbyfkcz dtcyjq>

gj'njve d ckjdf[ ~jctym~ b ~dtcyf~ jlby b njn ;t rjhtym IFYF> egjnht,ktyysq c hfpysvb cke;t,ysvb ckjdfvb #{F b #R>{ b d ukfcyst F>J>E>".

~ldjhtw~.

~ecnfyfdkbdf/obq gjhzljr> hfcgjhzlbntkm~ b CTLTH ~gjhzljr~& ckjdj

pfbvcndjdfyj b ,tp fhnbrkz d ajhvt ~celfhm~.

~pkjltq& pkjq> ;tcnjrbq~ b HBIFF ~uht[> pkj> gjhjr~.

~jkflmz> ,kby~> KBDED ~dsgtrfybt jkflbq~.

d pyfxtybb~cthtlbyf> cthlwtdbyf~.

~ujkjdf> hfpev> ev~.

~dscjnf& dscjrbq>djpdsityysq~.

~rfgkz> jcrjkjr> j,kjvjr> vtkrbq recjxtr~.

~yf,k/ltybt>pf,jnf~.

!jlyj bp pyfxtybq~ecgtdfnm~@.

# "P.

# CF{F{

# HF{FN.

# IFYF

# FHVJY

# HTATI.

# CJLTH

# HFFV.

# HFIF

# IF #YFCB.

tdh.

tdh. # HFV> # HFVF

# PBYF

# GF{

# WBYJR> WBYYF

# {TUT.

# GFFRFY.

# VTB

# RJK RF{

# KTDFQ

# VFHEL

# V"HFR

;tktpf> erh. pfkjpf

;bpym

pfgf[

pfcntyjr

pder

ptdfrf

pvtz

;fdjhjyjr

cdbltntkm> cnfhjckfd. dbljr> erh. cdbljr

crjkmrj

ckjdj

cvthl

cvjhrfnmcz

4@ Ckjdf> cjlth;fobt vtcnjbvtybz #IT ~xnj> rjnjhsq~ b #PT ~'nj> 'njn~. Ghbvths lf/ncz d j,otv cgbcrt> gjcrjkmre nhelyj jghtltkbnm> rfrjt bp vtcnjbvtybq ghbvtytyj d rf;ljv ckexft> - bvtkj vtcnj xthtljdfybt ibgzob[> IT b PT ghtdhfofkbcm d ;t> ct> wt> xt b lheu d lheuf. J,f tdhtqcrb[ vtcnjbvtybz cj[hfyzkbcm d cnfhjckfdzycrjv zpsrt - IT ,tp bpvtytybz> f PT d ajhvf[ ct> ctq> cbz> cbb. D erhfbycrjv PT ceotcndetn gjysyt d ajhvf[ wt> wtq> wz> w.

25

tdh.

tdh.

jhe;bt

rfitkm

~eybxnj;tyysq> hfpheityysq~.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

~jcyjdf> ukfdyjt~>

~gbnfybt> j,tcgtxtybt gbotq~. Jn-c/lf ckfd. ;tyf ~gbnf/ofz> rjhvzofz~> csy ~njn> rjuj rjhvzn~ b bvz Pbyf> Pbymrf.

~hfcghjcnhfyznm pfgf[> gf[yenm~.

jn ~rhtgjcnyfz cntyf>pfckjy~.

cnflj

cnfhtqibyf> cnfhjcnf> erh. cnfhibyf

cntuyj !ckfd.> erh.> xticr. ~,tlhj~@

cntyfnm

cnjyfnm

cnb[b

cnb[bz

5@ Ckjdf> cjlth;fobt erfpfn. vtcnjbvtybt #PJN ~'nf~.

26

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

fhfv.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

;bnj

cj,frf

cjkjl

cnfhfnmcz

xthtgbwf

xtge[f

xbckj

otgrf

ibhjrbq

cnzu

xtk/cnm

~gkfrfnm> dsnm~& IT xnj gkfxtn> djtn~.

~cnfhfnmcz> ,tcgj-rjbnmcz> nhelbnmcz~. R 'njve ukfujke gj pdexfyb/ b gj pyfxtyb/ ,kbprb

ceotcndbntkmyjt NBHLF ~pf,jnf> ,tcgjrjqcndj~ b ukfujk #NFHFL ~enhe;lfnm> ljcnfdkznm ,tcgjrjqcndj> [kjgjns~> jn rjnjhs[ ghjbc[jlzn ckfd. nthvbys nhel

b nhelbnmcz.

~gitybwf~.

& njuj ;t rjhyz ckfd. xthtg.

~dpdtityysq> jwtytyysq~.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

Ch. erh. jnfhf.

[j;ltybt ckjdf cnfhsq - ytcrjkmrj byjt - jn tdh. #{JHT ~hjlbntkm~. Yf Erhfbyt tot b ctujlyz vj;yj ecksifnm> rfr ltnb hjlbntktq b hjlbntkb lheu lheuf yfpsdf/n ~cnfhsvb~ - 'nj pfxfcne/ yt bp-pf ghtrkjyyjuj djphfcnf> dj dc. ckexft> dyfxfkt ,skj yt bp-pf 'njuj.

~ujkjdf> herjdjlbntkm> ukfdf~& jnc/lf ghjbpdjlyst cnfhibq b cnfhijq. Ghjbc-

~fyfn> nfp~

~jgkfrbdfnm> ,snm d nhfeht~.

~cjtlbyznm> j,(tlbyznm~.

# {BNF

#

cnjkmrj

cnjgf !ifu@

cnhfdf !ckfd.> gjkmcr.> xticr.> erh. ~,k/lj> tlf> gbof~@

cnhflfybt

cnhtkznm

cnhtvz

pljhjdsq

cnhvtnb !xticr.@> cnhs-

vbns !erh.@

cnhb[f !erh. ~rhjdkz~@

cnheu !cnfhbyyjt d=ctkmyj-gfhecyjt celyj@

cnheyf

cnhe;rf

27

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

~djpdsitybt> gjlvjcnrb~.

~j,dfhbdfnm> j,;fhb-

dfnm~& #HB HFDF ~dcrfhvkbdfnm~> ~gjbnm~.

!bya. ajhvf& bvtkf vtcnj gthtcnfyjdrf cjukfcys[ K b H@.

~,jkmijq> cbkmysq~.

~djpdsifnmcz> ,snm dscjrbv~.

~ecnfyfdkbdfnm cnhjgbkf> ,fkrb~.

~dtnth~.

~gtnm~> HEYFY !cnhfl. ajhvf@.

~hfphtpfnm yf gjkjcs~> HEWF !cnhfl. ajhvf@.

Afrn ceotcndjdfybz ckj;ys[ ckfdzycrb[ ckjd> cjcnfdktyys[ bp ghjcns[ ctvbncrb[> lftn njxye/ byajhvfwb/ yf ckexfq djpybryjdtybz djghjcf rnj e rjuj pfbvcndjdfk - ckfdzyt e ctvbnjd bkb> yfj,jhjn> ctvbns e ckfdzy. Ghbxbyf gjzdktybz cjcnfdys[ ckjd e ckfdzy j,(zcyztncz ldezpsxbtv gjcktlyb[> f vtnjl j,hfpjdfybz nfrb[ ckjd yfukzlyj dblty gj ghbdtltyysv ghbvthfv - 'nj cbyntp ghjcns[ ctvbncrb[ cjcnfdkz/ob[. J,hfnysq ghjwtcc

3

# RJK RF{.

# GFFV.

# HFDF{

# HBLEQ.

# KBHJN

# HFVF

# HFD

# HJV

# {BH{BN

# HBYTY

# HBWF

tdh.

tdh. # HEF{

hfcxktytybz cjcnfdys[ ckfdzycrb[ ckjd yf ghjcnst b pfbvcndjdfybt ctvbnfvb 'nb[ ghjcns[ ckjd yt ghtlcnfdkztncz htfkmysv gj cktle/obv cjj,hf;tybzv. Dj-gthds[> jgthfwbz hfcxktytybz ckjd ljk;yf ,skf ghjbpdjlbnmcz c ,jkmijq njxyjcnm/ b c gjkextybtv jnltkmys[ xfcntq> rf;lfz bp rjnjhs[ ghbj,htnfkf ,s rjyrhtnyjt pyfxtybt. Lkz ckjdjj,hfpjdfybz 'nj ckbirjv ckj;ysq genm b rheu tuj ghbvthjd vj;tn ,snm ytpyfxbntkmysv. Lkz ckjdjj,hfpjdfybz ,jkmit [fhfrnthty cbyntp> xtv fyfkbp. D ghjwtcct egjnht,ktybz d zpsrt bkb ghb pfbvcndjdfybb bp lheujuj zpsrf ckjdj vj;tn nthznm pderb b ckjub> yj 'nj bvtyyj gjnthb> f yt hfpltktybt c gjkextybtv jnltkmys[ pyfxfob[ ckjd. Ckjdj jcnftncz jlyj> f gjnthb ,tpdjpdhfnys. Lfktt. Cke;t,yst ckjdf b vtcnjbvtybz> d[jlzibt d cjcnfdyst ckjdf> jnyjczncz r ,fpbcyjq ktrcbrt> cjcnfdkz/otq jcyjde dczrjuj ckjdfhz b ckf,j gjldthuf/otqcz bpvtytybzv. R njq ;t ktrcbrt jnyjczncz vyjubt bvtyf b ukfujks cjcnfdys[ ckjd !nthvbys hjlcndf> xfcntq ntkf> jrhe;f/otq ghbhjls b n.g.@. Exbnsdfz afrn ,jktt hfyytuj cnfyjdktybz ctvbncrb[ zpsrjd> cktletn ghbpyfnm> xnj pfbvcndjdfybt bvb ,fpbcyjq ktrcbrb bp zpsrf ckfdzy bcrk/xtyj gjkyjcnm/ b kbim j,hfnysq ghjwtcc vju bvtnm vtcnj. Ntv cfvsv gjlndth;lftncz genm j,hfpjdfybz cjcnfdys[ ckfdzycrb[ ckjd bp ghjcns[ ctvbncrb[ b drk/xtybz b[ d nfrjv dblt d ckfdzycre/ ktrcbre. Rhjvt ctvbncrb[ cke;t,ys[ ckjd b vtcnjbvtybq> d cjcnfdys[ ckfdzycrb[ ckjdf[ cjlth;fncz cktle/obt ctvbncrbt nthvbys> jnyjczobtcz r ,fpbcyjq ktrcbrt% #NBYJR ~ht,tyjr~> # #YT{TL ~dyer~> #HJI ~ujkjdf~> #KTD ~cthlwt> hfpev~ b gh.> #KTCTN ~xtk/cnm~> #KEP ~;tktpf~> #VTB ~rbirf~> #HT{TV ~vfnrf~> #FUFY fyfn. ~nfp~> # #GFFV ~ifu~> #{TUT ~pder~> #HBWF ~,tu~> #NBCF ~gjktn~> #KTJV ~yfhjl~> #HFFV ~uhjv~> #FYFR ~cnjyfnm~> #IBEK ~rfitkm~> #ZFH ~ktc~> #"P ~rjpf~> #KT{F ~dkfuf~ b lh. Ljgjkybntkmyst cdbltntkmcndf ldezpsxbz ckfdzy lf/n ytrjnjhst rhskfnst ckjdf b dshf;tybz> blbjvs> gjujdjhrb> d rjnjhs[ ckfdzycrbt ckjdf cjctlcndetn c

28

ctvbncrbvb& ytrjnjhst bp nfrb[ dshf;tybq jrfpsdf/ncz byjq hfp gjkyjcnm/ ctvbncrbvb> gthtitlibvb d ckfdzycre/ htxm lf;t yt ,elexb gthtdtltyysvb> f kbim rjt-rfr jckfdzytyysvb gj ajhvt> b[ ,erdfkmyjuj cvsckf e;t ybrnj yt gjybvftn> [jnz b ghbvtyz/n b[ r vtcne. Yb;t lfys ytrjnjhst ghbvths.

$Ckjdj vjkdbnm$. Pltcm j,f ckjdf tdhtqcrjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz. Gthdjt - jn tdh. #KTDFQ uhfv. ~jghtltktybt& 'gbntn~ c vtcnjbvtybtv #IT ~xnj> rjnjhsq~ bkb c ceotcndbntkmysv #ITV ~bvz~. #ITV KTDFQ pyfxbn ~ghjpdbot> yfbvtyjdfybt~. Dnjhjt ckjdj - jn tdh. #VBKTK ~ujdjhbk> vjkdbk~ b njuj ;t rjhyz #VBKF ~ckjdj~. $Htxm ujdjhbnm$ !e F.C. Geirbyf d $Crfprt j wfht Cfknfyt$% $F rfr htxm-nj ujdjhbn> ,elnj htxtymrf ;ehxbn$@. Gthdjt ckjdj - jn tdh. #{FHWFF ~htxm> ljrkfl~> #HFWF ~eujdfhbdfk> bpkfufk> ltkfk ljrkfl~. Dnjhjt ckjdj - jn tdh. #UFDFHF ~ghjbpyjitybt> cke[> ckju> ytzcysq ujkjc> pder> jnpder> iev njkgs> '[j~> #UFDFH ~ghjbpytc ghfdbkmyj~. $Njxbnm kzcs$. Pltcm j,f ckjdf tdhtqcrbt% #KFNFI !njxbnm> ikbajdfnm@ b #KFIJY !zpsr@. $Yt dblyj yb pub$. Tdh. #PJU rjkjrjkmxbr> ,e,tyxbr. Htxm bltn j yfcnegktybb ntvyjns> rjulf djpybwf gthtcnfdfk

29

D zpsrf[ ckfdzy cj[hfybkjcm vyj;tcndj tdhtqcrb[ rfkmrbhjdfyys[ !,erdfkmyj gthtdtltyys[@ dshf;tybq b ytn jcyjdfybq cxbnfnm> xnj dct jyb dpzns bp gthtdjlyjq kbnthfnehs> rfr yt bp ytt dpzns dshf;tybz> gthtdtltyyst xfcnbxyj bkb yt gthtdtltyyst djdct. Jxtdblyj> pltcm ghjckt;bdftncz tlbysq hzl ahfptjkjubxtcrb[ pfbvcndjdfybq> ghjbc[jlzob[ jn ldezpsxbz ckfdzy. Ytcrjkmrj ghbvthjd ckfdzycrb[ rfktr bp bdhbnf% ~cntys bvt/n eib~> ~hfcgjzcfnmcz~ !gthty.@> ~herjq gjlfnm~ !,kbprj@> ~ghjnzyenm here~ !ghjcbnm@> ~djkmyfz gnbwf~> ~bpkbnm pkj,e~> ~crht;tnfnm pe,fvb~> ~ujhf c ujhjq yt c[jlbncz - xtkjdtr c xtkjdtrjv dcnhtnbncz~> ~,tp xbckf~ !jx. vyjuj@> ~xelj bp xeltc~> ~lth;fnmcz xeljv~> ~uht[b vjkjljcnb~> ~ghjhjybnm ckjdj~> ~bpkbnm leie~> ~yf dtrb dtxyst~> ~gjytcnb yfrfpfybt~> ~blnb yfghjkjv~ !e tdhttd% ~cnjznm d ghjkjvt~@> ~tlbysv le[jv~> ~,snm d nzujcnm~> ~crfpfyj-cltkfyj~> ~ghjy/[fnm~ !epyfnm xnj-k.@> ~vuyjdtybt jrf~> ~rbgtnm#dcrbgtnm~ !gthty.@> ~yf ctlmvjv yt,t~> ~ifnfnmcz#jrjkfxbdfnmcz~> ~xthysv gj ,tkjve~> ~gjkj;bnm rjytw~> ~ghjikjujlybq cytu~> $rfr gj gbcfyjve$ b n.l.

30

Ckfdzycrbt ckjdf ~cbkf~ b ~ntkj~ vjukb ,snm j,hfpjdfys b ytgjchtlcndtyyj jn tdh. #"K ~cbkf~ b #EK ~cbkf& ntkj~ ghb cjtlbytybb b[ d gthdjv ckexft c IT#PT b c LT - dj dnjhjv. Ltkj> dblyj> d hfpys[ pyfxtybz[ ckjdf ~cbkf~ !yt,tcyfz> le[jdyfz> abpbxtcrfz& cbkf uytnf> ghbye;ltybz> lfdktybz> nz;tcnb b n.l.@. Yj ytcjvytyyj nj> xnj tdh. #"K ~ #EK ~cbkf& ntkj~ b #JK ~zhvj> uytn> ,htvz~ - gjplytqibt dfhbfyns jlyjuj b njuj ;t rjhyz> bvtdituj tlbysq yfxfkmysq cvsck> f d ckfdzycrbt zpsrb gjgfkb e;t lbaathtywbhjdfyyst nthvbys.

dbltnm rjkjrjkmxbr> dbctdibq gjl leujq kjiflb. Bpdtcnysq heccrbq ktrcbrjuhfa D.Lfkm d cdjtv $Njkrjdjv ckjdfht$ lfdfk cktle/obt pyfxtybz lkz ckjdf puf% ntvm> gjntvrb> ntvyjnf& rhj[f> rfgkz> bcrhf> vfkjcnm xtuj-nj. Jy zdyj yt gjljphtdfk ceotcndjdfybz ,jkmijuj ckjz tdhtqcrb[ ckjd d heccrjq ktrcbrt b djcgjkmpjdfkcz pltcm> rfr b dj vyjub[ lheub[ ckexfz[> gjyznbzvb jxtym jnlfktyyjuj cvsckjdjuj c[jlcndf> rjnjhjt d tuj dhtvz !XIXd.@ tot ckf,j ghjckt;bdfkjcm. Lkz ckjdf kzcs> d xfcnyjcnb> Lfkm ghbdtk kbim cj[hfybdittcz d heccrjv zpsrt fccjwbfnbdyjt> gthtyjcyjt njkrjdfybt% ienrb> gjntiyst hjccrfpyb b jcnhjns> [bnhst b kmcnbdst htxb. $Djn nt,t b hfp^$ Nfrjt djcrkbwfybt vj;yj ecksifnm> rjulf xtkjdtre jnrhsdftncz ytj;blfyysq b ytghbznysq afrn. Tdh. #HFP pyfxbn ~ctrhtn> nfqyf~. $Bcgjkfnm nt,t$. Gthdjt ckjdj Lfkm cxbnfk uhtxtcrbv cj pyfxtybtv ~[dfkf> ckfdf~. Yj ybxtuj gjlj,yjuj d uhtxtcrjv yt yfqnb - 'nj tdh. #BI GJHFN> n.t. xtkjdtr jlfhtyysq> xtkjdtr ,kfujckjdtyysq> yf rjv gjxbtn ,kfujlfnm. $ xnj d ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[ JK gtht[jlbkj d BK b d cjtlbytybb c vtcnjbvtybzvb IT ~xnj> rjnjhsq~ bkb PT ~'nj~ ghtdhfofkjcm d ~cbke~.

$Rjyws d djle$. "nf gjujdjhrf ghjbc[jlbn jn tdh. #RBYWTQ FDJLF> xnj pyfxbn ~rjytw hf,jnt~. R djlt jnyjitybz yt bvttn. $Pf vbke/ leie$. Nfr ujdjhzn j ghbdsxyjv> kturj dsgjkybvjv ltkt. Tdh.% #PT VBKEQ LT IEYFY pyfxbn ~dsgjkytybt 'njuj - xnj gjdnjhtybt~. $Rfr gbnm lfnm$. Cvsck gjujdjhrb% ~cjdthityyj njxyj> jghtltktyyj> ,tp cjvytybz~. Tdh. #{FRGTLF pyfxbn ~njxyjcnm> cnhjujcnm~. $Gj pfhtp> lj pfhtpe$. Tdh. #PTHFP pyfxbn ~njhjgbnm~. Jnc/lf b erh. pfhfp ~ctqxfc> njnxfc~. $Ult hfrb pbve/n$. Tdh. #RLTQ IT IBVEI KTRF pyfxbn ~xnj,s gjcke;bkj ehjrjv~. Pltcm bynthtcyj jnvtnbnm htlrjt xthtljdfybt cjyjhys[ cjukfcys[ K-H ghb pfbvcndjdfybb b ecdjtybb ckfdzyfvb tdhtqcrb[ ckjd #KTRF ~ehjr~ !hfrb@> #KFFDJL ~hf,jnfnm~> #KTQLF ~hjls~. $Eqnb ufkfcdbnf$. "nj erhfbycrjt dshf;tybt jpyfxftn ~eqnb ytbpdtcnyj relf> yf rhfq cdtnf~ b n.g. Ckjdj ~ufkfcdbnf~ - cjcnfdyjt bp #UJKF ~bpuyfybt~ b #IDBNF ~gjctktybt~> n.t. ,erdfkmyj - ~gjctktybt d bpuyfybb~. $Nfhs-,fhs$. Nfr d Hjccbb yfpsdf/n gecnst hfpujdjhs> ,jknjdy/> hjcrfpyb. F yf hsyrf[ d Bphfbkt ghjlfdws c(tcnyjuj pfpsdf/n gjregfntktq rhbrjv $Nfhb-,fhb^$ b 'nj pyfxbn yf tdhtqcrjv ~cdt;tt-pljhjdjt~. Pltcm> rfr b d lheub[ ckexfz[> yf,k/lftncz enhfnf b jcyjdfntkmyjt bcrf;tybt bpyfxfkmyjuj ,erdfkmyjuj cvsckf tdhtqcrb[ ckjd> yj ajytnbxtcrbt b ctvfynbxtcrbt cdzpb tot kturj ghjckt;bdf/ncz. Ytcrjkmrj ghbvthjd vt;ljvtnbq. $ ,f^$ - nfrbv djpukfcjv lj ytlfdytuj dhtvtyb dcnhtxfkb d Hjccbb ytj;blfyyjt gjzdktybt rjuj-kb,j bkb xtuj-kb,j. D. Lfkm ghbhfdybdfk $,f$ r vt;ljvtnbzv ~f> f[> djn> ye> djn-nt-yf~. Yf bdhbnt # ghbitk> zdbkcz> gjzdbkcz~. $Cj,> cj,t !bkb wj,> wj,t@$. Nfr yf Erhfbyt gjyerf/n djkjd> rjulf yflj gjdthyenm yfghfdj bkb yfktdj. Cnj ktn njve yfpfl 'nbvb nthvbyfvb gjkmpjdfkbcm yt njkmrj

31

# FLFIF

# FLEQ

# f yflj - cj,t$. "njn uthjq - rhtcnmzycrbq vfkmxbr b jy d cdjtq htxb egjnht,kzk nthvbys cj,> cj,t dvtcnj yfghfdj> yfktdj. D bdhbnt #CBDED pyfxbn ~gjdjhjn~ b CB xnj,s yt gjnthznm lheu lheuf. Tdh. #{TUBD#UED - ~jndtxfnm> htfubhjdfnm~ b cvsck ckfdzycrb[ vt;ljvtnbq% jndtnm> jnpjdbcm> jnrkbrybcm. Njuj ;t ghjbc[j;ltybz b pyfxtybz fue> j,hfotyyjt r ht,tyre> rjnjhsq tot yt ujdjhbn. $Fne tuj^$ Nfrbv rhbrjv j[jnybrb yfnhfdkzkb cj,fr yf pdthz> cvsck 'njuj ~fne~% ~[dfnfq> kjdb~. Tdh. #{BNTA - ~[dfnfnm~> f {FNJA - ~kjdb^~ $Uty-uty$. "nj erhfbycrjt vt;ljvtnbt pyfxbn ~lfktrj-lfktrj> djy-djy> djy nfv~. Ghjbc[jlbn jyj jn tdh. #{BYTQ ~djn> cvjnhb~. $Rsi$ jn tdh. #YFUFI ~ghb,kb;fnmcz> gjl[jlbnm~& #UTI {FKF - ~e[jlb ghjxm^ Ghjdfkbdfq^~

Cj[hfybkjcm ytvfkj ckfdzycrb[ afvbkbq> pyfxtybt rjnjhs[ gjhjq e;t ytzcyj b cfvbv b[ yjcbntkzv b rjnjhst cnfyjdzncz gjyznysvb ghb j,hfotybb r tdhtqcrjq 'nbvjkjubb. Djn ytcrjkmrj ghbvthjd%

32

Flfitd

Fletd

ktynzq~.

yf Erhfbyt ckjdj ~,f[eh~ egjnht,kztncz cj pyfxtybtv ~k/,jdybr~> f lkz heccr. ckjdf ~,f[bh~ D. Lfkm lfdfk ck. pyfxtybz% ujdjhey> rhfcyj,fq> [dfcney> ,f[dfk. Gj[j;t> xnj yf Erhfbyt cj[hfybkjcm ,jktt lhtdytt pyfxtybt ckjdf> xtv d Hjccbb.

~cjplfyysq> gjcnhjtyysq>hj;ltyysq~.

~,kfujltntkm~.

~vfktymrbq~.

~buhf/obq yf rbyjht> lhtdytvcnheyyjv bycnhevtynt~.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

~bp,hfyybr~ bkb

Ytcrjkmrj ghbvthjd erhfbycrb[ afvbkbq.

33

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

Cfvj[by

{f,fkjd

{fkjd

If,fyjd

Ifkfvjd> Ifkbvjd

Ifnbkjd

Infhtd

~jgjhf> gjlgjhf& cnhjgbkf~.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

ghbdt-ltyyst e Lfkz% yf[fk> yfuktw> jpjhybr> ,ezy> heufntkm.

~hfpheityysq> hfcrjkjnsq~.

~dscjnf> gjlyznbt~& v.,. ~euhjpf> eybxnj;tybt~.

~vskjdfh~.

~wtksq> ewtktdibq& pljhjdsq~.

~cf;tytw~.

~j[hfyybr> cnjhj;~.

~ldj/hjlysq ,hfn~.

~njn> xnj gkfxtn> djtn~> jnc/lf e ckfdzy b ckjdj ~cj,frf~.

~ye;ysq> nht,etvsq~

aherns~& Rfhvtkm - yfpdfybt ujhs d Bphfbkt b> celz gj afvbkbb Rfhvtk/r> nfrbt njgjybvs ,skb b d ckfdzycrb[ ptvkz[

# CFVJ{F

# {F rflm b n.l.

~,jufncndj~& e ctafhlcrb[ tdhttdxfcnj dcnhtxftncz afvbkbz Vfqvjy.

~wfhm~.

~cdj,jlysq~.

Hepfyjd !Hecfyjd> Hzpfyjd@ - jn tdh. HEPFY ~bcnjotyysq> bpyehtyysq~ - b> djpv.> u. Hzpfym.

jnc/lf d cjtlbytybb c erfpfntkmysv vtcnjbvtybtv $pt$ gjkexbkbcm ckfd. ckjdf phtnm> phtybt> phfxjr b n.l.

Kfueyjd

Vfvjyjd

Vtkt[jd

Gfyftd

Hfpby

Htenjd

# KFUBY

# VFVJY

# VTKT{

# GFYEQ

# HFPT

# HTEN

bkb fhfv. KFUTQYF ~rediby~&

~[eljq~& njuj ;t rjhyz afvbkbz

~phtybt> cgjcj,yjcnm dbltnm~&

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

tdh.

~wdtneofz ptvkz> cdt;bt

~pfdthitybt> jrjyxfybt~.

tdh.

!It,trj> Cj,rj@

bkb

!jn bvtyb Ljhji@

34

~jnrhsnsq~> GNE{F - ~jnrhsnfz~.

~[eljq~ njuj ;t rjhyz> xnj b heccr. af-vbkbz Hfpby !HFPT c fhnbrktv {F@.

~kbybz> xthnf~> #{FHFDEW

ve;. bvz jpyfxf/ott ~lfh~.

~pf;;tyysq> djcgkfvtyty-ysq> djjleitdktyysq~& djpv.> ~cj;;tyysq> gjujhtktw~.

~ytcxfcnmt> ,tlcndbt~.

afvbkbb Ifkfvjd b Ifkbvjd - ~wtksq> ewtktdibq> pljhjdsq~> n.t. 'nj jlby bp dfhbfynjd d hzle tdh. cj,cndtyys[ bvty Ifkjv> Ijktv> Iektv b Ikjvj !Cjkjvjy@

~bphtpfyysq~.

~j,yf;tyysq~.

~,hbnsq~.

cbrt lkz cntyj,bnys[ jhelbq cj[hfybkbcm yfpdfybz RJDTKM b VT{B RJDFKKJ& pyfxtybz ~,bnm> cnexfnm> rjdfnm~ lkz ukfujkjd nt[ ;t rjhytq d bdhbnt yt cj[hfybkjcm> [jnz jyb zdyj ,skb.

~erhfifnm~.

# KTDFL

# GFHGFH

# GFL)FY

# GFNEF{

# IFQ

# IT KF{ED

# GBL

# UFKEQ

# UEKF{

# HFPT

# RFD

# UEW> REW

# HJWEQ

# CBL

# WJAT

# IBGTH

~jlbyjrbq> etlbytyysq> jnltktyysq~&

~,f,jxrf~.

~exfcnjr ptvkb~.

yf Erhfbyt cj[hfybkbcm ck. pyfxtybz 'njuj ckjdf% ,thtujdst ktcf> pfkbdftvst d gjkjdjlmt& exfcnjr ptvkb ,kbp ljvf> c hjotq> cfljv b n.g.

njuj ;t rjhyz> xnj b heccrbt

~pfrjdsdfnm d rfylfks~& d tdh. ktr-

~yf,k/lfntkm> cnhf;~.

jn wehfnbcz ~dhf;lt,yj jnyjcbnmcz~

Ktdflf

Gfhgfhf#Gfhgehf

Gtlfy

Gne[f

Cftyrj

Cjkjue,

erhfityysq~

~ryenjdbot> gfkrf c j,jlhfyyjq rjhjq~ # ybprbq> rjhjnsirf~.

~;tkfntkmysq> eujlysq> ye;ysq> gjl[jlzobq~.

~bpdtcnm~> CBTL - ~,tkbnm~.

# WFABH.tdh.

# WEHtdh. !nt ;tpyfxtybz@.

,erdfkmyjt pyfxybt ckjd - ~gjkjcfnsq~.

Cekbvf tdh. # IFKTV

Rjdfkm ~repytw~ tdh. # RFDFK

Rfr 'nj dblyj yf ghbvthf[ heccrb[ b erhfbycrb[ afvbkbq> ckfdzycrfz jyjvfcnbrf lftn jcyjdfybz ujdjhbnm j tt cvtifyyjcnb c ctvbncrjq b cjjndtncndtyyj j ldezpsxbb ckfdzy rfr j ghbxbyt 'njuj. Yt vtymit jcyjdfybq lftn b ckfdzycrfz njgjybvbrf. J ytq tot ,eltn htxm dj dnjhjq b nhtnmtq xfcnz[ rybub.

35

Ytrjnjhst heccrbt afvbkbb ghzvj cdbltntkmcnde/n j ldezpsxbb> gjcrjkmre cjcnfdkz/obt b[ xfcnb dpzns bp hfpys[ zpsrjd% Ltven-Vfkbyjdcrbq !pltcm gthdjt ckjdj - tdh. #LVEN ~j,hfp> gjlj,bt~@> Neufy- Ytdjcnhetd bkb Ytdcnhetd !gthdfz xfcnm - jn tdh. #YFDF - ~dsntrfnm> ,bnm rk/xjv~@. J,t xfcnb afvbkbb Cjrjkjd-Crfkz ghjbc[jlzn jn jlyjuj b njuj ;t tdh. ckjdf #CJ{FK> {BCNFRTK ~dcvfnhbdfnmcz~.

J,hfofzcm r ajytnbrt bynthtce/ob[ yfc zpsrjd> yf[jlbv> xnj d yfcnjzott dhtvz dct jcyjdyst ukfcyst pderb !F>">S>J>E@ b ljgjkyz/obt b[ =nbhjdfyyst !Z>T>B>+>?@ tcnm b d ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[> b d bdhbnt. Rfr d bdhbnt> nfr b d ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[ ukfcyst gjlhfpltkzkbcm d lhtdyjcnb yf ljkubt b rhfnrbt> f d yfcnjzott dhtvz nfrjuj hfpltktybz e;t yt ceotcndetn. D 'njv jnyjitybb bcrk/xtybtv zdkz/ncz ldf ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf !xticrbq b cth,crbq@> d rjnjhs[ ljkubt b rhfnrbt ukfcyst hfpkbxf/ncz> b ytrjnjhst ujdjhs ctdthf Hjccbb c hfcnzubdfybtv ukfcys[ bkb ghjbpyjitybtv yfhfcgtd. Yjcjdst pderb> htlrbt b lkz ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjd !gjkm-crbq@> d bdhbnt jncencnde/n. Bpdtcnysq heccrbq ktrcbrjuhfa D. Lfkm d ghtlbckjdbb r cdjtve $Njkrjdjve ckjdfh/$ jnvtxfk> xnj d djcnjxys[ ujdjhf[ heccrjuj zpsrf $ujcgjlcnde/n ujhnfyyst pderb> ukfcyst ~f~> ~j~> ~e~ yt nfr htprj lheu jn lheuf jnkbxf/ncz b ythtlrj j,hfof/ncz d gjkeukfcyst$> f d pfgflys[ $yf,k/lftncz gjkyjpdexbt ukfcys[> tcnm ghbls[fybt...> tcnm byjulf b yjcjdst pderb> ;tcnrjcnm cjukfcys[ cvzuxftncz...$ Ghbxbys nfrb[ hfpkbxbq d ujdjhf[ Lfk/ yt ,skb zcys> b jy ghbpyfdfk 'nj% $... dct jnntyrb dshf,jnfkbcm jn ytbpdtcn-

4

ys[ ghbxby... dthjznyj d cdzpb c j,hectybtv hfpys[ xelcrb[ gktvty> cjcnfdkzdib[ cfve/ pyfxbntkmye/ xfcnm yfctktybz Hjccbb.$ Yj jnvtxtyyst e Lfkz jcj,tyyjcnb yt [fhfrnthys lkz xelcrb[ !abyyj-eujhcrb[@ zpsrjd. Njkmrj d rjvb-pshzycrjv ytn htprjuj dsltktybz elfhys[ ukfcys[> xnj vj;yj gjcxbnfnm ajhvjq htlewbhjdfybz. Lf;t d ckexft yfkbxbz erfpfyys[ jcj,tyyjcntq d abyyj-eujhcrb[ bkb lheub[ zpsrf[> cjctlcnde/ob[ cj ckfdzycrbvb> exbnsdfz ytj,sryjdtyyj vjoysq gkfcn pfbvcndjdfyyjq ctvbncrjq ktrcbrb> ytkmpz ,skj ,s buyjhbhjdfnm b dkbzybt ctvbncrjq ajytnbrb> ntv ,jktt> xnj gjlvtxtyyst Lfktv cdjqcndf !ujhnfyyjcnm pderjd> htlewbhjdfybt> ghbls[fybt@ d ytq zhrj dshf;tys. D cjdhtvtyyjv bdhbnt 5 ujhnfyys[ pderjd> tcnm ghbls[fybt !3 pderf> d lhtdyjcnb b[ ,skj 6@ b htlewbhjdfybt. D tdhtqcrjv fkafdbnt ytn ukfcys[ ,erd> f 'nj jnhf;tybt njuj afrnf> xnj hjkm ukfcys[ pderjd d tdhtqcrjq ajytnbrt dctulf ,skf dnjhjcntgtyyjq. 4 ,erds !fkta> dfd> /l> fby@ xfcnbxyj bcgjkmpjdfkbcm lkz j,jpyfxtybz ljkub[ ukfcys[ pderjd. D bdhbnt c ukfcysvb dctulf ,skj ghbvthyj nfrjt gjkj;tybt> rfrjt Lfkm yf,k/lfk d djcnjxys[ ujdjhf[ heccrjuj. D cdjb[ pfvtxfybz[ jy rfr ,elnj ghjcktlbk dpfbvjghjybryjdtybt hfpyjhjlys[ cdjqcnd ajytnbrb ctvbnjd b ckfdzy c ecbktybtv ctvbncrjuj dkbzybz r djcnjre b jckf,ktybtv r pfgfle. Gjcktlytt j,cnjzntkmcndj jxtym df;yj lkz jghtltktybz yfghfdktybz ldb;tybz ctvbnjzpsxyjuj yfhjlf d hfqjyt djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs. Bp 'ktvtynjd c[jlcndf ckfdzycrjq b tdhtqcrjq ajytnbrb dtcmvf gjrfpfntkmysv zdkztncz cjjndtncndbt> lf;t cjdgfltybt htlewbhjdfyys[ ukfcys[> ghtdhfnbdib[cz d yfcnjzott dhtvz d gjkyjukfcyst F>">J. Pyfrb lkz ukfcys[ pderjd !jukfcjdrf@ ,skb ddtltys d tdhtqcrjt gbcmvj chfdybntkmyj gjplyj - d VI-VII dtrf[ y.'.> rjulf bdhbn dsitk bp egjnht,ktybz rfr hfpujdjhysq> j,b[jlysq zpsr> rjulf jy cnfk pf,sdfnmcz b ytjukfcjdfyyst ntrcns cnfkj nhelyj xbnfnm. D xbckt lheub[ ukfcys[ pyfrjd ,sk njulf ddtlty b pyfr ~itdf~ !bkb ~idf~@> jpyfxfdibq bkb pfrhsnbt ckjuf !idf gjrjzottcz> ytgjldb;yjt> ytvjt@> bkb jxtym rhfnrbq ytjghtltktyysq pder> gj[j;bq yf " !idf gjldb;yjt>

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ghjbpyjcbvjt@. Cjtlbytybt ~idf~ c lheubvb ukfcysvb pyfrfvb lfdfkj n. yfp. ~[fntas~> cjcnfdyst pyfrb> jpyfxfdibt yf gbcmvt jxtym rhfnrbt !htlewbhjdfyyst@ pderb F>">J. D cjdhtvtyyjv bdhbnt ~[fntas~ e;t yt zdkz/ncz htlewbhjdfyysvb. Pyfre ~idf~ d ckfdzycrb[ fkafdbnf[ ukfujkbwt b rbhbkkbwt cjjndtncnde/n ,erds ~th~ !ndthlsq pyfr@ b ~thm~ !vzurbq pyfr@. D cnfhjckfdzycrjv zpsrt> gjcnfdktyysq d cthtlbyt ckjdf> ~th~ jpyfxfk ndthlsq gjkeukfcysq pder> ytxnj chtlytt vt;le J b ". C lbaathtywbfwbtq ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjd> c dsltktybtv b[ bp lhtdytuj j,otckfdzycrjuj zpsrf ~th~ ghtdhfnbkcz d cth,j[jhdfncrjv d F> d gjkmcrjv b xticrjv - d "> d heccrjv b erhfbycrjv - d J> n.t. d pderb> cjjndtncnde/obt tdhtqcrbv ~[fntafv~. Nfr> cnfhjckfdzycrjt ckjdj c(y( ghtdhfnbkjcm d cth,j[jhdfncrjt cfy> d gjkmcrjt c'y b d heccrjt cjy. Yfkbwj f,cjk/nyj njxyjt pderjdjt b cvsckjdjt cjdgfltybt c tdh. ITYF ~cjy~. Ndthljve pyfre !th@ d lhtdyjcnb zdyj ghb[jlbkjcm bcgjkyznm b aeyrwb/ pfrhsnbz ckjujd !,snm ytghjbpyjcbvsv ukfcysv@> tckb jy d cjdhtvtyyjv heccrjv zpsrt cj[hfybk aeyrwb/ hfpltkbntkmyjuj pyfrf gjckt pfrhsnjuj ckjuf bkb ytckjujj,hfpe/otuj cjukfcyjuj gthtl gjcktle/otq =nbhjdfyyjq ukfcyjq !yfgh.> bp(zk> c(tk> gjl(=v@. Ne ;t hjkm d erhfbycrjv zpsrt dsgjkyztn fgjcnhja. N.j,h.> b dnjhfz aeyrwbz tdh. pyfrf ~idf~ - pfrhsnbt ckjuf !idf gjrjzottcz> ytghjbpyjcbvjt@ - nj;t ghjckt;bdftncz d ckfdzycrjq ajytnbrt. Xnj rfcftncz vzurjuj pyfrf !thm@> nj jy ,sk b jcnftncz kbim dfhbfynjv ndthljuj& tuj ddtltybt d ckfdzycrbt fkafdbns ,skj dspdfyj ytj,[jlbvjcnm/ j,jpyfxtybz yf gbcmvt vzurjcnb cjukfcys[> f d jcnfkmyjv tuj hjkm gjkyjcnm/ cjdgflfkf c hjkm/ ndthljuj pyfrf b cjjndtncndtyyj c hjkm/ tdh. ~idf~. Ghtdhfotybz gjkeukfcyjuj ~thm~ cnfhjckfdzycrjuj zpsrf dblys yf ghbvtht ckjdf gmc( - d cth,j[jhdfncrjv gfc> d gjkmcrjv gmtc> d xticrjv b erhfbycrjv g'c> d heccrjv g=c> n.t. ~[fntas~ bdhbnf b ndthlsq pyfr cnfhjckfdzycrjuj ghtdhfnbkbcm d nt ;t pderb F>J>" bkb d b[ tnbhjdfyyst dfhbfyns T>+. Rhjvt ndthljuj b vzurjuj pyfrjd !th b thm@> d j,jb[ ckf-

37

dzycrb[ fkafdbnf[ tcnm tot b ,erdf S !ths@. Celz gj yfpdfybzv b ajhvfv yfxthnfybz> dct 'nb nhb ,erds ,skb j,otuj ghjbc[j;ltybz. D ukfujkbwt> cjlth;fotq gj ytcrjkmre uhfabxtcrb[ dfhbfynjd lkz rf;ljq bp yb[> jlby jrfpfkcz gjxtve-nj j,obv lkz dct[ nht[ ,erd. Bynthtcyj> xnj d ,jkmibycndt ,jkufhcrb[ lbfktrnjd ,erdf S yt zdkztncz ajytvjq. "nj bcrk/xtybt> yj nfrjt bcrk/xtybt> rjnjhjt gjpdjkztn cltkfnm dsdjl> xnj dct nhb ~thf~ ckfdzycrb[ fkafdbnjd ,skb gjyfxfke ytckjujj,hfpe/obvb> pfrhsdfkb ckju> n.t. dsgjkyzkb hjkm tdh. ~idf~ ytvjuj> ytgjldb;yjuj. Hfpkbxbz d yfgbcfybb ~thjd~ dshf,jnfkbcm ytcrjkmrj gjp;t lkz j,jpyfxtybz hfpkbxys[ gjkeukfcys[ !dnjhfz aeyrwbz tdh. ~idf~@ b vzurjcnb cjukfcys[.

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C[jlcndj aeyrwbq b uhfabrb tdh. pyfrf ~idf~ b ~thjd~ j,jb[ ckfdzycrb[ fkafdbnjd vj;tn gjvjxm d hfphtitybb ghj,-ktvs djpybryjdtybz ckfdzycrjq gbcmvtyyjcnb. J aeyrwbz[ crfpfyj dsit> j,hfnbvcz r uhfabrt. Pyfr ~idf~ cjcnjbn bp lde[ njxtr> gjvtotyys[ gj dthnbrfkb> - rfr ldjtnjxbt> yj gbitncz gjl ,erdjq. Ukfdysv 'ktvtynjv jlyjuj bp dfhbfynjd ukfujkbxtcrb[ ,erd ~th~ b ~thm~ !'njn dfhbfyn gjxnb bltynbxty lkz j,tb[ ,erd> cv. Nf,kbwe I@ zdkz/ncz ldf rhe;rf> hfcgjkj;tyyst gj dthnbrfkb& cjtlbyz/ofz b[ leuf bcxtpftn> rjulf rhe;rb cnfkb ghbvsrfnm lheu r lheue> yj cj[hfybkfcm ujhbpjynfkmyfz kbybz c pfrheuktybtv yf cdj,jlyjv rjywt. Rhe;rb cj dhtvtytv ghtdhfofkbcm nj d rdflhfns> nj d nhteujkmybrb. Bp ukfujkbxtcrb[ ~thjd~ d dblt 2-[ nhteujkmybrjd j,hfpjdfkbcm ~ths~ !th> thm b ths@ rbhbkkbws - ghb 'njv dth[ybq nhteujkmybr nthzk nj jlye cnjhjye !ghb j,hfpjdfybb ~th~> ndthljuj pyfrf@> nj ldt !ghb j,hfpjdfybb ~thm~> vzurjuj pyfrf@> f lkz ~ths~ !S@ r vzurjve pyfre ,skf lj,fdktyf cghfdf dthnbrfkmyfz kbybz> rjnjhfz ghtlcnfdkzkf cj,jq jlby bp dfhbfynjd ukfujkbx. ~thm~. N. j,h.> c[tvf ghtdhfotybq nfrjdf% tdh. ~idf~ - ~th~> ~thm~ b ~ths~ ukfujkbws - ~th~> ~thm~ b ~ths~ rbhbkkbws> d uhfabrt

5

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Dpukzls 'nb[ extys[ cdjlzncz r njve> xnj rbhbkkbwf lhtdytt ukfujkbws> f gjcktlyzz djpybrkf rfr nfqyjgbcm d rjycgbhfnbdys[ wtkz[ bp-pf ghtcktljdfybq rbhbkkbxtcrjq kbnthfnehs cj cnjhjys rfnjkbxtcrjuj le[jdtycndf. Yj tckb rfnjkbrb ghtcktljdfkb rbhbkkbwe !b[ zrj,s hfplhf;fkj tt uhtrj-ghfdjckfdyjt ghjbc[j;ltybt@> nj jyb vjukb c ntv ;t ecgt[jv ghtcktljdfnm b ukfujkbwe !xnj jyb b ltkfkb@ pf tt ckfdzycrj-ghfdjckfdyjt bkb ckfdzycrj-zpsxtcrjt ghjbc[j;ltybt. N.t. bpj,htntybt> f ukfdyjt - vyjujdtrjdjt bcgjkmpjdfybt ukfujkbws jrfpsdftncz cjdthityyj ytjghfdlfyysv> yt bvt/obv kjubxtcrjuj j,jcyjdfybz. D 'njv jnyjitybb jcj,tyyj cnhfyysv ljk;ty dsukzltnm afrn hfcghjcnhfytybz b bcgjkmpjdfybz ukfujkbws d nt[ hfqjyf[ ckfdzycrjuj vbhf> relf rfnjkbxtcndj yt ghjybrkj ! ult yt ,skj ghtcktljdfybz rbhbkkbws b ye;ls d rjycgbhfwbb> yj ult j,f fkafdbnf ljkujt dhtvz ceotcndjdfkb gfhfkktkmyj> gjrf jrjyxfntkmyj yt gj,tlbkf rbhbkkbwf.

Jrfpsdftncz> xnj dct ~ths~ rbhbkkbws - ghjbpdjlys jn ~thjd~ ukfujkbws> f nt d cdj/ jxthtlm - jn tdh. ~idf~. Jxtym ceotcndtyyj pltcm dszdktybt gthdbxyjcnb ukfujkbws gj jnyjityb/ r rbhbkkbwt> xnj jcgfhbdftncz ytrjnjhsvb extysvb !F. Cj,jktdcrbq> T. Rfhcrbq> F. Dbiyzrjdf> B. Chtpytdcrbq@. Bp dctq cbcntvs tdhtqcrb[ pyfrjd jukfcjdrb> n. yfp. ~ytreljn~> n.t. njxtr> gjvtoftvs[ gjl ,erdfvb ntrcnf> ukfujkbwf gjpfbvcndjdfkf njkmrj pyfr ~idf~> ghtdhfnbd tuj bp gjl,erdtyyjuj pyfrf d gjkyjghfdye/ ,erde. "nj pyfxbn> xnj dj dhtvz pfbvcndjdfybz ~idf~ ukfujkbwf e;t bvtkf d cdjtv cjcnfdt ukfcyst ,erds. Gjyznyj> xnj pfbvcndjdfybt ~idf~ ukfujkbwtq vjukj ghjbpjqnb njkmrj gjckt ddtltybz cbcntvs jukfcjdrb d tdhtqcre/ gbcmvtyyjcnm !Gfktcnbyf> VI-VII d.d. y.'.@. Ghtlcnfdkztncz dgjkyt djpvj;ysv lfnbhjdfnm 'nj pfbvcndjdfybt VIII-v dtrjv b j,(zcybnm tuj gjchtlybxtcndjv [fpfh> ghbyzdib[ d 'nj dhtvz belfbpv> gthtitlib[ r fhfvtqcrjq gbcmvtyyjcnb b ytcjvytyyj xbnfdib[ jukfcjdfyyst tdhtqcrbt ntrcns. Gjxtve-nj [fpfhs> rjnjhst tot 200 ktn gjckt cdjtuj gtht[jlf r belfbpve ghjljk;fkb dkflsxtcndjdfnm yfl Hecm/ b Djk;crjq pf 'njn ytvfksq chjr yt gthtlfkb fhfvtqcrjuj gbcmvf cdjbv gjllfyysv heccrbv b ,jkufhfv. "nj vj;yj j,(zcybnm ntv> xnj e heccrb[ b ,jkufh lj njuj> rfr [fpfhs ,skb j,hfotys d beltqcndj> e;t ,skj rfrjt-

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Nj> xnj ceotcndjdfk heccrj-[fpfhcrbq fkafdbn> gjlndth;lftn b ,jktt hfyybq gthcblcrbq bcnjxybr - $Vel;vfkm fn-Nfdfhb[$> 1126 u. !$C,jhybr bcnjhbq$ fyjybvyjuj fdnjhf@> ult ghbdjlbkfcm ktutylf j ghjbc[j;ltybb heccrb[ b [fpfh% $Hec b {fpfh ,skb jn jlyjq vfnthb b jnwf. Pfntv Hec dshjc b> n.r. jy yt bvtk vtcnf> rjnjhjt tve ghbikjcm ,s gj leit> yfgbcfk gbcmvj r {fpfhe b ghjcbk e njuj xfcnm tuj cnhfys> xnj,s nfv j,jcyjdfnmcz...$ !gj F.G. Yjdjctkmwtde> $Djcnjxyst bcnjxybrb j djcnjxys[ ckfdzyf[ b Hecb VI-IX d.d.$> cnh. 335-419> wbnbh. gj ry. K.Y. Uevbktdf $Lhtdyzz Hecm b Dtkbrfz Cntgm$> $Vsckm$> Vjcrdf 1989> cnh. 157@.

nj cdjt gbcmvj b gjckt 'njuj jyb ghjljk;fkb bv gjkmpjdfnmcz. Exbnsdfz dszdktyye/ gj ghtdhfotybzv ~idf~ gthdbxyjcnm ukfujkbws> nj> xnj ckfdzyt yfljkuj cj[hfybkb tt egjnht,ktybt> b nj> xnj jyf d rjywt rjywjd ,skf dsntcytyf yjdsv fkafdbnjv> vj;yj pfrk/xbnm> xnj lhtdybv fkafdbnjv heccrb[ b ,jkufh ,skf ukfujkbwf. Lkz pfbvcndjdfybz b ghtdhfotybq ~idf~ ytj,[jlbvj ,skj yfkbxbt ntcyjuj rjynfrnf> gfhfkktkmyjuj egjnht,ktybz zpsrjd b fkafdbnjd. {fpfhbz dgjkyt vjukf cke;bnm fhtyjq lkz nfrjuj cbv,bjpf. J ceotcndjdfybb [fpfhcrjq gbcmvtyyjcnb cjj,ofk gthcblcrbq bcnjhbr XIII-uj dtrf Af[h fl-lby Ve,fhtrif[ Vthdthhelb% $E [fpfh nj;t tcnm gbcmvj> rjnjhjt ghjbc[jlbn jn heccrjuj& dtndm yfhjlf hevbqcrjuj !uhtrjd@> ;bdeofz jrjkj yb[> egjnht,kztn 'nj gbcmvj> b jyb yfpsdf/n hevbqwtd hecfvb. Jyb gbien cktdf yfghfdj> ,erds yt cjtlbyz/ncz vt;le cj,jq. - beltb.$ !wbn. gj cnfnmt D.D. cjx.> n.5> bpl. $Yferf$> Vjcrdf 1968> cnh. 466@. "nj cjj,otybt - ljdjkmyj genfyjt b gjplytt> dblbvj> gthtgbcfyj bp ,jktt lhtdytuj bcnjxybrf. jnvtnbd ytnjxyjcnb cjj,otybz Vthdthhelb> cfv dscrfpfk jib,jxyjt ghtlgjkj;tybt> xnj heccrbt b [fpfhs gjkexbkb fkafdbn jn uhtrjd tot lj ltzntkmyjcnb Rbhbkkf. $Bp ckjd Vthdthhelb> - gbitn jy> - vj;yj pfrk/xbnm> xnj [fpfhs ghjljk;fkb egjnht,kznm fkafdbn uhtxtcrjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz b gjckt njuj> rfr ujcgjlcndeotq htkbubtq chtlb yb[ cltkfkjcm beltqcndj& 'nj ujdjhbkj ,s d gjkmpe vytybz extys[> gjkfuf/ob[> xnj ltzntkmyjcnm chtlb [fpfh [hbcnbfycrb[

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vbccbjythjd jnyjcbncz r ,jktt hfyytve dhtvtyb> xtv ghbyznbt [fpfhcrbv rfufyjv tdhtqcrjq dths.$ Vytybt j [hbcnbfycrjq ghjgjdtlb chtlb [fpfh - jxtym dthyjt> ,jktt njuj> vj;yj cvtkj ghtlgjkfufnm> xnj [hbcnbfycndj hfcghjcnhfybkjcm yf Hecm bp {fpfhbb> yj cjdctv yt j,zpfntkmyj> xnj vbccbjythfvb d {fpfhbb ,skb uhtrb> - chtlb fgjcnjkjd> yfghbvth> yt ,skj yb jlyjuj uhtrf> rfr yt ,sk uhtrjv b cfv jcyjdfntkm [hbcnbfycndf. Cjdctv yt j,zpfntkmyj nfr;t cdzpsdfnm ddtltybt gbcmvtyyjcnb c vbccbjythcrjq ltzntkmyjcnm/ - nt ;t uhtrb gjkexbkb gbcmvtyyjcnm pfljkuj lj njuj> rfr cnfkb [hbcnbfyfvb. Ytkmpz yt exbnsdfnm njuj> xnj beltqcndj cnfkj ujcgjlcnde/otq htkbubtq chtlb [fpfh d htpekmnfnt ,tpjcnfyjdjxyjq tdhtqcrjq 'vbuhfwbb d {fpfhb/> ghbxtv> yt njkmrj bp Dbpfynbb> yj b c Rfdrfpf> bp Gthcbb b bp fhf,crb[ cnhfy. Ytkmpz yt exbnsdfnm> xnj ,t;tyws ghbyjcbkb c cj,jq ght;lt dctuj tdhtqcrbt rybub> lf;t tckb ghb[jlbkb ybobvb. Yfrjytw> bpdtcnty afrn ceotcndjdfybz d {fpfhbb cdjtuj> vtcnyjuj gbcmvf> gj'njve ghbyznbt [fpfhfvb gbcmvtyyjcnb jn uhtxtcrb[ vbccbjythjd bcrk/xtyj gjkyjcnm/. Ghtlgjkj;tybz j ghjbc[j;ltybb ukfujkbws jn [fpfhcrjuj gbcmvf dscrfpsdfkb extyst V.F. J,jktycrbq !$Bccktljdfybz b pfvtnrb gj heccrbv b ckfdzycrbv lhtdyjcnzv$> 1875@ b Y. Uheycrbq !$Yjdfz ntjhbz j ghjbc[j;ltybb ukfujkbws$> $Pfgbcrb bcnjhbrj-abkjkjub-xtcrjuj jnltktybz Dcterhfbycrjq Frfltvbb yfer$> dsg. XIX> Rbtd 1928@. Rfr ,eltn gjrfpfyj lfkmit> ukfujkbwf ghjbc[jlbn jn lhtdyttdhtqcrjuj !tdhtqcrj-abybrbqcrjuj bkb KB gj'njve ghtlgjkj;tybz J,jktycrjuj b Uheycrjuj dthys> gjcrjkmre b [fpfhcrbq fkafdbn !heccrj-[fpfhcrbq> gj Vthdthhelb@ ghzvj ghjbc[jlbk jn 'njuj lhtdytqituj ctvbncrjuj fkafdbnf. E Vthdthhelb htxm bltn j rfrjv-nj jcj,jv dblt gbcmvf> jnkbxyjv jn uhtxtcrjuj gj rjkbxtcnde ,erd b jn tdhtqcrjuj gj yfghfdktyb/> lf b ghjbc[j;ltybt jy yfpsdftn heccrbv. Htif/obv pltcm vj;tn jrfpfnmcz njxyjt cjdgfltybt rjkbxtcndf ,erd d heccrj-[fpfhcrjv> lhtdyttdhtqcrjv b tdhtqcrjv rdflhfnyjv fkafdbnf[ ghb bcrk/xtybb gjcktlyt-

42

uj b ghb ljgeotybb> xnj e heccrb[ bpvtybkjcm yfghfdktybt gbcmvf gj chfdytyb/ c bpyfxfkmysv !e [fpfh jyj yt vtyzkjcm@. Yfpdfyyjt Vthdthhelb> rjkbxtcndj ,erd heccrj-[fpfhcrjuj fkafdbnf !22@ cdbltntkmcndetn j njv> xnj 'njn fkafdbn tot yt bvtk ukfcys[ ,erd> njulf rfr ghb pfbvcndjdfybb tdh. ~idf~ !yt hfymit VIII d.@ ukfcyst d ukfujkbwt e;t ,skb> gj'njve cdtltybz Vthdthhelb jnyjczncz rj dhtvtyb> rjulf ukfujkbwf tot yt ghjikf 'nfgf j,htntybz ukfcys[> f heccrbt tot lj belfbpfwbb [fpfh !VIII dtr@ e;t bvtkb yt njkmrj fkafdbn> yj fkafdbn c ukfcysvb ,erdfvb. "njn dsdjl jxtym df;ty> n.r. ytrjnjhst fdnjhs crkjyys cxbnfnm jib,rjq gthtgbcxbrjd cjj,otybt $:bnbz Rjycnfynbyf$ j heccrb[ rybuf[> ghbj,htntyys[ Rjycnfynbyjv-Rbhbkkjv d Rhsve> - 'nj ,skb zrj,s ~cehmcrbt~ !cbhbqcrbt@ rybub> f yt heccrbt. $:bnbt$ nen ;t ghtlkfuftn yfv yjde/ pfuflre% tckb d VIII ukfdt cjj,oftncz j rybuf[> yfgbcfyys[ heccrbvb gbcmvtyfvb> nj d XIV-q - j, bpj,htntybb Rbhbkkjv ckfdzycrjuj fkafdbnf gthtl vjhfdcrjq vbccbtq !'nj xthtp nhb ujlf gjckt ght,sdfybz d Rhsve> ult jy gjpyfrjvbkcz c heccrjq uhfvjnjq@. Yflj gjkfufnm> xnj j ceotcndjdfybb ckfdzycrjuj fkafdbnf Rbhbkk pyfk pfljkuj lj cdjtq vbccbb d {fpfhbb b lj ght,sdfybz d Rhsve jn cdjb[ ptvkzrjd-ckfdzy bp Cjkeyb> f d Rhsve jy> cjukfcyj $:bnb/$> yfitk e;t rybub $Tdfyutkbt$ b $Gcfknshm$> yfgbcfyyst heccrbvb ,erdfvb. Pfxtv ;t gjyflj,bkjcm cjplfdfnm lkz ckfdzy yjdsq fkafdbn> tckb bvtkcz cnfhsq* "njn cnfhsq ckfd. fkafdbn> celz njkmrj gj lfyysv $:bnbz Rjycnfynbyf$> ceotcndjdfk pf 3 ujlf lj bpj,htntybz Rbhbkkjv yjdjuj !863 u.@> f gj afrne pfbvcndjdfybz ukfujkbwtq pyfrf ~idf~ - pf cjnyb ktn lj ;bpyb b ltzntkmyjcnb Rbhbkkf. "nbv fkafdbnjv> yflj gjkfufnm> ,skb yfgbcfys yt njkmrj rybub> egjvzyenst d $:bnbb Rjycnfynbyf$> yj b vyjubt lheubt> j rjnjhs[ fdnjh $:bnbz$ evfkxbdfk> b pltcm rhjtncz jlyf bp ghbxby gjzdktybz yjdjuj fkafdbnf rbhbkkbws. Gj vfkjxbcktyysv ntyltywbjpysv b ghjnbdjhtxbdsv bcnj-xybrfv> ghj,ktvf ghjbc[j;ltybz ckfd. gbcmvtyyjcnb yt vj-;tn ,snm htityf eljdktndjhbntkmyj. Vfkj xnj> rhjvt ge-nfybws> cvjuen lj,fdbnm b yjdjyfltqyyst bcnjxybrb> tckb

43

nfrjdst tot ,elen. R njve ytvyjujve> xnj bpdtcnyj> ye;ty yjdsq gjl[jl> yflj bc[jlbnm> levftncz> bp cktle/ob[ ghtlgjcskjr% afrnf ceotcndjdfybz hfpys[ ckfd. fkafdbnjd> b[ cdjqcnd b cjjndtncndtyyj - ghjbc[j;ltybz& afrnf yfcnegktybz rbhbkkbws bp jghtltktyyjuj 'gbwtynhf ! Ghtckfd@ b gjcntgtyyjuj dsntcytybz ukfujkbws yf jrhfbys ckfd. vbhf !Flhbfnbrf> ctdth Hjccbb@> afrnf gfhfkktkmyjuj ceotcndjdfybz lde[ fkafdbnjd> yfrjytw> eghfplytybz ukfujkbws b gj,tls rbhbkkbws& bpdtcnys[ afrnjd eghfplytybz> eybxnj;tybz ~zpsxtcrjuj~ fkafdbnf b pfvtys tuj ~[hbcnbfycrbv~ !Fhvtybz@ bkb hflbrfkmyjuj bpvtytybz ~zpsxtcrjuj~ fkafdbnf c ghbyznbtv [hbcnbfycndf !Uhepbz@& yflj bc[jlbnm bp njuj> xnj dbpfynbqcrbt lbgkjvfns Rjycnfynby !d vjyfitcndt Rbhbkk@ b Vtajlbq yt vjukb ,snm gj,jhybrfvb ckfdzycrjq cfvj,snyjcnb> f ,skb kbim ghjdjlybrfvb dbpfynbqcrjq djtyyjq b bltjkjubxtcrjq 'rcgfycbb b herjdjlcndjdfkbcm njkmrj jlyjq wtkm/ - elth;bdfnm ckfdzy b yfhj;lf/oe/cz ckfd. wthrjdm d afhdfntht cdjtq gjkbnbrb& yflj gjvybnm> xnj uthvfycrbt atjlfks b rfnjkbxtcrjt le[jdtycndj ndjhbkb gj cenb f,cjk/nyj nj ;t> xnj b b[ dbpfynbqcrbt rjkktub> - d cnhfyf[> jrfpfdib[cz d catht rfnjkbxtcrjuj dkbzybz> bcxtpkf> ,skf dsrjhxtdfyf cnfhfz ckfdzycrfz gbcmvtyyjcnm b ddtltyf kfnbycrfz& cjdthityyj bcrk/xtyj> xnj,s nfrjq xtkjdtr> rfr Rbhbkk> extybr> tlbyjvsiktyybr> lheu> cgjldb;ybr b cnfdktyybr gfnhbfh[f Ajnbz> bcgjkybntkm cfvs[ df;ys[ tuj gjhextybq> cnfk bpj,htnfnm lkz ckfdzy bkb lkz rjuj ,s nj yb ,skj jhbubyfkmysq> jnkbxysq jn dbpfynbqcrjuj fkafdbn - 'nj chfpe cltkfkj ,s tuj jggjpbwbjythjv> tckb yt thtnbrjv> d ukfpf[ Ajnbz b njulf yb j rfrjq vjhfdcrjq vbccbb Rbhbkkf yt ,skj ,s htxb& cjdthityyj bcrk/xtyj> xnj,s ckfdzyt Vjhfdbb> cjctlcndez c ytvwfvb> bvtdibvb gbcmvtyyjcnm> lj;blfkbcm d ytdt;tcndt ghjcdtnbntkmyjq vbccbb bp Dbpfynbb b yt gjpfbvcndjdfkb ,s uhfvjne e ,jktt ,kbprb[ cjctltq !d ckexft> tckb ,s e yb[ yt ,skj cdjtq> yj jyf e yb[ zdyj ,skf@. Exbnsdfz dct 'nj> vj;yj ghbqnb r dsdjle> xnj ckfdzyt pyfkb gbcmvtyyjcnm pfljkuj lj Rbhbkkf b Vtajlbz> xnj ghjcdtnbntkmyfz hjkm gjcktlyb[ cbkmyj ghtedtkbxtyf>

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Wbnfnf ghjljk;ftncz nfr% $... yfgbcfd rybus hecrsv ukfcjv> b tdhtq-cntq uhfvjnt njulf ;t bpdsxt jn cfvfhzybyf d Rjhceyt$. B. {fqyvfy> fdnjh rybub $Tdhtqcrfz lbfcgjhf b Hecm$> gjcxbnfd gjcktly// pfgzne/ wbnfns ghjbpdjkmyjq> ghbikf r ghjbpdjkmyjve dsdjle> xnj Rjycnfynby yfexbkcz d Rhsve gbcfnm gj-heccrb tdhtqcrbvb ,erdfvb> b jnj;ltcndbkf ntv cfvsv heccrjt b tdhtqcrjt gbcmvj> n.t. gbcmvj fhfvtqcrjt - nj ;t> rjnjhsv tdhtb gjkmpe/ncz gjysyt. Dsdjl 'njn yfcnjkmrj ;t cvtk> yfcrjkmrj ytdthty. ~Gfktz~ yt jnj;ltcndkztn heccre/ b tdhtqcre/ ~uhfvjns~> gj-hfpyjve b[ yfpsdftn> djpyjcbn [dfks heccrjq uhfvjnt rfr ,jujlfyyjq> jnvtxftn tt gjzdktybt yf cdtn> afrnbxtcrb bpj,htntybt tt rfrbv-nj heccrbv d Rjhceyt !e; gjcktlytuj j, tdhtqcrj-fhfvtqcrjv fkafdbnt ybrfr yt crf;tim@. D $Gfktt$ ujdjhbncz j lde[ hfpys[ dblf[ gbcmvf - heccrjv b tdhtqcrjv> rjnjhst Rbhbkk bpexfk jlyjdhtvtyyj% $...njulf ;t... d Rjhceyt$> n.t. njulf ;t b nfv ;t. Yfrjytw> gfhs ckjd ~heccrbq ukfc~ b ~tdhtqcrfz uhfvjnf~ cnjzn gj ntrcne d hfpys[ gflt;f[> jnyjczncz r hfpysv xfcnzv ghtlkj;tybz b r hfpysv cjj,otybzv% Rbhbkk yfgbcfk rybub yf heccrjv zpsrt> bpexbd heccrbq fkafdbn> b tdhtqcrbq jy bpexbk njulf ;t. Rhjvt cjj,otybz $Gfktb$> bpdtcnys b lheubt gjgsnrb ghjnbdjcnjznm ubgyjpe bvtyb Rbhbkkf. Heccrbq bcnjhbr XVIII dtrf D. Nfnbotd !$Bcnjhbz Hjccbqcrfz$> n. I> c.93 b n. IV> c.39@> ccskfzcm yf wtksq hzl

xnj b[ ltzntkmyjcnm ,skf yfghfdktyf yt cnjkmrj yf ghjcdtotybt ckfdzy> crjkmrj yf b[ 'kkbybpfwb/ !d ghjnbdjdtc ghjdjlbvjq gfgbcnfvb kfnbybpfwbb@ b> c lheujq cnjhjys> - yf eybxnj;tybt ckfdzycrjq zpsxtcrjq rekmnehs c tt ukfujkbxtcrjq gbcmvtyyjcnm/. Njkmrj nfrbt wtkb b vjukj ghtcktljdfnm ddtltybt rbhbkkbws> 'njuj nhjzycrjuj rjyz dbpfynbqcrjq 'rcgfycbb. Yt bcrk/xtyj> xnj Rbhbkk b Vtajlbq ghbdtpkb c cj,jq d Vjhfdb/ rfrjq-nj dfhbfyn rbhbkkbws> yj> celz gj njve> xnj bpuyfyyst jnnelf xthtp ytcrjkmrj ktn b[ gjcktljdfntkb ghbytckb d Gfyyjyb/ b d Vjhfdbb rbhbkkbwe yt ghbyzkb> f xthtp 30 ktn yfxbyftncz tt yjdjt yfcnegktybt bp Ghtckfdf !djcnjxyfz jnnele ckj;bd> yfgbcfd rybus hecrsv ukfcjv...$> n.t. cjplfybt Rbhbkkjv ckfd. fkafdbnf afrnbxtcrb djj,ot jnhbwftncz.

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Jcyjdyst ujdjhs heccrjuj zpsrf pflf/n kbyudbcnfv pflfxe> rjnjhe/ nt ybrfr yt vjuen htibnm. Gjxtve-nj ;bntkb Hjccbb yf ctdth> ctdthj-djcnjr jn Vjcrds ~jrf/n~> f yf /u> /uj-pfgfl - ~frf/n~> n.t. gj-hfpyjve ghjbpyjczn pder J d ,tpelfhys[ ckjuf[. Nfr> tckb ctdthzyt dj ahfpt ~yflj c nj,jq gjujdjhbnm~ dct dcnhtxf/obtcz pltcm pderb J ghjbp-yjczn xtnrj> nj /;fyt ytelfhyst J ghjbpyjczn rfr F% ~yflf c nf,jq gfufdfhbnm~. D. Lfkm gjgsnfkcz ,skj j,(zcybnm 'nj zdktybt dkbzybtv yfhtxbq j,hectdib[ xelcrb[ gktvty> yj dsye;lty ,sk jnrfpfnmcz jn nfrjuj njkrjdfybz> gjcrjkmre xelcrbt gktvtyf ;bkb b yf ctdth> b yf /u jn Vjcrds b dc/le fccbvbkbhjdfkbcm> b jy juhfybxbkcz njkmrj gjcnfyjdrjq djghjcf% $Yf xtv jcyjdfyj 'nj cnjkm ceotcndtyyjt hfpkbxbt*$ Jndtn yf[jlbv d ajytnbrt bdhbnf. Ukfcysq pyfr ~rfvtw~ rhfnrbq xbnftncz gj-hfpyjve - e ctafhlbqcrb[ tdhttd j,sxyj rfr F b d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ rfr J> f e firtyfpbqcrb[ - dctulf rfr J. Yfxfkj bpdtcnyjq vjkbnds ~ Ujcgjlb~ e ctafhljd pdexbn nfr% ~ Dfgjdcrjuj> Lkeujif> Vt[jdcrjuj> Rhjvthf> Cnhsrjdcrjuj> Udfudbyf b $lheub[ vyjub[$@ gbcfk> xnj ckfdzyt $vyjuj cjn ktn ght;lt Dkflbvbhf gbcmvj bvtkb$. "nb vyjubt cjnyb d gthtcxtnt yf dhtvz Rbhbkkf yflj evtymibnm kbim yf gjknjhfcnf. Nfnbotd cjj,oftn> xnj gthdsq ckfdzycrbq fkafdbn cjplfy Bthjybvjv> jlybv bp jnwjd wthrdb> ckfdzybyjv bp Bcnhbb> b pltcm dgflftn d jib,re - Bthjybv yt ,sk ckfdzybyjv> yt bvtk ybrfrjuj jnyjitybz r cjplfyb/ ckfdzycrjuj fkafdbnf> gjcrjkmre gjrbyek ,thtuf Flhbfnbrb pf ldf dtrf lj ghb[jlf nelf ckfdzy> f ukfujkbwf cjplfdfkfcm lheubvb k/lmvb b pfljkuj lj Bthjybvf !;bk d I gjkjd. IV - yfx. V d.d.@.

D.D. Lfkm> $Njkrjdsq ckjdfhm$> cnh. XLVII.

"njve ghjnbdjhtxbn ,jktt lhtdybq bcnjxybr> gbcmvj gfgs Bjfyyf VIII ryzp/ Cdznjgjkre !880 u.@> gjlndth;lf/ott bpj,htntybt Rbhbkkjv-Rjycnfynbyjv ckfd. fkafdbnf. Jxtdblyj> cktletn cxbnfnm> xnj d erfpfyys[ lde[ bcnjxybrf[ htxm bltn j hfpys[ ckfd. fkafdbnf[ - cnfhjv ljrbhbkkjdcrjv b yjdjv - rbhbkkbwt.

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Xtnrjt ghjbpyjitybt ytelfhyjuj J e erhfbywtd - cdbltntkmcndj njuj> xnj jyb pfctkbkb cdj/ ysytiy// nthhbnjhb/ cnhfdybntkmyj ytlfdyj b xnj gjl dkfcnm/ [fpfh jyb yt ,skb. D hfqjy Lytghf erhfbyws ghbikb dj dhtvz gjkmcrj-kbnjdcrjuj pf[dfnf ysytiytq Erhfbys d rjywt XIV-uj dtrf> f pfctktybt erhfbywfvb djcnjxyjq !ckj,jlcrjq@ Erhfbys jnyjcbncz rj dnjhjq gjkjdbyt XVII-uj dtrf. D. Lfkm d ghtlbckjdbb r cdjtve ckjdfh/ !$J yfhtxbz[ heccrjuj zpsrf$@ ghbdtk ck. vsckm V.G.Gjujlbyf% $Yt njkmrj dj dhtvz H/hbrf> yj b lj yfitcndbz nfnfh d Vfkjq Hecb ;bkj yt ysytiytt gktvz& d ghjnbdyjv ckexft d /;ys[ ktnjgbcz[ jcnfkjcm ,s ,jkmit cktljd vfkjheccrjuj yfhtxbz> b erhfbyws> yfhjl gtdexbq b dtcmvf crkjyysq r levfv b ,skbyfv !d ghjnbdjdtc dtkbrjhecfv@> cj[hfybk ,s d gfvznb cdjtq [jnz ,s Dkflbvbhf> yj 'njuj ytn> f tcnm vyjuj djcgjvbyfybq j Rfhgfnf[> jnrelf yfhjl 'njn dsitk> dthjznyj> d gjplytqitt dhtvz> ult b ysyt hecbys b hecyzrb ujdjhzn yf 'njv ;t yfhtxbb$. Xnj rfcftncz ~jrf/ob[~ djk;fy> nj heccrbt pfctkbkb ,thtuf Djkub e;t gjckt pfdjtdfybz Bdfyjv Uhjpysv Rfpfycrjuj b Fcnhf[fycrjuj [fycnd dj dnjhjq gjkjdbyt XVI-uj dtrf> b gjctktyws> celz gj b[ ~jrfym/~> ,skb d cdjtq vfcct ctdthzyfvb. Ytn ghjnbdjhtxbz d njv> xnj [fpfhs ~frfkb~> f ghjbc[jlzobt jn yb[ !rfr 'nj ,eltn gjrfpfyj@ firtyfpbqcrbt tdhtb ~jrf/n~. Gthtctkbdibtcz gjckt hfpuhjvf cdjtuj ujcelfhcndf !1016 u.@ yf Hecm> pfntv bpuyfyyst jnnelf d Gjkmie !1113 u.@ jyb gjgfkb d zpsrjde/ chtle c xtnrbv ghjbpyjitybtv ytelfhyjuj J. Ytcrjkmrj dtrjd ;bpyb d 'njq chtlt cltkfkb cdjt ltkj% tdhtb ~pfjrfkb~ yt njkmrj d cdjtq ckfdzycrjq htxb> yj b gthtytckb ~jrfymt~ yf cdjq bdhbn.

FLJYJQ~. D gthdjv ckjdt ! f dj dnjhjv - rfr J. Dtcmvf ceotcndtyys bcrk/xtybz ctafhlbqcrjuj ghjbpyjitybz ~rfvtwf~> rjulf d ,tpelfhyjv pfrhsnjv ckjut jy ghjbpyjcbncz rfr J !yfgh. d ckjdt {J{V@> njulf rfr d jnrhsnjv ,tpelfhyjv ckjut njn ;t rfvtw xbnftncz rfr F !{F{V@. D 'njq rf;eotqcz genfyb-wt ghjbpyjitybz ~rfvtwf~ tcnm ytrfz pf,snfz pfrjyjvth-yjcnm. Jxtdblyj> d lhtdyjcnb pder> j,jpyfxftvsq ysyt yf gbcmvt ~rfvfwtv~> ghjbpyjcbkcz ldjzrj> ytjghtltktyyj& vj-;tn> jy ,sk gjyfxfke lbanjyujv FJ bkb JF b gj'njve gjp-;t d hfpys[ lbfktrnf[ bdhbnf !f gjhjq lf;t d jlyjv b njv ;t lbfktrnt - rfr e ctafhljd@ tuj cnfkb ghjbpyjcbnm gj-hfp-yjve. Hfpkbxbt jcyjdys[ heccrb[ ujdjhjd j,(zcyztncz dkbz-ybtv hfpys[ tdhtqcrb[ lbfktrnjd% yf ctdtht c ghjbpyj-itybtv ~rfvtwf~ rfr J b yf /ut - rfr F. Uhfybwf hfcghj-cnhfytybz 'nb[ ujdjhjd ghj[jlbn ghbvthyj d hfqjyt Vjcr-ds. Pfvtnbv> xnj nthhbnjhbz yf /u jn Vjcrds d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrb[ dtrjd ghbyflkt;fkf [fpfhfv b pltcm rhjtncz jlyj bp cdbltntkmcnd njuj> xnj [fpfhs ujdjhbkb yf bdhbnt.

47

Gj-hfpyjve ghjbpyjcbncz tdh. ,erdf ~dfd~% rfr cjukfcysq pder D b rfr ukfcyst J b E. D ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[ nfr ;t yf,k/lftncz xthtljdfybt bkb dpfbvjpfvtyztvjcnm gthtxbcktyys[ pderjd. Nfr> tckb d heccrjv ghjbpyjczn ~dc=> dct~> nj d erhfbycrjv - ~dc'> dcb~ b ~ec'> ecb~> n.t. xthtljdfybt D-E yf,k/lftncz b dyenhb jlyjuj ckfdzycrjuj zpsrf. Xthtljdfybt D-E ghjckt;bdftncz b ghb egjnht,ktybb ghtlkjuf ~d~% heccr. ~d rybut~ - erh. ~e ryspb~. Bynthtcty b heccr. ghtlkju ~dj~ !dfhbfyn ghtlkjuf ~d~@ rfr cjxtnfybt pderjd D b J. Djn ghbvths gfhfkktkmyjuj egjnht,ktybz ~d~ b ~dj~% $Z d gbheirt ,skf> dj ,tctleirt...$ b $Dj ce,,jne ltym ytyfcnysq - ytkmpz d gjkt hf,jnfnm$ !bp heccrb[ gtcty@. Cjjndtncnde/obq erh. ghtlkju ~ed~ - jxtdblyj cjcnfdyjq. Cktletn pfvtnbnm> xnj pfbvcndjdfyysq ckfdzyfvb tdh. ghtlkju f ~,tn~> yj ,jkmijuj ghjnbdjhtxbz pltcm dct ;t ytn> n.r. d ecnyjq htxb ltqcndjdfkb pfrjys ajytnbrb> pder < vju ghtdhfnbnmcz d D !rfr e ctvbnjd> nfr b e ckfdzy@> f pder D - d jlby bp dfhbfynjd ghjbpyjitybz ~dfdf~ !D>J bkb E@. D cnfhjckfdzycrb[ ntrcnf[ !yfgh.> d $Rjltrct Ufyrtyinfqyf$@ dcnhtxftncz gfhfkktkmyjt egjnht,ktybt cjxtnfybz JE b pfvtyz/otuj tuj D> ghbxtv d jlyb[ b nt[ ;t ckjdf[ !jenjhbb - dnjhbb> jecnfd - dcnfd@. Nj ;t JE cnfhjckfdzycrjuj zpsrf gtht[jlbkj gjp;t d E bkb J% hjeirs - heccrbq> hjerf - herf> ujelbnbcz - ujlbnmcz. Jn 'njq dpfbvjpfvtyztvjcnb bkb xthtljdfybq JE-E-J ghjbc[jlzn hfpyjxntybz yfpdfybq Hecm b Hjccbz. D. Lfkm !XIX-q dtr@ jnvtxfk gtyptycrjt b dzncrjt ghjbpyjitybt EJ dvtcnj J. Dct 'nb xthtljdfybz ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjd !D-E> D-DJ> E-J> JE-D> JE-E> JE-J> EJ-J@ zdyj blen jn dfhbfwbq pderf> rjnjhsq yf gbcmvt bdhbnf j,jpyfxfkcz ,erdjq $dfd$. Uhfabxtcrbt ajhvs 'njq ,erds d lhtdytv tdhtqcrj-abybrbqcrjv fkafdbnt jxtym ,kbprb r yfxthnfyb/ ,erds E d rbhbkkbwt. D cnfhjq rbhbkkbwt lkz gthtlfxb pderf E yf gbcmvt gjkmpjdfkbcm ,erdjq ~er~> bpj,hf;fditqcz cjxtnfybtv JE b> jxtdblyj> xbnfditqcz gjyfxfke rfr JE. Yfxthnfybt ,erds ~er~ d ukfujkbwt> ytcvjnhz yf dsxehyjcnm> vj;yj hfcibahjdfnm rfr cjxtnfybt lde[ ,erd ~dfd~> ghbyzd dj dybvfybt> xnj ,erdf ~jy~ !J@ njuj ;t fkafdbnf ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq dbljbpvtytyye/ ajhve

48

jlyjq ,erds ~dfd~. Jxtym df;yf nfrfz ltnfkm ,erds ~er~> rfr njxrf cghfdf. Jyf erfpsdftn yf nj> xnj dnjhjq ~dfd~ cktletn xbnfnm rfr E> - d bdhbnt ~dfd~ c njxrjq xbnftncz rfr D bkb E. N. j,h.> vj;yj cxbnfnm ecnfyjdktyysv> xnj hfpyjxtntybz tdhtqcrjq ,erds ~dfd~ njxyj pfabrcbhjdfys d lhtdytckfdzycrjv fkafdbnt ukfujkbwt> f 'nj e;t jnhf;tybt htfkbq ckfdzycrjq ajytnbrb b tt c[jlcndf c tdhtqcrjq. Ytrjnjhst hfpyjxntybz ,erds ~dfd~ cj[hfybkbcm pfabrcbhjdfyysvb b d kfnbycrjq xticrjq gbcmvtyyjcnb> ult U xbnftncz rfr ljkujt E> f JU - rfr rhfnrjt. Cnjbn j,hfnbnm dybvfybt yf vtcnj njxrb ,erds ~er~ - jyf cghfdf> njulf> rfr d bdhbnt jyf cnfdbncz cktdf jn ~dfdf~. "nj gthtvtotybt vj;tn jpyfxfnm bpvtytybt yfghfdktybz gbcmvf ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb tdhtqcrjuj fkafdbnf - tuj> jxtdblyj> ghbcgjcf,kbdfkb r ckfdzycrjve gbcmve cktdf yfghfdj. Nj ;t zdktybt ghjckt;bdftncz yf ghbvtht tot lde[ ,erd ukfujkbws - ~,erb~ b jlyjuj bp dfhbfynjd ,erds ~yfi~ - jyb jrfpfkbcm hfpdthyensvb d j,hfnyjv yfghfdktybb gj chfdytyb/ cj cdjbvb tdhtqcrbvb ghjnjnbgfvb ~,tn~ b ~yey~ !cv. nf,kbwe I@. Njxrf ukfujkbxtcrjq ,erds ~gjrjq~ nj;t yt ckexfqyf. Ltkj d njv> xnj d bdhbnt pderb G b A j,jpyfxf/ncz yf gbcmvt jlyjq b njq ;t ,erdjq b njkmrj c njxrjq !n. yfp. lfuti ckf,sq@ ,erdf xbnftncz rfr G. Exbnsdfz nj> xnj j,t ,erds ukfujkbws> j,jpyfxf/obt pder A !athn b abnf@> dpzns bp uhtxtcrjuj fkafdbnf> vj;yj ghtlgjkj;bnm> xnj d bpyfxfkmyjq ukfujkbwt lkz j,jpyfxtybz pderjd G b A bcgjkmpjdfkfcm jlyf ,erdf b ceotcndjdfkj nj ;t ghfdbkj ghbvtytybz njxrb> xnj b d bdhbnt. D lfyyjv ckexft ghbvtytybt njxrb jnhf;ftn njn afrn> xnj b d ctvbncrjq> b d ckfdzycrjq ajytnbrt ceotcndetn bkb ceotcndjdfkj ght;lt xthtljdfybt ue,ys[ G-A. Yfghbvth%

Njxrf tdhtqcrb[ ,erd> rhjvt lheujuj dfhbfynf xntybz ,erds !lfuti ckf,sq@> vj;tn jpyfxfnm b eldjtybt tt !lfuti cbkmysq@. Eldjtybt cjukfcys[ yf,k/lftncz b d lhtdyt-ckfdzycrb[ ntrcnf[> b d cjdhtvtyys[ ckfdzycrb[ zpsrf[%

BGFHJY !tdh. rfhfylfi@ - BAHJYJN !rfhfylfib@>Jgfyfc !erh.@ - Fafyfcbq !heccr.@

49

heccrjv> erhfbycrjv> gjkmcrjv b lh. Cktle/obt ghbvths dpzns bp $Ckjdf j gjkre Bujhtdt$% hfcceifcm> bnnb> bccib> pkfnjrjdfyytv> jnndjhb> djppyb> rfvtyysz. Ytrjnjhst bp 'nb[ ckjd cj[hfybkb eldjtybt b d cjdhtvtyyjv heccrjv% bcceibk> pkfnjrjdfyysq> rfvtyysq. Gj yf,k/ltybzv Lfkz> ctdthysq b /;ysq ujdjhs Hjccbb jnkbxfkbcm> rhjvt ghjxtuj> ghjbpyjitybtv pderf U. Jy gbcfk% $... ghbls[fybz...> d rjnjhjt 'nf ,erdf j,hfotyf yf /ut b pfgflt jn Vjcrds> yf ctdtht b yf djcnjrt yt pyf/n djdct.$ Ghbvthyj pf cnj ktn lj njuj> rfr gbcfk Lfkm> d cthtlbyt XVIII-uj dtrf> gjzdbkjcm cnb[jndjhtybt V.D. Kjvj-yjcjdf $J cjvybntkmyjv ghjbpyjitybb ,erds ~u~ d hjccbqcrjv zpsrt$. Gjxnb dct jyj cjcnjzkj bp ckjd cj pderjv U b pfrfyxbdfkjcm djghjcjv> yf rjnjhsq e fdnjhf yt ,skj jndtnf% $Crf;bnt> ult ,snm uf b ult cnjznm ukfujk/*$ Ltkj d njv> xnj d ckfdzycrb[ fkafdbnf[ ukfujkbwt b rbhbkkbwt lkz pderf U ,skb ldt ,erds - ~ukfujkm~ b ~lthdm~ !gjcktly// Kjvjyjcjd yfpsdfk ~uf~@> gthdfz jpyfxfkf ndthlsq pder U> dnjhfz - vzurbq> gfkfnfkmysq. J,f pderf cj[hfybkbcm gjysyt d hzlt ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjd% xticrjv> ckjdfwrjv> ke;bwrjv b ,tkjheccrjv. D vfrtljycrjv b cth,j[jhdfncrjv tcnm b ndthlsq U> b gjkegfkfnfkmysq dphsdyjq> ,kbprbq r pderfv L bkb :. D jcnfkmys[ ckf-dzycrb[ zpsrf[ b ujdjhf[ cj[hfybkcz njkmrj jlby bp pderjd% bkb U ndthlsq !d ,jkufhcrjv> ckjdtycrjv> gjkmcrjv> ctdthjheccrjv@> bkb U vzurbq> gfkfnfkmysq !d /;yjheccrjv b erhfbycrjv@. Ghb ;bpyb Kjvjyjcjdf d Hjccbb tot gjkmpjdfkbcm j,tbvb ,erdfvb rbhbkkbws ~ukfujktv~ b ~lthdtv-uf~> njulf rfr pderb> bvb j,jpyfxftvst> e;t ecgtkb eybabwbhjdfnmcz> ghtdhfnbnmcz d U ndthlsq yf ctdtht b d vzurbq yf /ut. Nfrjt gjkj;tybt genfkj uhfvvfnbrjd> gjrf bp heccrjuj b erhfbycrjuj fkafdbnjd yt bcrk/xbkb ,erde ~lthdm-uf~. Ghjnbdjhtxbt afrnbxtcrb jcnfkjcm> gjcrjkmre ukfujktv cnfkb j,jpyfxfnm hfpyst pderb. Yj df;yj lheujt% ckfdzycrbt ,erds ~ukfujkm~ b ~lthdm-uf~ !b j,jpyfxftvst bvb pderb@ cjjndtncnde/n tdhtqcrbv ,erdfv ~ubvtk~ b ~[tq~> ghbxtv yfpdfybz ckfdzycrjq ,erds ~uf~ b tdhtqcrjq ~[tq~ gjxnb cjdgflf/n - yfpdfybt ,erds ~[tq~ ghjbpyjcbncz yf bdhbnt rfr erhfbycrjt U"Q.

50

Gj njve> xnj ,erds> cjjndtncnde/otq ckfdzycrbv ,erdfv

~lthdm-uf~ ukfujkbws b rbhbkkbws> ytn d uhtxtcrjv

fkafdbnt> f d uhtxtcrjq ajytnbrt ytn cjjndtncnde/otuj

pderf> gj jncencndb/ nfv ;t pderjd W>I b

cjjndtncnde/ob[ bv ,erd> rjnjhst> jlyfrj> tcnm e ckfdzy b

e tdhttd> f nfr;t gj lheubv cjjndtncndbzv ajytnbrb ckfdzy

b tdhttd> bcnjrb ckfdzycrjq gbcmvtyyjcnb yflj bcrfnm yt d

ghjcdtnbntkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb uhtrjd.

Xtnsht ,erds tdhtqcrjuj fkafdbnf !,tn> rfa> g' b iby@>

egjnht,ktyyst c njxrjq !lfuti ckf,sq@ bkb ,tp ytt> vjuen

xbnfnmcz ldjzrj% ,tn - rfr < b D> rfa - rfr R b {> g' - rfr

G b A> iby - rfr I b C !iby xbnftncz gj-hfpyjve d

pfdbcbvjcnb jn gjkj;tybz njxrb cghfdf bkb cktdf@. "nj

j,jpyfxtybt yf gbcmvt hfpys[ pderjd jlyjq ,erdjq b hfpyjt

ghjxntybt jlyb[ b nt[ ;t ,erd j,(zcyztncz ldjzrbv

ghjbpyjitybtv ,kbprb[ pderjd d ecnyjq htxb>

dfhmbhjdfybtv> xthtljdfybtv> jcj,tyyjcnzvb ujdjhjd.

Ghbvth ldjzrjuj ghjbpyjitybz ~ibyf~ e lhtdyb[ tdhttd

lftn ,b,ktqcrbq hfccrfp j dhf;lt ubkflzy c 'ahfbvkzyfvb

- gjcktlyb[ dhfub epyfdfkb gj ghjbpyjityb/ ckjdf

IB

G-A> I-C bvtkb vtcnj rfr ghb gtht[jlt ckjd bp ctvbncrjq

ktrcbrb d ckfdzycre/> nfr b ghb hfpltktybb ckfdzycrb[

zpsrjd> b[ dsltktybb bp tlbyjuj lhtdytckfdzycrjuj zpsrf>

n.t. gjcktlytve erfpfyyst xthtljdfybz ,skb ghbceob> rfr

b lhtdyttdhtqcrjve. Ytvfkjdf;yj> xnj ghb hfpltktybb

ckfdzycrb[ zpsrjd xthtljdfyb/ gjldthufkbcm pderb d ckjdf[

yt njkmrj ctvbncrjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz.

Ghbvths lkz gthdjuj ckexfz lfys gjl byltrcjv !1@>

Ghbvths lkz dnjhjuj ckexfz lfys gjl byltrcjv !2@.

51

# dj/obq~ - der !cth,.@> djdr !erh.@>

djkr !heccr.@> dskrj !,jku.@. D ckjdt njuj ;t rjhyz

cj,frf !c vtcnjbvtybtv IT@ yf[jlbv xthtljdfybz

I-C b {-R> yj cj[hfybdibqcz pder jgsnysq~ - ,fnmrf> ,fn/irf !heccr.@>

,fnmrj !erh.@.

Celz gj njve> xnj ckjdj DFNBR gbitncz xthtp ,erde ~dfd~> f yt ~,tn#dtn~> jyj vjukj ghjbpyjcbnmcz b rfr JNBR b jnc/lf ghjbc[jlbn nfr;t ckfdzycrjt ckjdj ~jntw~. J,f ckjdf !jntw b ,fnmrf#,fnz#,fn/irf@ dctulf cjceotcndjdfkb d heccrjv zpsrt. D jlyjq bp ,skby j, Bkmt Vehjvwt xbnftv% $...Nen dct gmzybws> ujkm rf,fwrfz> ,tuen> ghbcrfrbdf/n> hfle/ncz% $F[ ns> jntw yfi> hjlysq ,fn/irf...$ Ghjbc[j;ltybt j,jb[ nthvbyjd jn tdh. #DFNBR> f yt jn cfyrhbncrjuj gbnh ~jntw~ zdyj yt gjlkt;bn cjvytyb/.

djtdfnm !heccr.@

djhxfnm !heccr.@

,ekdf !xticr.@

!2@

# djdr !erh.@ b n.l.

~dyer~ dyer !heccr.@.

~gf[fnm~ rhtcnmzyby !heccr.@.

~ukbyf> xthtgjr~ rjhtw> rjhxfuf !heccr.@.

,j=dfnb !xticr.@.

,ehxfns !erh.@.

,ekm,f !erh.@.

Ajytnbxtcrb yt ghjnbdjhtxbdj xthtljdfybt pderjd {-R-U b C-W-X-I% [thtc-rjhtw#rjhxfuf-ujhijr& {EIFR cnhfl. ajhvf jn tdh. #{BITR#{FIFR ~cjtlbyznm> c;bvfnm~ - reifr !heccr. gjzc@

52

# GTHJN

# GTNBKM

# IFAF

!2@

aherns !heccr.@.

jn GFNFKM ~dbnm> cdbdfnm> crhexbdfnm~

abnbkm !heccr.@& gtnkz.

~ecgjrfbdfnmcz~ cgfnm !heccr.@.

# RBC

# IF gbnmt~ cjr !heccr.@.

ckfnm !heccr.@.

[kjgfnm !heccr.@

[kjgjns !heccr.@

[jheudm !heccr.@

[htcn !erh.@

[hecnfkm