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Production of goods in large quantities afterprocessing from raw materials to morevaluable products is called manufacturing. Doyou know that paper is manufactured fromwood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steelfrom iron ore and aluminium from bauxite?Do you also know that some types of clothesare manufactured from yarn which itself is anindustrial product?

People employed in the secondary activitiesmanufacture the primary materials intofinished goods. The workers employed in steelfactories, car, breweries, textile industries,bakeries etc. fall into this category. Some peopleare employed in providing services. In thischapter, we are mainly concerned withmanufacturing industries which fall in thesecondary sector.

The economic strength of a country ismeasured by the development ofmanufacturing industries.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing sector is considered the backboneof development in general and economicdevelopment in particular mainly because–

• Manufacturing industries not only help inmodernising agriculture, which forms thebackbone of our economy, they also reducethe heavy dependence of people onagricultural income by providing them jobsin secondary and tertiary sectors.

• Industrial development is a precondition foreradication of unemployment and povertyfrom our country. This was the mainphilosophy behind public sector industriesand joint sector ventures in India. It was alsoaimed at bringing down regional disparitiesby establishing industries in tribal andbackward areas.

• Export of manufactured goods expandstrade and commerce, and brings in muchneeded foreign exchange.

• Countries that transform their rawmaterials into a wide variety of furnishedgoods of higher value are prosperous.India’s prosperity lies in increasing anddiversifying its manufacturing industries asquickly as possible.

Agriculture and industry are not exclusiveof each other. They move hand in hand. Forinstance, the agro-industries in India have givena major boost to agriculture by raising itsproductivity. They depend on the latter for rawmaterials and sell their products such asirrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines andtools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development andcompetitiveness of manufacturing industry hasnot only assisted agriculturists in increasing

On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went toa market with his parents. They purchasedshoes and clothes for him. His motherpurchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas(earthen lamps). Harish observed that theshops in the market were flooded withitems for sale. He wondered how so manyitems could be made in such largequantities. His father explained that shoes,clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured bymachines in large industries, some utensilsare manufactured in small industries, whileitems like diyas are made by individualartisans in household industry.

Do you have some ideas about theseindustries?

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66 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

their production but also made the productionprocesses very efficient.

In the present day world of globalisation,our industry needs to be more efficient andcompetitive. Self-sufficiency alone is notenough. Our manufactured goods must be atpar in quality with those in the internationalmarket. Only then, will we be able to competein the international market.

Contribution of Industry to NationalEconomy

Over the last two decades, the share ofmanufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 percent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent forthe industry which includes 10 per cent formining, quarrying, electricity and gas.

This is much lower in comparison to someEast Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 percent. The trend of growth rate in manufacturingover the last decade has been around 7 percent per annum. The desired growth rate overthe next decade is 12 per cent. Since 2003,manufacturing is once again growing at therate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. Withappropriate policy interventions by thegovernment and renewed efforts by theindustry to improve productivity, economistspredict that manufacturing can achieve itstarget over the next decade. The NationalManufacturing Competitiveness Council(NMCC) has been set up with this objective.

Industrial Location

Industrial locations are complex in nature.These are influenced by availability of rawmaterial, labour, capital, power and market,etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factorsavailable at one place. Consequently,manufacturing activity tends to locate at themost appropriate place where all the factors ofindustrial location are either available or canbe arranged at lower cost. After an industrialactivity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes,industries are located in or near the cities.Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation gohand in hand. Cities provide markets and alsoprovide services such as banking, insurance,transport, labour, consultants and financialadvice, etc. to the industry. Many industries

tend to come together to make use of theadvantages offered by the urban centres knownas agglomeration economies. Gradually, alarge industrial agglomeration takes place.

In the pre-Independence period, mostmanufacturing units were located in placesfrom the point of view of overseas trade such asMumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. Consequently,there emerged certain pockets of industriallydeveloped urban centres surrounded by a hugeagricultural rural hinterland.

Industry – Market Linkage

The key to decision of the factory locationis the least cost. Government policies andspecialised labour also influence the locationof industry.

Fig. 6.1

Fig. 6.2

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67MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Classification of Industries

List the various manufactured products youuse in your daily life such as – transistors,electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement,glassware, petrol, matches, scooters,automobiles, medicines and so on. If weclassify the various industries based on aparticular criterion then we would be ableto understand their manufacturing better.Industries may be classified as follows:

On the basis of source of raw materialsused:

• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silktextile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee,edible oil.

• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement,aluminium, machine tools,petrochemicals.

According to their main role:

• Basic or key industries which supply theirproducts or raw materials to manufactureother goods e.g. iron and steel and coppersmelting, aluminum smelting.

• Consumer industries that produce goodsfor direct use by consumers – sugar,toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment:

• A small scale industry is defined withreference to the maximum investmentallowed on the assets of a unit. This limithas changed over a period of time. Atpresent the maximum investment allowedis rupees one crore. If investment is morethan one crore on any industry then it isknown as a large scale industry.

On the basis of ownership:

• Public sector, owned and operated bygovernment agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.

• Private sector industries owned andoperated by individuals or a group ofindividuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,Dabur Industries.

• Joint sector industries which are jointly run

by the state and individuals or a group ofindividuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointlyowned by public and private sector.

• Cooperative sector industries are ownedand operated by the producers orsuppliers of raw materials, workers orboth. They pool in the resources and sharethe profits or losses proportionately suchas the sugar industry in Maharashtra, thecoir industry in Kerala.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw materialand finished goods:

• Heavy industries such as iron and steel

• Light industries that use light rawmaterials and produce light goods suchas electrical industries.

Classify the following into two groups on thebasis of bulk and weight of raw material andfinished goods.

(i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines

(ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding

(iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs

(iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes

(v) Watches (x) Automobiles

Agro Based Industries

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar andedible oil, etc. industries are based onagricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry: The textile industryoccupies unique position in the Indianeconomy, because it contributes significantlyto industrial production (14 per cent),employment generation (35 million personsdirectly – the second largest after agriculture)and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towardsGDP. It is the only industry in the country,which is self-reliant and complete in the valuechain i.e., from raw material to the highestvalue added products.

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Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, cottontextiles were produced with hand spinningand handloom weaving techniques. After the18th century, power-looms came into use.Our traditional industries suffered a setbackduring the colonial period because theycould not compete with the mill-made clothfrom England.

While spinning continues to be centralisedin Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu,weaving is highly decentralised to providescope for incorporating traditional skills anddesigns of weaving in cotton, silk, zari,embroidery, etc. India has world classproduction in spinning, but weaving supplieslow quality of fabric as it cannot use much ofthe high quality yarn produced in the country.Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom andin mills.

The handspun khadi provides large scaleemployment to weavers in their homes as acottage industry.

Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis onspinning yarn and weaving khadi?

Fig. 6.3: Value addition in the textile industry

• The first successful textile mill wasestablished in Mumbai in 1854.

• The two world wars were fought in Europe,India was a British colony. There was ademand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gavea boost to the development of the cottontextile industry.

As on 30 November 2011, there were 1946cotton and human-made fibre textile milk inthe country. About 80 per cent of these arein the private sector and the rest in the publicand cooperative sectors. Apart from these,there are several thousand small factorieswith four to ten looms.

In the early years, the cotton textileindustry was concentrated in the cottongrowing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.Availability of raw cotton, market, transportincluding accessible port facilities, labour,moist climate, etc. contributed towards itslocalisation. This industry has close linkswith agriculture and provides a living tofarmers, cotton boll pluckers and workersengaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring andsewing. The industry by creating demandssupports many other industries, such as,chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packagingmaterials and engineering works.

Study the figures above and note the shareof mills in the production of fabric.

Why is it important for our country to keepthe mill sector loomage lower than powerloom and handloom?

India exports yarn to Japan. Otherimporters of cotton goods from India areU.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East Europeancountries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, andAfrican countries.

Table 4.2: India: Production of Fabrics in India

Sector 2009-10 2010-11*(Provisional)

Mill Sector 3.3 3.5

Powerlooms (in Hosiery) 84.1 84.1Handlooms 11.3 11.1Others 1.3 1.3

Total 100% 100%

Source: Office of Textile Commissioner, Mumbai,

Economic Survey, 2011-12.

Note: 90 per cent of the weaving, cutting and

processing is in decentralised sector.

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India: Distribution of cotton, woollen and silk industries

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India has the second largest installedcapacity of spindles in the world, with 43.13

million spindles (2011-12) after China. Sincethe mid-eighties, the spinning sector has

received a lot of attention.We have a large share in the world trade

of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth ofthe total trade. However, our trade in

garments is only 4 per cent of the world’stotal. Our spinning mills are competitive at

the global level and capable of using all thefibres we produce. The weaving, knitting and

processing units cannot use much of the highquality yarn that is produced in the country.

There are some large and modern factoriesin these segments, but most of the

production is in fragmented small units,which cater to the local market. This

mismatch is a major drawback for theindustry. As a result, many of our spinners

export cotton yarn while apparel/garmentmanufactures have to import fabric.

banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt (98

km long and 3 km wide).

Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it is sold as a

trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg. Value is

added at every stage from fibre to yarn to

fabric and to garment.

Why is it important for us to improve our

weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in

large quantities?

Although, we have made significant

increase in the production of good quality long

staple cotton (356 lakh bales of 170 kgs each

during 2011-12), the need to import is still felt.

Power supply is erratic and machinery needs

to be upgraded in the weaving and processing

sectors in particular. Other problems are the

low output of labour and stiff competition with

the synthetic fibre industry.

Jute Textiles

India is the largest producer of raw jute and

jute goods and stands at second place as an

exporter after Bangladesh. There were about

80 jute mills in India in 2010-11. Most of these

are located in West Bengal, mainly along the

The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, thejute mills remained in India but three-fourthof the jute producing area went toBangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

Factors responsible for their location inthe Hugli basin are: proximity of the juteproducing areas, inexpensive watertransport, supported by a good network ofrailways, roadways and waterways tofacilitate movement of raw material to themills, abundant water for processing rawjute, cheap labour from West Bengal andadjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and UttarPradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centreprovides banking, insurance and portfacilities for export of jute goods.

In 2010-11 the jute industry wassupporting 3.7 lakh workers directly andanother 40 lakhs small and marginal farmerswho were engaged in cultivation of jute andmesta. Many more people were associatedindirectly.

Challenges faced by the industry includestiff competition in the international market fromsynthetic substitutes and from othercompetitors like Bangladesh, Brazil,Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However, theinternal demand has been on the increase dueto the Government policy of mandatory use ofjute packaging. To stimulate demand, theproducts need to be diversified. In 2005,National Jute Policy was formulated with theobjective of increasing productivity, improvingquality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmersand enhancing the yield per hectare. The mainmarkets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, UnitedArab Republic, U.K. and Australia. The growingglobal concern for environment friendly,biodegradable materials, has once again openedthe opportunity for jute products.

Sugar Industry

India stands second as a world producer ofsugar but occupies the first place in the

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production of gur and khandsari. The rawmaterial used in this industry is bulky, andin haulage its sucrose content reduces. Whereshould the mills be ideally located? In2010-11 there were over 662 sugar mills inthe country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along withPunjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixtyper cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.This industry is seasonal in nature so, it isideally suited to the cooperative sector. Canyou explain why this is so?

In recent years, there is a tendency for themills to shift and concentrate in the southernand western states, especially in Maharashtra,This is because the cane produced here has ahigher sucrose content. The cooler climatealso ensures a longer crushing season.Moreover, the cooperatives are moresuccessful in these states.

Major challenges include the seasonalnature of the industry, old and inefficientmethods of production, transport delay inreaching cane to factories and the need tomaximise the use of baggase.

Mineral based Industries

Industries that use minerals and metals as rawmaterials are called mineral based industries.Can you name some industries that would fallin this category?

Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel Industry is the basicindustry since all the other industries — heavy,medium and light, depend on it for theirmachinery. Steel is needed to manufacture avariety of engineering goods, constructionmaterial, defence, medical, telephonic, scientificequipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Make a list of all such goods made of steelthat you can think of.

Production and consumption of steel is oftenregarded as the index of a country’sdevelopment. Iron and steel is a heavy industrybecause all the raw materials as well as finishedgoods are heavy and bulky entailing heavytransportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal andlime stone are required in the ratio ofapproximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities ofmanganese, are also required to harden the steel.Where should the steel plants be ideallylocated? Remember that the finished productsalso need an efficient transport network for theirdistribution to the markets and consumers.

In 2010-11 with 72.2 million tonnes of steelproduction, India ranked 4th among the worldcrude steel producers. It is the largest producerof sponge iron. In 2010-11 per capita cosumptionof steel in the country was only around 49 kg perannum against the world average of 182 kg.

Fig. 6.4

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India: Iron and Steel Plants

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Most of the public sector undertakingsmarket their steel through Steel Authority ofIndia Ltd. (SAIL).

In the 1950s China and India producedalmost the same quantity of steel. Today, Chinais the largest producer of steel. China is also theworld’s largest consumer of steel. In 2004, Indiawas the largest exporter of steel which accountedfor 2.25 per cent of the global steel trade.Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximumconcentration of iron and steel industries. It islargely, because of the relative advantages thisregion has for the development of this industry.

These include, low cost of iron ore, high graderaw materials in proximity, cheap labour andvast growth potential in the home market.Though, India is an important iron and steelproducing country in the world yet, we are notable to perform to our full potential largely dueto: (a) High costs and limited availability of coking

Table 5.2: Total finished steel productionin India

Year Production(In million tonnes per annum)

2005 45.7

2006 49.4

2007 53.0

2008 57.8

2009 56.6

2010 68.3

2011 72.2

Source: Ministry of Steel, Govternment of India

Why is the per capita consumption of steelso low in India?

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electricfurnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.They have re-rollers that use steel ingots aswell. They produce mild and alloy steel ofgiven specifications.

An integrated steel plant is large, handleseverything in one complex – from puttingtogether raw material to steel making, rollingand shaping.

0

100

200

300

400

600

700

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

China

India

Year

Pro

ducti

on

in

Mil

lion

Ton

nes

45.749.4 53 57.8 56.6 68.8

500

800

72.2

683.2

637.4

577

512.3489.7

421

355.7

Fig. 6.5: Steel Production in India and China

Collect information about steel plantslocated in your own State and show themon the map of India.

Source : World Steel Association, website : www.worldsteel.org

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coal (b) Lower productivity of labour (c) Irregularsupply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure.

We also import good quality steel from othercountries. However, the overall production ofsteel is sufficient to meet our domestic demand.

Liberalisation and Foreign DirectInvestment have given a boost to the industrywith the efforts of private entrepreneurs.There is a need to allocate resources forresearch and development to produce steelmore computatitively.

Nadu. In 2008-09 India produced over 15.29lakh million tonnes of aluminium.

Bauxite, the raw material used in thesmelters is a very bulky, dark reddish colouredrock. The flow chart given below shows theprocess of manufacturing aluminium. Regularsupply of electricity and an assured source ofraw material at minimum cost are the twoprime factors for location of the industry.

Have you read about the Kalinganagarcontroversy? Collect information fromdifferent sources and discuss.

Aluminium Smelting

Aluminium smelting is the second mostimportant metallurgical industry in India. It islight, resistant to corrosion, a good conductorof heat, mallable and becomes strong when it ismixed with other metals. It is used tomanufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It hasgained popularity as a substitute of steel,copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

Aluminium smelting plants in the countryare located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, UttarPradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil

Fig. 6.6: Strip coasting mill at smelter of NALCO

Fig. 6.8

Fig. 6.7

A factory produces aluminium saucepans withplastic handles. It obtains aluminium from asmelter and a plastic component from

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entirely imported as the country does not haveany reserves of commercially usable potash orpotassium compounds in any form. India isthe third largest producer of nitrogenousfertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser unitsmanufacturing nitrogenous and complexnitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 forproducing ammonium sulphate as a by-product and 68 other small units producesingle superphosphate. At present, there are10 public sector undertakings and one incooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat underthe Fertiliser Corporation of India.

After the Green Revolution the industryexpanded to several other parts of the country.Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjaband Kerala contribute towards half the fertiliserproduction. Other significant producers areAndhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar,Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi,Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Cement Industry

Cement is essential for construction activitysuch as building houses, factories, bridges,roads, airports, dams and for other commercialestablishments. This industry requires bulkyand heavy raw materials like limestone, silica,alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric powerare needed apart from rail transportation.

Chemical Industries

The Chemical industry in India is fast growingand diversifying. It contributes approximately3 per cent of the GDP. It is the third largest inAsia and occupies the twelfth place in the worldin term of its size. It comprises both large andsmall scale manufacturing units. Rapid growthhas been recorded in both inorganic andorganic sectors. Inorganic chemicals includesulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers,synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints,dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (usedto make glass, soaps and detergents, paper)and caustic soda. These industries are widelyspread over the country.

Why do you think it is so?

Organic chemicals include petrochemicals,

which are used for manufacturing of synthetic

fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs,

drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical

plants are located near oil refineries or

petrochemical plants.The chemical industry is its own largest

consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processingto further produce other chemicals that areused for industrial application, agriculture ordirectly for consumer markets. Make a list ofthe products you are aware of.

Fertiliser Industry

The fertiliser industry is centred around theproduction of nitrogenous fertilisers (mainlyurea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammoniumphosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers whichhave a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate(P), and potash (K). The third, i.e. potash is

Where would it be economically viable toset up the cement manufacturing units?

The industry has strategically locatedplants in Gujarat that have suitable access tothe market in the Gulf countries.

Find out where the plants are located in otherStates of India. Find their names.

another factory. All the manufacturedsaucepans are sent to a warehouse:

1. (a) Which raw material is likely to be mostexpensive to transport and why?

(b) Which raw material is likely to bethe cheapest to transport and why?

2. Do you think the cost of transporting thefinished products after packaging is likelyto be cheaper or more expensive than thecost of transporting aluminium andplastic? Why?

The first cement plant was set up inChennai in 1904. After Independence theindustry expanded. Decontrol of price anddistribution since 1989 and other policyreforms led the cement industry to make rapidstrides in capacity, process, technology andproduction. There are 128 large plants and

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332 mini cement plants in the country. Indiaproduces a variety of cement.

Improvement in the quality has found theproduce a readily available market in EastAsia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apartfrom a large demand within the country. Thisindustry is doing well in terms of productionas well as export. Efforts are being made togenerate adequate domestic demand andsupply in order to sustain this industry.

Automobile Industry

Automobiles provide vehicle for quicktransport of good services and passengers.Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles aremanufactured in India at various centres.After the liberalisation, the coming in of newand contemporary models stimulated thedemand for vehicles in the market, which ledto the healthy growth of the industryincluding passenger cars, two and three-wheelers. This industry had experienced aquantum jump in less than 15 years. ForeignDirect Investment brought in new technologyand aligned the industry with globaldevelopments. At present, there are 15manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14of the two and three-wheelers. The industryis located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

Information Technology andElectronics Industry

The electronics industry covers a wide rangeof products from transistor sets to television,telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephoneexchange, radars, computers and manyother equipments required by thetelecommunication industry. Bangalore hasemerged as the electronic capital of India. Otherimportant centres for electronic goods areMumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai,Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. By2010-11 (STPI) Software Technology Parks ofIndia have come up across 46 locations atdifferent centres of India. However, the majorindustry concentration is at Bangalore, Noida,Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. Amajor impact of this industry has been on

employment generation. It is encouraging toknow that 30 per cent of the people employedin this sector are women. This industry hasbeen a major foreign exchange earner in thelast two or three years because of its fastgrowing Business Processes Outsourcing(BPO) sector. The continuing growth in thehardware and software is the key to the successof IT industry in India.

Fig. 6.9: Cable manufacturing facilities at HCL,

Rupnarainpur (West Bengal)

Fig. 6.10: Gas turbine rotor an assembly bed

at BHEL, Hyderabad

Industrial Pollution and EnvironmentalDegradation

Although industries contribute significantly toIndia’s economic growth and development, theincrease in pollution of land, water, air, noiseand resulting degradation of environment thatthey have caused, cannot be overlooked.Industries are responsible for four types of

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pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.The polluting industries also include thermalpower plants.

Air pollution is caused by the presence of highproportion of undesirable gases, such assulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solidand liquid particles like dust, sprays mist andsmoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paperfactories, brick kilns, refineries and smeltingplants, and burning of fossil fuels in big andsmall factories that ignore pollution norms.Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous withlong-term effects. Are you aware of the BhopalGas tragedy that occurred? Air pollutionadversely affects human health, animals, plants,buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water pollution is caused by organic andinorganic industrial wastes and affluentsdischarged into rivers. The main culprits in thisregard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile anddyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries andelectroplating industries that let out dyes,detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals likelead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers,synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics andrubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash,phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags arethe major solid wastes in India.

Thermal pollution of water occurs when hotwater from factories and thermal plants isdrained into rivers and ponds before cooling.What would be the effect on aquatic life?

Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclearand weapon production facilities causecancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soiland water pollution are closely related.Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmfulchemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, saltsand garbage renders the soil useless. Rainwater percolates to the soil carrying thepollutants to the ground and the ground wateralso gets contaminated.

Noise pollution not only results in irritationand anger, it can also cause hearingimpairment, increased heart rate and bloodpressure among other physiological effects.Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source ofstress. Industrial and construction activities,

machinery, factory equipment, generators,saws and pneumatic and electric drills alsomake a lot of noise.

Control of Environmental Degradation

Every litre of waste water discharged by ourindustry pollutes eight times the quantity offreshwater. How can the industrial pollution offresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are-

(i) minimising use water for processing byreusing and recycling it in two or moresuccessive stages

(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet waterrequirements

(iii) treating hot water and effluents beforereleasing them in rivers and ponds.Treatment of industrial effluents can bedone in three phases

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.This involves screening, grinding,flocculation and sedimentation.

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process

(c) Tertiary treatment by biological,chemical and physical processes. Thisinvolves recycling of wastewater.

Overdrawing of ground water reserves byindustry where there is a threat to ground waterresources also needs to be regulated legally.Particulate matter in the air can be reduced byfitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostaticprecipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers andinertial separators. Smoke can be reduced byusing oil or gas instead of coal in factories.Machinery and equipment can be used andgenerators should be fitted with silencers.Almost all machinery can be redesigned toincrease energy efficiency and reduce noise.Noise absorbing material may be used apartfrom personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Fig. 6.11: Sewage Treatment plant under Yamuna

action paln at Faridabad

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NTPC shows the way

NTPC is a major power providing corporationin India. It has ISO certification for EMS(Environment Management System) 14001.The corporation has a pro-active approachfor preserving the natural environment andresources like water, oil and gas and fuelsin places where it is setting up power plants.This has been possible through-

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipmentadopting latest techniques andupgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation bymaximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecologicalbalance and addressing the question ofspecial purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution throughash pond management, ash water recyclingsystem and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all itspower stations.

Fig. 6.12: Ramagundam plant

EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.

(a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Sugar (d) Jute

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?

(a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?

(a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Jute (d) Steel

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.

(a) Steel (c) Aluminium

(b) Electronic (d) Information Technology

2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i) What is manufacturing?

(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.

(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? Whatproblems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to arise in the production capacity?

(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?

(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradationby industry?

The challenge of sustainable developmentrequires integration of economic developmentwith environmental concerns.

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ACTIVITY

Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number ofletters in each word are hinted in brackets.

(i) Used to drive machinery (5) P...........................

(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W..........................

(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M..........................

(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R...........................

(v) Thing produced (7) P...........................

(vi) To make or produce (11) M..........................

(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................

PROJECT WORK

Select one agro-based and one mineral based industry in your area.

(i) What are the raw materials they use?

(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involvetransportation cost?

(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?

ACTIVITY

Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hiddenanswers.

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materialsfrom agriculture are called…

2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.

3. This fibre is also known as the ‘ Golden Fibre’.

4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.

5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.

6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

G G G P V A R A N A S I

U O J I P G X K M Q W V

K S U G A R C A N E E N

O T T O N O Z V O P T R

A U E L U B H I L A I U

T K O C R A Q N T R L N

E I R O N S T E E L S J

E N A N O E P I T L R Y

G A N U J D R A G D T A

N T A R P O A P U E P Y

A S N A E N J D I Y S K

S M H V L I A J H S K G

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