Diving Equipment. Equipment We will cover 3 categories: basic essential useful.
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Transcript of Diving Equipment. Equipment We will cover 3 categories: basic essential useful.
![Page 1: Diving Equipment. Equipment We will cover 3 categories: basic essential useful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/5519c094550346047c8b4634/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diving Equipment
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EquipmentWe will cover 3 categories:• basic• essential• useful
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Basic equipment• Mask• Snorkel• Fins (& boots)
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Masks• Human eyes can’t focus in
water• Masks trap a layer of air in
front of eyes with a pane of glass
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Masks must• form a waterproof seal with
the face• have a nose grip to allow
equalisation• have tempered glass
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Snorkels• Curved rubber tube with
mouthpiece• Allow snorkellers to breathe
face-down at surface• Some have output valves to
expel water
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Snorkel valvesWithout valve With valve
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Fins• offer propulsion for minimum
effort• allow divers to swim on
surface and at depth with speed, endurance and power
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Fin typesFull-foot Open-heel
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Full-foot fins• Fit like a shoe• Worn over bare feet• More common for surface
swimming• Warm water only
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Open-heel fins• Foot pocket with open heel• Held to foot by springs or
straps• Can be worn over boots• More common among divers
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Fin strapsPlastic buckle Fin springs
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Essential equipment• Cylinder• Regulator• Diving suit• Weight system• Buoyancy control device• Depth gauge• Watch
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Cylinders
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Cylinders• a.k.a. tanks• contain compressed air divers
need underwater
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Cylinder types• steel or aluminium• 10—15 litre volume– 12 l tanks are most common
• Air compressed to 200—300 bar– 2000—4500 litres of air
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Regulators
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Regulators• Allow us to breathe at appropriate pressure• Pressure reduced in two stages– First stage attached to tank– Second stage attached to mouthpiece
• Extra hoses supply air to other equipment– buoyancy control devices, dry suits, etc.
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Regulators
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Weights
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Weights• Humans float in seawater– Especially in diving suits
• Weights offset this extra buoyancy• Usually on nylon belt– Other systems: harness, integrated in BCD
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Attaching weight belts• Weights should be secure on
belt• Belt should be tight around
waist
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Depth gauges and watches
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Depth gauges and watches• Knowing depth and time is essential– Only way to avoid decompression sickness
• Gauges and watches must be accurate and reliable
• Watches should be rated to 100 m• Most divers use dive computers
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Diving suits
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Diving suits• Irish seawater surface temperature range:
7°—15°C• Hypothermia is a risk• Protective thermal clothing is necessary
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Suit typesSemi-dry suits Drysuits
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Wet suits• Two-piece suits– long johns– jacket with hood
• Neoprene body: 3—8 mm– Neoprene wrists and seals
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Wet suits• Provide insulation through suit
material• Trap a layer of water against
skin, which is warmed by body
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NeopreneFoam rubber
Nylon lining
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Neoprene• Foam rubber core• Bubbles are kept separate to avoid absorption• Fabric outer layer for strength and durability• Excellent thermal protection
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Dry suits• one-piece suits with single zip
opening– Boots attached– Hoods are usually separate
• water-tight neck and wrist seals– Latex or neoprene
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Dry suits• Insulate through material
and/or undersuits• trap a layer of air between
diver and water• Air added/removed through
valves
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Neoprene dry suits• neoprene: 4—9 mm• provide built-in insulation• are cheap(er) to maintain
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Membrane suits• Thin material– no thermal protection– usually non-stretch
• Require insulating undersuits
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Dry suit sealsNeoprene seals
• Long-lasting• Non-allergenic• Form a less effective
seal than latex
Latex seals• Need replacing every 1–
2 years• More flexible• Form a tighter seal
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Dry suit zipsRear-entry Front-entry
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Buoyancy control devices
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Buoyancy control devicesa.k.a. BCDs
provide• face-up flotation at surface• buoyancy control at depth
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Buoyancy control at depth• Underlying theory in Buoyancy lecture• At depth: air is added to BCD• On ascent: air is removed
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BCD design• Inflatable internal bladder• direct-feed hose from
regulator• Inflation mouthpiece• Inflate/deflate valves• Overpressure valves
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BCD use• Surface life jacket• Buoyancy adjustment• Alternate air supply
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BCD useSurface life jacket
• Allows you to rest at surface• Protects incapacitated divers• Helps when waiting for the
boat
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BCD useBuoyancy adjustment
• Pressure compresses diving suits at depth
• Adding air to BCD compensates for this...
• ...but needs to be removed on ascent
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BCD useAlternate air supply
• Most BCDs allow you to breathe through the inflation mouthpiece
• This is emergency-only and requires training and practice
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BCD precautions• Avoid uncontrolled ascents– vent air gently and gradually on ascent
• Don’t use as a lifting device• Dump air during ascent– not before
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Useful equipment• Knife• Torch• Dive computer• Safety marker• Kit bag
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Knives• Useful for cutting out from
entanglements• Must be secured– locking sheath or lanyard
• Line/net cutters are also useful
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TorchesUseful for• Adding light• Returning colour• Night diving
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Dive computers• Comparatively recent
development• Constantly recalculate depth
and time• Help to avoid decompression
sickness
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Safety markers• Allow coxswains to track you• Keep other boats away• Reduce waiting time for boat
pick-up
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Kit bags• Keep your kit ship-shape on
board• Can be mesh or waterproof
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Care and maintenance• General care and maintenance• Equipment-specific care and maintenance
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General care and maintenance• Wash everything in fresh water after diving• Dry in the shade– rubber degrades in sunlight– cylinder pressure increases in sunlight
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Maintaining diving suits• Wash in fresh water after dive• Dry in the shade• Wash zips (and lubricate dry suit zips)• Store on hanger away from sunlight
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Maintaining BCDs• Visually inspect for damage• Test direct-feed and mouthpiece• Check overpressure valves• Check mouthpiece dump valve• Check it fits comfortably• Periodically sterilise internal bladder
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Questions
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Questions1. The snorkel is designed to
(b) permit breathing on surface
The snorkel is used for breathing in a face-down position, on surface
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Questions2. Seeing through a mask is achieved by
(a) placing a layer of air between eyes and water
Our eyes see clearly in an air medium. Water must be kept out by the mask.
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Questions3. The mask should
cover your nose to allow pressure equalisation
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Questions4. Basic equipment consists of
(c) Mask / snorkel / fins
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Questions5. Which of the following items of equipment
are essential?(a) & (c)
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Questions6. Wet suits are worn in cold water to keep a
diver (c)
They keep the diver warm by acting as insulation and by reducing the flow of cold water around the body
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Questions7. Wet suits are made of
(b) Foam neoprene
Foam neoprene: a rubber filled with neoprene gas bubbles which insulates the body from cold and is resistant to corrosion from oil, salt, and sun
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Questions8. Wet suits should be
(c) Close fitting
Close-fitting suits will slow down the flow of cold water thus keeping the diver warm and minimising heat loss
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Questions9. Dry suits will
(b) keep you warmer than a wetsuit
Generally, the dry suit will be warmer than the wetsuit because of the insulation worn next to the skin (provided that it does not leak).
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Questions10. Semi-dry suits have seals to keep
(b) water in the suit
Semi-dry suits have seals to retain water warmed by body heat.
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Questions11. A buoyancy device is
(b) essential
A buoyancy device is essential to divers and should be worn travelling to and from the dive site, as well as during the dive.
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Questions12. The buoyancy control device is designed
(c) to maintain a face-up position on surface
A properly-designed buoyancy device will provide a face-up position on surface, which may be required if a diver is tired or has had an accident.
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Questions13. The buoyancy device inner bladder should
be sterilised regularly to(a) preserve internal hygiene
Inside the buoyancy is warm and damp: an ideal breeding ground for germs.
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Questions14. The buoyancy device should be washed
(b) immediately after use
Wash often in fresh water: warm water if possible. This will prevent soft corrosion from the sea and chlorine corrosion from swimming pools.