Dividend policy
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DIVIDEND AND RETENTION POLICY
By :
Pooja Narwani
Pratik Lalani
Razaali Vakil
Richa Shah
Riddhi Salot
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Introduction : What is Dividend? What is dividend policy? Theories of Dividend Policy
Relevant Theory Walter’s Model Gordon’s Model
Irrelevant Theory M-M’s Approach Traditional Approach
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What is Dividend?
“A dividend is a distribution to shareholders out of profit or reserve available for this purpose”.
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
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Forms/Types of Dividend
On the basis of Types of Share Equity Dividend Preference Dividend
On the basis of Mode of Payment Cash Dividend Stock Dividend Bond Dividend Property Dividend Composite Dividend
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On the basis of Time of Payment Interim Dividend Regular Dividend Special Dividend
Contd.
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What is Dividend Policy :
“ Dividend policy determines the division of earnings between payments to shareholders and retained earnings”.
- Weston and Bringham
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Dividend Policies involve the decisions, whether-
To retain earnings for capital investment and other purposes; or
To distribute earnings in the form of dividend among shareholders; or
To retain some earning and to distribute remaining earnings to shareholders.
Contd.
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Factors Affecting Dividend Policy Legal Restrictions Magnitude and trend of earnings Desire and type of Shareholders Nature of Industry Age of the company Future Financial Requirements Taxation Policy Stage of Business cycle
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Regularity Requirements of Institutional Investors
Contd.
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Dimensions of Dividend Policy
Pay-out Ratio Funds requirement Liquidity Access to external sources of financing Shareholder preference Difference in the cost of External Equity
and Retained Earnings Control Taxes
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Stability Stable dividend payout Ratio Stable Dividends or Steadily changing
Dividends
Contd.
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Types of Dividend Policy
Regular Dividend Policy Stable Dividend Policy
Constant dividend per share Constant pay out ratio Stable rupee dividend + extra
dividend Irregular Dividend Policy
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DIVIDEND THEORIES
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Dividend Theories
Relevance Theories(i.e. which consider
dividend decision to be relevant as it affects the
value of the firm)
Walter’s Model
Gordon’s Model
Irrelevance Theories(i.e. which consider dividend decision to be irrelevant as it does not affects the value of
the firm)
Modigliani and Miller’s Model
Traditional Approach
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Relevance Theories
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Prof. James E Walter argued that in the long-run the share prices reflect only the present value of expected dividends. Retentions influence stock price only through their effect on future dividends. Walter has formulated this and used the dividend to optimize the wealth of the equity shareholders.
Walter’s Model
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Assumptions of Walter’s Model: Internal Financing constant Return in Cost of
Capital 100% payout or Retention Constant EPS and DPS Infinite time
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Formula of Walter’s Model
Where,
P = Current Market Price of equity share
E = Earning per share
D = Dividend per share
(E-D) = Retained earning per share
r = Rate of Return on firm’s investment or Internal Rate of Return
k = Cost of Equity Capital
P D + r (E-D)
k k
=
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Growth Firm (r > k):r = 20% k = 15% E = Rs. 4If D = Rs. 4
P = 4+(0) 0.20 /0 .15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15
If D = Rs. 2P = 2+(2) 0.20 / 0.15 = Rs. 31.11
0.15
Illustration :
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Normal Firm (r = k):r = 15% k = 15% E = Rs. 4If D = Rs. 4
P = 4+(0) 0.15 / 0.15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15
If D = Rs. 2P = 2+(2) 0.15 / 0.15 = Rs. 26.67
0.15
Illustration :
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Declining Firm (r < k):r = 10% k = 15% E = Rs. 4If D = Rs. 4
P = 4+(0) 0.10 / 0.15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15
If D = Rs. 2P = 2+(2) 0.10 / 0.15 = Rs. 22.22
0.15
Illustration :
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Effect of Dividend Policy on Value of Share
Case If Dividend Payout ratio Increases
If Dividend Payout Ration decreases
1. In case of Growing firm i.e. where r > k
Market Value of Share decreases
Market Value of a share increases
2. In case of Declining firm i.e. where r < k
Market Value of Share increases
Market Value of share decreases
3. In case of normal firm i.e. where r = k
No change in value of Share
No change in value of Share
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Criticisms of Walter’s Model
No External Financing Firm’s internal rate of return does not
always remain constant. In fact, r decreases as more and more investment in made.
Firm’s cost of capital does not always remain constant. In fact, k changes directly with the firm’s risk.
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Gordon’s Model
According to Prof. Gordon, Dividend Policy almost always affects the value of the firm. He Showed how dividend policy can be used to maximize the wealth of the shareholders.
The main proposition of the model is that the value of a share reflects the value of the future dividends accruing to that share. Hence, the dividend payment and its growth are relevant in valuation of shares.
The model holds that the share’s market price is equal to the sum of share’s discounted future dividend payment.
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Assumptions: All equity firm No external Financing Constant Returns Constant Cost of Capital Perpetual Earnings No taxes Constant Retention Cost of Capital is greater then growth rate
(k>br=g)
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Formula of Gordon’s Model
Where,P = PriceE = Earning per Shareb = Retention Ratiok = Cost of Capitalbr = g = Growth Rate
P = E (1 – b) K - br
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Growth Firm (r > k):r = 20% k = 15% E = Rs. 4If b = 0.25
P0 = (0.75) 4 = Rs. 30 0.15- (0.25)(0.20)
If b = 0.50P0 = (0.50) 4 = Rs. 40 0.15- (0.5)(0.20)
Illustration :
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Normal Firm (r = k):r = 15% k = 15% E = Rs. 4If b = 0.25
P0 = (0.75) 4 = Rs. 26.67 0.15- (0.25)(0.15)
If b = 0.50P0 = (0.50) 4 = Rs. 26.67 0.15- (0.5)(0.15)
Illustration :
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Declining Firm (r < k):r = 10% k = 15% E = Rs. 4If b = 0.25
P0 = (0.75) 4 = Rs. 24 0.15- (0.25)(0.10)
If b = 0.50 P0 = (0.50) 4 = Rs. 20 0.15- (0.5)(0.10)
Illustration :
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Criticisms of Gordon’s model As the assumptions of Walter’s
Model and Gordon’s Model are same so the Gordon’s model suffers from the same limitations as the Walter’s Model.
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Irrelevance Theories
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Modigliani & Miller’s Irrelevance Model
Value of Firm (i.e. Wealth of Shareholders)
Firm’s Earnings
Firm’s Investment Policy and not on dividend policy
Depends on
Depends on
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Modigliani and Miller’s Approach Assumption
Capital Markets are Perfect and people are Rational
No taxes Floating Costs are nil Investment opportunities and future profits of
firms are known with certainty (This assumption was dropped later)
Investment and Dividend Decisions are independent
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M-M’s Argument If a company retains earnings instead of
giving it out as dividends, the shareholder enjoy capital appreciation equal to the amount of earnings retained.
If it distributes earnings by the way of dividends instead of retaining it, shareholder enjoys dividends equal in value to the amount by which his capital would have appreciated had the company chosen to retain its earning.
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Hence,the division of earnings between dividends and retained earnings is IRRELEVANT from the point of view of shareholders.
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Formula of M-M’s Approach
Po
= 1 ( D1+P1 ) (1 + p)
Where,
Po = Market price per share at time 0,
D1 = Dividend per share at time 1,
P1 = Market price of share at time 1
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The expression of the outstanding equity shares of the firm at time 0 is obtained as:
nPo = 1 {nD1+(n + m)P1- mP1} (1 + p)
nPo = 1 (nD1+nP1) (1 + p)
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nPo = 1 [nD1+ (n + m)P1– {I – (X – nD1)}] (1 + p)
mP1 = I – (X – nD1) Where,
X = Total net profit of the firm for year 1
nPo = 1 nD1+ (n + m)P1– I +X – nD1 (1 + p)
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nPo = 1 (n + m)P1– I +X (1 + p)
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Criticism of M-M Model
No perfect Capital Market Existence of Transaction Cost Existence of Floatation Cost Lack of Relevant Information Differential rates of Taxes No fixed investment Policy Investor’s desire to obtain current
income
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Traditional Approach This theory regards dividend decision
merely as a part of financing decision because The earnings available may be retained in
the business for re-investment Or if the funds are not required in the
business they may be distributed as dividends.
Thus the decision to pay the dividends or retain the earnings may be taken as a residual decision
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This theory assumes that the investors do not differentiate between dividends and retentions by the firm
Thus, a firm should retain the earnings if it has profitable investment opportunities otherwise it should pay than as dividends.
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Synopsis
Dividend is the part of profit paid to Shareholders.
Firm decide, depending on the profit, the percentage of paying dividend.
Walter and Gordon says that a Dividend Decision affects the valuation of the firm.
While the Traditional Approach and MM’s Approach says that Value of the Firm is irrelevant to Dividend we pay.
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Bibliography
Google Financial management by prasanna
chandra.
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