Issue-1Volume-3 January-March-2015 Pages-8 www.uni-mysore.ac.in

Inside...Inclusion as

Enshrined ......Page-2Inclusive

Programmes...Page-373% Farmer House

hold..Page-4Banking Initiatives.

..Page-56®PÀë UÁæªÀÄUÀ½UÉ

...Page-6Data on Financial

Inclusion

Self Help Groupsin Karnataka-

6,28,643

Loan fromFinancial

Institutions-8%

Loan from Familyor Friends-20%

Accounts atFormal FinancialInstitutions-35%

Account atFinancial

Institution,Female-26%

Bank Credit(as %of GDP )- 43.62

Bank Deposit(as% of GDP)-60.11

No Culture can live, if it attempts to beexclusive says Gandhi. This means that inclusion ismuch needed for aholistic development ofnot just the individual butalso society at large.Miller and Katz (2002)define inclusion as “asense of belonging:feeling respected, valuedfor who you are; feelinga level of supportiveenergy and commitment from others so that youcan do your best.” This means it is a state whereone is valued, respected and also supported. Thus,inclusion is much similar to human developmentwhere focus is about the needs of every individualand ensuring the right environment to achieve hisor her full potential. Inclusion is a multi-dimensionalprocess including civil, social, economical, politicaland cultural activities.

“Integration in all its forms may simply implythe existence of a stable community in which peoplecan find a niche.” (Taylor, 2007). This simpleexpression captures inclusion in its true essence.It means that diversity is the spirit of social inclusion.Further to say, inclusion does not mean uniformityrather means diversity. To achieve this socialinclusion, voices of people and their needs, needto be heard. This is not just by some but from allsections of society, who are its stakeholders.

The idea of inclusive society is based onthe fundamental truth that, all human beings are bornfree and have equal share in their rights. This

inclusiveness in a society can be promoted/createdwith few basic elements. These have been

pronounced by UnitedNations in ‘Creating anInclusive Society:Practical Strategies toPromote SocialIntegration’ DESA, 2009as;Respect for all humanrights, freedoms, and therule of law, both atnational and international

levels, are fundamental. To create and sustain inclusive societies, it iscritical that all members of society are able andmotivated to participate in civic, social, economicand political activities, both at the local and nationallevels. The existence of a strong civil society isfundamental for active participation and makingpublic policies and institutions accountable. In order to encourage all-inclusive participation,there must be universal access to publicinfrastructure and facilities (such as communitycenters, recreational facilities, public libraries,resource centers with internet facilities, wellmaintained public schools, clinics, water suppliesand sanitations). Equal access to public information plays animportant role in creating an inclusive society. Equity in the distribution of wealth and resourcesis another critical element of inclusive societies.

Diversity: the Essence of Inclusion-Vagdevi .H.S & Shivaprasad B. M.

(continued page-4)

ABHYUDAYA PAGE-2January-March-2015

India is known for its long and rich tradition which is based on harmony and social accommodation. The Constitutionwhich lays down the law of the land is built on the foundations of certain fundamental values. Constitution of India grants justice,liberty and equality to its entire citizen. This vision of our founding fathers can be seen in the Preamble, the Fundamental Rights andthe Directive Principles. Social inclusion is essence of Constitution of India. The fundamental rights which are inclusive in nature are;

Source: http://ncm.nic.in/constitutional_provisions.html

Among these rights there are specific rights that concentrate oninclusion of specific sections;For Women: The Constitution of India not only grants equalityto women but also empowers the State for neutralizing thecumulative socio economic, education and political

disadvantages faced by them. Articles 14, 15, 15(3), 16, 39(a),39(b), 39(c), 42 and 243, of the Constitution are of specificimportance in this regard.For children: Articles 19(a), 24 and 45

(continued page-7)

Inclusion as enshrined in Indian constitution-Kiranbabu .P

Constitusional Provision for Inclustion

Right to E quality

Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protect ion of law

Article 15:- P rohibition of discrimination on grounds only o f religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

Article 17 :- End of Untouchab ility Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academ ic dist inctions are, however, exempted

R ight t o Freedom

Article 19 :- It gua ran tees t he c it izens of Ind ia the fo llowing six funda mentals freedoms:-

1. Freedom of S peech and Expressi on 2. Freedom of Assembly 3. Freedom of form Associations 4. Freedom of Movem ent 5. Freedom of R esidence and Settlement 6. Freedom of P rofess ion , Occupation, Trade and Business Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty

R ight Agains t Exploitation Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed

R ight to freedom of Religion

Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free p rofession, practice and propagation o f relig ion Article 26 :- Freedom to manage relig ious affairs Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds

Article 28 :- Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certai n educat ional institutions

C ultural and Educational Righ ts

Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities

Article 30 :- R ight o f m inorities to establish and adm inis ter educa tional i nstitutions

Article 31 :- Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act

Right to C ons titutional R emedies

Article 32 :- The righ t to move the Supreme C ourt in case of their violation (called S oul and hea rt of the Cons titut ion by BR Ambedkar) Forms of W rit check Habeas Corpus :- Equality before law and equal protection of law

ABHYUDAYA PAGE-3January-March-2015

Social inclusion helps to absorb the varying conditions and cut down its impact on the vulnerable sections of the society.“Social security systems contribute not only to human security, dignity, equity and social justice, but also provide a foundation forpolitical inclusion, empowerment and the development of democracy.” (ILO). Fast growing population is a major challengetowards social equity and inclusion in India. Laudable measures to ensure social inclusion are been undertaken under the aegis ofgovernment both, centre and at the state. Few are mentioned below;Food and nutritionprogrammesPublic Distribution System(PDS) an Indian food securitysystem. Established by theGovernment of India underMinistry of Consumer Affairs,Food, and Public Distribution andmanaged jointly with state FoodCorporation of India, aGovernment-owned corporation,procures and maintains the PDS. Anna Bhagya Yojana aninitiative of Karnataka State government comes under this.2. Mid day Meal Scheme (MDMS) was launched in 1995.Commonly referred to as MDMS, this was expected to enhanceenrolment, retention, attendance of children in schools apart fromimproving their nutritional levels. The extended version of this isKsheera Bhagya Yojana under the Karnataka state government.3. Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), a socialwelfare scheme to tackle malnutrition and health problems inchildren below 6 years of age and their mothers. The maincomponent of the programme is the idea to bring gender parity.Housing Programme1. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) The scheme intends to providehousing facilities to BPL families and minorities especially livingin rural areas.Self Employment Programmes

Sate and Centre from time to time have come up withprogrammes to help generate employment. These holisticprogrammes cover all aspects of self employment such asorganisation of the poor into self help groups, training, credit,technology, infrastructure and marketing. Few such schemes are;1. Swarna Jayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)2. Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme(PMEGP)3. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY) andothers.Wage Employment ProgrammesSeveral programs were initiated since 1970s to improve theeconomic status of the marginalized. Now, all these programmes

Source: Das, Moha R. (2014). Efficient Social Protection System;Ensuring Social Inclusion. Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)govt. of India .

Inclusive Programmes for Sustainable Development- Vagdevi H. S. & Mahamad Musstaf P. S.

are merged into NREGS. TodayMGNREGA has become aflagship programme of thegovernment both at centre andat state level.1. Mahatma Gandhi NationalRural EmploymentGuarantee Scheme(MGNREGS) launched in2005, this scheme gives legalguarantee of providing at

least 100 days of wage employment to rural households whoseadult members are willing to do unskilled manual labour.Financial ServicesTo ensure access to various financial services like availability ofbasic savings bank account, access to need based credit,remittances facility, insurance and pension to the weaker sections& low income groups government has introduced manyprogrammes towards financial inclusion few are;1. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)2. No Frills account3. Swabhimaan4. Extension of services to Unbanked rural blocksEducation Programme 1. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) launched in 2001 SSA isIndia’s major flagship programme for universalisation ofelementary education. Its overall goals include universal accessand retention, bridging of gender and social category gaps inelementary education, and achieving significant enhancement inlearning levels of children. Besides all the programmes , theone programme that has caught the attention in recent past isthat of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan. This is an inclusiveprogramme towards total sanitation. The concept of SwachhBharat is to provide access for every person to sanitationfacilities including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems,village cleanliness and safe and adequate drinking water supply.

ABHYUDAYA PAGE-4January-March-2015

Financial inclusions in simple terms refer to the deliveryof financial services in a convenient manner and at an affordablecost to vast sections of underprivileged and low income group ofpopulation. The committee on financial inclusion under thechairmanship of C.Rangarajan defines the term financial inclusionas, “The process of access to financial services, and timely andadequate credit needed by vulnerable groups such as weakersections and low income groups at an affordable cost.” Theseinclude not only banking products but also other financial servicessuch as insurance and equity products says the Committee onFinancial Sector Reforms.

Country No. Of Branches (per 0.1 million

adults) Rank

No. of ATMs

(per 0.1 million adults)

Rank

Bank Credit (as %

of GDP)

Rank

Bank Deposit (as % of

GDP)

Rank

India 10.91

7 5.44 9 43.62 5 60.11 3

FinancialInclusion occupiesimportance as, thepercentage of personsbelow the Poverty Linein 2011-12 has beenestimated as 25.7% inrural areas, 13.7% in urban areas and 21.9% for the country as awhole by Planning Commission. The NSSO 59th Round SurveyResults show that 51.4% of farmer households are financiallyexcluded from both formal/ informal sources. Of the total farmerhouseholds, only 27% access formal sources of credit; one third ofthis group also borrowed from non-formal sources. Overall, 73%of farmer households have no access to formal sources of credit. Itis in this wake that the twelfth five year plan also stresses inclusivegrowth.

In India, Financial Inclusion program was started withpilot project in Tamilnad, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. Theprocess of financial inclusion has to see procedural and structuralchanges to accomplish the goals. Starting from RBI, which hasadopted bank-led model, the working NABARD and RegionalRural Banks (RRBs) become important in these areas. RRBsaccount for 37% of total rural offices of all scheduled commercialbanks and 91% of their workforce is posted in rural and semi-urban areas. They account for 31% of deposit accounts and 37%of loan accounts in rural areas.

The National mission of financial inclusion- ‘PradhanMantri’s Jan-Dhan Yojana’, in its first phase, ending August 14,2015, targets 75 million accounts. Coverage of 99.74% of thesurveyed households has been achieved. Out of the accountsopened, 60% are in rural areas and 40% are in urban areas. Shareof female account holders is about 51%.

A deposit of Rs. 9188 Crore has been mobilized in the accountsopened under PMJDY.

Following the RBI footsteps the commercial banks areusing of the service of NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs), micro-finance institutions and other civil society organizations as supportfor providing financial and banking services to poor people. Therehas been a steady progress under the SHG-Bank linkage programwith banks reaching 74.62 lakh in March 2011. Out of total,exclusive women SHGs were 60.98 lakhs and amongst them12.94 lakhs were credit linked.

The need of the hour is Financial Literacy Initiatives (FLC).This includes financial education, financial inclusion and financialstability. These three elements form the strategy to bring in inclusionin financial sector. While financial inclusion will assist supply planeby providing access to various financial services, financialeducation will look after the demand side of it by providingawareness among the people regarding the needs and benefits ofthus provided financial services offered by banks and otherinstitutions. These two will ensure and promote financial stability.

Source: RBI Docs - http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/ , Department ofFinancial Services.

73% Farmer Households have no Access to CreditVagdevi H. S. & Venugopal Gowda M.K.

Another dimension of inclusive societies is tolerance forand appreciation of cultural diversity. Education plays a most important and critical role in thisarea. Education provides the opportunity to instill values ofrespect and appreciation of diversity. At the same time,education can empower those who are marginalized orexcluded from participating in discussions and decision-making.

Source: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2009/Ghana/

inclusive-society.pdf /

Diversity: the Essence of InclusionContinued from page-1

India`s Position in Financial Inclusion

Source: World Bank, Financial Access Survey ,2011

ABHYUDAYA PAGE-5January-March-2015

To extend the reach of banking to those outside the formal banking system, Government and Reserve Bank of India (RBI)are taking various initiatives from time to time some of which are enumerated below:

1. Opening of Bank Branches: Government has issued detailedstrategy and guidelines , advising banks to open branches in allhabitations of 5,000 or more population in under banked districtsand 10,000 or more population in other districts.2. Each household to have atleast one bank account: Bankshave been advised to ensure service area bank in rural areasand also assigned the responsibility in specific wards in urbanarea to ensure that every household has atleast one bank account.3. With the objective of ensuring greater financial inclusion andincreasing the outreach of the banking sector, banks werepermitted by RBI in 2006 to use the services of intermediariesin providing financial and banking services through the use ofBusiness Facilitators (BFs) and Business Correspondents (BCs).4. Swabhimaan Campaign: Under “Swabhimaan” the FinancialInclusion Campaign, Banks provided banking facilities to over74,000 habitations having population in excess of 2000 usingvarious models and technologies including branchless bankingthrough Business Correspondents Agents (BCAs).5. Setting up of Ultra Small Branches (USBs): Consideringthe need for close supervision and mentoring of the BusinessCorrespondent Agents (BCAs) by the respective banks and toensure that a range of banking services are available to theresidents of villages, Ultra Small Branches (USBs) are beingset up in all villages covered through BCAs .6 . Banking Facilities in Unbanked Blocks: All the Unbankedblocks mostly in North East States are provided with bankingfacilities, either through Brick and Mortar Branch or BusinessCorrespondents or Mobile van.7. USSD Based Mobile Banking : The Department throughNational Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) worked upona “Common USSD Platform” for all Banks and Telcos whowish to offer the facility of Mobile Banking using UnstructuredSupplementary Service Data (USSD) based Mobile Banking.8. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) -The objective of DBTScheme is to ensure that money under various developmentalschemes reaches beneficiaries directly and without any delay.Under this the government has also started the transfer of cashsubsidy for domestic LPG cylinders to Aadhaar linked bankaccounts of the customers . Banks play a key role inimplementation of DBT and this involves four important steps,viz.

(i) Opening of accounts of all beneficiaries;(ii) Seeding of bank accounts with Aadhaar numbers anduploading on the NPCI mapper;(iii)Undertaking funds transfer using the National AutomatedClearing House -Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (NACH-APBS). (iv)Strengthening of banking infrastructure to enable beneficiaryto withdraw money.9. Expansion of ATM network : Pursuant to Budgetannouncement 2013-14, Banks are required to ensure an onsiteATM in all the branches.10. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also taken several stepsto strengthen the Banking Infrastructure like permitting domesticScheduled Commercial Banks without the need to takepermission from RBI in each case subject to reporting, domesticSCBs have been advised that while preparing their Annual BranchExpansion Plan (ABEP), they should allocate atleast 25% ofthe total number of branches proposed to be opened during theyear in unbanked Tier 5 and Tier 6 centres and instructing newprivate sector banks to ensure that at least 25% of their totalbranches are in semi-urban and rural centres on an ongoing basis.

Source:Department of Financial service, Ministry of Finance, Gov-ernment of India. Retrieved: http://financialservices.gov.in/banking/Overviewofefforts.pdf,

Banks Hold Key for Financial Inclusion-Gayathri .R

The preservation and promotion oftolerance, pluralism and respect fordiversity can produce moreinclusive societies.

Pope Benedict XVI

The test of our progress is notwhether we add more to theabundance of those who havemuch; it is whether we provideenough for those who have toolittle.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Source: www.pmjdy.gov.in/HouseHold_Districtwise.aspx

We need to give each other thespace to grow, to be ourselves,to exercise our diversity. Weneed to give each other spaceso that we may both give andreceive such beautiful things asideas, openness, dignity, joy,healing, and inclusion.

Max de Pree, American businessman and writer

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ABHYUDAYA PAGE-7January-March-2015

Around 62% of India’s population depends on agriculture for a living. This sector provides employment to nearly 52 % ofthe work force as per India Annual Report 2011-12. In contrast to this the contribution of agriculture to the national GDP is 14.6%in 2011 against 15.7 % in 2008-09. The stagnation in agricultural productivity, increase in cost of production, distortion in themarket and poor infrastructure have made the livelihood of farming population more difficult. The situation can improve with easyaccess to financial services to the small and marginal farmers at affordable cost which will positively affect the productivity, assetformation, income and food security of the rural poor. The main concern is therefore to bring all the farming households within thebanking fold and promote inclusion.Agricultural credit policy

The agricultural credit flow was introduced as financialsector reforms in early-nineties itself. The credit fromRs.2,85,146 crore during the Ninth Plan [1997-2002] toRs.6,91,739 crore during the Tenth Plan [2002-07]. Creditdisbursement during the Eleventh Plan [2007-12] further shotup to Rs.19,20,400 crore. This exhibits a significantly highgrowth of credit year after year.Institutional Arrangements

Agricultural credit is disbursed through multi-agencynetwork consisting of Commercial Banks (CBs), Regional RuralBanks (RRBs) and Cooperatives. There are approximately121225 million village level Primary Agricultural Credit Societies(PACS), 371 District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) with13327 branches and 31 State Cooperative Banks (SCBs) with1028 branches providing primarily short-term and medium termagricultural credit in the country.

The long term cooperative structure consists of 19 StateCooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks(SCARDBs) and 755 Primary Cooperative Agriculture andRural Development Banks (PCARDBs) with 1219 branchesand 689 branches respectively, which are catering to therequirement of investment credit. Besides, there are 45957 rural

and semi-urban branches of Commercial Banks, 14462 branchesof RRBs and more than 7 million micro finance institutions.Initiatives Taken by the Government for Increasing Flowof Credit

Government of India has taken many financial assistanceprograms to promote farmers to enhance agricultural productionand improve financial stability. Few of such programmes are;(i) Farm credit package(ii) Interest funding to farmers(iii) Extension of interest grant scheme to post harvest loans(iv) Collateral free loans(v) Guidelines for providing relief in event of occurrence ofnatural calamities(vi) Interest subvention for loan restructured in the droughtaffected states in 2012(vii) Kissan Credit Card Scheme(viii) Agriculture Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme,(ADWDRS) 2008 (ix) Revival Package for Short Term Cooperative CreditStructure.

S o u r c e : h t t p : / / t h e g l o b a l j o u r n a l s . c o m / g r a /fi le .php?val=September_2014_1410773097__11.pdfwww.rbi.org.in

For Aged: Article 41: Urges the state togive assistance in the matter ofemployment, education, and publicassistance in cases of unemployment, oldage, sickness.Rights of minorities: The Constitutionprovides two sets of rights of minoritieswhich can be placed in ‘commondomain’ and ‘separate domain’. Therights which fall in the ‘common domain’

are those which are applicable to all thecitizens of our country. The rights whichfall in the ‘separate domain’ are thosewhich are applicable to the minorities onlyand these are reserved to protect theiridentity. The important ones are; Articles29(1) &(2), 30(1)&(2),347,350 A & B,

It is necessary that the constitutionincorporates principles and mechanismsto ensure equity, equality, good

governance, decentralization, and astrong and neutral judiciary that defendsindividual and collective rights. After all,pluralism is also an attitude of the mind.

Continued from page-2

S o u r c e : h t t p : / / n c m . n i c . i n /constitutional_provisions.html,ht tp:/ /social just ice.nic . in/pdf /constprovmsje.pdf

Inclusion as enshrined in Indian constitution

Agricultural Credit Policy Under Reform- Nandeesha H.K.

ABHYUDAYA PAGE-8

Published by Prof. N. Usha Rani, Coordinator , UGC- UPE-Focus Area-II, Vijnana Bhavan, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006Printed by Mysore Prints for University of Mysore, Mysore-570006

University with Potential for Excellence of University Grants Commission was awarded to the University of Mysore inthe disciplines of Science and Social Science. In Social Science, the focus area of study is ‘Media and Social Development:A Case Study of Karnataka’. The Newsletter ABHYUDAYA is an initiative to create awareness in the area of media andsocial development by encouraging Project Fellows to submit contributions in interdisciplinary areas of social sciences.Core Committee of UGC UPE Focus Area-IIProf.N.Usha rani, Prof.Y.S.Siddegowda, Prof.Muzaffar H.Assadi, Prof.Krishne Gowda, Prof.M.Indira, Dr.M.Devaraj,Prof.Chandrashekar, Prof.Ramesh, Dr.Nanjunda, Dr.Navitha Thimmaiah.Editor: Prof.N.Usha RaniSubject Expert: Dr. Navitha Thimmaiah, and Prof. M . IndiraResearch Scholar Editor: Vagdevi H. S. Designer: Venugopal Gowda M.K.ABHYUDAYA Newsletter is published Quarterly by the University Grants Commission assisted UPE - University withPotential for Excellence - Focus Area-II Project of the University of Mysore, Mysore, India. The opinions expressed by theauthors do not necessarily reflect the views of the publishers. Submissions: Email; journal.msd@gmail.com

January-March-2015

The principle of gender equality is enshrined in Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, FundamentalDuties and Directive Principles. Gender differences and inequalities manifest themselves in different ways in different countries.But, there are some broad areas that are more or less similar to all nations. United Nations in Gender Mainstreaming documentidentifies these as;Inequalities within households; About 27 million households constituting 19% of the total households in India are womenheaded as per censuse 2011. In the urban sector, 12% and in rural10.4% are Female Headed.Gender division of labour within the economy; the workforce participation rate of female in rural sector was 26.1 in2009 10 (NSS 64th Round) and for male was 54.7. In Urban sector, it was 13.8 for female and 54.3 for male. In 2009 10, theaverage wage/salary received by regular wage/salaried employees of age 15 59 years was Rs. 155.87 per day for femalescompared with Rs. 249.15 per day for males in rural areas. For urban areas, it was Rs.308.79 and Rs.377.16 per day forfemales and males respectively.Inequalities in political power (access to decision-making, representation, etc.); women have 11% representation inIndia’s Lok Sabha and 10.6% in the Rajya Sabha, making India 108th among 188 countries covered in the annual analysis onstatistics of women members of parliament (MPs) conducted by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). As per 2012 statistics,there were 2 women judges out of 26 judges in the Supreme Court and there were only 54 women judges out of 634 judges indifferent High Courts.Violence against women; Cruelty by husband and relatives continues to occupy the highest share (43.4%) among thecrimes committed against women in 2011 followed by molestation (18.8%). 15.6% cases are that of kidnapping and abduction,10.6% of rape, 3.8%of dowry deaths and 3.7% of sexual harassment.Health and Well Being; according to National Family Health Survey–III (2005 06) in the rural sector currently marriedwomen take 26% decisions regarding obtaining health care for herself and 7.6% in case of purchasing major household items.10% decisions are taken by females in respect of visiting their family or relatives. For urban areas, these figures are 29.7 %,10.4 % and 12.2 % respectively.Differences in legal status and entitlements; As per the survey conducted by Rural Development Institute in 2011, only12% of women respondents reported that they have or believe that they will inherit land from their parents.Inequalities in the domestic/unpaid sector; National Sample Survey Office’s 68th round in 2013, looked at women’susual employment status and confirmed that over 60 % of adult women are primarily engaged in housework.Discriminatory attitudes; gender inequalities are not only economic, but they are also reflected in other ways that aredifficult to measure like that of psychology. Perceptions on behaviour, independence, and aptitudes which often are genderstereotyped and time and again reinforced.When we look at Gender Inequality Index (GII), India ranks 134 in 2011 among 187 countries. It is time to reflect andunderstand the issues and develop effective strategies for gender inclusion in a surge towards human development

Source: Gender Mainstreaming; An overview. United Nation, Census -2011

India Ranks 134th in Gender Inequality Index- Vagdevi H.S. & Srinivasa .D