Vol.-9 Issue-2 Oct-Dec., 2013

Diversity of “Flora and Fauna of Uttarakhand”

ENVIS Centre, UEPPCB, Dehra Dun

Website: www.utrenvis.nic.in

Uttarakhand is the state located at the foothills of the snow clad Himalayas with lush

green vegetation. There is a diverse range of flora and fauna habitated in Uttarakhand. The State has rich and diverse floral, faunal and microbial wealth including rare and threatened species of plants and animals.

Traditionally, the mountains in the lower regions of Uttarakhand were covered with moist deciduous forest. Between elevations of 1,500-3,000m, the major natural vegetation entails of Pine, Oak, Rhododendron, Walnut and Larch. Below the snow line, the vegetation consists of forests of Spruce, Fir, Cypress, Juniper and Birch, while above the snow line (in the higher altitude of the State) is Alpine vegetation which includes Mosses, Lichen and a diversity of wildflowers such as Blue Poppies and Edelweiss. As a result of deforestation, much of the original fauna of the Himalayas are restricted to protected areas and sanctuaries. Major fauna in the region are Himalayan Bear, Musk Deer, the wild Goat Ghoral, Bharal or Blue Goat, Wolves, Snow Leopards and varieties of deer such as Barking Deer. Avifauna in the region is regarded as one of the richest in the sub-continent, with over 500 species of birds.

Well Known famous Jim Corbett National Park is one of the major habitation of the flora and fauna in the state. The Royal Bengal Tigers are also found here. The Rajaji National Park which is a rainforest area is known for its Elephants and the Valley of Flowers National Park which is an alpine forest and has a number of herbs, shrubs, roses and a variety of Rhododendrons. Apart from these National Parks in state are the Nanda Devi National Park, Govind National Park and Gangotri National Park. Such parks are habitat of variety of wild animals like Tigers, Leopards, Langurs and different species of Deers. A number of birds are also found here, many of which are migratory birds.

Floral Diversity

In Floral diversity point of view, Uttarakhand falls under the West Himalayan Biogeographic zone, situated in the lap of the Himalaya ther region is rich in forest wealth that ranges from subtropical to Alpine types.The flora and vegetation of the state ranges from tropical deciduous to alpine vegetation; broadly catagorised into three mazor types :

1. Sub-Tropical Zone of Uttarakhand

The sub-tropical zone has pure as well as mixed forests of Shore Robusta (Sa I), the others being Lannea coromandelica (Jhingan), Buchanania lanzan, Dalbergia disso (Shisham), Haldina cordifolia (Haldu), Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Mallotus philippinensis (Rohini), Mitragyna parvifolia, Terminalia spp. (Myrobalans), Ficus spp. (Figs), Macaranga pustulata, Callicarpa arborea,

Diopoknema butyracea (Chyura), Bauhinia variegate (Kachnar), Bomb ax cobia (Semal), Lydia claying (Pula), Schleicher oleos (Kokum), Holoptelea integrities (Karanj), Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Parijat),

Anogeissus latifolia (Bakli, Dhaura), etc. The shrubby vegetation is represented by Murraya koenigii, Carissa opaca, Clerodendrum viscous, Adhatoda vasica, Jasminum multiflorum, Solanum erianthum, Cal/icarpa macrophylla, Eranthemum nervosum, Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis, Jatropha curcas, Rhus parviflora, Dodonaea viscosa, Woodfordia fruticosa and many others.

2. Temperate Zone of Uttarakhand

The Temperate zone is marked by the presence of Quercus leucotrichophora (Banj oak), Rhododendron arboretum (Burans), Myrica esculent a (Kaphal), Leonia ovalifolia (Aynor), Ibex dipyrena, Quercus semecarpifolia (Kharsu Oak), Q. dilatata (Moru Oak), etc. The coniferous forests in this zone are unique. Pure stands of Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine) and Cadres deodar (Deodar, Cedar), Abides windrow (Raga), Pinus wal/ichiana (Kail), Taxus wal/ichiana (Thuner, Himalayan Yew) at places give a pristine look to the slopes. The slopes in temperate zone also have insectivorous plants like Drosera peltata and species of Utricularia. Another such species is Pinguicula alpina seen in Martoli Bugyal, Kumaon. The Saprophytes and Parasites are also well represented by Monotropa unit/ora, Dendrophthoe falcata (Banda), Balanophora in volucrata, and species of Viscum, Korthalsella, Arceuthobium, Scurrula, etc. The zone has a variety of useful plants, some of them well known for centuries. These include Cedrus deodar a, Pinus spp., Abies pindrow, Quercus spp., Aconitum heterophyllum, Paeonia emodi, Swertia chirayita, Bergenia ciliata, Dioscorea deltoidea, Angelica glauca (Choru), etc.

3. Sub-Alpine and Alpine Zones of Uttarakhand

The altitude above 3,000 metres is generally considered a zone of sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. The tree species are represented by Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Prunus cornuta, Acer caesium, Betula utilis (Bhoj Patra) and Salix sp. Species of the genera Cotoneaster, Rosa, Berberis, Ribes, Junipers, Rhododendron anthropogenic, Rhododendron campanulas are the shrubby components of the zone. The herbaceous vegetation is represented by a number of species of genera Po ten till, Primula, Aster, Saxifrage, Achaean, Delphinium, Polygonal,Corydalis, Pleurospermum, Meconopsis, Pedicularis, Saussurea, Rheum, Silene, etc. The Bugyals of this zone are well known for a rich and diversified flora. Plant species like Nardostachys grand flora (Jatamansi), Podophyllum hexandrum (Himalayan May-Apple, Papri), Picrorhiza kurrooa (Kutaki), Gentian burro, Armenia benthonic (Bal char), Rheum moorcroftianum

(Dole), Ephedra gerardiana, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Hatthajari), etc., common in this zone, are of immense medicinal value.

The rich floral diversity of the state comprises 5096 species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.Uttarakhand is a home for many species species of birds, mammals and reptiles. A total of 4907 faunal species including mammals, birds, reptiles, etc have been reports from the state. (Table 1.1).

Table : 1.1 Status of Flora and Fauna

Group Number of Species

Group Number of Species

Floral Diversity Faunal Diversity Algae 346 Thysanura 4 Bryophytes 478 Odonata 163 Lichens 539 Plecoptera 20 Pteridophytes 365 Orhoptera 116 Gymnosperms 35 Dermaptera 43 Monocotyledons including Orchids (Angiosperms)

1250 Isoptera 52

Orchids 235 Hemiptera 479 Dicotyledons 3811 Coleoptera 422 Faunal Diversity Lepidoptera 567 Trematodes 48 Trichoptera 60 Cestodes 36 Hymenoptera

(excluding Ichneumonidae)

235

Plants and soil Nematodes 196 Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)

302

Mollusca 129 Diptera 676 Annelida 69 Fishes 142 Crustacea 20 Amphibia 20 Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha (Centipedes)

32 Reptiles 75

Arachnida 249 Aves 622 Collembola 31 Mammals 100 Sources: Bioresources of Uttarakhand: Their Conservation & management.

Faunal Diversity A total of 4907 faunal species have been reported which include 3948 invetrebrate fauna and 959 vetrebrate fauna.Ther fauna exhibits an admixture of Oriental, Palaerectic and Indo-Malayan elements. It is home to many endemic and threatened species of both vertebrates and invertberates

Table : 1.2 Fauna

BIRDS SNO SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME IMAGES 1- Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus

2- Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica

3- Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

4- Great Hornbil Buceros bicornis

5- Grey Francolin Francolinus

pondicerianus

6- Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanu

7- Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus

8- Indian Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros birostris

9- Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis

10- Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis

11- Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus

12- Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis

13- Parakeet Psittacula krameri

manillensis

14- Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus

15- Blue-capped Rock Thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus

ANIMALS

SNO SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME Images 1- Elephant Elephas maximus

2- barking deer Muntiacus

3- Bharal Pseudois nayaur

4- black bear Euarctos americanus

5- Ghoral Nemorhaedus goral

6- musk deer Moschus leucogaster

7- serow Capricornis sumatraensis

8- Leopard Panthera pardus

9- Sambar Rusa unicolor

10- Snow leopard Panthera uncia

11- Spotted deer Axis axis

12- Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii

13- Tiger Panthera tigris

The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for leopard, Langur, Himalayan black bear, kakar, goral etc. Whereas the high altitude zones abound musk deer, popularly called Kastura Mrig, snow leopard, blue sheep, thar etc. The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like peacock, which include grey quail, Kala Titar, Whistling thrush, Chakor, monal pheasant cheer pheasant, koklas pheasant etc.

Ethnomedicinal Plants in Uttarakhand Himalayan Region, India

The Himalayas have a great wealth of medicinal plants and traditional medicinal knowledge. The Indian Himalayan region alone supports about 18,440 species of plants (Angiosperms: 8000 spp., Gymnosperm: 44 spp., Pteridophytes: 600 spp., Bryophytes: 1736 spp., Lichens: 1159 spp. and Fungi: 6900 spp.) of which about 45% are having medicinal properties. Uttarakhand is a storehouse of a rich variety herbs and medicinal and aromatic plant species

Table1.3 includes the medicinal plants that have been widely used as veterinary ethno-medicine in Uttarakhand region. Such aromatic plants which occur locally in the Uttarakhand himalaya and their medicinal importance.

Table 1.3 : Prominent Medicinal Plants.

S. No. Botanical Name Local Name

Parts Used Uses

1 Capsella bursa-pastoris, Moench. Torighash Whole plant For Sikka Rog 2 Cardamine impatiens, Linn. - Whole plant For Tantrka in calf 3 Viola biflora, Linn. Banpansa Whole plant In calf for heart & faint problem 4 Viola patrinii, DC - Root For liver 5 V.serpens, Wall. - Root For Liver 6 Hypericum cernum, Vaya, Culi Whole plant For Hoskins, For wound

7 Linum usitatissinum,Linn. Alsi Whole plant For strength 8 Melilotus alba, Lamk. Banmethi Whole plant For stomach problem and

Indigestion

9 Trifolium repens, Linn. Garila Whole plant For Satrika

10 Agrimonia pilosa, Ledeb. Kafliya Whole plant For purification of blood

11 Fragaria vesca, Linn. Pudalia Kafal

Leaf To protect abortion

12 Potentilla argyrophylla, Danti, Brajdanti

Leaf/Root For stomach problem

13 Rhamnus virgata, Roxb. Chaitula Fruit In Leg swelling 14 Rosa moschata, Herrm. Kunj pani Fruit For leucorrhea, bleeding,

Pregnancy termination 15 Rubus paniculatus,Sm. Kala

Hisalu(Kadula)

Leaf In pregnancy

16 R. lasiocarpus, Sm. Kala Hisalu Leaf In pregnancy 17 Bergenia ciliata, Moench. Silfhora Root For Hydrophobia 18 Ribes grossularia,Linn. Caktu Whole plant For preventing abortion 19 Punica granatum, Linn. Darim Skull of fruit As antimicrobials 20 Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. Dhow Flower As energy syrup 21 Centella asiatica, (Linn.)Urban Brahmi Leaf For brain fever 22 Cuminum cyminum, L. Jeera Seed For indigestion 23 Foeniculum vulgare, Mill. Saup Seed For Hookworm 24 Pimpinella diversifolia, Dc Dhanjari Seed For Lactation 25 Abina cordifolia, Hook. F Haldu Bud& leaf For Wound & fever 26 Valeriana hardwichii, wall. Samyo, Dhup Root For titaini 27 Aesculus indica, Colebr. Pangar Fruit In stomach problem 28 Artemisia maritime,Linn. - Bud/Leaf For Indigestion 29 A. nilagirica, Pampanini. Patti,Kunj Whole Plant For urinary tract infection 30 Artemisia parviflora, Roxb. Patti,

Dhopani Leaf/ Bud For round worm

31 A. sacrorum, Ladeb. Kapar Patti,Jholpatti

Leaf/Bud For hair fall

32 Senecio chrysanthemoides, DC. Ratpatia Whole plant For skin disease 33 S. rufinervis, DC. - Seed For wound 34 G. pretense, Linn. Chalmori Whole plant In fever, urine problem, eye

problem 35 Tanacetum nubigenum, Wall. - Leaf/ Fruit As energy syrup, anti microbes. 36 Lobelia pyramidalis, Wall. Bran

tambacoo Whole Plant For liver disease

37 Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Vish Khaparia

Fruit/Leaf As pain killer

38 Primula denticulate, Smith. Vish Khaparia

Fruit In cough, useful for mammary glands

39 P. macrophylla, D. Don. - Whole Plant As painkiller 40 Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. Quiar,

Indraw Seed & bark In fever, Gastric & dysentery

41 Calotropis procera, R. Br. Ank Root In indigestion 42 Gentiana tenella,(Roltb) H. Smith. Kutuki,

Katuwi Fruit In hysteria, In weakness

43 Swertia purpurascens, Wall. Ciraita Whole Plant In fever, In weak appetite. 44 Capsicum annum, Linn. Khusane,

Marac Fruit As oil massage.

45 Datura metal, Linn. Dhatura Seed As pain killer (for external use only)

46 Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. Bran juwan Leaf & Seed As pain killer 47 Digitalis purpurea,Linn. Prawasit

Degitelis tilpushpi

Leaf In burning

48 Verbascum thapsus, Linn. Akalvir Leaf In bronchitis 49 Clerodendrum infortunatum,

Gaertn. Aranyo Bark In Efra

50 Ajuga parviflora, Benth. Ratpatia Whole plant In arthritis 51 Mentha arvensis, Linn. Pudina,

Eliachi Whole plant In post pregnancy problems

52 Ocimum sanctum, Linn. Tulsi Whole plant In fever 53 Origanum vulgare, Linn. Jangali tulsi Whole plant Indigestion 54 Salvia lanata, Roxb. Sania, Sunip Whole plant For vomiting, painkiller 55 Scutellaria angulosa, Benth. Karuijhar Whole plant In acidity 56 Thymus serpyllum, Linn. Van ajmain Whole plant In chest pain 57 Plantago major, Linn. Vrantank Leaf In Injury, teeth problem, fever

58 P. orata, Forsk. Esabgol Seed In dysentery 59 Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. Parnata Leaf In blood dysentery, In dropsy

60 Achyranthes aspera, Linn. Chirchira Whole plant For teeth problem 61 A. bidentata, Blume. Dansh Root As Laxative

62 Chenopodium album, Linn. Bethuwa Leaf/ seed For worm 63 Rheum emodi, Wall. Dolu, Archa Root For blood purification, for energy 64 Rumex hastatus, D. Don Bhilmora Whole plant For skin disease, In fever 65 Piper longum, L. Pipal fruit In Low appetite, As oil massage 66 Cinnamomum tamala, Ness. Kiriya,

karkiriya, Dalchini

Leaf In stomach problem, in gastric problem

67 Litsaea polyantha, Juss. Cirira Leaf In injury 68 L. umbrosa, Ness. Circira Leaf In bone injury 69 Viscum album, Linn. Bana Fruit In pregnancy problem 70 Emblica officinalis,Gaertn. Aula, Awla Fruit In eye disease/ good health 71 Euphorbia prolifera, Buch.

Ham.,ex.Don. Duwila Fruit Used in dog bite

72 Mallotus philippinensis, Muell. & Arg.

Roli, Kasela Fruit To protect from worm

73 Ricinus communis, Linn. Erind Leaf For internal injury 74 Betula utilis,Don. Bhuj,

Bhojpatra Seed To protect from worm

75 Quercus dilatata, Lindl. Banj Bark In dysentery 76 Q. semecarpifolia, Sm. - Bark In dysentery 77 Salix elegans, Wall. Garbainsh Fruit In rickets 78 Ephedra gerardiana, Wall. Gidjing Stem In pain 79 Juniperus communis ,Linn. Jhora,

khichiya Fruit In liver disease

80 Abies webbiana, Lindl. Raisal barmi radha

Bud In Cough

81 Cassoa absus, Linn. Banar, Chakwar

Seed In urine problem

82 Satyrium nepalense, D. Don. - Root As tonic 83 Zingiber officinals Banhaldi Root Internal injury, As anti worm 84 Cureuma angustifolia, Roxb. Banhaldi Root In gastric problem, anti worm 85 Acorus calamus, Linn. Banj Root Fever, pain 86 Allium stracheyi,Baker. Jambu Whole Plant For stomach problem 87 Allium wallichii, Kunth. Jangali Lasun Root In infection 88 Asparagus racemosus, willd. Kairuwa Bud In liver problem & To enhance

Lactation 89 Aloe vera, Linn. Patquar Leaf Stomach problem 90 Adiantum venusthum,G. Don. Hanshraj Seed For Chest problem and hair fall 91 Equisetum arvense, Linn. Horsetel Whole plant For urinary problem 92 Althaea officinalis, Linn. Jangalihauli Root For termination of pregnancy 93 Reinwardtia trigyna, Planch. Pyuli Root In wound 94 Tagetes arecta, Linn. Hazari Fruit In vomiting, In healing wound 95 Calendula officinalis, Linn. Ganda(Toka

r) Leaf In bleeding

96 Atropa belladonna, Linn. Dhatur Jahar Leaf In injury as pain killer 97 Datura stramonium, Linn. Dhatura Leaf In injury as pain killer 98 Urtica dioica, Linn. Sisauna Leaf Skin disease, For lactation 99 Juglans regia, Linn. Akhore Leaf/ fruit In stomach problem, As anti worm 100 Hedychium spicatum,Ham.ex. Smith Kapur

Kachari Root For fever & cough

101 Canna indica, Linn. Kewara Root In disinterest, In afra

102 Anemona obtusiloba Don. Kakaria Leaf In sinus 103 Delphinium denudatum, Wall Nirwishi,

Munel Seed In tics

104 Aconitum balfouria, stapf. Bishjahar Root In wound 105 Paeonia emodi, Wall. Bhoi Pawin Root In stomach problem 106 Berberis aristata, DC Kilmori Root & stem In fever, weakness 107 Fumaria parviflora, Lamk. Pitpapara Whole plant In skin etching(disease)

108 Brassica napus, Linn. Kali sarso Seed In poor appetite 109 Geranium ocellatum, Camb. Bhiljari Whole plant As insecticide

110 Acacia catechu, Wild. Khair Stem In Urine problem, dysentery

111 Butea frondosa, Koen. Dhank Flower, Seed As painkiller

Source : http://www.forest.uk.gov.in/pages/display/99-medicinal-aromatic-plants There are list of some more plant speices with their status and the part used in different Medicinal purpose.

Table 1.4 Scientific name Habit Plant part used Medicinal uses

Abies pindrow Royle. T Bark extract2 Cough & Bronchitis2

Aconitium hetrophyllum Wallich

H Root5 Fever, cough,stomachache5

Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook.f.

T Seed paste2 Rheumatic Pain2

Ainsliaea apetra DC. H Root extract2 Fever, painful urination2 Ainsliaea latifolia (D.Don) Sch.-Bip.

H Root decoction2 Colic2

Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) Hook.f.

H (Leaf & heads past, plant smoke)2 (Cuts, wounds & boils, insect repellent)2

Anaphalis margaritaceae (L.) Benth

H (Leaf & head paste)2

(Cuts, wounds & boils)2

Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) C.B. Clarke

H

Leaf juice2, Flower5

Laceration of toes2, Dressing wounds5

Anemone obtusiloba D.Don H Root decoction2 Diarrhoea2

Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC

H (Leaf past & juice)2 Leaves5 (Wounds5, sores & ear ache in local therapy)2

Arachne cordifolia (Decne.) Hurusawa

S Leaf & Stem paste2

Wounds & Antidote to snake bite2

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume

H Fruits2, Tuber5 (Antidote of poisonous mushrooms & snake bite)2, (Cough, kidney &skin diseases)5

Artemisia japonica Thunb H (Leaves & flower tops)2

Incense & insecticide2

Artemisia roxburghiana Bess.

H Plant extract2

(Antipyretic, Tonic & also rubbed on skin allergy)2

Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

H Root tuberous2 (Diabetes, diarrhoea & dysentery)2

Aster peduncularis Wallich

H (Plant extract & Root powder)2

(Renal-calculi & stomachic)2

Barleria cristata L.

H (Root decoction, Root & Leaves paste)2

(Bronchitis & pneumonia, wound swelling)2

Begonia picta Smith

H Plant decoction2 Colic & dyspepsia2

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

H Root5 rhizomatous)2

(Tonic, febrifuge, digestive & cutaneous disorders)2, (Fevers, diarrhoea & pulmonary infections)5

Bidens bipinnata L.

H Leaf juice2

(Leprosy initial stages, lactating mothers, cuts)2

Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff

H Leaf juice2

(Leprosy initial stages, lactating mothers, cuts)2

Bidens pilosa L.

H (Plant extract & herbs of plants)2

(Cough & Bronchitis, leucoderma)2

Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene

H (Plant decoction & Leaf paste)2

(Cause abortion, wounds & relieves dysentery)2

Bistorta vaccinifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Greene

H Root decoction2

Tuberculosis2

Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce

H Leaf paste2

Wounds & cuts2

Buddleja asiatica Lour.

S Leaf extract & Roots2

Skin diseases & Abortifacient2

Bupleurum falcatum L. H Root decoction2 Fever & liver troubles2

Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. H (Leaf paste Leaves & Pseudo-bulbs)2

(Sores & eczema, aphrodisiac)2

Callicarpa arborea Roxb. T Bark2 Skin ailments2

Cannabis sativa L. H Flowers2 Intoxicating agent2

Carpinus viminea Lindl.

T Leaves5 Bone fracture5

Clematis buchananiana DC. S Leaf paste2 Skin ailments2

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC.

H Leaf extract2

Diabetes & urinary troubles2

Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) C. Koch

H (Plant extract & Leaf infusion)2 (Astringent, carminative, Blood purifier & Gastric troubles)2

Corallodiscus lanuginosus (Wall. ex DC.) B.L. Burtt

H Leaves2

Kidney stone2

Coriaria nepalensis Wallich S Fruits2

Emetic2

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.

S Leaf, Fruits & Root Paste2

Diarrhoea, Cuts & Wounds2

Cyathula capitata Moq. H (Leaf extract & Urticle)2 Emetic & abortifacient2 Cyathula tomentosa Moq.

H Leaf extract2

(Emetic property & given in snake bite)2

Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth.

H Root extract2

Dyspepsia & digestive disorders2

Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.

H Plant infusion2

Cold & cough2

Debregeasia salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle

S Bark2

Plaster for Bone Fracture2

Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex Royle

H Plant Stem5 Body swelling5

Desmodium elagans DC. S Root infusion & Roots2 Epilepsy & Carminatives2

Deutzia compacta Craib. S Leaves2 Diuretic2

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees H (Leaf5 paste & juice)2

(Wounds cough & gastro-enteritis)2 (Fever, skin diseases & stomachache)5

Dipsacus inermis Wallich

H Root paste2 Leucoderma & contusions2

Elephantopus scaber L.

H (Root extract & leaves)2

(Fever, stops vomiting, tonic for blood diseases)2

Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder.

S Seeds2

Sciatica reliever2

Elsholtzia strobilifera Benth. H (Plant5 paste)2

(Bruises & wounds5)2

Eupatorium odenophorum Spreng.

S Leaves2,5

Wounds2, Skin diseases5

Euphorbia chamaesyce L. H Plant juice2

(Constipation & dysentery to infants)2

Euphorbia hypericifolia L. H Leaf infusion2

(Dysentery, diarrhoea, menorrhagia)2

Euphorbia pilosa Linn.

H (Root decoction & Fruits)2, Seed & Leaves5

Constipation & emetic2, Food poisoning5

Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara

H Leaf paste2

Insect bite2

Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita

H Leaf juice2

Ear ache2

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. H Plant extract2 Antidote of nettle sitting2

Galium aparine L. H (Leaf extract & plant5 waste)2, Astringent5, skin diseases2

Galium asperifolium Wallich. H Plant waste2

Skin ailments2

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet

H Root5 juice2

(Otorrhoea & opthalmia)2, (Dysentery & cold)5

Gerbera gossypina (Royle) P. Beauv.

H (Leaf juice & paste)2

(Cuts, wounds, plaster on bone fracture)2

Girardiana diversifolia (Link) Friis

H Leaf juice2, Plant whole5

Gonorrhoea2, Diuretic5

Gonatanthus pumilus (D.Don) Engl. & Krause

H Root tuber paste2

Burns & wounds2

Gonostegia hirta (Blume) Miq H Roots2

Plaster on fractured bones2

Hippophae salicifolia D.Don T Fruits2,5

(Dandruff)2 & (Cardiac trouble)5

Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. S Leaf paste & Roots2

Body Swelling & Febrifuge2

Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N. Robson

S Leaf powder2

Fever2

Impatiens scabrida DC. H Plant Stem2 Cause abortion2

Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis

S Leaf juice2

Diarrhoea, Dysentery & Cough2

Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.

S

Roots2 Suppressed urination2

Juglans regia L.

T Leaves2 , (Bark & Roots)5 Fungicide & Insecticide2 , Tooth ache5

Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. H Root5 Incense, fever5 Lamium album L. H Plant decoction2, Flower5

Contraceptive2, Bleeding after childbirth5

Leptodermis Lanceolata Wallich

S Bark paste2

Migraines2

Leucas lanata Benth. H Plant infusion2 Whooping cough2

Leycesteria formosa Wallich S Leaf paste2

Dandruff & Lice in hair2

Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke

H Leaves2

(Bronchitis, Cuts & wounds)2

Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.

S Fruits2 Gastric troubles of cattle2

Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude

T Seed paste2

Wounds & Boils2

Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) La Frankie

H Leaf extract2

Dysmenorrhoea2

Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.

H (Root5 paste & dried roots)2

(Wounds & incense)2, (Burns & boils)5

Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

T Bark2,4 ,Leaves5 & Fruit4,5

(Intoxicate to fishes)2 (Vit. C, Asthama, Bronchitis, Diarrhoea & tooth ache)4 (Skin diseases & wounds)5

Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) Momiyama & Hara

T Fruits2 Scabies & Eczema2

Nepeta ciliaris Benth. H (Leaf & seed decoction)2

Fever2

Nomocharis oxypetala (Royle.) E.H.Wilson.

H Bulb5 Vigorous5

Origanum vulgare L.

H Plant extract2, Leaves5

(Bronchitis, colic & diarrhoea)2, Toothache, swelling5

Paeonia emodii Wall. ex Royle

H (Roots & flower infusion)2, Tuber& leaves5

(Whooping cough, diarrhoea, intestinal spasms)2, Uterine diseases5

Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle

H Root5 paste2

Antidote of snake bite2, Boils5

Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotz. H Plant whole5

Food poisoning5

Persicaria polystachya (Wall. ex Meissn.) H. Gross

S Leaf paste2

Laceration of toes2

Phalaris minor Retz. H Root paste2 Wounds2

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.

H Root5 Fever, stomachache5

Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke

H Plant extract2

Diarrhoea & dysentery2

Pimpinella diversifolia DC. H Plant extract2

(Digestive disorders, cold & cough)2

Pinus roxburghii Sargent T Saw Dust2 & Aerial parts4

(Asthma & Bronchitis)2 , (Resin for cracked toes)4

Plantago depressa Willd. H (Leaf & seed paste)2 (Cuts, wounds, piles)2

Plantago himalaica Pilger. H Leaves5 Dysentery5

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.

H Root5

Wounds5

Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.

H (Root5 paste & powder)2

(Gastric problems5, wounds)2

Primula denticulata Sm.

H (Flower & root paste)2

(Diabetes & urinary ailments, lice killing)2

Prinsepia utilis Royle

S (Seed5 oil)2 & (Root5-bark)2

(Rheumatic pain, Diarrhoea)2 & (Pile, Stomach disorders)5

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

T Fruits2,4,5 & Bark4

(Digestive disorder)2 ,5(Astringent, Laxative, Anthelmintic, Febrifuge)4

Ranunculus hirtellus Royle. H Plant paste2 Wounds2

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. H Flowers2 Tongue wash2

Rhamnus virgatus Roxb.

S Bark paste & Fruits2

Eczema & Ring Worm, Emetic & Purgative2

Rhododendron arboreum Smith

T Flower2,4 , Bark2, & (Young Shoots)5

(Digestive and respiratory disorder)2 (tonic for heart, diarrhoea & dysentery)4 (Headache, Blood dysentery)5

Rhus javanica L.

S Fruits & Bark Paste2

Colic & Cholera, Swelling & Wounds2

Rosa sericea Lindl.

S Flower juice2 & Fruits5

Bowel complaints2, (Headaches & Liver complaints)5

Roscoea alpina Royle

H (Plant extract, leaf powder)2, Root5

(Tonic, cuts & wounds of cattle)2, (urinary diseases & tuberculosis)5

Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. S Leaves decoction2

Malarial fever2

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming

S (Roots5 & Flowers)2

(Tonic & Astringent, Bacillary Dysentery)2, (Lower blood pressure, Kidney stone)5

Rubus nepalensis (Hook.f.) Kuntze

H Root paste2

Burns & scalds2

Rubus niveus Thunb

S Fruit extract & Fruit juice2

Dysmenorrhoea & Antidote of snake bite2

Rumex hastatus D.Don

H Leaf extract2

(Cuts & wounds, nettle sitting reliever)2

Rumex nepalensis Spreng. H Leaf5 infusion2

(Dysmenorrhoea, stomach ache)2, Etching5

Salvia hians Royle ex Benth.

H Leaf juice2, Root5

(Arthritic, pain & eczema, body swelling)2, (cold, coughs & anxiety)5

Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sw. H (Leaf paste, Root5 extract)2

(Wounds, cold & cough)2, Fever5

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn T Fruit2,4 & Seed4

Hair2, (Expectorant, antiepileptic, Emetic, febrifuge & Dental cares)4

Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Muell.-Arg.

S Leaves2, Roots5

Joint pain2, Bawseer5

Saussurea albescens (DC.) Sch.-Bip.

H Flower heads2

Bronchitis reliever2

Saussurea auriculata (Spreng. ex DC.) Sch.-Bip

H Leaf paste2

Venereal diseases2

Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. ex Ser.

H Root extract2

Vermifuge2

Selinum candollii DC. H Root5 powder2

(Asthma, cough, hysteria)2, Toothache5

Senecio graciliflorus DC.

H (Leaf paste & Juice of heads)2

(Ringworm diseases & insect bites, pussed ear)2

Silene edgeworthii Bocquet. H (Leaf & young shoots juice)2

Eye infections2

Solanum suratteuse Burm H (Fruits & flower buds)2

(Fever, cough, asthama, gonorrhoea, eye ailments)2

Solidago virgaurea L.

H (Leaves & herb juice, Chewed roots)2

(Kidney troubles, asthma, rheumatism, wounds, throat irritation)2

Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder

S Fruits (smoke)2 Asthama2

Sorbus aucuparia L. T Fruit extract2

Cough & Cold2

Sorbus cuspidata (Spach) Hedlund

T Bark decoction2

Fever2

Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten

H Leaves5

Blood diseases5

Swertia ciliata (G.Don) Burtt. H Plant extract2, Leaves5

Malaria2, Blood purifier5

Synotis alatus (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Chen.

H Plant decoction2

Fever2

Taraxacum officinale Weber.

H Root5 extract2

(Migraines, hepatitis & head ache)2, Blood purifier5

Taxus baccata L.

T Bark2,5 & Bark Paste2

(Plaster on fractured bones Headache)2 & (Breast Pile)5

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. H (Root juice, Fruits & Leaves)2

(Cuts, delivery facilitation)2

Urena lobata L.

H Root paste2

(Body pain & rheumatism)2

Urtica ardens Link.

H (Seed oil & Leaf extract)2

(Sciatica, rheumatism, skin ailments, hair-wash for avoiding

baldness)2 Urtica dioica L.

H (Seed oil & Leaf extract)2, Root5

(Sciatica, rheumatism, skin ailments, hair-wash for avoiding baldness)2, Boils5

Valeriana hardwickii Wallich H (Root5 decoction & Root paste)2 (Urinary disorder, joint pains)2, Wounds5

Verbascum thapsus L.

H (Plant extract & Seeds)2, Leaf & flower5

(Asthma, bronchitis, narcotic)2, (Ulcers, tumors & piles)5

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.

H Leaf powder2

(Intestinal disorder, fever & skin ailments)2

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. H (Leaf extract & seeds)2 (Dysentery, cold & cough)2

Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linn.

H Plant juice2 (Cuts, burns & sores)2

Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don T Bark decoction2

Hepatic & digestive disorder2

Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC.

S Leaves2 Insecticide2

Viburnum grandiflorum Wall ex DC.

S Bark Decoction2

Hepatic troubles2

Viburnum nervosum D.Don S Bark Decoction2 Menorrhagia2

Viola canescens Wallich H (Plant4 decoction, Root & Leaf5 juice)2

(Malarial fever, bronchitis, asthma, emetic, cuts & wounds)2, (Headache,cold, cough & malaria)5, (Expectorant, antipyretic, diaphoretic)4

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz

S Leaves & bark, Dry flowers2

Febrifuge, Haemorrhoids2

Zanthoxylum armatum DC S Leaves & Fruits2 (Seed & Bark)5 Mouth wash2 & tooth ache2,5 (Infection in stored grain)5

Abbreviation Habit: T Tree, S=Shrub, H=Herb

Conservation status and diversity in the Shiwalik Himalaya of Uttarakhand.

The Uttarakhand Himalaya has its unique setting within the Western Himalayan region, India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity cen- represents about 3800-4000 species of flowering trees of the world and rich in biological diversity, plants and embodies more than one fourth of the associated traditional and contemporary know-total vegetation of India The Shiwalik Himalaya is quite enriched in its floristic composition. Traditionally the folk people and the locales utilize the vegetation of their ambient environment in form of different products as food, fodder, fuel, medicine, fibre, timber etc. Among these useful species most of them are commercially exploited by drug dealers and at present many of such species come in threat categories.

Figure 1: Adhatoda vasica Figure 2: Baliospermum montanum Figure 3: Lecus cephalotes

Therefore, there is an urgent need for conservation of such species for sustainable development. The members of threatened taxa belong to different families as Acanthaceae, Aceraceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Lamiaceae and Liliaceae etc.

Figure 4:Rauvola serpentine Figure 5: Rauvolfia serpentina

Source : Conservation and diversity of important plants in Siwalik Himalaya

It has however, been noticed that the abundant occurrence of important plant species of the region has started declining considerably due to human influence.

Table 1.5: Some commonly used plant species with their conservation status.

S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Life Form Parts Used

Uses

Category

1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

Kanghi Malvaceae Herb Stem Fibre Rare

2. Abrus precatorius L. Ratti Fabaceae Climber Seed Medicinal Rare 3. Achyranthes aspera

L. Chirchira

Amaranthaceae

Herb Root Medicinal Common

4. Acorus calamus L. Bach Araceae Herb Rhizome Medicinal Common 5. Adhatoda vasica

Nees Vasuti Acanthaceae Shrub

Leaves Medicinal Common

6. Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin

Akol Alangiaceae Tree Root, Fruit Medicinal, Edible

Rare

7. Aristolochia indica L. Bathak bel Aristolochiaceae Climber Leaves

Medicinal Endangered

8. Asparagus adscendens Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.

Satawar

Liliaceae Shrub Tuber Medicinal Rare

9. Bacopa monnieri (L.) nell

Pen- Brami Scrophulariaceae

Herb Leaves Medicinal Endangered

10. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar

Caesalpinaceae Tree

Seed Leaves

Medicinal Fodder

Common

11. Baliospermum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.

montanum Jangali malghota

ja- Verbenaceae

Shrub Seed

Medicinal Common

12. Barleria prionitis L. Baansa Acanthaceae Shrub Root

Medicinal Common

13. Berberis asiatica Roxb DC.

ex Kingor Berbidaceae Shrub Root Bark Medicinal Dye

Common

14. Boerhavia diffusa L. Poornnama Nyctaginaceae Herb Root Medicinal Rare 15. Boswellia serrata

Roxb. Colebr. ex Salai Burseraceae Tree Bark Med

icinal Rare

16. Buchanania lanzan Sprengel

Chiroge Anacardiaceae Tree Wood Construction Common

17.

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze

Tesu/Dhaak Fabaceae Tree Leaf Seed

Fodder Medicinal

Common

18. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl

Daiya Verbenaceae Shrub Seed Medicinal Rare

19. Casearia elliptica Willd.

Chilla Flacourtiaceae Tree Leaves Medicinal Rare

20. Catamixis baccharoides Thomson

Vispatra Asteraceae Shrub Root

Medicinal Rare

21. Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

Malkanghi Celasteraceae

Shrub

Seed Medicinal Rare

22. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.

Pagya bel Asclepiadaceae Herb Root Edible Endangered

23.

Citrullus colocynthis Schrader

(L.) Eleru Rutaceae Climber

Seed Medicinal Common

24. Clerodendrum L.f. phlomides Arni

Verbenaceae Shrub Root

Medicinal Endangered

25. C. indicum (L.) Kuntze Bharangi Verbenaceae Shrub Root Medicinal Endangered 26. Costus speciosus

(Koeing ex Retz.) J.E. Smith

Keun Zingiberaceae

Herb

Rhizome

Medicinal

Rare

27.

Crataeva adansonii DC.

Barna

Capparaceae

Tree

Leaves

Fodder

Rare

28. Curculigo orchioides ner

Gaert- Kali-musli

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

Rhizome

Medicinal

Common

29.

Delphenium denudatum Wallich ex Hook.f. & Thomson

Nirbasi

Ranunculaceae Herb Root Medicinal

Common

30. Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Genthi Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Medicinal Common

31.

Evolvulus alsenoides (L.) L.

Sankhpuspi Convulvulaceae Herb

Leaves

Medicinal

Rare

32. Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Titmaar

Burseraceae

Tree

Leaves

Fodder

Endangered

33.

Glorossia suberba L. Kaalihari

Liliceae

Shrub

Leaves

Medicinal

Endangered

34. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson

Maida lakri Lauraceae Tree

Bark Medicinal Rare

35. Lecus cephalotes (Roth) Sprengel

Gumba Lamiaceae Herb

Leaves Medicinal Rare

36. L. indica (L.) R. Br. ex Vatke

Gumma Lamiaceae Herb Leaves Medicinal Rare

37. Marsdenia (Roxb.) Moon

tenacissima Vitti bel

Asclepiadaceae Shrub Stem Fibre Rare

38. Madhuca longifolia(Koenig) Mac Bride

Mahua Sapotaceae Tree Fruit Medicinal Endangered

39. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg.

Kamela

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

Leaves Bark

Fodder Medicinal

Common

40. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

Gunchi

Fabaceae

Climber Leaves

Fodder Common

41. Plumbago zeylanica L.

Chitra jadi

Plumbaginaceae

Herb Root Medicinal Common

42. Pistacia integerrima Stewart

Kakrodi Anacardiaceae Tree Wood Construction Rare

43.

Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.

Serpgandha Apocynaceae Herb

Root

Medicinal

Endangered

44. Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Bhilao

Anacardiaceae

Tree

Fruit

Medicinal

Rare

45.

Stephania glabra(Roxb.) Miers

Gindaaro

Menispermaceae Climber

Tuber

Medicinal

Common

46.

Stereospermum chelonoides(L.f.) DC.

Parali Bignonaceae Tree

Bark Medicinal Common

47.

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill

Giloe Menispermaceae Climber

Leaves

Medicinal

48.

Tribulus terrestris L. Gokhru

Zygophyllaceae

Herb Seed Medicinal Common

49. Withania somnifera Dunal

(L.) Ashwan- gandha

Solanaceae

Shrub Leaves

Medicinal

Rare

50. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.

Timroo Rutaceae

Shrub

Fruit

Medicinal

Common

Source: Conservation and diversity of important plants in Shiwalik Himalaya References

(1) Ahuja, P. S.(2001) Current status of propagation of medicinal plants in India Himalaya.In:Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Potential and Prosepects(Eds. S. S. Samant, U. Dhar and L. M. S. Palani) Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital(India).Pp:207-231.

(2) Gaur, R. D, Bhatt, K. C. and Tewari, J. K(1992). An ethno-botanical study of Uttar Pradesh Himalaya in relation to veterinary medicines. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 72: 139-144.

(3) Issar, R. K.(1981). Traditionally important medicinal plants and folklore of Uttarakhand Himalaya for animal treatment. J. Sc. Res. Pl. Med., 2: 61-66.

(4) Joshi, G. C., Tewari, K. C. & Pandey, G.(1992). A review of indigineous system of medicine with special reference to herbal drugs. Aryvaidyan, 3(3):173-179.

(5) Mishra, P. L.(1985). The medicinal plants of Himalaya. Himalayan J. Sci, 4&5:65-80. (6) Mittal, S,Tripathy, G., Sethi D.,(July2008). Development strategy for the Hill districts of Uttrakhand

(working paper no. 217) ICRIER, India. (7) Bulletin of Medico-Maheswari, J.K. 1976. Plant Resources of India. (8) Ethno-botanical Research, 3&4: 102-116 (9) Science and Culture, 42: 18-23. (10) Sati, V. P.(2005).Natural Resource Conditions and Economic Development in the Uttarakhand

Himalaya, India,” Journal of Mountain Science 2 (4), 336~350. (11) Shah, N. C.(1982). Herbal folk medicines in Northern India. J. Ethnopharmcol, 6:293-301. (12) Proceeding of the National Workshop on Joint Forest Management, Ministry of Environment and

Forest (2005). (15) State of Forest Report(2005), Forest survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Dehradun,

pp.140-142. (16) Sharma et al. http://www.openaccessscience.com

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