Institute for Materials Science Master Course Materials Science and ...
Diversity Materials Science and Materials Science Educaon...Diversity Materials Science and...
Transcript of Diversity Materials Science and Materials Science Educaon...Diversity Materials Science and...
DiversityMaterialsScienceandMaterialsScienceEduca3on
WoleSoboyejoPrincetonIns3tuteofScienceand
TechnologyofMaterialsAnd
TheDepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringPrincetonUniversity
Acknowledgments
• Dr.DanSteinberg(Princeton)• Ms.ShannonSwilley(Princeton)• DeanMinnieMcGee(OSU)• Ms.RubyDee(OSU)• Prof.AlfredSoboyejo(OSU)• Mrs.AnthoniaSoboyejo(OSU)• Na3onalScienceFounda3on• PrincetonGrandChallengesProgram
BackgroundandIntroduc3on
• Myparentsandmyteacherswerethepeoplethatshapedandsustainedmyinterestmyinscienceandengineering
• Howeverthiswaslargelyunplannedalthoughtheimpacthasbeenlifelong– EarlyvisitstotheUniversityofLagos(Inspira3onaltoachild)
– Clearexplana3onofdifficultconceptsbymyparentsandafewteachers(solidfounda3on)
– Mentorsthatshowedmehowtodothings(cri3cal)
• Sotherealques3onsis‐Howdowedothisonalargerscale?
Objec3vesofThisTalk
• Thistalkpresentssomecasestudiesofminorityeduca3onandoutreachac3vi3es
• Thegoalistoiden3fythelessonslearnedfromsuchac3vi3es
• Thetalkisdividedintothreepartsthatcorrespondtothethreeins3tu3onsthatIhavetaughtatsince1992– OhioState(1992–1999)– MIT(1998–1999)– Princeton(1999–Present)
FirstFewEfforts…
• Myfirstfeweffortsateduca3onandoutreachstartedin1992whenIbecameafacultymemberatTheOhioStateUniversity(OSU)
• Developedacoherentplan(NSF)andpartnershipwithMinorityOfficeatOSU
• Theprogramhadthreethrusts– Earlystageinterestinscience(K‐1)– Highschoolstudents(11thand12thgrade)– Minorityundergraduatesinengineering
EarlyStageInterestinScience
• K‐1outreachinthecityofColumbus–innercityschool
• Visitedschooltolearnfromteacherandprincipal
• ObservedKstudentsandstayedwiththemthrough1stgrade
• Developedconceptoflearningthroughplaye.gsongen3tled“AtomsandMolecules”
• Resonatedwellwithstudents
HighSchoolMinorityOutreach
• Thegoalofthisprogramwastoaaractstudentstoprogramsinmaterialsscienceandengineering
• Theini3alapproachwaswrong–showingmaterialssciencevideosinadarkroom!
• Subsequentapproachesinvolvedhands‐onlabsthatexcitedthestudents…..– Pullingglassfibersfrommoltenglass– Sandcas3ngsoftheOSUfootballstadium
• Recruitmentgainswereobservedwhencollegerecruitmenttalkswerecombinedwithpersonalinterac3onswithstudentsandparents
CollegeEduca3onandOutreach
• Oncethestudentsgettocollege–thereareocenthreekeychallenges– Overcomingdeficienciesinmathema3cs– Theneedforcon3nuousinterac3onsandincome– Assistancewithjobsearch
• Threeprogramswereorganizedtoaddressthesechallenges– Tutorialsandpre‐collegesessionsinmathema3csandmechanics(alongwithProf.AlfredSoboyejo)
– Providingjobsforminoritystudentsinmylab– Organizingmockinterviewswithlocalprofessionalse.g.ASM/TMSchapter
LessonsLearnedFromOSUExperience
• WorkcloselywithMinorityProgramsOfficee.g.MinnieMcGeeandRubyDeeatOSU
• Avoidstandardvideosthatdonotconnecttopeopleandtheirinterests
• Useexperien3allearningandexci3nghands‐onac3vi3estos3mulatetheinterestsofstudentsinscienceandmath
• Workpersonallywithindividualminoritystudentsun3ltheyendupinthework‐force
• Iden3fystrengthsandweaknessesandbridgethegapswithstructuredandunstructuredac3vi3es
• Providesolidfounda3onandsharepersonalexperiencese.g.TheThingsIWishIKnewBeforeGoingtoWorkasaMaterialsScien3standEngineer
LessonsFromMITExperience
• IspentoneyearworkinghereatMITasaVis3ngMar3nLutherKingprofessor(between1997and1998)
• IfoundthistobearichenvironmentforminoritystudentsiguidedbyDeanLeoOsgood
• Par3cipatedinprogramsorganizedbytheins3tute• Realimpactwasintheclassroomwithafewstudents– e.g.WilliamPine(fromMITtoStanfordandLockheed)
• Onceagainthekeyappearstobepersonalinvolvementandworkingwithstructuredprograms
LessonsFromPrincetonUniversity
• Since1999IhavebeenonthefacultyatPrinceton
• Myeffortstherecanbedividedinto2phases– BeforeDanSteinbergandShannonSwilley– AcerDanSteinbergandShannonSwilley
Ini3alEffortsatPrinceton
• NSBEmathandscienceoutreach– ProgramsorganizedwithPUNSBEchapter– Mathandeverydaylife– Hypersonicsandtheshrinkingoftheearth(FromTokyotoNewYorkin2Hours)
• Researchexperienceforminorityhighschoolandundergraduatestudents– SeyeTairu(fromNewarktoPrincetonandtheUniversityofChicago)
– Mixedresultswithundergraduates(NathanHosanah,AnthonyTurner,SenayetAgonafer,KemeshaDelisser)
AcerDanandShannon
• ThepartnershipwithDanSteinbergandShannonSwilleyhasbeenakeyelementofmyminorityeduca3onandoutreacheffortsatPU
• DanandShannonruntheeduca3onandoutreacheffortsaspartofourMRSEC– PrimaryfocusonminoritystudentsfromTrenton– EngagedPeteGange(HighSchoolTeacher)
• Theyalsoworkedwithmeoneduca3onandoutreacheffortsthatweresupportedbyUSAMIandAmericasprograms– Addedinterna3onalcomponenttoeduca3onandoutreach– Resonatedwellwithmanyminorityandnonminoritystudents
Approach
• Programintegratedresearchandeduca3on• Jointdevelopmentofprogrammodules–faculty,coordinators,teachersandstudents
• DanandShannon(Coordinators)organizedandtakecareofthedetails
• PeteGangefacilitatescommunica3onwiththestudents+hands‐onlabmodules
• NSFfundingensurescon3nuityofprogramssuchasThePrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy(PUMA)
PrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy
GoalsforP.U.M.A.• GivestudentsrealexperienceinMaterialsScience• Giveunderrepresented,disadvantagedstudentsachanceforexposuretoandcareersinscienceandengineering• Studentswillleavewithabeaerapprecia3onofscience• HighSchoolstudentsinteractwithPrincetonUniversityMaterialsScien3sts
Integra3onWithResearch‐Cell/SurfaceInterac3onsandNewwaysofDetec3ngandTrea3ngCancer
• Currentinterestincell/surfaceinterac3onswithsocandhardmaterialswithapplica3onsinbiomedicaldevices
• Exci3ngnewwaysofdetec3ngandtrea3ngdiseasessuchascancer
TissueNanotargets ImplantableBioMEMS FlexibleBio‐MEMS
DrugDeliverybyResis3veHea3ng
Heat Trigger
• Hydrogels or PDMS sit on metallic plates • Current running through plates heat plates • Temperature controlled by current • Current controlled by open/closed switch programming
SHEARASSAYMEASUREMENTOFCELLADHESION
Shear Flow Schematic
Cell Detachment
Shear stress for detachment is given by
Where Q - flow rate & µ -dynamic viscosity
Considering initial onset of detachment to correspond to “adhesion” strength:
τ = 70 Pa Polystyrene (PS)
τ = 81 Pa Ti Coated PS
Micro‐GrooveGeometryandCell/SurfaceInterac3ons
• Cellscanundergocontactguidancewhenincontactwithmicro‐groovedgeometries
• Thisdependsonthesizeofthegroovesrela3vetothesizeofthecells
• Contactguidancehasimplica3onsforwoundhealingandscar3ssueforma3on
100µm
Cell
12 µm Micro-Grooves 2 µm Micro-Grooves
Our Approach to Early Cancer Detection and Treatment!
CAMD
Magne3ccore
Polymershellwithly3cpep3deconjugates
CAMD
Wet Chemical Synthesis of Nano-particles
Metallic,polymericandmetal‐polymerNano‐par3clesusingboaom‐upapproaches
NovelMicroreactortechnologyforscale‐upandcontrolledsynthesis
Synchrotronradia3onbasedX‐rayabsorp3onSpectroscopiccharacteriza3on
Capabilitytoaaachbio‐molecules
LHRH‐SPIONUptake‐37Cfor3Hours
• MNPs‐LHRH,37DegreeC,3Hr
• Noteencryp3onprocessbywhichcellsaaach
• Engulfedcellscarriedwithinthecell
• Excretedoregestedwithin30days
In‐VivoExperiments‐TEMandHistologyofOrgans
• Miceinjectedin4differentways:1. LHRHnanopar3cles2. Salinesolu3on3. Nanopar3cles4. LHRHnanopar3clesinmice
withoutbreasttumorOrgansobtained:
– breastorprostatetumor– Kidney– Lung– Liver
PrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy2002‐2009
• PartnerwithTrentonUpwardBound,GEARUP,MercerCountyCommunityCollege,MentorPower,PUPP,MiddlesexHS
Partnersprovide:
• Students• StudentTracking
PCCMprovides:
• Curriculum
• LeadTeacher• ScienceContent
• FacultyScien3sts• Administra3veSupport
Topics• BioMems
• EarlyCancerDetec3onusingAFM
• Ceramic/OrganicWaterFilterDesign
• SportsMaterials
• SmartSensors
• SolarOvens
• Materials
• Evalua3on• Labs/Classrooms
• Equipment
• Meals
• NSFFunding
BackgroundandIntroduc3on• TheproblemofcontaminatedwateristhesinglebiggestcauseofthesteepdeclineinlifeexpectancyinAfrica– ImpactbiggerthanthatofHIV
– ExampleofNigeria
• However,itisalsoanopportunitytoshowhowwecanaddvaluetomaterialswhileaddressingamajorAfricanorglobalproblem
TheProblemofContaminatedWater
• ContaminatedwaterisamajorcauseofdiseaseinAfricaandthedevelopingworld
• WHOes3matesthat5000liveslostperday
• Morethanhalfofalldiarrheaiscausedbypathogensinwater
• Manyofthevic3msarechildrenundertheageof5–limitedresistance
• Needsustainablesolu3onsforruralandurbanenvironments
PhotographbyKarenKessi‐Williams
Poten3alWaterTreatmentMethodsSolutions Pros Cons Boiling Water
- 100% potable if boiled for at least 20 min. - Can be done in the home all year round.
- Requires time to gather fuel (fire wood) - Requires time for heating and cooling - Causes a Change in the taste of water - Method does not remove turbidity
Adding Chlorine
-Effectively kills bacteria -Simple to use -Can be used anytime -Low cost technology
- Effects the taste of water - Must be applied periodically - Does not remove turbidity - Most be purchased and transported
SODIS -Low cost -Can be large or small -Remove turbidity -Can be us
- Does not work in shade, night or rainy season - Requires 4-6 hours to reach required to heat - Requires Time for water to cool - Change in the taste of the Water. - Does not remove turbidity
Bio Sand Filter - Can be large or small
- Easy to use - Local materials
- Appropriate sand must be available. - Does not remove microbio. contaminants - Time to cultivate bio-sand.
Filtròn Water Filter
- Kills bacteria 99% - Easy to use -One time transportation -No change of taste -Culturally acceptable - Self-encased water Container permits serving. - Made locally -Works all year around 24 hours a day. -Low cost
- Cost, US$ 7.50 to $25.00 (depending on country) - Heavy compared to the other systems. - Fragile, easy to break - Periodic cleaning is required (turbid water clogs the filtering element). - Combustion for the production process - Should be replaced after two years
PuR (P&G)
-Effective -Good for emergencies -expensive ( US $ 4.20 a month )
US $0.14 cents a day for 20 liters
PUMAWaterFiltra3onModule
• Integra3onofhands‐onfiltermakingwithceramicwaterfiltra3on
• Linkingtheac3vi3eswithdevelopmentneedstoconnecttothestudentsandtheirorigins
P.U.M.A.:SummerProgramsforHighSchoolStudents• Trenton‐96%minoritypopula3on,65%
eligibleforreducedpricelunchprogram• 20ormorestudents/year
– 100%minority– Over60%female
• 100%ofourTrentonStudentsgraduateHS,and85%goontocollege(2002‐2009)
• Comparewithgradua3onrateofTrentonHSof65%
• Only50%of9thgradersmakeitthrough12thgradetograduate
Studentsengagedincampustoursandlabs
ThestudentsalsohadtheopportunitytovisitPrincetonUniversity,wheretheyweretreatedtolabandcampustoursandhadthechancetotalkwithPrincetonstudentswhowereoncerefugeesthemselves
USAMIpartneredwiththeInternaSonalRescueCommiTeetoofferascienceoutreachprogramforaboutnewly‐arrivedrefugeeyouth
Throughthis6‐weeksummerprogram,JuniorHighandHighSchool‐agedchildrenwhooncelivedinrefugeecampslearnedaboutscienceofwaterfiltra3onandalterna3veenergybydesigningclaywaterfiltersandsolarenergycookers
USAMI‐supportedundergraduateandgraduatestudentsalsoactedasmentors,givinginsightsintotheAmericanhighereduca3onprocessandapplica3onprocedures
The50refugeestudentshailedfromSierraLeone,Liberia,Guinea,Burma,Nepal,TibetandIraq
USAMI-IRC Summer Science Outreach Program
Interna3onalEduca3onalandOutreachPrograms
• Faculty–Lou(Rice),Bhalerao(UIUC),Allameh(Kentucky)
• Graduateprograms– Uganda(Obwoya),Nigeria
(Oparinde)– USA(Bly,Thomas,Okwo,
Agonafer)• Undergraduateprograms(solar,
housing,water)– Kenya(Sud,Davis,
Rogers,Vocaturo,NancyRubensteinandDanRubenstein)
– Tanzania(Sud,Davis,Cohen,Li,Vocaturo,Tesha)
– Ethiopia(Lape3no,Asfaw)– Brazil(Sud,Huang,Ghavamiand
Savastano)
Middle/HighSchoolPrograms
• BioMEMSModules– TrentonHighSchool/PUMAProgram(Grades8‐12)
• SolarCookerModules– PrincetonProgramforMinorityHighSchoolStudents(Grades8‐12)
– LeikijiandMpalaSchoolsinKenya(GradesK‐8)– AangSerianCommunitySchoolinMonduliJuinTanzania(Grades8‐12)
• MaterialsScienceProgram– MiddlesexHighSchool(Grades8‐12)
EngagementofUSStudentsinUS/AfricaWorkshopsandNetworks
• OrganizedUS/AfricaworkshopsinSanDiego,PuertoRico,Cairo,CapeTown,Dar‐es‐Salaam,Abuja
• Developinglinkagesbetweenthematerials,manufacturingandmodelingcommuni3es
• Mostofthestudentsdeveloplinkagesbeyondtheworkshopse.g.AfricaMaterialsNetwork
• Goodwaytoiden3fyandrecruitfuturefacultymemberse.g.RodPriestley
• Specialprogramsmaybeneededtomaketheseworke.g.post‐docgapyearbeforestar3ngposi3ons
OutcomesofOutreachandEduca3onalModules
• MostofthestudentsengagedinthePUMAprogramshavegoneontocollege
• Somearepursuingprogramsinscienceandmath• TheundergraduateREUstudentshaveeithergonetograduateschoolormedicalschool
• Therearesomemajorsuccessstories– SenayetAgonafer(DukeUniversityMD/MBA/PhD)– KemeshaDelisser(Physician‐MountSinaiMedicalCenter)
– AnthonyTurner(Merck)
ConcludingRemarks
• Thistalkpresentsanoverviewofmypersonalexperiencesineduca3onandoutreachtominori3es
• Ihavetriedtocrystallizeoutthethingsthatworkedandthethingsthatdidnotwork
• Thekeysappeartobeworkingwithinstructuredprogramsorworkingdirectlywithindividualstudentsforenough3metomakeadifference
• Thestructuredprogramsrequireintegratedteams–teachers,coordinators,undergraduate/graduatestudentsandfaculty+integra3onwithresearchanddevelopment
• Theunstructuredprogramsrequirealongtermcommitmentandaaen3ontospecialneedsofstudents
• Integratedna3onal/interna3onaleffortneededtoachievethedesiredoverallimpactthatiscri3caltothefuturesuccessoftheU.S.inscienceandtechnology