Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status of the ... · on the North American continent...

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Diversity, Distribution, and ConservationStatus of the Native Freshwater Fishesof the Southern United StatesBy Melvin L. Warren, Jr., Brooks M. Burr, Stephen J. Walsh, Henry L. Bart, Jr., Robert C.Cashner, David A. Etnier, Byron J. Freeman, Bernard R. Kuhajda, Richard L. Mayden,Henry W. Robison, Stephen T. Ross, and Wayne C. Starnes

ABSTRACTThe Southeastern Fishes Council Technical Advisory Committee reviewed the diversity, distribution,and status of all native freshwater and diadromous fishes across 51 major drainage units of the southernUnited States. The southern United States supports more native fishes than any area of comparable sizeon the North American continent north of Mexico, but also has a high proportion of its fishes in need ofconservation action. The review included 662 native freshwater and diadromous fishes and 24 marinefishes that are significant components of freshwater ecosystems. Of this total, 560 described, freshwaterfish species are documented, and 49 undescribed species are included provisionally pending formaldescription. Described subspecies (86) are recognized within 43 species, 6 fishes have undescribed sub-species, and 9 others are recognized as complexes of undescribed taxa. Extinct, endangered, threatened,or vulnerable status is recognized for 28% (187 taxa) of southern freshwater and diadromous fishes. Todate, 3 southern fishes are known to be extinct throughout their ranges, 2 are extirpated from the studyregion, and 2 others may be extinct. Of the extant southern fishes, 41 (6%) are regarded as endangered,46 (7%) are regarded as threatened, and 101 (15%) are regarded as vulnerable. Five marine fishes thatfrequent fresh water are regarded as vulnerable. Our assessment represents a 75% increase in jeopar-dized southern fishes since 1989 and a 125% increase in 20 years. The trend for fishes in the southernUnited States is clear; jeopardized fishes are successively being moved from the vulnerable category tothat of imminent threat of extinction.

he southern United States has the richest fishdiversity and highest number of endemic fishesin North America north of Mexico (Burr andMayden 1992; Warren et al. 1997). Unfortunately,

this region also has a high proportion of its fish faunathreatened with extinction, a situation paralleled only inthe arid western United States (Minckley and Deacon1991; Warren and Burr 1994). Despite more than 150 yearsof research on southern fishes, scientific accounting of theecology and taxonomy of this rich, complex fauna stillcontinues. Over three dozen new southern fishes havebeen discovered, and many of these scientificallydescribed, since publication of the last American FisheriesSociety (AFS) conservation assessment (Williams et al.1989) and AFS list of common and scientific names of fish-es (Robins et al. 1991). Often, newly discovered fish taxaare on the brink of extinction (e.g., Williams and Clemmer1991; Boschung et al. 1992; Warren et al. 1994), and thelack of critical information on their habitats and life histo-ries precludes informed recovery efforts.

The Southeastern Fishes Council (SFC), modeled afterthe Desert Fishes Council (Pister 1991), is an organizationof fisheries professionals dedicated to the conservation of

October 2000

fishes in the southern United States. The Council recognizeda need to provide up-to-date taxonomic, distributional,and conservation information on southern U.S. fishes dueto two factors related to dissemination of science-basedinformation. First, research on taxonomy, distribution, andstatus of fishes, whether involving descriptions of newtaxa, the backlog of undescribed taxa, or distributionalsurveys, is not usually readily available nor consulted andunderstood by the public, natural resource managers, orpolicy makers. In the southern states, this communicationlapse is exacerbated by the sheer number of native fishes,the rapidity of taxonomic discovery, the backlog of taxaawaiting formal description or additional analysis, and thegrowing numbers of jeopardized fishes. Second, the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) discontinued the desig-nation of Category 2 species as candidates for listingunder the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended(USFWS 1996). The USFWS emphasized, however, thatinformation derived from “States, and other private andpublic interests” would be sought on species in need ofprotection and these information sources would serve as“the pool from which future candidates for listing” aredrawn (USFWS 1996). To bridge the information gap from

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H C O N S E R V A T I O N

scientific discovery to management and policy, the SFCsought to provide in summary form the best available sci-ence-based information on the diversity, distribution, andstatus of southern fishes. In 1997, the SFC Technical Advi-sory Committee was charged with reviewing the southernfish fauna. Acting upon that charge, the Technical Adviso-ry Committee compiled available data on southern U.S.fishes and is responsible for the resulting conclusions. TheSFC views dissemination of this information as critical tothe management, integrity, and ultimate survival of thesouthern U.S. fish fauna.

The AFS has provided a leadership forum for the devel-opment and communication of professionally derived con-servation status designations for North American fishes(Deacon et al. 1979; Williams et al. 1989), freshwater mus-sels (Williams et al. 1993), and crayfishes (Taylor et al.1996). Using the AFS efforts as a template, our purposesare to assess potential and realized diversity of southernfishes, to provide distributions of fishes within majorsouthern hydrologic units, and to assign conservation sta-tus to all native fishes of the southern United States.

Imperilment: patterns, causes,and challenges

Decline of native fishes in the southern United Statesgenerally is attributable to pervasive, complex habitatdegradation across the landscape that both reduces andfragments ranges and increases isolation of fish populations(Angermeier 1995; Warren et al. 1997). Human-inducedimpacts to southern aquatic systems are similar to thoserepeatedly cited for fish declines or losses across the Unit-ed States and worldwide (Moyle and Leidy 1992; Stiassny1996; Richter et al. 1997). Physical habitat alteration in theform of channelization, impoundment, sedimentation, andflow modification are frequently associated with speciesdeclines and continue to threaten southern fishes (Walsh etal. 1995; Etnier 1997; Burkhead et al. 1997). Because somany southern fishes are geographically restricted andisolated endemics (Burr and Mayden 1992; Warren andBurr 1994), many are vulnerable to extirpation from evenvery localized degradation of aquatic habitats (Burkheadet al. 1997). Other fishes occur in several major riverdrainages but have been reduced in distribution to thepoint that their ranges are fragmented and existing popu-lations have no avenues for dispersal.

Recent analyses of extirpated and imperiled southernfishes have highlighted specific ecological attributes andhabitat affinities that are associated disproportionatelywith imperilment. Specialization for benthic habitats, espe-cially prominent among darters and madtom catfishes,spring habitats, small to medium-size river habitats, andanadromy are associated consistently with disproportion-ate imperilment and extirpation (Angermeier 1995; Etnier1997; Warren et al. 1997). Benthic habitats are predictablyaffected first by long-term, cumulative impacts on aquaticsystems. Springs in the southern United States have under-gone dramatic human-induced alterations for water with-drawals or have been inundated by artificial impoundment

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(Bowles and Arsuffi 1993; Etnier 1997). Small to medium-size rivers of the region have been dammed and channel-ized extensively (Soballe et al. 1992), are subjected to urbansprawl (Burkhead et al. 1997), and/or are recipients ofpoint (e.g., Fenholloway River, FL; Gilbert 1992) and non-point source pollutants (e.g., Etowah River, GA; Burkheadet al. 1997). Nearly all large rivers in the southern UnitedStates are dammed (Dynesius and Nilsson 1994) and exist-ing large river dams and associated flow alterations havereduced or precluded spawning runs of many anadro-mous species (Angermeier 1995; Burkhead et al. 1997).Importantly, we emphasize that imperilment is not con-strained to a particular taxonomic group of southern fishesnor a particular river basin. Research clearly has shownthat population decline and range shrinkage are wide-spread across taxonomic groups of fishes and among riverbasins in the region (Angermeier 1995; Warren et al. 1997).

Rapid population growth and concomitant increases inconsumption of natural resources in the southern UnitedStates are the greatest challenges to aquatic resource man-agement and dictate what we can do now and what wewill be able to do in the future to conserve southern fishes(Noss and Peters 1995; Folkerts 1997; Cordell et al. 1998).Southern aquatic biota face multiple threats as develop-ment of land and water resources continues to accelerateto accommodate population growth of 84% from 1950 to1990. Most of this growth occurred in the last 20 years(Cordell et al. 1998; Wear et al. 1998). Population growth isthe underlying cause for efforts to build more dams (e.g.,Locust Fork of Black Warrior River, AL), for continuousproposals for channel maintenance dredging (e.g., WhiteRiver, AR), for major interbasin transfers of water for met-ropolitan areas (e.g., Mobile basin to Apalachicola-chatta-hoochee River, AL, FL, GA), for over-pumping of majoraquifers that feed vital and diverse aquatic habitats (e.g.,Edwards Aquifer, TX; Bowles and Arsuffi 1993), and fordiminishment of once-rich, biologically productive riverdeltas (e.g., Mobile Delta, AL; Finch 1998). A nationalassessment of risk to ecosystems classified eight southernstates in the “extreme risk” category (Alabama, Florida,Georgia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, andVirginia) and two others in the “high risk” category (Mis-sissippi and Louisiana) because of high developmentalpressure, numbers of imperiled species (including fishesand freshwater mussels), and already endangered ecosys-tems (Noss and Peters 1995).

Land ownership patterns further confound fish conser-vation management in the southern United States. Forexample, predominantly forested watersheds support mostof the biologically significant streams and rivers in theregion but only 11% of the 212 million acres of forested landin the region is in public ownership (e.g., national parksand national forests) (Southern Research Station 1997).Most forested watersheds in public ownership are at highelevations with relatively limited fish diversity. As a result,and unlike the western United States, most jeopardizedfishes in the southern United States are not affordedprotection through federal ownership of the waters they

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inhabit (Neves et al. 1997; Master et al. 1998). Nearly 70%of forested land in the region is held by nonindustrial pri-vate landowners in small parcels of one to several hun-dred acres (Southern Research Station 1997). These own-ers, many of whom are absentee owners, are diverse intheir knowledge and attitudes towards the environmentand their reasons for land ownership (Cordell et al. 1998).We believe these landowners and their urban counterpartsmust be involved and empowered to participate in theprotection and restoration of southern aquatic resources,because it is in everyone’s long-term interest. Recent syn-theses on aquatic resources make it clear that the southernUnited States faces major challenges in conserving notonly native fishes, but the entire, richly diverse system ofstreams, rivers, and wetlands of the region (Lydeard andMayden 1995; Benz and Collins 1997; Master et al. 1998).

Methods and definitionsWe included all native freshwater fishes (and selected

diadromous and marine fishes) in major rivers of thesouthern United States. The area of coverage included allof Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky,Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,Tennessee, and Virginia, as well as the Delmarva Peninsu-la of Delaware and Maryland, southern West Virginia,

southern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, eastern Oklaho-ma, and the Gulf Slope rivers of Texas, exclusive of the RioGrande drainage (Table 1; Figure 1). We divided the regioninto 51 hydrologic units delimited by fish fauna1 similarityanalyses (Burr and Warren 1986; Conner and Suttkus 1986;Cross et al. 1986; Hocutt et al. 1986; Swift et al. 1986;Matthews and Robison 1988; Warren et al. 1991; Warren etal. 1997), historical biogeography (Mayden 1988), drainageproximity and interconnectivity and drainage into a com-mon lake, sound, or bay (e.g., Chesapeake Bay, units 1 and2; Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, units 3 and 4; LakePontchartrain, unit 21).

We recognized all fish species and subspecies, andmany known, but undescribed, fishes that occur oroccurred in the region. We generally included species list-ed by Robins et al. (1991), Mayden et al. (1992), andStarnes (in press) and added fish taxa that have beendescribed or resurrected from synonymy in subsequentpublications. We also included many undescribed fish spe-cies (or subspecies) if they have been described or distin-guished in an unpublished dissertation or published work,or for which an abstract was available that indicated therewas substantial evidence of taxonomic distinctiveness.Our inclusion of undescribed taxa was provisional and inthe spirit of tallying potential diversity. Our acceptance of

Figure 1. Drainage units (l-52) for the southern United States used to document distributional status of fishes. Drainage unit numbers refer-ence Table 1. Drainage map courtesy of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.

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these taxa as valid awaits peer review and publication offormal taxonomic descriptions. We differentiated amongsubspecies for many southern fishes in the list and consid-ered the category of subspecies as indicative of a potentialneed for further taxonomic evaluation. We did not treatsubspecies within the family Centrarchidae because trans-plants and introductions have obscured native distribu-tions for some members of this family (e.g., bluegill, Lep-omis macrochirus, Avise and Smith 1974; largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides, Philipp et al. 1983) or because puta-tive polytypic species are known but poorly defined geo-graphically (e.g., longear sunfish, Lepomis megulotis, Bauer1980). In a few cases, we designated a species as a complexif there was evidence that it actually is comprised of twoor more forms, but taxonomic analysis was too incompleteto designate geographic ranges (e.g., Carpiodes spp. in Met-tee et al. 1996:329331 and Jenkins and Burkhead1994:469). We delimited contact zones (i.e., areas of sus-pected intergradation or hybridization) (Wiley 1981) formany fishes. For these cases, we separated scientific namesof the parental taxa with an “x” (e.g., taxon A x taxon B)and indicated drainage units of occurrence but did notassign conservation status.

We based the presence or absence and native versusnonindigenous status of fishes within a particular drain-age primarily on published literature. The works of Leeet al. (1980) and Hocutt and Wiley (1986), which formedthe framework for the distributional assignments, wereupdated from distributions presented in Page and Burr(1991), Warren et al. (1997), Fuller et al. (1999), and statefish books or checklists (Burr and Warren 1986, KY;Robison and Buchanan 1988, AR; Menhinick 1991, NC;Hubbs et al. 1991, TX; Etnier and Starnes 1993, TN; Jenk-ins and Burkhead 1994, VA; Stauffer et al. 1995, WV;Mettee et al. 1996, AL; Pflieger 1997, MO; Ross in press,MS). Distributions were further augmented with unpub-lished but verified recent records provided by committeemembers or other fishery professionals. These recordsare housed in research collections listed by Walsh andMeador (1998).

All diadromous fishes that regularly use freshwaterhabitats in southern U.S. waters also were included in thelist of taxa. A moderate number of euryhaline, predomi-nately nearshore marine species also commonly entercoastal rivers of the study region. We have included in ourlist a select number of primarily marine or brackish waterspecies that are known or suspected to spawn in freshwater, those that commonly penetrate far inland, and/orthose that are frequently common or abundant in freshwa-ter habitats on a regular basis (e.g., Atlantic needlefish,Strongylura marina; Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina; bayanchovy, Anchoa mitchilli; hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus;certain species of Gobiidae). However, we excluded a largenumber of species that are rare in freshwater habitats orthat are generally limited to estuaries or the extremedownstream portions of rivers in their occurrence at thesaltwater-freshwater boundary. The families and approxi-mate number of species (in parentheses) represented by

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infrequent marine invaders of southern U.S. fresh watersthat we excluded from the list are: Ariidae (2); Atherinop-sidae (1); Bothidae (2); Carangidae (1); Carcharhinidae (1);Centropomidae (4); Clupeidae (4); Elopidae (2); Gerreidae(3-5); Gobiidae (4), Haemulidae (1); Lutjanidae (1); Mugili-dae (1); Sciaenidae (5); and, Sparidae (2). We recognizedconservation status for some of the euryhaline, diadro-mous, or primarily marine species included in the list oftaxa, in part, on the basis of Huntsman (1994); conserva-tion status applies only to populations in the continentalwaters of the southern United States. Additional scientificstudy is needed to better document distributions and ecol-ogy of euryhaline and marine species in freshwater habi-tats of the region and to assess conservation status of non-exploited nearshore species.

List of taxaFish species and subspecies of the southern United

States are arranged alphabetically by family, by genuswithin a family, and by species and subspecies within agenus. For each fish, the list includes the scientific name,the author(s) who originally described the taxon, the com-mon name, the status in bold letters, and the historicnative distribution referenced by drainage unit number(Table 1; Figure 1). Marine fishes that spawn, have residentpopulations, or frequently occur in freshwater are indicat-ed by “M.” Diadromous fishes are indicated by “D.” Fourother categories are indicated for the distribution of eachtaxon within drainage units: native with reservation(drainage number followed by a question mark); native orintroduced status uncertain (number in brackets); intro-duced (number in parentheses); and introduced but estab-lishment uncertain (number in parentheses followed by aquestion mark). Common names generally follow Robinset al. (1991) except in the case of subspecies and unde-scribed taxa that are not treated in Robins et al. (1991), orthose cases where changes are proposed or anticipated forthe next edition of List of Common and Scientific Names ofFishesfrom the United States and Canada. We were awarethat the genitive endings of some patronyms will be modi-fied from one “i” to double “i” (e.g., Micropterus treculi toM. treculii) in the next list but presented here the endingsused by Robins et al. (1991). We have provided a detailedexplanation for all variances from Robins et al. (1991), inthe Fisheries section of the AFS World Wide Web site,<www.fisheries.org>.

Conservation status of each taxon within the regionwas judged from the best information available to the SFCTechnical Advisory Committee. Conservation status cate-gories generally follow those in recent AFS evaluations(Williams et al. 1989; Williams et al. 1993; Taylor et al.1996), except we used vulnerable, rather than of special con-cern, for reasons discussed by Musick (1999). Definitionsare: endangered (E)-a species or subspecies in danger ofextinction throughout all or a significant portion of itsrange; threatened (T)-a species or subspecies likely tobecome endangered throughout all or a significant portionof its range; vulnerable (V)-a species or subspecies that

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may become endangered or threatened by relatively minordisturbances to its habitat or that deserves careful moni-toring of its distribution and abundance in continentalwaters of the United States to determine its status; current-/y stable (CS)--a species or subspecies whose distributionis widespread and stable or a species or subspecies thatmay have declined in portions of its range but is not inneed of immediate conservation management actions. Spe-cies with an “X” in the status category are regarded asextinct throughout their range; those with an “XS” areconsidered extinct within the study area.

Achiridae-American solesTrinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider). hogchoker (M).

cs. l-15,17-21,34,4547,49,51.

Acipenseridae-sturgeonsAcipenser brevirostrum Lesueur. shortnose sturgeon (D). E.

1, 3-11, 34.Acipenserfulvescens Rafinesque. lake sturgeon. T. 16,25-28,

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33,35-37,39,43.Acipenser oxyr inchus desotoi Vladykov. Gulf sturgeon (D). T.

12%X,23,25?.12%X,23,25?.Acipenser oxyr inchus oxyr inchus Mitchi l l . At lant ic s turgeonAcipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinckus Mitchill. Atlantic sturgeon

(I)). V. l-5,6?, 7-11,34.(I)). V. l-5,6?, 7-11,34.Scapkirkynckus albus (Forbes & Richardson). pallid stur-Scapkirkynckus albus (Forbes & Richardson). pallid stur-

geon. E. 23, 25, 35, 39.geon. E. 23, 25, 35, 39.Scapkirkynckus platoynckus (Rafinesque). shovelnose stu-Scapkirkynckus platoynckus (Rafinesque). shovelnose stu-

gem. CS. 25-27,31,33,35-37,3945.gem. CS. 25-27,31,33,35-37,3945.Scapkirkynckus suttkusi W i l l i a m s & Clemmer. AlabamaScapkirkynckus suttkusi W i l l i a m s & Clemmer. Alabama

sturgeon. E. 16-18

Amblyopsidae-cavefishesAmblyopsis rwze (Eigenmann). Ozark cavefish. T. 36,40, 42.Amblyopsis spelaea DeKay. northern cavefish. T. 29, 30.Ckologaster cornuta Agassiz. swampfish. CS. (Z), 3-10.Forbesicktkys agassizi (Putnam). spring cavefish. CS. 26, 28,

29, 39.Speopfatyrkinus poulsoni Cooper & Kuehne. Alabama cave-

fish. E. 26.

vol. 25. NO. III


Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard. southern cavefish. V. 16,26,28, 29, 36,40,42.

Amiidae-bowfinsAmia calva Linnaeus. bowfin. CS. l-29, (30-32), 33-35,3949.

Anguillidae-freshwater eelsAnguilla rostrata (Lesueur). American eel (D). CS. 1-51.

Aphredoderidae-pirate perchesAphredoderus sayanus gibbosus Lesueur. western pirate

perch. CS. 20-26,28-30,33,3941,4349.Aphredoderus sayanus gibbosus x A. s. sayanus. 10-19.Aphredoderus sayanus sayanus (Gilliams). eastern pirate

perch. CS. l-9,34.

Aplocheilidae-rivulinsRivulus marmoratus Poey. mangrove rivulus. V. 12.

Atherinopsidae-New World silversidesLabidesthes sicculus (Cope). brook silverside. CS. (l?), (6),

7-33,3547.Menidia beryllina (Cope). inland silverside. CS. l-15,17,

19-26, 28,34, (36?), 3941,43-51.Menidia extensa Hubbs & Raney. Waccamaw silverside. T. 6.

Belonidae-needlefishesStroqylura marina (Walbaum). Atlantic needlefish (M). CS.

l-22,25, (26?), 34,45-51.

Catostomidae-suckersCarpiodes carpio (Rafinesque). river carpsucker. CS. 22-33,

35-51.Carpiodes cyprinus complex. quillbacks. CS. l-3,6,7,9,10,

14.41,43,44.Carpiodes velifer complex. highfin carpsuckers. CS. 5-7,9,

10,15-23,25-31,33,3543.Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede). white sucker. CS. l-5,

7, (14), [16], 24-38,40,42.Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur). blue sucker. V. 23-33,35,36,

38.44,46-51.Cycleptus meridionalis Burr & Mayden. southeastern blue

sucker. V. 16-20.Erimyzon oblongus claviformis (Girard). western creek chub-

sucker. CS. 14,16-24,26,28-30,3848.Erimyzon oblongus claviformis x E. o. oblongus. 10.Erimyzon oblongus oblongus (Mitchill). eastern creek chub-

sucker. CS. l-9,34.Erimyzon sucetta (Lacepede). lake chubsucker. CS. 3-24,26,

29,33,3841,4348,49?, 50.Erimyzon tenuis (Agassiz). sharpfin chubsucker. CS. 15-21.Hypentelium etowanum (Jordan). Alabama hog sucker. CS.

14,16-18, (27).Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur). northern hog sucker. CS.

14,6, 7,9, 10, 14, [16], 1943.Hypentelium roanokense Raney & Lachner. Roanoke hog

sucker. CS. 3.Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque). smallmouth buffalo. CS. (4?),

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(6, 7), 16-33,35-51.Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes). bigmouth buffalo. CS.

(6,7), (17?), [19], 21,23-31,33,3545,46?.Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque). black buffalo. CS. 23-30,32,33,

3546,49.Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). spotted sucker. CS. 5-11,

13-24,26-33,3648,49?.Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque). silver redhorse. CS.

25-33,354O.Moxostoma carinatum (Cope). river redhorse. CS. 15-20,

25?, 26-33,3544.Moxostoma collapsum (Cope). v-lip redhorse. CS. 3-7,9,10.Moxostoma duquesnei (Lesueur). black redhorse. CS. [7],

16-18,26-33,3544.Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesque). golden redhorse. CS.

(l), 2,3, 16-18,22-24,26-33,3544.Moxostoma sp. cf. erythrurum. Carolina redhorse. E. 5,6.Moxostoma lacerum (Jordan & Brayton). harelip sucker. X.

26-28,30,40.Moxostoma macrolepidotum breviceps (Cope). shorthead red-

horse. CS. 26-33.Moxostoma macrolepidotum macrolepidotum (Lesueur). north-

ern redhorse. CS. l-7,34.Moxostoma macrolepidotum macrolepidotum x M. m.

piso labrum. 37,38.Moxostoma macrolepidotum pisolabrum Trautman & Martin.

pealip redhorse. CS. 25,35,36,3842.Moxostoma sp. cf. macrolepidotum. sicklefin redhorse. T. 27.Moxostoma pappillosum (Cope). slender redhorse. CS. 3-7.Moxostoma poecilurum Jordan. blacktail redhorse. CS.

15-24,43,44.Moxostoma sp. cf. poecilurum. Apalachicola redhorse. CS. 14.Moxostoma robustum (Cope). robust redhorse. E. 6,7,9,10.Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan. greater redhorse. XS. 33.Scartomyzon ariommus (Robins & Raney). bigeye jumprock.

cs. 3.Scartomyzon cervinus (Cope). black jumprock. CS. (2), 3,4, (32).Scartomyzon congestus (Baird & Girard). gray redhorse. CS.

48-51.Scartomyzon Zachneri (Robins & Raney). greater jumprock.

CS. 14, (16?).Scartomyzon sp. cf. Zachneri. brassy jumprock. CS. 5-7,9, 10.Scartomyzon rupiscartes (Jordan & Jenkins). striped jump-

rock. CS. (6), 7-10,14.Thoburnia atripinnis (Bailey). blackfin sucker. V. 29.Thoburnia hamiltoni Raney & Lachner. rustyside sucker. V. 3.Thoburnia rhothoeca (Thoburn). torrent sucker. CS. l-3, [32].

Centrarchidae-sunfishesAcantharchus pomotis (Baird). mud sunfish. CS. l-11,13,34.Ambloplites ariommus Viosca. shadow bass. CS. 14-22,

3944.Ambloplites cavifrons Cope. Roanoke bass. V. 3,4, (5?).Ambloplites constellatus Cashner & Suttkus. Ozark bass. CS.

(36?), 40, (42?).Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). rock bass. CS. (l-3), (6,7),

(9), 26-33, (34), (36,37), 38, (42), 49,50.Centrarchus macropterus (Lacepede). flier. CS. l-26,28,29,

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:33,3941,4343.Enneacanthus chaetodon (Baird). blackbanded sunfish. V.

:3-13,34.Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook). bluespotted sunfish.

CS. l-15,17-19, (23), 34.Enneacanthus obesus (Girard). banded sunfish. CS. l-15,34.Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus). redbreast sunfish. CS. l-15,

1161, (18), (24), (26-32), 34, (40,41), (43-51).Lepomis cyanelks Rafinesque. green sunfish. CS. (l-7), (9, lo),

(14), 15-33, (34), 35-51.Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus). pumpkinseed. CS. l-9, (27),

(31), 32,33,]341, (38).Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier). warmouth. CS. (1), [2], 3-33, (34),

35,36,38-51.Lepomis humilis (Girard). orangespotted sunfish. CS. (14),

l630,33,35-49.Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque. bluegill. CS. (l-4), 5-33,

(34), 3551.Lepomis marginatus (Holbrook). dollar sunfish. CS. 4-15,

:17-24,26, 3941,4348.Lepomis megalotis complex. longear sunfishes. CS. (l), [lo],

1433,35-51.Lepomis microlophus complex. redear sunfishes. CS. (l-8),

9-24,26-29, (30,31), 33, (36?), (37?), 38-51.Lepomis miniatus Jordan. redspotted sunfish. CS. 16-24,26,

28,29,3941,43-51.Lepomis miniatus x L . punctatus . 14-16,27.Lepomis punctatus (Valenciennes). spotted sunfish. CS.

5-13.Lepomis symmetricus Forbes. bantam sunfish. CS. 19-24,

3941,4349.Micropterus cataractae Williams & Burgess. shoal bass. V.

(lo), 14.Micropterus coosae Hubbs & Bailey. redeye bass. CS. [7], 9,

10,14,16-18, (27,28), (40?).Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. smallmouth bass. CS. (l-1),

(6, 7), [9], [lo], (14?), (16), (18), 25-33, (34), 3544, (4850).Micropterus notius Bailey & Hubbs. Suwannee bass. V. 13.Micropterus punctuZatus (Rafinesque). spotted bass. CS.

(l-3), (5), (6?), (7?), (9, lo), (14), 15-33, (35-38), 3949.Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). largemouth bass. CS.

(l-3), 4-33, (34), 35-51.Micropterus treculi (Vaillant & Bocourt). Guadalupe bass. V.

48-50, (51).Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. white crappie. CS. (l-7), (9, lo),

(14,15), 1633, (34), 35-51.Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur). black crappie. CS. (1,2),

3-33, (34), 35-44, [45], 4648, (49-51).

Characidae-characinsAstyanax mexicanus (Filippi). Mexican tetra. CS. (42), (44),

(47-50), 51.

Clupeidae-herringsAZosa aestivalis (Mitchill). blueback herring (D). CS. l-11,

(27), 34, (44?).AZosa alabamae Jordan & Evermann. Alabama shad (D). V.

13-21,25-28,33,36-38,4144.

14 Fisheries

AZosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque). skipjack herring. CS.13-33,35,36,3849.

AZosa mediocris (Mitchill). hickory shad (D). CS. l-11,34.AZosa pseudoharengus (Wilson). alewife (D). CS. l-6, 10, (27,

28), (32,33), 34.AZosa sapidissima (Wilson). American shad (D). CS. l-11,34.Dovosomu cepedianum (Lesueur). gizzard shad. CS. l-51.Dorosoma petenense (Gunther). threadfin shad. CS. (l-11),

12-15, (16), 17-26, (27), 28,29, (30-32), (34), (36), 3941,(42), 43-51.

Cottidae-sculpinsCottus baileyi Robins. black sculpin. CS. 27.Cottus bairdi buirdi Girard. mottled sculpin. CS. 26-28,

30-32,36-38,40.Cottus buirdi ssp. 1. smoky sculpin. CS. 7,9,14,16,27.Cottus sp. cf. bairdi 1. Blueridge sculpin. CS. l-3,34.Cottus sp. cf. bairdi 2. Tallapoosa sculpin. CS. 16.Cottus carolinue carolinae (Gill). banded sculpin. CS. 26-30,

3640,42.Cottus carolinae complex 1. fall-line sculpins. CS. [14],

16-18.Cottus carolinae complex 2. grotto sculpins. V. 39Cottus carolinae infernatis Williams & Robins. Alabama

banded sculpin. CS. 16-18.Cottus curolinae zopherus (Jordan). Coosa banded sculpin.

CS. 16.Cottus sp. cf. curolinue. Kanawha sculpin. CS. 32.Cottus girurdi Robins. Potomac sculpin. CS. 1,2.Cottus hypselurus Robins & Robison. Ozark sculpin. CS.

36-38,40.Cottus paulus Williams. pygmy sculpin. E. 1.6.Cottus sp. cf. broadband sculpin 1. Bluestone sculpin. V 32.Cottus sp. cf. broadband sculpin 2. Clinch sculpin. V. 27.Cottus sp. cf. broadband sculpin 3. Holston sculpin. V 27.Cottus sp. cf. cognatus. checkered sculpin. CS. 1.

Cyprinidae-carps and minnowsCampostoma anomalum unomalum (Rafinesque). central

stoneroller. CS. l-3, [6], 7,9,27,28,30-33.Campostomu unomulum pullurn (Agassiz). Mississippi

stoneroller. CS. 22-25,3544,47-51.Campostoma oligolepis Hubbs & Greene. largescale

stoneroller. CS. (15), X-18,26-29,3540,42.Campostoma oligolepis x C. paucirudi i . 16 .Campostomu pauciradii Burr & Cashner. bluefin stoneroller.

CS. 10,14,16,27?.Clinostomus elongatus (Kirtland). redside date. CS. 30,31.Clinostomus jimduloides ester (Jordan & Brayton). highland

date. CS. 26-28.Clinostomusfunduloides ester x C. jI ssp. 27.CZinostomus jimduloides ssp. smoky date. V. 9,27.Clinostomusfunduloidesfunduloides Girard. rosyside date.

CS. l-7,9,31,32,34.CyprineZZa unalostuna Girard. satinfin shiner. CS. l-6,34.CypvineZZa caeruleu (Jordan). blue shiner. E. 16,17.CyprineZZu cullisema (Jordan). Ocmulgee shiner. CS. 10.CyprineZZa callistia (Jordan). Alabama shiner. CS. 16-18.

Vol. 25, No. 10

CONSERVATION

c:,...;s 7. i,<‘i,i ,<1 \ <0.1 ,n, <a,, o,, t,,‘, <WL,,‘l It /,‘I, 1c A)[‘? 11: t-,,ie oluioe species complex, is found only in haves of Perv Counhi. MIS-gr,,,: thi of aqu;rt,c vegetation, the banded sunf19~ (tnneoconfhui sow where it shows reductions in pigmentation, eye size, andoberus) IS a popular ornamental fish in the Unlted States and pelvic fin-ray number. These cave populations are extremely sensitiveEurope. to groundwater pollution.

Cyprinelln callitnenin (Bailey &Gibbs). blueshipe shiner. V. Cyprinella trickroistia (Jordan & Gilbert). tricolor shiner. CS.14. 16-18.

Cyprinefla camum (Jordan &Meek). bluntface shiner. CS. Cyprinella venustn cercostigmn (Cope). southeastern black-20, 22-26, 41, 42. tail shiner. CS. [lo], 13-21.

Cyprinelfa ckforistin (Jordan & Brayton). greenfin shiner. Cyprinella venustn cercostigmn x C. u. stigmatura. 16, 17.c s . 7 . Cyprinella venustn stigmatura (Jordan). Mobile blacktail

Cyprinellu gala&m (Cope). whitetail shiner. CS. 7, 9, 26228, shiner. CS. 16-18, (26).(31, 32), 39,40. Cyprinella uenustn uenusta Girard. Mississippi blacktail

Cyprinel la gibbsi (Howell & Wi l l i ams) . Tallapoosa s h i n e r . shiner. CS. 23-25,33, (36), 39-I1,43-51.CS. [14],16. Cyprinella rukippki Girard. steelcolor shiner. CS. l&22-33,

Cyprindla ieedsi (Fowler). bannerfin shiner. CS. 8-10,13. 38-44.Cyprinella @ida Girard. plateau shiner. V. 50?,51. Cyprinelln xaenwa (Jordan). Altamaha shiner. V. 10.Cyprinelln sp. cf. @ida. Nueces shiner. V. 51. Cyprindla znnrma (Jordan & Brayton). Sante chub. CS. 5-7.Cyprinella labrosa (Cope). thicklip chub. CS. 6, 7. Diondu nigrotaeniata (Cope). Guadalupe roundnose min-CyprinelIa lutrensis (Baird & Girard). red shiner. CS. (3), (6), now. cs. 49,50.

(14), (16),(X3?), 22-25, (26), 29,33,35-51. Dionda sewna Girard. Nueces roundnose minnow. CS. 51.CyprinelZa niocn (Cope). whitefin shiner. CS. 4-9. Erimonax monncka (Cope). spotfin chub. E. 26,27.Cyprinelln pyrrkomelns (Cope). fieryblack shiner. CS. 6,7, [9]. Eriymba buccata Cope. silverjaw minnow. CS. 1, [lo],Cyprinella spiloptrra (Cope). spotfin shiner. CS. 1, (3), 25-35, l&20,22,28-33,38, (39?), (40?).

37, 38,40,42. Erimystnx cakni (Hubbs & Crowe). slender chub. E. 27.


CONSERVATION

Erimystux dissimilis (Kirtland). streamline chub. CS. 26-32.Erimystax harryi (Hubbs & Crow). Ozark chub. V. 39,40.Erimystaw insignis eristigma (Hubbs & Crave). mountain

blotched chub. CS. 27.Erimystaw ins;@ eristigma x E. i . insignis . 27.Erimystax insignis insignis (Hubbs &Crow). blotched

chub. CS. 26,7.8.Erimystax x-punctatus x-punctatus (Hubbs & Crow). gravel

chub. CS. 25,29,33,35-38,4043.Exoglossum laurae (Hubbs). tonguetied minnow. CS. 32.

Ewoglossum mawillingua (Lesueur). cutlips minnow. CS. 1-3,(32), 34.

H~mitremia~nmmea (Jordan&Gilbert). flame chub. V. 16,26-28.

Hybognnthus argyritis Girard. western silvery minnow. CS.25,35-38.

Hybognatkus kuyi Jordan. cypress minnow. CS. 15-26,29,3941,4346.

Hybognatkus nuckalis Agassiz. Mississippi silvery minnow.CS. 16-31, 33, 3&41,4348.

Hybognntkus placitus Girard. plains minnow. CS. 25,35,41,42,44,48,49.

Hybognatkus regius Girard. eastern silvery minnow. CS.1-7, 9, 10, 34.

Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque). bigeye chub. CS. 2&33,3842.Hybopsis amnis (Hubbs & Greene). pallid shiner. V. 21-26,

28, 29, 3841,4346, 50.Hybopsis kypsinotus (Cope). highback chub. CS. 6,7.Hybopsis lineapunctata Clemmer & Suttkus. lined chub. V. 16.Hybopsis rubrifrons (Jordan). rosyface chub. CS. 7?, 9, 10.Hybopsis winckelli Girard. clear chub. CS. [13], 16-22.Hybopsis sp. cf. winckelli. coastal chub. CS. 14, 15, 167.Luxilus nlbeolus (Jordan). white shiner. CS. 3-5,32.Luxilus cardinalis (Mayden). cardinal shiner. CS. 41,42.Luxilus cerasinus (Cope). crescent shiner. CS. (2), 3, (4?), (5),

[321.Luwilus chysocepkalus ckysocepkalus Rafinesque. northern

16 Fisheries

striped shiner. CS. 16, 18,25-33,3540,42.Luxilus ckrysocepkalus ckvysocepkalus x L. c. isolcpis. 18,26.Luxilus ckrysocepkalus isolepis (Hubbs & Brown). southern

striped shiner. CS. (15). l&26,41,43,44.Luxilus coccogenis (Cope). warpaint shiner. CS. [7], 9,26,

27, (32?).Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill). common shiner. CS. 1, 2, [32], 34.Lurilus pilsbryi (Fowler). duskystripe shiner. CS. 40.Lxxilus zonatus (Agassir). bleeding shiner. CS. 3540.Luxilus zonistius Jordan. bandfin shiner. CS. 9, 10,14, 16,

(27?).Lytkrurus ardcns (Cope). rosefin shiner. CS. (l), 2,3, (5), 32.Lytkrurus ntrapiculus (Snelson). blacktip shiner. CS. [lo], 14,

15, (16).Lytkrurus bellus alegnotus (Snelson). Warrior shiner. CS. 18.Lytkrurus bellus nlegnotus x L. b. bellus. 18.Lytkrurus bellus bellus (Hay). pretty shiner. CS. 16-1X,26.Lytkrurusfasciolaris (Gilbert). scarletfin shiner. CS. 18,26-31.Lytkrurusfumeus (Evermann). ribbon shiner. CS. 21-26,28,

29, 3949.Lytkrurus lirus (Jordan). mountain shiner. CS. 16,17,26,27.Lytkrurus matutinus (Cope). pinewoods shiner. CS. 4.Lytkrurus roseipinnis (Hay). cherryfin shiner. CS. 17-23.Lytkrurus snelsoni (Robison). Ouachita shiner. V. 44.Lytkrurus umbrntilis cynnocepknlus Copeland. eastern redfin

shiner. CS. 22-26,28-32,3841,4345.Lytkrurus umbratilis cyanocepkalus x L. II. umbratilis. 41.Lytkrurus umbratiiis umbratilis (Girard). western redfin

shiner. CS. 35-37,41,42.

Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard). sturgeon chub. V. 25,35.Macrhybopsis kyostoma (Gilbert). speckled chub. CS. 22-33,

35, 36,37?, 38?, 3944,46,47,49.Macrkybopsis marconis (Jordan & Gilbert). burrhead chub.

cs. 49,50.Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & ET

25, 33,35.in chub. V.

Macrkybopsis sp. cf. uestiuulis 1. Florida chub. V. 15.

vol. 25. NO. 10

CONSERVATION

Macrkybopsis sp. cf. aestivalis 2. Pine Hills chub. CS. 17-21.Macvkybopsis sp. cf. aestivulis 3. fall line chub. V. 16, 17.Mmvkybopsis storeriann (Kirtland). silver chub. CS. 16-33,

35, 36, 38-44.Mnrgariscus margaritrr margarita (Cope). pearl date. V. 1.Nocomis usper Laclmer &Jenkins. redspot chub. CS. 424.Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland). homyhead chub. CS. 30,3&40.Nocomis e&us Lachner &Jenkins. redtail chub. CS. 26,28,

2 9 .Nocomis kptptocephalus befficlrs Girard. Gulf chub. CS. (15),

16-23, 26.Nocomis leptocepkulus inferocularis Lachner &Wiley. Geor-

gian chub. CS. 9,10,14.Nocomis leptocepkalus intemculnris x N. 1 . leptocephalus. 8.Nocomis leptocepkalus leptocephnlus (Girard). bluehead chub.

CS. l-7, (27), 32.Nocomis micropogm (Cope). river chub. CS. 1, 2, (7?), [9],

[16],26&28, 3%32,34.Nocomis plntyvkynchus Lachner & Jenkins. bigmouth chub.

CS. 32.Nocomis raneyi Lachner &Jenkins. bull chub. CS. 24, (5).Notemigonus crysolrucils (Mitchill). golden shiner. CS. l-51.Notropis ulbizonatus Warren & Burr. palezone shiner. E.

26-28.Notropis alborus Hubbs & Raney. whitemouth shiner. CS. 3,

5-7.Notropis nltipinnis (Cope). highfin shiner. CS. 3-7,9.Notropis omnbilis (Girard). Texas shiner. CS. 49-51.Notropis nmmopkilus Suttkus & Boschung. orangefin shiner.

CS. l&18,23,24,26.Notropis amoenus (Abbott ) . comely shiner . CS. l -5 , (6), 34.Notropis ariommrs (Cope). popeye shiner. V. 26-32.Notropis usperifrons Suttkus & Raney. burrhead shiner. CS.

16-18.Notropis atkerinoides Rafinesque. emerald shiner. CS. 16-33,

3546.Notvopis ntrocoudnlis Evermann. blackspot shiner. CS. 44-48.

October Zoo0

Notropis baileyi Suttkus & Raney. rough shiner. CS. (14, 15),16-19,26.

Notropis bairdi Hubbs & Ortenburger. Red River shiner. CS.4 4 .

Notropis bifrPnatus Cope. bridle shiner. V. 14,7,34.Notropis blennius (Girard). river shiner. CS. 22%26,28-33,

35,41,42,44.Notmpis hoops Gilbert. bigeye shiner. CS. 25,26, 28-31, [35],

(37), 3844.Notropis buccula Cross. smalleye shiner. E. 48, (497).Notropis buchanani Meek. ghost shiner. CS. 22, 23,25-33,

35,36, 38-51.Notropis cahnbae Mayden & Kuhajda. Cahaba shiner. E. 17,18.Notvopis candidus Suttkus. silverside shiner. CS. 16-18.Notropis chalybneus (Cope). ironcolor shiner. V. 1-15, 17-20,

34,3941,4346,50.Notropis chili&a (Cope). rrdlip shiner. CS. 3, (5), 6, (7?), (32).Notropis chlorocephalus (Cope). greenhead shiner. CS. 7.Notropis sp, cf. cklorocepkalus. Piedmont shiner. CS. 6, 7.Notropis chrosomus ( Jordan) . rainbow shiner . CS. 16-18,26,27.Nofropis cummingsae Myers. dusky shiner. CS. 4-11, 13-15.Notvopis dorsalis (Age&). bigmouth shiner. CS. 24,25,35,38.Notropis edwavdraneyi Suttkus & Clemmer. fluvial shiner.

c s . 16-18.Notropis girardi Hubbs & Ortenburger. Arkansas River

shiner. T. 41,42.Notropis greenei Hubbs & Ortenburger. wedgespot shiner.

CS. 3642.Notropis kurperi Fowler. redeye chub. CS. 10-15.Notropis keterolepis Eigenmann & Eigenmann. blacknose

shiner. V. 36, 37, 38?.Notropis kudsonius (Clinton). spottail shiner. CS. l-7,9, 10,

14, 25, (32), 34.Notropis kypsilepis Suttkus & Raney. highscale shiner. V. [9],

1 4 .Notropis leuciodus (Cope). Tennessee shiner. CS. (7?), 9,

(14), [16], 26-29, (32).

Fisheries 17

m CONSERVATION

Notmpis Zongirostris (Hay). longnose shiner. CS. [lo], 14-17,19-23,43.

Notropis ludibundus (Girard). sand shiner. CS. 24,25,27,28,30-33,35-38,42,44,47-51.

Notropis Zutipinnis (Jordan & Brayton). yellowfin shiner.CS. 8-10, 14,16, (27).

Notropis maculatus (Hay). taillight shiner. CS. 5-15, 17-24,39-41,4345,46?.

Notropis mekistocholas Snelson. Cape Fear shiner. E. 5.Notropis melanostomus Bortone. blackmouth shiner. T. 15,19.Notropis nubiZus (Forbes). Ozark minnow. CS. 25,3542.Notropis ortenburgeri Hubbs. Kiamichi shiner. V. 4144.Notropis oxyrhynchus Hubbs & Bonham. sharpnose shiner.

T. 48, (49?).Notropis ozarcanus Meek. Ozark shiner. V. 39,40, (42).Notropis perpallidus Hubbs & Black. peppered shiner. V. 43,

4 4 .Notropis petersoni Fowler. coastal shiner. CS. 5-15,17,19.Notropis photogenis (Cope). silver shiner. CS. 26-33.Notropis potteri Hubbs & Bonham. chub shiner. CS. 25,44,

[471,48, 1491.Notropis procne (Cope). swallowtail shiner. CS. l-5, [6], 7,

(32), 34.Nofropis rafnesquei Suttkus. Yazoo shiner. CS. 23.Notropis rubellus micropferyx (Cope). redface shiner. CS.

26-29.Notvopis rubellus rubellus (Agassiz). rosyface shiner. CS. 1,

2,28,30-32,3440,42,43.

Notropis scabriceps (Cope). New River shiner. CS. 32.Notropis scepficus (Jordan & Gilbert). sandbar shiner. CS.

5-7, 9.

Notropis rubricroceus (Cope). saffron shiner. CS. 7,9,27, (32).Notropis rupestris Page. bedrock shiner. V. (26?), 28.Notropis sabinae Jordan & Gilbert. Sabine shiner. CS. 23,39,

40,4347.

Notropis semperusper Gilbert. roughhead shiner. V. 2.Notropis shumavdi (Girard). silverband shiner. CS. 20?,

22-25,28,29,33,35,41,44,45, (46?), 4749.Notropis spectrunctdus (Cope). mirror shiner. CS. 7,9,27.Notropis sp. cf. spectruncuZus. sawfin shiner. CS. 26-28.Notropis stilbius (Jordan). silverstripe shiner. CS. 16-18,

WI.Notropis suttkusi Humphries & Cashner. rocky shiner. V. 44.Notropis telescopus (Cope). telescope shiner. CS. (2), (6?),

(7), 26-29, (31?), (32), 39,40.Notropis texunus (Girard). weed shiner. CS. [lo], 13-25,

(26), 3941,43-51.Notvopis topeka (Gilbert). Topeka shiner. E. 35.Notropis urunoscopus Suttkus. skygazer shiner. CS. 16, 17.Notropis vo2ucelZus (Cope). mimic shiner. CS. 24,X-33,

36-50.Notropis wicklifi Trautman. channel shiner. CS. 25-27,33,

35, 36,40,41.Notropis xuenocephahts (Jordan). Coosa shiner. CS. [14], 16.Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae Hay. pugnose minnow. CS.

B-10,14-30,33,39-51.Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliue x 0. e. peninsularis. 11,13.Opsopoeodus emiliue peninsularis (Gilbert & Bailey). peninsula

pugnose minnow. CS. 11,12.Phenacobius catostomus Jordan. riffle minnow. CS. 16-18.Phenacobius crassilubvum Minckley & Craddock. fatlips

minnow. CS. 27.Phenacobius mirubilis (Girard). suckermouth minnow. CS.

24-26‘28-33, 35,36, 38, 39,41, 42,44,46,47, 49.Phenacobius teretulus Cope. Kanawha minnow. CS. 32.Phenacobius urunops Cope. stargazing minnow. CS. 26-29.Phoxinus cumberlandensis Starnes & Starnes. blackside date.

T. 28.Phoxinus erythrogaster (Rafinesque). southern redbelly

date. CS. 22-32,3540,42.Phoxinus oreas (Cope). mountain redbelly date. CS. 14,

(6), (27), 32.Phoxinus tennesseensis Starnes & Jenkins. Tennessee date.

V. 27.Phoxinus sp. cf. tennesseensis. laurel date. E. 27.Pimephliles not&us (Rafinesque). bluntnose minnow. CS.

(l-3), 15-18,20-33,3544.Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. fathead minnow. CS. (l),

(3), (6,7), (lo), (14), (16-20), (23,24), 25, (26,27), 28-33,(34), 35,36,(37), 38, (39), 40, (41), 42, (43,44), (46),4749, (50,51).

Pimephales tenellus parviceps (Hubbs & Black). eastern slimminnow. T. 3941,43,44.

Pimephales tenellus parviceps x P t. tenellus. 41.Pimephales tenellus tenellus (Girard). western slim minnow.

CS. 41,42.Pimephales vigilax (Baird & Girard). bullhead minnow. CS.

X--33,38-51.

Pteronotropis euryzonus (Suttkus). broadstripe shiner. V. 14.Pteronotropis hubbsi (Bailey & Robison). bluehead shiner. V.

4345.

Platygobio gracilis grucihs (Richardson). flathead chub. V.25,33,35.

Pteronotropis hypselopterus (Gunther). sailfin shiner. CS.6-15, 17, 18.

Pteronotropis signipinnis (Bailey & Suttkus). flagfin shiner.CS. 14,15,17-20.

Pteronotropis weluka (Evermann & Kendall). bluenose shin-er. V. 11,14,15,17-20.

Rhinichthys atrutuZus atruttdus (Hermann). eastern blac-knose date. CS. l-3,34.

Rhinichthys atratulus atratulus x R. a . obtusus. 2,3.Rhinichthys atratulus obtusus Agassiz. southern blacknose

date. CS. 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 24,26-32.Rhinichthys cutaructue (Valenciennes). longnose date. CS. 1,

2, (3), 7, 9, 27,28, 1311, 32,34.Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). creek chub. CS. l-7,9,

10, 14, 16-24,2647, (49?).Semotilus corporalis (Mitchill). fallfish. CS. 1,2, (3), 34.Semotilus lumbee Snelson & Suttkus. sandhills chub. V. 5,6.Semotilus thoreauiunus Jordan. Dixie chub. CS. 13-18,26.

Cyprinodontidae-killifishesCyprinodon variegatus hubbsi Carr. Lake Eustis pupfish. V.

11.Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus Lacepede. sheepshead


CONSERVATION m

mmnnow. CS. 1,2,4-10,12-15,17,19-21,34,45-51.Cyrinodm r~&roflofiuvinti/is Fowler. Red River pupfish. CS.

48, (4Y).JordnmIinfloridm Goode & Bean, flagfish. CS. 11-13.

Dasyatidae-stingraysDnsyatis sabina (Lesueur). Atlantic stingray (M). CS. 1, 3?,

4-6,7?, 8,9?, IO?, 11-15, 17, lR?, 19-21,22?, 25,45,46?,47,48, 4Y?, 50, 51.

Elassomatidae-pygmy sunfishesElnssonm aiobnmne Mayden. spring pygmy sunfish. E. 26.Elnssonrn borlrlkei Rohde & Amdt. Carolina pygmy sunfish.

v. 6, 7.Einssortra cvcr&dei Jordan. Everglades pygmy sunfish. CS.

5-15, 17.EInsson~n &atie Rohde & Amdt. bluebarred pygmy sunfish.

v. 8, 9.

Elassonux sp. cf. o!@nokee. Apalachicolan pygmy sunfish.cs. 12-15.

EInsson~~ zotfatunr Jordan. banded pygmy sunfish, CS.3-26,29,3941,43-48.

Eleotridae-sleepersDorniitntor nmcrdntus (Bloch). fat sleeper (M). CS. 4,5, R-15,

17, 19,20,22?, 25,45-47,48?, 4Y, 50?, 51.Eieoiris pisonis (Gmelin). spinycheek sleeper (M). CS. 5,8,

10-12, 13?, 14, 15, 17, 19, 207, 21?, 25, 45, 46?, 47, 48?,49?, 50?, 51.

Gobio~norus doun&u Lacep+de. bigmouth sleeper (M). V.11,12,25,51.

Engraulidae-anchoviesAnchou mifchiiii (Valenciennes). bay anchovy (M). CS. l-15,

17-21,25,34,45,47,50,51.

Esocidae-pikesEsm nnwicanus atnr’ricnnus Gmelin. redfin pickerel. CS.

l-11,13, 16,34.Em arnrricnnus nnrericmus x E. R. vermiculatus. 12-19.Esox americnn~is orvmicrilnti~s Lcsueur. grass pickerel. CS.

20-26,28-31,3841,43,44Esaw luciu Linnaeus. northern pike. CS. (l-3), 25, (27),

1351, [36], (37-44).Em mas9uinon~y Mitchill. muskellunge. CS. (l-3), (7),

(16?), 27-33, (34), (36), (38), (4O), (43).Esox n&r Lesueur. chain pickerel. CS. l-24,26, (27?), 28,

(32), 34, (37?), 39-41,43-46.

Fundulidae-topminnowsFuiuft~ius nlbolinenfus Gilbert. whiteline topminnow. X. 26.Fwtdu/~~s nur0@tatus (Hay). banded topminnow. CS.

12-15,17.Fund&s bfax Cashner & Rogers. stippled studfish. V. 16.Funduius biairae Wiley & Hall. western starhead topmin-

now. CS. 15, 17-lY,22,23,4448.Fmdulus cntenatus (Storer). northern studfish. CS. 20-22,

26-30, (31), 36-41, [42], 43,44.Funduius chrysofus (Ftither). golden topminnow. CS.

6-15, 17-25,39-U, 43-47, [50].Frrndulus co@?uent~~s Goode & Brane. marsh killifish (M).

cs. 11-15.Fmdulus diapkmus diapkmus (Lesueur). banded killifish.

cs. l-6,34.Fundulus dispav (Agassiz). starhead topminnow. CS. 17, 18,

20,23-26,39-41,43.Fmduiiis acambioc (Bollman). russetfin topminnow. CS.

13-15.Fundulu~ tw?!,zwtis Suttkus & Cashner. broadstripe top-

minnow. V. 21.Fundulus pmdis pndis Baird & Girard. gulf killifish (M).

CS. ll-15,17,19,25,46-48,50,51.

F i sher ies 19


Fwufzri~rs grmdic sognarlus Rivas. southern gulf killifish(M). CS. 12.

funduhs /retcvoclii~~s (Linnaeus). mummichog (M). CS.l-11,34.

X,28.’Fur~dulrrs finrofntus (Aeassiz). lined toominnow. CS. J-14.Funduirrs rwfafus (Rafinesque). black&ipe topminnow. CS.

17-31,33,35,36,38-50.

14-29,354s. ’ ’Ftmdihis iniiacrrus (Evcrmann). bavou killifish. CS. 11. 19.

2 0 , 4 5 - m,

Fmdirhs rntkbmi Jordan & Meek. speckled killifish. CS.3-7.

Funduius vubvifrorrs uordan). redface topminnow. CS. 11,12.Fmdrdus xi&us Cope. plains topminnow. CS. 36,37,42.Fmdulus setnirmlis Girard. Seminole killifish. CS. 11,12.Fwdulus stri/@ (Jordan). southern studfish. CS. 14, 16, 17.Fundulus waccnrwensis Hubbs & Ranev. Waccamaw killifish.

T. 3, 6.Fundulus zebuinus Jordan & Gilbert. plains killifish. CS. 35,

42, 47-49.Le@~lucnnin o~wtntn (Jordan). pygmy killifish. CS. 10-15,

1 9 .Lucnnia am&i [ordan. b l u e f i n k i l l i f i s h . CS. 151, 8 , 10-15.Lucnnia ,nnu (Baird & Girard). rainwater k%fish. CS. 16,

X,11-15,17-21,34,45-51.

Cadidae-codsLots iotn (Linnaeus). burbot. CS. 30, 31, 33. Anwiu~us’inr~ix (Rafinesque). black bullhead. CS. (3), (h),

Casterosteidae-sticklebacks(15), l&31, (32), 33,35-49.

AIHP~WI~S nnfalis (Lesueur). yellow bullhead. CS. 1-31, 1321,&&es qundmcus (Mitchill). fourspine stickleback (M). CS. 33-51.

1,2, 4,34. Aineiuv~rs neb~riosirs (Lesueur). brown bullhead. CS. l-20,Gnstevoste~is aruleatus Linnaeus. threespinc stickleback. CS. 23-27, 29, (30,31), 32-34, (36?), (3R?), 39, (4Ob44).

1, 2,34. Anwimrs ~lntyc~~~i~niui (Girard). flat bullhead. V. [Z], 3-10,

20 Fisheries vol. 25. NO. 10

Cobiidae-nobiesAr~wxrs bonniia (Valenciennes). river goby (M). V. 9, n-13, 15.Ctenogobius boirosomn (Jordan & Gilbert). darter goby (M).

CS. l?, (2), 3?, 1-6, 7?, H, 9?, 10-15, 1 7 , 18?, 1 9 , 2 0 , 21?,25,34,4548,49?, 50,51.

g&y (M). V. 11:Cfetlogobius sku,fMi (Jordan & Eigenmann). freshwater

goby (M). CS. 6,7?, 8,9?, lo-12,13?, 14,15?, 17,1Y-21,i5, i5?, 46?, 47.

Cobioidrs broussmrefi Lacep+de. violet goby (M). CS. 8,9?,10-12, 17,19, 20?, 21, 25, 45,46, 47?, 48.

Cobiosonin bosc (Lacepede), naked goby (M). CS. 4,5,6?, 77,8, 9?, lo-15,17, 19-21, 25,45, 46?, 47,48!, 49?, 50?, 51.

Micvogobi~~s gulosu (Girard). clown goby (M). CS. I?, 2?,3?, 6?, 7?, 8?, 97, lo?, 11-15, 17, 18?, 19,20?, 21?, 25?, 45?,46?, 47?, 48?, 49?, SO, 51.

Hiodontidae-mooneyesHiodon olosoides (Rafinesque). goldeve. CS. 23-31, 33,

35538,40-44. - _Hiodm tcvgism Lesueur. mooneye. CS. 16-21, 23, 25-X,33,

35-41,43,44.

Ictaluridae-bullhead catfishesAmriuws bvunrwus Jordan. snail bullhead. V. (3), 4-11, 14,

16, (27).Aweiuvus cntus (Linnaeus). white catfish. CS. 1-14, (157).

(16?), (17?), (iti?), (25?j, (26?), (27), 34, (367), (4O?j, (4i!),(42?), (43?), (44?).

CONSERVATION

” i ,:.:,- . . s; ,^: ., i I .a!( in 0 ‘-I cqm-

man name may be misleading because recent anatomical evidence the 0:~indicates that it is closely related to sticklebacks, not sunfishes.

b!Aw,>:, ‘“FIF I. : . i c <,?a, streams under ‘; ‘atrocks during lune and July.

[141, (27).Anieirms swracdt~thus (Yerger & Relyea). spotted bullhead.

v. 13-15.13-21.

Nnfww sp. cf. lqytacanfkus. broadtail madtom. V. 5, 6,8.s mimiis Inrrln~. brindled madtom. CS. 19-24. 26,Ictnl~in~sfuvcnf~is (Lesueur). blue catfish. CS. (1, 2), (4?),

(5-7), (9, IO), (14, E), 16-33, 35-37, 39-51.lctniw’us iirpus (Girard). hcadwater catfish, XS. 49, 50,51.Iclaluri~s punctntus (Rafinesque). channel catfish. CS. (l-8),

Nofuni ..I ,___1_28-77.19-47

[9], [lo], 11-33, (34), 35-51.Nof~ivus albntw Taylor. Ozark madtom. CS. 40.Nofmus sp. cf. nUxteu. eastern Ozark madtom. CS. 39, 40.Not~irus bnile,yi Taylor. smoky madtom. E. 27.Nofuws ciegnns Taylor. elegant madtom. CS. 26, 28, 29.Nofuvus sp. cf. P/E@IS 1. Chucky madtom. T. 26, 27.Notuvus sp, cf. &gaia 2. saddled madtom. V. 26.Notwus eleuth~us Jordan. mountain madtom. CS. 24-33,

Noturus sp. cf. immitus. Coosa madtom. T. 16.IS nocttin~us Jordan &Gilbert. freckled madtom. CS.

26,28-31,33,36-47.Notwus ykaeus Taylor. brown madtom. CS. Z&22-24,2h,

43,44.

39, 40, 43,44.

Notum plncidus Taylor. Neosho madtom. T. 41,42.Noturl, !s sfnnnuk Etmer &Jenkins. pygmy madtom. E. 26, 27.Noturus itivmow Taylor. northern madtom. V. 23-25,

Notwus ?xui/ic Nelson. slender mad tom. CS. 26, 2X, 29,

Nohruiisfiniripbinis-Taylor yellowfin madtom. E. 27.Noiu,usflurws Rafinesque. stonecat. CS. 25,30-33, 35-38,42.Nofwirs sp. Cf./&ZJliS. highlands stonecat. CS. 25-28,30-33.Nofunrsfuncbris Gilbert & Swain. black madtom. CS.

29-31,33.Nofurus tnylovi normPylodicris oliw

P?), e-11)Satan euvvstn1i

50.

. . ..las. Caddo madtom. T. 43.zris (Rafinesque). flathead catfish. CS. (1),, (14,15), l&33,35-51.

i ws Hubbs & Bailey. widemouth blindcat. E.

1420,26.NotrmsJwiosm Jordan & Meek. Carolina madtom. V. 4.Nofmrs gilberii Jordan & Evermann. orangefin madtom, T..,

@),3.Notunis g!/rifzirs (Mitchill). tadpole madtom. CS. l-26,

2%30,33,34,36,39-51.Noiunrs kiidebrnitdi hildebrnndi (Bailey & Taylor). least mad-

tom. CS. 22, (26).Noturrrs kiidehrnndi kildebrmdi x N. k. lnutus. 23.Notunis kildchraudi fnufus Taylor. ivory-bellied madtom.

CS. 24.

cs. l-10, (27), 32,34.Notwos imignis ssp. spotted madtom. V. 3.Nofwis lnckneri Taylor. Ouachita madtom. T. 43.

October 2000

Lepisosteidae-garsAfracfosteus spatula (Lacep&de). alligator gar. V. 15, 17,

19-21,23-26,2R, 33,36,3941,43-51.Lepisosteus oc~&lts (Wincheli). spotted gar. CS. 14-29, 33,

38-51.Lcpisosteus *mxs (Linnaeus). lnngnose gar. CS. l-51.Lepisosteirs pJafostumns Rafinesque. shortnose gar. CS.

21-26, 28, 29,33, 3545.Lepicostnrs pTntyrllincus DeKay. Florida gar. CS. 9-13.

Moronidae-temperate bassesMorone nrwricnnn (Gmelin). white perch. CS. l-6, (7), (9),

(25?), 3 4 .Movone chrysops (Rafinesque), white bass. CS. (l-3), (5?),

(6,7), (9, 1% U4), (157), (16?), (17?), (la?), 22-33,35+

Fisherier

CONSERVATION

(45-51).Mmmr mississippiemis Jordan & Eigenmann. yellow bass.

cs. (Ih), 17-19, 21-28, (30), 33,3Y-41,43-47.Mornne axnfiib (Walbaum). striped bass (I)). CS. l-11,

13-21, (22,23), (25-3X), 34, (35, 36), (40, 41), (43, 44).

Mugilidae-mulletsAgonostorrrris monticola (Bancroft). mountain mullet (M). V.

6,9, 11-15, 25,46,51.Mu,@/ c~pirnlirs Linnaeus. striped mullet (M). CS. 3,4, 8-15,

17-21,25,44-50.

Percidae-perchesAninfocr~ypfiyta benni Jordan. naked sand darter. CS. 16-24.Ammocryptlptn biJRscia Williams. Florida sand darter. CS. 1141,

15.Awmorvyptn ciavn Jordan & Meek. western sand darter. V.

23,25,27-29,31,38-40,43, 44,46.Av~mocu!/pfn meridian Williams. southern sand darter. CS.

16-18.

Ammocryptn viunx Hay. scaly sand darter. CS. 19,20,22-24,26,3941,4347.

Crystallarin nsprrh complex. crystal darters. V. 15-20,22,28,2Y, 33, 3710,43,.x

Crystallnvin asprelia ssp. Elk River crystal darter. T. 32.Etl~cosfoina acuticeps Bailey sharphead darter. V. 27.Etk&xtonu~ aquali Williams & Etnier. coppercheek darter. V.

2 6 .Ethcoston~a osyri~cne (Forbes). mud darter. CS. 22-26, 28,

ZY,3&-41,4346.Etheosfoma bniieyi Page &Burr. emerald darter. CS. 28,30.Etl~eosfoino barbowi Kuehne & Small. teardrop darter. CS.

29.Etkmstonm bnrrenense Burr & Page. splendid darter. CS. 29.Efh~osto~nn b&for Suttkus &Bailey. Warrior darter. CS. 18.Etkeosfmm sp. cf. bellator 1. Sipsey darter. V. 18.

22 Fisheries

Etkcosfo~r~a sp. cf. b&&r 2. Locust Fork darter. T. 18.Etheostoma bellwn Zorach. orangefin darter. CS. 29.Et/a’ostonui bison Ceas & Page. buffalo darter. CS. 26.Elkeoitorrra blermioides OIcniiioiJcs Rafinesquc. greenside

darter. CS. (l), 30-33.

Ethmsfoma blennius blmnius Gilbert&Swain. blennydarter. CS. 26.

Etkeostonm bosckurqi Wall & Williams. slackwater darter. T.2 6 .

Etkeostomn bnvimstrunr Suttkus & Ether. holiday darter. T.1 6 .

Efkcostonrn burri Ceas & Page. brook darter. CS. 40.Efhcostonm caerulnun caerulmm Storer. rainbow darter. CS.

(l), 22-24, 26-33,35-39.Efkcostomn carruieurn ssp. 1. Ozark rainbow darter. CS. 40.Efkcostomn cacrulewn ssp. 2. Homochitto rainbow darter.

cs. 22.Efk~osto~na sp. cf. cneuulewu 1. relict rainbow darter. T. 39.Etkvostorna sp. cf. caerzdeurn 2. Arkansas rainbow darter.

cs. 40.Etkeostoma cnn~wum (Cope). bluebreast darter. CS. 26-28,

3032.Etkuostarm chevmocki Boshung, Mayden, & Ibmelleri. ver-

milion darter. E. 18.Etkrostom chicmwse Page & Ceas. relict darter. E. 24.Etkmstorna chlorobmnckiuin Zorach, greenfin darter. CS. 27.Efkeostom chlorosomn (Hay). bluntnose darter. CS. 16-26,

Vol. 25, No. 10

28, 29, 33, 36, 39-50.Etkeostort~n chuckumckatir Mayden & Wood. lipstick darter.

V. 16.Etkeostomn cirwem Storer. ashy darter. T. 26-28.Etheostomn coiiettei Birdsong & Knapp. creole darter. CS.

43, 44.Etkmsfoma c&s (Hubbs & Cannon). Carolina darter, V.

3-7.Etheostomn coiorosurrr Suttkus & Bailey. coastal darter. CS.

1 5 .Etkeostomn comw (Fowler). Coosa darter. CS. 16.Etkeustoma cmma Page & Ceas. crown darter. V. 26.Ethmtomn crqini Gilbert. Arkansas darter, V. 42.Etkeoctomn cvossopiwunt Braasch & Mayden. fringed darter.

CS. 24,26,XEtkeostomn davisoni Hay. Choctawhatcher darter. CS. 15.Etkeostomn denoncourti Stauffer & van Snik. golden darter.

V. 26,27.Etkeostoma ditrema Ramsey & Suttkus. coldwater darter. T.

1 6 .Etheostoma dou@si Wood & Mayden. Tuskaloosa darter.

c s . 18.Etheostoma duryi Henshall. black darter. CS. 26, 27.Etkeostoma edwini (Hubbs &Cannon). brown darter. CS.

11, 13-15.Efkeostoma etnirri Bouchard. cherry darter. CS. 28.Etkeostom etowahac Wood & Mayden. Etowah darter. E, 16.Etkeostom euzonum erizoniim (Hubbs &Black). Current

saddled darter. CS. 40.Etkeostoma euzonum euzonum (Hubbs and Black). Arkansas

saddled darter. CS. 40.Etkeostoma,tlabelIaw brevispina (Coker). Carolina fantail

darter. CS. 6, 7.EtkeostomaJiabelfare kumevale (Girard). Chesapeake fantail

darter. CS. l-5.Etheostomaflabellare complex. fantail darters. CS. 26-33,

36-42,

October 2000


Efkrosfomflumm Etnier & Bailey. saffron darter. CS. 26,28.Etir~~stomafonticoin (Jordan&Gilbert). fountain darter. E. 50.Etkeostomaforbesi Page & Gas. Barrens darter. T. 28.Etkeostomn~rqi Distler. Strawberry darter. CS. 40.Ethcosfonmjricksil,m Hildebrand. Savannah darter. CS. 8,9,

lo?.Etkeostoninfiisifovme bamtli (Holbrook). scalyhead darter.

CS. 6-15, 17-21,23, 24, (27?), 39-41,43, 44.EfhrostomdJl~si/ormef,~sifovmc (Girard). swamp darter. CS.

1-5, 34.Etkeosfmn gmcile (Girard). slough darter. CS. 18-20,22-26,

28,29,36,39-57.Etkeostom histrio Jordan & Gilbert. harlequin darter. CS.

15-26,29,39%41,4346,47?.Etkcosfonra kopkinsi binofaiurn Bailey &Richards. Christ-

mas-Eve darter. CS. 9.Efkeostonrn kopkinsi kopkimi (Fowler). Christmas darter. CS.

10.Etivosto~nn inscuiptunr (Jordan & Brayton). turquoise darter.

c s . 8-10.Etkeostomu jessiar (Jordan & Brayton). blueside darter. CS.

26, 27.Etkeosfonm jordani Gilbert. greenbreast darter. CS. lfi, 17.Etheosfomn j&w Meek. yoke darter. CS. 40.Etkeostoma knnnwkoe (Raney). Kanawha darter. CS. 32.Efheostoma kanfuckeense Ceas & Page. Highland Rim darter

CS. 29.Etkeostomn kmnicotti (Putnam). stripetail darter. CS. 2629.Etkeosfoma iacknrri Suttkus &Bailey. Tombigbee darter. CS.

17, 18.Efkeostoma Iepidunr (Baird & Girard). greenthroat darter.

c s . 49-51.Etkeostoma lon@mmm Jordan. longfin darter. CS. 2.Etheostomn luteovimtum G i l b e r t & Swain. redband dar ter .

CS. 26,28.Etkeostoma lynceum Hay. brighteye darter. CS. 19-24.Etkeostoma maculatum Kirtland. spotted darter. V. 29-32.

Fisher ies 23

i=J! C O N S E R V A T I O N

Etimstomn rnnrine (Fowlcr). pinewoods darter. V. 6.Etkuosrma nrendia~ (Jordan & Evermann). bluespar darter.

cs. 27.Etkrostoma microtepidum Raney & Zorach. smallscale

darter. V. 28.Eflrrostonm ~tzicro~erca Jordan & Gilbert. least darter. CS.

2X?, 30,36, 37,4XEthcostomn moouci Raney & Suttkus. yellowcheck darter. T.

40 .ERmstonm ~~eoptrnm Howell & Dingerkus. lollypop darter.

v. 26 .ENmstorrm niun~~mw Gilbert & Meek. Niangua darter. T. 36.Efhrostorrm ni@pinnr Braasch & Mayden. blackfin darter.

cs. 18, 26.Ethmstoma n&wm ni~ruwi Rafinesque. johnny darter. CS.

23,16-18,22-24,26,28,29-33,35-34.Et/wostonm nuchnlr Howell & Caldwell. watercress darter.

E. 1X.

Etkeoston~n obeycnse Kirsch. barcheek darter. CS. 28.Etkcoston~n oknloosnr (Fowler). Okalousa darter. E. 15.Etkcostonin olivncem Braasch & Page. sooty darter. v. 28.Etkeostonm oimstedi complex. tessellated dartcrs. CS. I-11,

1321.34.. .Etkeosfon~a oopkylax Ceas &Page. guardian darter. CS. 26.Etkeosfoma osbuvni (Hubbs & Trautman). candy darter. V.

32 .Etheostoma pdllididorsunt Distler & Metcalf. p&back darter,

T. 43.Etkrostom pamipinnr Gilbert & Swain. goldstripe darter.

CS. Y?, 10, 14-24, 26, 3Y, 40,43, 44, 4h-49.Ethcostonm percrturum Jenkins. duskytail darter. E. 27, 28.Etkcostmrn pmlon~rrm (Hubbs & Raney). Waccamaw darter.

T. 6.Et/rvosfonrn pkytopkiim Bart & Taylor. rush darter. E. 18.Et~~eosiomn podostrnmw Jordan & Jenkins. riverweed darter.

cs. 3.Etkeostonrn pruelim (Hay). cypress darter. CS. 15,17-24,26,

28,2Y, 3%41,43-47,49.

2 4 Fisheries

Etheosiornn ~nmcfuiafun~ (Agassiz). stippled darter. CS.3640.

Etheostomn sp. cf. pa~~ct~rlntun~. sunburst darter. CS. 41,42.Etlvostmm ~~y~rho~&asieu Bailey & Et&r. firebelly darter. V.

24 .Etimmstom vndiosum ynludosum (Moore & Rigney). Washita

darter. CS. 44.Elkmtorrm mdiosum radioswn (Hubbs & Black). orangebelly

darter. CS. 43, 44Etkeostonm rafirresquei Burr & Page, Kentucky darter. CS. 29.Etkeostorna rnnrseyi Suttkus & Bailey Alabama darter. CS.

1 7 .Efkmstornn rnnryi Suttkus &Bat. Yatou darter. V. 23.Efkeostorrra rrrbrunt Raney & Suttkus. bayou darter. E. 22.Etkeostoma utifilinmfuin (Cope). redline darter. CS. 26-28.Etkcostnma nipt~fr~ Gilbert & Swain. rock darter. CS. l&18.Etkrosfoma sqitta sn~~ifta (Jordan & Swain). Cumberland

arrom’ darter. CS. 28.

v. 30 .Etkmshxm sni~yuifwrn (Cope). bloodfin darter. CS. 28.Efhcostom scotti Bauer, Etnier, & Burkhead. Cherokee

darter. T. 16.Efkens~omn s&w (Radcliffe &Welsh). Maryland darter. E.

1 .Efhrostom srrv+v (Hubbs & Cannon). sawcheek darter.

c s . 2-m

Etkeostotna simoterm nfripitw x E. s. sintofernin. 26.Etkeostoma simotrvun~ simtrrm (Cope). Tennessee snub-

nose darter. CS. 26,27, (31,32).Etheostom smitki Page & Braasch. slabrock darter. CS. 2h,

28 .Efheostonm spectnbiir pulchelhm (Girard). plains darter. CS.

41,44.

Vol. 25, No. 10


Etheostoma spectabile spectabile (Agassiz). orangethroatdarter. CS. 24,31,35-38.

Etheostoma spectabile squamosum Distler. plateau darter. CS.42 .

Etheostoma sp. cf. spectabile 1. Caney Fork darter. CS. 28.Etheostoma sp. cf. spectabile 2. Cumberland darter. CS. 28.Etheostoma sp. cf. spectabile 3. headwater darter. CS. 28-30.Etheostoma sp. cf. spectabile 4. Ozark darter. CS. 40.Etheostoma sp. cf. spectabile 5. Sheltowhee darter. CS. 28.Etheostoma squamiceps Jordan. spottail darter. CS. 28,29.Etheostoma stigmaeum (Jordan). speckled darter. CS. 15-24,

26, 39,40,4346,47?.Etheostoma sp. cf. stigmaeum 1. highland darter. CS. 4042.Etheostoma sp. cf. stigmaeum 2. beaded darter. V. 43.Etheostoma sp. cf. stigmaeum 3. bluegrass darter. CS. 29.Etheostoma sp. cf. stigmaeum 4. bluemask darter. E. 28.Etheostoma sp. cf. stigmaeum 5. clown darter. CS. 26.Etheostoma sp. cf. stigmaeum 6. longhunt darter. CS. 28.Etheostoma striatulum Page & Braasch. striated darter. T. 26.Etheostoma susanue (Jordan & Swain). Cumberland johnny

darter. T. 28.Etheostoma swuini (Jordan). gulf darter. CS. 13-24,26.Etheostoma swannanoa Jordan & Evermann. Swannanoa

darter. CS. 27.Etheostoma tallapoosae Suttkus & Etnier. Tallapoosa darter.

CS. 16.Etheostoma tecumsehi Ceas & Page. Shawnee darter. T. 29.Etheostoma tetruzonum (Hubbs & Black). Missouri saddled

darter. CS. 35-37.Etheostoma sp. cf. tetrazonum. Meramec saddled darter. CS.

3 8 .Etheostoma thalassinum (Jordan & Brayton). seagreen darter.

cs. 7.Etheostoma tippecanoe Jordan & Evermann. Tippecanoe

darter. V. 28-32.Etheostoma trisella Bailey & Richards. trispot darter. E. 16.Etheostoma tuscumbia Gilbert & Swain. Tuscumbia darter.

V. 26.Etheostoma uniporum Distler. Current darter. CS. 40.Etheostoma variatum Kirtland. variegate darter. CS. 30-33.Etheostoma virgutum (Jordan). striped darter. CS. 28.Etheostoma vitreum (Cope). glassy darter. CS. 14.Etheostoma vulneratum (Cope). wounded darter. V. 27.Etheostoma wapiti Etnier & Williams. boulder darter. E. 26.Etheostoma whipplei artesiae (Hay). redspot darter. CS. 14,

16-20,22,23,4346.Etheostoma whipplei whipplei (Girard). redfin darter. CS.

4042.Etheostoma zonale (Cope). banded darter. CS. (9), 26-33,

3643.Etheostoma zonifer (Hubbs & Cannon). backwater darter.

cs. 14, 16-18.Etheostoma zonistium Bailey & Etnier. bandfin darter. CS.

24,26.Etheostoma sp. cf. zonistium. blueface darter. T. 18,26.Percaflavescens (Mitchill). yellow perch. CS. l-3, (PlO),

(14-16), 17, (18), (26-28), (31-33), 34, (37).Percina antesella Williams & Etnier. amber darter. E. 16.

October 2000

Percina auruntiuca (Cope). tangerine darter. CS. 27.Percina aurolineuta Suttkus & Ramsey. goldline darter. T. 16,

1 7 .Percina aurora Suttkus & Thompson. Pearl darter. E. 19,ZO.Percina austroperca Thompson. southern logperch. V. 15.Percina brevicauda Suttkus & Bart. coal darter. T. 16-18.Percina burtoni Fowler. blotchside logperch. V. 26-28.Percina caprodes caprodes (Rafinesque). logperch. CS. 1,23,

26-33,39,40,4345.Percina caprodes caprodes x P c. fulvitaenia. 24?, 25,39,40.Percina caprodesfulvitaeniu Morris & Page. Ozark logperch.

CS.36-38,41,42.Percina caprodes fulvitaenia x l? c. semifasciata. 39.Percina carbonaria (Baird & Girard). Texas logperch. CS.

48-50.Percina copelandi (Jordan). channel darter. CS. 26-33,4144.Per&a crassa (Jordan & Brayton). Piedmont darter. CS.

5-7.Percina cymatotaeniu (Gilbert & Meek). bluestripe darter. T.

36,37.Percina evides evides (Jordan & Copeland). gilt darter. CS.

26-32.Percina evides ssp. 1. Appalachian gilt darter. CS. 27.Percina evides ssp. 2. Ozark gilt darter. CS. 3640.Percina gymnocephala Beckham. Appalachia darter. CS. 32.Percina jenkinsi Thompson. Conasauga logperch. E. 16.Percina kathae Thompson. Mobile logperch. CS. 16-18.Percina lenticula Richards & Knapp. freckled darter. T.

16-20.Percina macrocephalu (Cope). longhead darter. T. 26-32.Percina sp. cf. macrocephala 1. Warrior bridled darter. V. 18.Percina sp. cf. macrocephala 2. muscadine bridled darter. V.

16.Percina sp. cf. macrocephala 3. upland bridled darter. V. 16.Percina macrolepida Stevenson. bigscale logperch. CS. 44,

46-50.Percina maculata (Girard). blackside darter. CS. 16-18,

ZO-24,26-32,38X,4345.Percina nasutu (Bailey). longnose darter. T. 3941.Percina sp. cf. nasuta. Ouachita darter. T. 43.Percina nevisense Cope. chainback darter. CS. 3,4.Percina nigrofusciata (Agassiz). blackbanded darter. CS.

8-22.Percina nigrofasciata x I? n. raneyi. 8, 9, 10.Percina nigrofusciata runeyi Crawford. Savannah blackband-

ed darter. CS. 9.Percina sp. cf. nigrofusciata. Halloween darter. V. 14.Percina notogramma montuosa Hogarth & Woolcott. moun-

tain stripeback darter. CS. 1,2.Percina notogramma notogramma (Raney & Hubbs). stripe-

back darter. CS. 2.Percina oxyrhynchus (Hubbs & Raney). sharpnose darter.

CS.30-32.Percina palmuris (Bailey). bronze darter. CS. 16.Percina pantherina (Moore & Reeves). leopard darter. T. 44.Percina peltata (Stauffer). shield darter. CS. 1,2,34.Percina phoxocephala (Nelson). slenderhead darter. CS.

23-26,28-31,33,36-38,41,42,44.

Fisheries 25

CONSERVATION

Pcvcinn rex (Jordan & Evermann). Roanoke logperch. E. 3.Pwcina mmokn (Jordan &Jenkins). Roanoke darter. CS. (Z),

3,4, (32).Percina wiua npristis (Wubbs & Hubbs). Guadalupe dusky

darter. CS. 50.Pwcina s&n sciera (Swain). dusky darter. CS. 17-33,39-41,

4349.Prrcina simrnardi (Girard). river darter, CS. 16-20, 22-31,

33, C&-14,46, 50 .Perciun squanufn (Gilbert & Swain). olive darter. V. 27,28.P&no sticfognster Burr & Page. frecklebelly darter. CS. 29,

30 .Pcrcinn wtiktisi Thompson. Gulf logperch. CS. 17-21.Percinn tanasi Et&r. snail darter. T. 26, 27.Peucina wmidm (Jordan & Gilbert). stargazing darter. V. 39,

30, 43.Percinn vigil (Hay). saddleback darter. CS. 15-26,29,39,40,

43 .Sfimsfedion cnnndensc (Smith). sauger. CS. (7?), (9), (14), 20,

22-33, 35-40. (44).Stizosiedion vitr&r IMitchill). walleye. CS. (l-3), (4?), (6,

7), (9, lo), (14,15), 16-l&20,23, 25-33, (34), 3530, (41,32), 43, (44), (46), (48,49).

Percopsidae-trout-perchesPercopsis onriscornnycus (Walbaum). trout-perch. V. 1,25,

29-33,37.

Petromyrontidae-lampreysichtkyorriyzon bdeifium (Jordan). Ohio lamprey CS. 27-33.Zchtkyomyzon C~SIR~CVS Girard. chestnut lamprey. CS.

iitlX, ZO-23,2>29,33,3544,45?, 46.Ici~liryorrryionfossov Reighard & Cummins. northern brook

lamprey. CS. 30,31, 36-38.Icchthyoni~zlzo~~ xaxri Hubbs & Trauhnan. southern brook

lamprey. CS. [9], 13-24, 26, 37,39-47.icllfh!/onnlzoll ,~reelr~i Hubbs & Trautman. mountain brook

lampreys CS. 9, 26-29.

26 Fisheries

lchtifyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs & Trautman. silver lamprey.CS. 22,25,26,28-31,33.

Lainpetra nepyptm (Abbott). least brook lamprey. CS. 1,2,4,15-20,22-24,26,28-34,38-40.

Lamp&a nppendix (DeKay). American brook lamprey. CS.l-3, Zk-31, 34, 39,40.

Petromyzon nmrinu Linnaeus. sea lamprey (M). CS. l-11,3 4 .

Poeciliidae-livebearersCnvlbtrsin fffinis (Baird & Girard). western mosquitofish.

CS. 16-26, 1271, 2 8 , 2 9 , (30,31), 3 3 , (3538), 3941, (42),43-51.

Cnmbmin ?ifiinis x G. holbmki. 16-19.Gnmbmin koibrooki Giratd. eastern mosquitofish. CS. I-15,

(16), I1918 (27), 1341.Gnrnbusia g&vi Hubbs & Hubbs. largespring gambusia.

cs. (49), 50.Garnbusra Leo@ Hubbs & l’eden. San Marcos gambusia. X.

5 0 .Conrb~~sin ketevockir Hubbs. Clear Creek gambusia. E. 49.Heiernildvinforrfiosn Agassiz. least killifish. CS. [5], h-15,

17-21,45.Pmilia latipinna (Lesueur). sailfin molly. CS. 5-15, 17,

19-21,45-51.

Polyodontidae-paddlefishesPokyodon spntkula (Walbaum). paddlefish. V. (14?), 16-21,

2~3-33,35-3X, 40-45.

Salmonidae-troutsSairi~lintisfol~tinnlis (Mitchill). brook trout. CS. 1, 2, [3], (6).

171,9, (14, (16), 27, (2% (3Q 32, (34), (40).

Sciaenidae-drumsApiodimtus g~u;!f~i~r~s Rafinesque. freshwater drum. CS.

(3), 16-33,35-51.

Syngnathidae-pipefishesMicropkis buochyurus lincntus (Valenciennes). Opossum

pipefish (M). V. 7, 10-12, 15, 17,lY.S!{ngnatius scon~lli (Evermann & Kendall). Gulf pipcfish

(M). CS. 11-15, 17, 19, 21,25,45,47,51.

Umbridae-mudminnowsUmbvn iirni (Kirtland). central mudminnow. CS. 24, 26, 39.Umbra yygmtw (&Kay). eastern mudminnow. CS. l-1.1,

13,34.

Summary and conclusionsIn this document we have synthesized for the first time

the entire known native fish fauna across all majordrainages of the southern United States, including realized(i.e., all described species and subspecies) and potential(i.e., undescribed fish taxa) diversity, distribution, andconservation status. The list includes 662 native freshwaterand diadromous fishes and 24 marine fishes that are sig-nificant components of freshwater ecosystems. Of this

Vol. 25, No. 10

total, 560 described, freshwater fish species are document-ed, and 49 undescribed species are included provisionallypending formal description. Described subspecies (86) arerecognized within 43 freshwater species, 6 fishes containundescribed subspecies, and 9 fishes are recognized ascomplexes of undescribed taxa. Notably, 28% of southernfishes (183 taxa) have their range restricted to only onedrainage unit, and 37 of 51 drainage units had at least oneunique fish taxon. Even at the large scale of the drainageunits used here, high numbers of range-restricted fishesemphasize the magnitude of the threat of range fragmen-tation and isolation for southern fishes.

We deliberately included subspecific categories andundescribed taxa in an attempt to give a full accounting ofboth realized and potential fish diversity in the region.Upon further analysis, some of these potential units ofdiversity may be found to not warrant taxonomic recogni-tion nor deserve conservation consideration. We expect,however, that validation of many potential units of diver-sity simply awaits application of phylogenetic analysis tothe species discovery potential afforded by rapidly devel-oping biotechnology (Mayden and Wood 1995). Unde-scribed taxa, subspecies, and complexes may ultimatelyreveal additional distinct population segments or evolu-tionarily significant units. From this perspective, ouraccounting of diversity of southern U.S. fishes is conserva-tive. We challenge the ichthyological community to pursueand complete analyses of undescribed taxa and criticallyexamine subspecific taxa and species complexes docu-mented herein. Accounting for diversity is critical to theinformed management, maintenance, and recovery of thisextraordinary fish fauna (Mayden and Wood 1995; Anger-meier and Winston 1999).

Extinct, endangered, threatened, or vulnerable status isrecognized for 28% (187 taxa) of southern freshwater anddiadromous fishes. To date, three southern fishes (white-line topminnow, Fundulus albolineatus; San Marcos gambu-sia, Gambusia georgei; and harelip sucker, Moxostomalacerum) are known to be extinct throughout their ranges(Miller et al. 1989; Hubbs et al. 1991), and the greater red-horse (Moxostorrza valenciennesi) (Burr and Warren 1986)and headwater catfish (Ictaluuus Zupus) (Kelsch and Hen-dricks 1990; Hubbs et al. 1991) are extirpated from thestudy region. Two others, the Maryland darter (Etheostomasellare) (Etnier 1994, 1997) and smalleye shiner (Notropisbuccula) (Hubbs et al. 1991), may be extinct but are classi-fied here as endangered. Of the extant southern fishes, 41(6%) are regarded as endangered, 46 (7%) as threatened,and 101 (15%) as vulnerable. Five marine fishes that fre-quent fresh water are regarded as vulnerable.

The list of jeopardized southern fishes has increasedcontinually and rapidly since the first AFS assessment waspublished two decades ago (Deacon et al. 1979). In 1979,85 fishes from the region were regarded as endangered,threatened, or of special concern (Deacon et al. 1979).Williams et al. (1989) placed 109 southern fishes in jeopar-dized categories, a 28% increase in ten years. Our assess-ment represents a 75% increase since Williams et al. (1989)


and a 125% increase in 20 years. Although this increasehas involved addition of many fishes to the vulnerable cat-egory, southern fishes ranked as endangered in theseassessments have more than doubled over this time peri-od. Overall, the trend in the southern United States isclear. Jeopardized fishes are ,successively being movedfrom the vulnerable category to that of imminent threat ofextinction.

We recognize that fishes are not the only taxa in theconservation crisis documented for southern waters. Forexample, of 269 freshwater mussel species of the south-eastern United States, 13% are extinct and 60% are jeopar-dized (Williams et al. 1993, Neves et al. 1997). Likewise,other groups of organisms dependent on southern aquaticsystems show high levels of extinction (e.g., gastropods,Neves et al. 1997) and imperilment (e.g., crayfishes, Tayloret al. 1996; aquatic reptiles, Buhlmann and Gibbons 1997).These large-scale biotic declines are vital signals of a per-vasive degradation of southern watersheds and of soci-ety’s failure to recognize the interactive nature of land andwater management. Given an estimated future extinctionrate of 2.4% per decade for freshwater fish species in the



United States (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1999), about 10%of the southern fish fauna could be extinct by 2050. Therealization of this projection is largely contingent on soci-etal will to implement effective conservation actions. Thequestion is, how do we as fisheries and aquatic resourceprofessionals make the public, politicians, and policy mak-ers hear the critical biological signals of water resourcedegradation amid the noisy chaos of short-term economicgain and unsustainable development?

In publishing this list, the Southeastern Fishes Councilhas summarized for the professional fishery community,conservation organizations, the public, and law makers,the very high diversity of southern fishes, their distribu-tion across the landscape, and their conservation status.We urge all readers to critically examine our findings andbring to our attention any additional information. Werecognize that with new information, some of ourconservation status assignments may be unwarranted. Weintend the list to serve as a planning tool to help set priori-ties for conducting recovery efforts, status surveys, andbiological research on jeopardized southern fishes. Ourresults clearly demonstrate that conservation of southernfishes cannot be achieved one species at a time, but willrequire management for biological integrity of land andwater resources of the southern United States. *

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Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status of the ... · on the North American continent...

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