Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
Transcript of Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
Diversity and Evolutionof Rosids
. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . .
Cucurbitales• previously recognized group of 7families (some N2 fixers)• palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth,imperfect flowers, parietalplacentation
DatiscaceaeCucurbitaceae
Begoniaceae
N2 fixingclade
Cucurbitaceae - melonsMainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera,845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils(modified inflorescences)
Gurania in Panama Cucumis in Wisconsin
• flowers unisexual andplants usually dioecious,cultivated ones monoecious
Male flower
Female flower
• fusion of perianth (Asterid-like!); stamens are weird,female flower is epigynous
Cucurbitaceae - melons
Fruit is a berry with leatheryrind = pepo (pumpkin, melon,pickle, gourd)
Female flower
Cucurbitaceae - melons
Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber
Note the many small maleflowers and few femaleflowers going into fruit andspiny pepo
Cucurbitaceae - melons
Sicyos angulata - bur cucumber
Small “burred” cucumberor pickle-like fruits can beseen on bottom right
Cucurbitaceae - melons *Fagales• core “Amentiferae” of Engler &Prantl and subclass “Hamamelidae”of Cronquist - wind pollinated
N2 fixingclade
• trees with unisexualflowers in aments/catkins• inferior G (2-3)• nut - bony 1-seeded
*FagalesNothofagaceae - southern beeches -are sister to all others
• North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks)
Castanea - chestnut Quercus - oak
*Fagaceae - beeches
Fagus - beech
• simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts
• Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in northtemperate deciduous forests• easy to recognize with gray bark
Fagus grandifolia -American beech
• 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts)surrounded by one set of bracts
Fagus sylvatica - Europe
Fagus grandifolia - N. America
*Fagaceae - beeches
• Quercus, the oaks, have bracts belowfemale flower that coalesce into awoody cup of the acorn fruit (nut)
• hybridizing group and taxonomicallychallenging
*Fagaceae - oaks
• White oaks - rounded leaf lobes,thinner walled xylem of summer wood,fruit matures in 1 yr
• Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes,thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs
*Fagaceae - oaks
white oak red oak
Quercus alba - white oak
White oak - Alleghenian species typicalof more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin
*Fagaceae - oaks
Bur oak - Ozarkian element species ofxeric oak woodlands and oak savannas
Quercus macrocarpa - bur oak
*Fagaceae - oaksRed oak - more mesic member of the redoak group; black oak, hill’s oak are morexeric tolerant
Quercus rubra - red oak
*Fagaceae - oaks
• Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2female flowers per spiny involucre
Castanea dentata - American chestnut
*Fagaceae - chestnuts
Castanea dentata - Americanchestnut original distribution
American chestnutsMassachusetts in late1800s prior to 1904chestnut blight
Japanese chestnut inConnecticut -resistant
*Fagaceae - chestnuts
Well known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, andpecans
10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies
*Juglandaceae - walnuts
Engelhardia Juglans
• Leaves pinnately compound,alternate• Leaves often aromatic from resinouspeltate glands; allelopathic
Juglans cineraButternut, white walnut
Carya ovatashagbark hickory
*Juglandaceae - walnuts
• Trees aremonoecious
• Wind pollinatedfeatures
Juglans nigra - Black walnut
Female flower
Male inflorescence
*Juglandaceae - walnuts
• male flowers apetalous andarranged in pendulous catkins oraments on older stems
• calyx small; each flower bracted
CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0
Juglans regiaEnglish walnut
*Juglandaceae - walnutsJuglans cinera
Butternut, white walnut
CA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2)
• female flowers apetalous and in asmall group on this year’s new growth
• calyx small, persistant, often fused toinvolucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery
Juglans cineraButternut, white walnut
Juglans nigraBlack walnut
*Juglandaceae - walnuts
Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory
Juglans cineraButternut, white walnut
• fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall• surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which canbecome fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe”
Juglans nigraBlack walnut
*Juglandaceae - walnuts
Juglans nigra - black walnut
• black walnut: one of the mostprized of all lumber trees for finefurniture
*Juglandaceae - walnuts• shagbark hickory: common tree ofmore mesic to xeric forests over muchof North America - oak/hickory forests
Carya ovata - shagbark hickory
*Juglandaceae - hickories
*Betulaceae - birchesNorth Temperate family of 6 genera and110 species of shrubs to trees - birchesand alders
• both female and male (drooping)inflorescences are in aments/catkins
• flowers possess no perianth
• fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara,subtended by 3-lobed bract
*Betulaceae - birches
Betula papyrifera - paper birch
Female inflorescence
Male inflorescence
*Betulaceae - birches
Betula papyrifera -paper birch
Betula allegheniensisYellow birch
*Betulaceae - birches
Ostrya virginiana - easternhop hornbeam, ironwood
Alnus, the alders
Corylus americanaHazelnut, filbert
Myrica gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrina - sweet fern
• Small family 3 genera that fixatmospheric nitrogen
• Dioecious shrubs or subshrubswith sweet aromatic smell
Myricaceae - sweet gale
Casuarina -evergreen withequisetoid leaves
Casuarinaceae• small family of 100 species -the she oaks of Australia
*Sapindales• long recognized group of 9 families• woody, compound leaves• nectar disk
RutaceaeGeijera multiflorum
SapindaceaeAcer platanoides
• 1-2 seeded fruit
*Sapindales
Bitter triterpenoids
• chemically distinct (lemon smells)• preferential herbivory by hemipteranCalophya
Calophya on Schinus(Anacardiaceae)
Rhus glabra - smooth sumac
Woody, worldwide family (70/985)with alternate, compound leaves andpungent, often nasty volatiles orblack exudates (phenolics)
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs
• flowers are small, congested,variously unisexual or perfectbut with diskRhus glabra - smooth sumac
Semecarpus
Magnifera -mango
*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)
• one-seeded drupes (mango,pistachio, cashew)
Rhus glabra - smooth sumac
Semecarpus
Magnifera -mango
*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)
Rhus hirta - staghorn sumac
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs
Toxicodendron radicans - poison ivy: variable in habitToxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous species
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs
Toxicodendron vernix - poison sumacMulti-stemmed shrub in wetlands
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs
One of the most poisonous members of this family isthe source of Chinese or Japanese lacquer. What is thespecies?
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Sapindaceae - maplesLargely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species andincludes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maples- Aceraceae, buckeyes - Hippocastanaceae)
• most have opposite, compound leaves• 1-2 seeded drupes or samaras
Sapindus -soapberry
Acer saccharum - sugar maple Acer rubrum - red maple
*Sapindaceae - maplesThe family includes 2 of the most important or dominant treespecies in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red maple CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G
(2)• maple flowers typically unisexual by abortion. Perianth 4-5 merous, butpetals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelder
• nectariferous disk is often present in the whorl associated with stamens
Acer platanoides - Norwaymaple
Introduced ornamental
Male flower
*Sapindaceae -maples
• superior pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 extended styles
Female flower
*Sapindaceae -maples
• note reduced and probably non-functional stamens
CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G(2)
Acer platanoides - Norway maple
• fruit is a schizocarp - each carpelseparates into a one seeded mericarp
• fruit is also a samara - 2 wingedachenes
*Sapindaceae - maples
One of the most dominantmesic forest tree speciesthroughout Wisconsin isthe sugar maple; leavessmoothed lobed; flowerswithout petals
*Sapindaceae - maples
Acer saccharum/nigrumSugar/black maple
Another dominanthydric-xeric forest treespecies throughoutWisconsin and easternNorth America
*Sapindaceae - maples
Acer rubrum - Red maple
Acer saccharinum - silver maple
Silver maple is characteristic of wet conditions, fastgrowing, and with whitish underside to leaves; likesugar maple has no petals
*Sapindaceae - maplesAcer negundo - boxelder• only dioecious
species of maple andonly one withcompound leaves
• initially male only,as they age theyswitch to female
*Sapindaceae - maples
Aesculus glabra -Ohio buckeye
• horsechestnuts are now included inSapindaceae along with the maples.
• leaves are palmately compound and opposite.
*Sapindaceae - maples
Aesculus hippocastanum -horsechestnut
Ailanthus altissima - tree of heaven
The tree-of-heaven is originally from Asia,widely planted, and somewhat naturalized.
Like most members of the family, the tree isstrongly (pungently) odored.
Simaroubaceae - tree of heaven
Largely alternate, compound leaved family(except oranges and relatives)
Family is well known for its volatile terpenoidcompounds that the leaves & flowers emit
Ptelea trifoliata (hop tree,wafer-ash) - medicinal plnat
Rutaceae - citrus
Citrus sinensis
Zanthoxylum americanumPrickly-ash
Native clonal and spiny armedshrub with pinnately compoundleaves; flowers reduced
Potentially invasive shrub in drierhabitats
Rutaceae - citrus
Meliaceae - mahoganyMahogany - Swietenia brasiliensis - important lumber tree inNeotropics