DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BEGUSARAImines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Begusarai.pdf · DISTRICT SURVEY...

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5/3/2019 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BEGUSARAI Sand Mineral & Brick Kilns As per Notification no. S.O.3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th July, 2018 of Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India Prepared by INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College, Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website- www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91- 9472919161, 7004620817 Submitted to Under Secretary Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar

Transcript of DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BEGUSARAImines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Begusarai.pdf · DISTRICT SURVEY...

Page 1: DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BEGUSARAImines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Begusarai.pdf · DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 9 The district is divided into 5 subdivision

5/3/2019

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BEGUSARAI Sand Mineral & Brick Kilns

As per Notification no. S.O.3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th July, 2018 of Ministry of

Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India

Prepared by

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA

Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V.

College, Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-

www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-

9472919161, 7004620817

Submitted to

Under Secretary

Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar

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PREFACE

The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India,

made Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification

of 27th

January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in

view the experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the

MoEF&CC came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th

September 2006. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different

kinds of development projects as listed in Schedule-1 of the Notification.

Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in

I.A. No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of

Deepak Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now

become mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And

also in view of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the

matter regarding sand mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for

mining leases in cluster for minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change in consultation with State governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand

Mining detailing the provisions on environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District

Environment Impact Assessment Authority and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining

using information technology and information technology enabled services to track the mined

out material from source to destination.

The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of

mining of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding

document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up,

environmental and ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on

data of various departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report

will form the basis for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and

appraisal of projects. The Report will be updated once every five years.

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OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand

Mining Guideline, 2016) is to ensure the following –

Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;

and

Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and

installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of

replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.

Identification of mineral wealth in the district.

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INDEX

Sl. No. Chapters Page No.

Chapter-1 Introduction 4

Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 12

Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and

period of validity

15

Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 19

Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand or minor mineral in last three years 20

Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 21

Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 25

Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,

Horticulture, Mining etc.

27

Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 30

Chapter-10 Rainfall: month-wise 35

Chapter-11 Geology and Mineral Wealth

Drainage System with description of main rivers

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

37

Chapter-12 Status of Brick Kilns in Begusarai 44

References 45

Annexures-

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest

department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District

Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of are of

aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion

and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited

and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining

in that area.

Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining

activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in

replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral

potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all

relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all

data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.

Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of

removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can

be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks mining all data

gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral

potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall form the basis of

application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall

be updated once every 5 years.

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Historical Perspective:-

Legend ascribes the origin of Begusarai to a mythological King Putraka who created Begusarai

by magic for his queen Patali, literally Trumpet flower, which gives it its ancient name

Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the first born to the queen, the city was named

Pataliputra. Gram is the Sanskrit for village and Putra means son.

Begusarai From a scientific history perspective, it would be appropriate to surmise that the

history of Begusarai started around the year 490 BC when Ajatashatru, the king of Magadh,

wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagriha to a more strategically located place to

combat the Licchavis of Vaishali. He chose the site on the bank of Ganges and fortified the area.

From that time, the city has had a continuous history, a record claimed by few cities in the world.

Gautam Buddha passed through this place in the last year of his life, and he had prophesized a

great future for this place, but at the same time, he predicted its ruin from flood, fire, and feud.

Location, Area and Administrative Details:-

Begusarai district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar. The name of the district apparently

comes from "Begum" (queen) and "Sarai" (inn). The Begum of Bhagalpur used to visit "Simaria

Ghat" (holy place on the banks of the Ganges) for a month of pilgrimage, which later took to the

slang of Begusarai. Begusarai

was established in 1870 as a

subdivision of Munger District.

In 1972, it was given district

status. Begusarai district having

an area of 1918 sq.km. lies

between 250 15’, 25

0 45’ and

850 45’; 86

0 30’ on the northern

bank of river Ganga. The

district is bounded on the north

and west by Samastipur district,

on the west by Vaishali and

some part of Muzaffarpur

districts, on the south by the mighty river Ganges, and on the east by Khagaria districts.

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Administration The district lies on the northern bank of river Ganga. The district is at present

comprises of 5 sub-division, 18 community development blocks, and 1229 revenue villages and

Begusarai town is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district headquarters is

connected to all block headquarters by all weather roads. The district has direct train link with

Patna, Kolkata , Delhi, and other places of importance. The total population of district is

2970541 , out of which rural population is 2400718and Urban population is 569823 ( as per 2011

census).

Topography:-

District Begusarai lies in the middle part of the north Ganga plain. In general, it is low flying

fvflat terrain (MSL 45m-32m) having a southerly to southeasterly slope. This factor governs the

flow of streams. Geomorphologically it is a part of the Gandak-Kosi interfluves. The southern

part of the district, except those of low lying flood plains of Ganga, appears to be elevated

landmass when compared to the adjoining district of Khagaria and Samastipur. Hence, being a

safer destination amidst the flood drained region, it support the human activity in a better way.

The district is drained by number of rivers viz. Ganga, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Balan rivers

and in addition, small rivulets, dhars, nalas which are originated locally and preserve rain water,

mark the landscape.

Forest:-

There is no area of the district under forest leaving 63 sq.km i.e. the area of Kanwarjheel

Wildlife Sanctuary. Begusarai district does not comprise of any forest. In contrast to the eastern

portions of the old district of Munger, this district lying south to the Ganga does not comprise of

any forest of sal and other large trees. At most of the places, there are gardens of mango and

litchi. Chakmuzaffar a village of Naokothi block is famous for banana. Apart from these, Babul,

Neem, Guava, Lemon, Gamahar, Peepal, Bamboo, shirish are also found. Shisham is one of the

most important ones of them. Wild animals are scarcely found in this district. However, birds are

seen in large numbers in various colours, particularly in the bird sanctuary of Kaver Lake. Till

now 59 types of birds from abroad and 107 types of birds from home have been recognized here.

Basin/Sub-Basin and Drainage:-

Begusarai district is part of the middle Ganges plain. The river Ganga flows towards east parallel

to the southern boundary of the district. The other rivers flowing in the district are the Burhi

Gandak, Bagmati, Balan, Bainty, Baya and Chandrabhaga

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Land use, Agriculture and Irrigation Practices:-

Agriculture is the main source of sustenance for majority of population in the district. The main

food crops of the district are wheat, maize and paddy. Sugar cane is main cash crop of the

district. The other main cash crop of the district is chilli.The district is rich in ground water

resource, which can be developed for irrigation purpose. The assured irrigation will increase the

crop production and improve the economic condition of people inhibiting the district. Irrigation

in the district is provided by different sources like wells ,tubewells, tanks, ponds, rivers i.e.by

both surface and ground water. However rainwater is still majour source of irrigation in most

part of the district. The total cropped area is 179056 hectrare and net sown area is 117303

hectare. The gross area under irrigation by tube wells/bore well is 87000 hectares. (Govt of

Bihar).

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)

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Location of Begusarai district in the map of Bihar:-

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The district is divided into 5 subdivision and 18 blocks which are as under:-

Division District Sub-division Blocks

Munger

Begusarai Begusarai Begusarai,Barauni

Matihani,Birpur,

Samho Akha Kurha

Balia Balia, Dandari

Sahebpur Kamal

Teghra Teghra,Bachhwara

Bhagwanpur,Mansoorchak

Manjhaul Cheriya Bariyarpur.

Chhorahi, Khudabandpur

Bakhari Bakhari, Garhpura

Nawkothi

Blocks map of Begusarai District:-

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Hydrogeology :-

Geological setup, distribution of rainfall and the ease of circulation of vwater

through interconnected pores of the geological formations constituting the aquifer make the

hydrogeological frame work of the area.Based on the geological diversities and relative ground

water potentialities in the aquifer belonging to different geological formation, the district can be

subdivided broadly into two hydrogeological units- (a) Older alluvium ( Ganga formation and (b)

Newer alluvium ( Diara formation).

The alluvium of the Ganga plain is consisting of alterations of gravel, sand of various grades and

clay beds. Gravel and sand constitute the prolific aquifers. The thickness of alluvium is more

than 600m. In the diara plain, the alluvium consiss of sand silt and clay.

Mode of Occurrence of Ground Water:-

The ground water occurs under water table condition, semi confined to confined condition. The

ground water in the phreatic aquifer occurs under water table conditions. The shallow pheratic

aquifer is commonly tapped by dug-wells of depth ranges from 5 to 15 m bgl. The shallow tube-

wells tap unconfined aquifer and disposed at a depth between 20 to 60 m. The deep tube-wells

have been constructed tapping aquifers disposed at deeper levels. These aquifers are in semi-

confined to confined condition.

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)

Climate and Rainfall:-

Being part of the Gangetic plains of the Indian subcontinent, the district experiences three

climatic seasons – the summer season from March to mid-June, the monsoon season from mid-

June to October and the winter season from November to February. The month of February &

March fall in the transitional season from winter to summer described as spring or “Basant”.

Similarly the months of September & October falls in the transitional season from the monsoon

season to the winter season and described as “Shishir”.

Soils:-

The soil of the district is generally alkaline and is characterizedby deficiency in nitrogen,

phosphoric acid and humus. It is most fertile soil and suitable for cultivation of rice, jute and

sugarcane.

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)

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Connectivity:-

By Air

Begusarai is a great city to visit in the state of Bihar. There are no flights from other cities of the

country to Begusarai. Nearest airport is Patna Airport. Begusarai is well connected to other major

cities of the country via regular trains. You can easily get regular buses to Begusarai from other

major cities of the country.

By Train

There is/are some direct train(s)

from Begusarai to Patna. These

train(s) is/are , Koshi Exp

(18697), Intercity Exp (15713)

and Rajya Rani Exp (12567) etc.

By Road

It is 124 km from Patna and can be reached by Bus and Car as public transport.

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CHAPTER - 2

OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Topography:-

District Begusarai lies in the middle part of the north Ganga plain. In general, it is low flying

fvflat terrain (MSL 45m-32m) having a southerly to southeasterly slope. This factor governs the

flow of streams. Geomorphologically it is a part of the Gandak-Kosi interfluves. The southern

part of the district, except those of low lying flood plains of Ganga, appears to be elevated

landmass when compared to the adjoining district of Khagaria and Samastipur. Hence, being a

safer destination amidst the flood drained region, it support the human activity in a better way.

The district is drained by number of rivers viz. Ganga, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Balan rivers

and in addition, small rivulets, dhars, nalas which are originated locally and preserve rain water,

mark the landscape.

General Geology:-

The geology of the area constitutes the highest alluvial plain in the domain of the Himalayan

Rivers to the north of the Ganga. It is a part of the Great Gangetic Basin. The basin was formed

during late PaleogeneNeogene times and is related to the upheaval of the Himalayas vis a vis

flexural downwarp of the Indian Lithosphere under the supracrustal load of the Himalayas

(Wadia, 1961). The entire segment abounds in buried faults and grabens. The basin came into

existence as a result of the collision of India and China continental Plates (Dewcy and Bird, 1970

in Parkash) during the Paleocene. Collision resulted in intraplate subduction along the

MCT(Main Central Thrust lying in the Himalayas) raising the Higher Himalaya to form source

rocks and “popping through” of the more southerly part of the Indian plate to form the basin.

This “popping through” might have lead to the development of longitudinal and transverse

lineaments thougout the basin. With time more southerly areas were raised and by mid-

Paleocene subduction also started along the MBF(Main Boundary Fault lying in the Himalayas).

These phenomena are reflected in the presence of a coarsening up megacycle with at least two

superimposed minor cycle and in the composition of the sandstone and conglomerates of the

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basin. Later folding of the northern edge of basin to form the Siwalik Ranges during the Early

Pleistocene led to cannibalism of this part of the basin.

Approach to Sand Mining:-

River sand mining is a common practice as habitation concentrates along the rivers and the

mining locations are preferred near the markets or along the transportation route, for reducing the

transportation cost. River sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as

aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a

stream channel.

Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-

To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and

socially responsible manner.

To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.

To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out

material:

Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection

and restoration of the ecological system.

Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures

such as jetties, water intakes etc.

Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in

stream habitats.

Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground

water.

To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works

as filter prior to ground water recharge.

To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in

determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted

Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for

sustainable mining.

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River Basin Map of Bihar

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CHAPTER - 3

LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA

AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY

Sl No. Name Of River Name Of the Sand

Ghat

Area

(Ha)

Period(in

yrs)

GPS Coordinates

1 Gandak NaokhothiGhat 5 Up to 31st

Decembe

r,2019

25° 30' 30.9763" N

86° 11' 28.6916" E

25° 30' 44.9875" N

86° 11' 45.9319" E

25° 30' 43.5951" N

86° 11' 47.5953" E

25° 30' 29.2892" N

86° 11' 30.7018" E

2 Gandak MohanpurGhat 4.2 25° 30' 38.0306" N

86° 16' 55.6094" E

25° 30' 42.5853" N

86° 16' 54.8569" E

25° 30' 43.4617" N

86° 16' 58.5147" E

25° 30' 36.0344" N

86° 17' 3.6625" E

25° 30' 32.4577" N

86° 17' 2.6968" E

3 Gandak BalhaSuhagiGhat 5 25° 31' 15.7918" N

86° 16' 15.7499" E

25° 31' 18.1889" N

86° 16' 16.3407" E

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25° 31' 15.1308" N

86° 16' 33.5889" E

25° 31' 12.0758" N

86° 16' 33.8503" E

4 Gandak ChariaBariyarpurG

hat

4.8 25° 34' 54.3940" N

86° 04' 22.4507" E

25° 34' 56.9046" N

86° 04' 23.0442" E

25° 34' 52.5011" N

86° 04' 45.0982" E

25° 34' 50.8726" N

86° 04' 44.6413" E

5 Ganga MadharapurBhola

nathGhat

5 25° 28' 14.6304" N

85° 56' 11.9819" E

25° 28' 20.0812" N

85° 56' 11.6214" E

25° 28' 17.6100" N

85° 56' 23.3163" E

25° 28' 12.7715" N

85° 56' 22.8018" E

6 Ganga JaymanglaManojG

hatSimariya

5 25° 21' 47.3281" N

86° 01' 3.0380" E

25° 21' 51.7022" N

86° 01' 6.8910" E

25° 21' 44.2552" N

86° 01' 14.7335" E

25° 21' 40.7013" N

86° 01' 11.0087" E

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7 Ganga ChakGhat 4.8 25° 21' 11.9187" N

86° 11' 17.3631" E

25° 21' 10.4091" N

86° 11' 30.5911" E

25° 21' 6.1223" N

86° 11' 29.0187" E

25° 21' 8.6733" N

86° 11' 17.1329" E

8 Ganga RamdiriGhat 4.8 25° 21' 4.4125" N

86° 06' 54.2462" E

25° 21' 3.2549" N

86° 06' 58.9467" E

25° 20' 51.9033" N

86° 06' 52.3712" E

25° 20' 53.6660" N

86° 06' 48.5946" E

9 Ganga NaurangaVishanpu

rGhat

4.9 25° 22' 15.5492" N

86° 18' 13.1988" E

25° 22' 14.5534" N

86° 18' 27.9428" E

25° 22' 10.7186" N

86° 18' 27.0987" E

25° 22' 11.5514" N

86° 18' 13.0165" E

10 Ganga ChamthaGhat 4.7 25° 31' 26.5506" N

85° 44' 29.6159" E

25° 31' 32.2786" N

85° 44' 28.3134" E

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25° 31' 32.7074" N

85° 44' 37.0267" E

25° 31' 26.2144" N

85° 44' 38.7390" E

11 Ganga KharahatGhat 4.9 25° 25' 16.6582" N

86° 27' 32.3482" E

25° 25' 24.7497" N

86° 27' 38.6980" E

25° 25' 20.9054" N

86° 27' 44.0217" E

25° 25' 14.2497" N

86° 27' 36.6251" E

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CHAPTER - 4

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE

YEARS

Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three calendar years

Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)

1 2015 552.66

2 2016 1098.08

3 2017 893.19

Total 2543.93

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CHAPTER - 5

DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SANDMINERALS IN LAST THREE

YEARS

Status of production of sand Minerals in last three years is Nil because of Non- EC approved

sand ghat in the district. Details has been presented in calendar year.

Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)

1 2015 NIL

2 2016 NIL

3 2017 NIL

Total NIL

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CHAPTER - 6

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE

DISTRICT

Process:-

Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and

erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of

gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is

transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,

density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to

rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.

Deposition is the processes

where material being

transported by a river is

deposited. Deposition occurs

when a river loses energy. This

can be when a river enters a

shallow area (this could be

when it floods and comes into

contact with the flood plain) or

towards its mouth where it

meets another body of water.

Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area over which they flood is known as the floodplain and

this often coincides with regions where meanders form. Meanders support the formation of flood

plains through lateral erosion.

When rivers flood the velocity of water slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to

transport material is reduced and deposition occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment

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across the whole floodplain. After a series of floods layers of sediment form along the flood

plain.

Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result

of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore

rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the

river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.

If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported

Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling

velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load

by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance

then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will

be transported high in the flow as wash load.

As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of

different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.

The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.

geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity

of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The

obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode

load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by

an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and

the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river

transports until it deposits its load.

Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The

maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age

river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the

river’s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river

loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose

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energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing

as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in

evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing

it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load

because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load

because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As

rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The

channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its

tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be

small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the

material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers

flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend

most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now

eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral

erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore

be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be

deposited.

This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition

on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion

narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river

will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest

current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is

likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old

meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy

rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,

when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they

encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,

piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.

Rivers in the Gangetic plains have a habit of meandering, i.e., changing course. In India this is a

prominent feature of rivers which swell in the monsoon, occasionally suddenly, and the torrential

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movement carves out a new course in the soft alluvial plain. The Ganga River, in Patna, has

meandered and migrated northwards in the Patliputra area. This migration has resulted in

deposition of earth on the south [right] bank of the river and created a massive space of a few

hundred hectares between the urban development line and the active river channel.

A river system can be divided into three subsystems: -

Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater

region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.

Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way

through which water and sediment move from the collecting area toward the ocean.

(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)

Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river

(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin

Removal of washed in Silt Load:-

Geologically, the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the

Indo -`Gangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the

upper Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic

minerals found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.

The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.

Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it

replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This

silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to

carry to the consumers.

Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential

minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and

variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)

etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and

deposition of sand etc.

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CHAPTER-7

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Begusarai District is one of the thirty-eight districts of the Indian state of Bihar. The city

of Begusarai is its administrative headquarters and is part of the Munger Division.

Begusarai district occupies an area of 1,918 square kilometres (741 sq mi). The district lies on

the northern bank of river Ganges. Begusarai district is a part of Munger division. It is located at

latitudes 250.15N & 250.45N and longitudes 850.45E & 860.36E.

Sl.

No.

ITEMS Statistics

01 GENERAL INFORMATION

i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 1918

ii) Administrative Divisions 5

Number of Tehsil/Block 18

Number of Panchyat 257

Villages 1229

iii) Population (As on 2011 Census):

Rural

Urban

Total

2400718

569823

2970541

iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1104.7

02 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Major physiographic units Thick unconsolidated

alluvium

Major Drainages Burhi Gandak, Balan, Bainty,

Baya, Chandrabhaga, Ganga

and Bagmati

03 LAND USE (sq.km)

a) Forest area: NIL

b) Net area sown: 1173.03sq. km

c) Total Cropped area: 1790.56 sq.km

04 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Vertisols, inceptisols, entisols.

05 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS Paddy, wheat, cash crops

IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (ha)

Dug wells and Tube wells 86000ha

Canal

Net irrigated area 70,000ha

Gross irrigated area

06 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL Alluvium

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FORMATIONS

HYDROGEOLOGY

Major Water bearing formations

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

Alluvium

6.7 – 9.5 m bgl

Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)

in m/yr

2.85 – 6.1 m bgl

No significant decline

07 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB

(As on 31.03.2013)

No. of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH = Total) EW=8, OW=2, PZ=7

Depth Range (m) 55 – 56 m bgl

Discharge 23-50

Storativity (S)

9.2 X 10-3

to 8.39 X 10-5

Transmissivity (m2/day) 2300-12,000

08 GROUND WATER QUALITY

Presence of Chemical constituents more than

permissible limit (e.g., EC, F, As, Fe)

As

09 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (as

on 31st March 2009) – in mcm

Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources 600.83

Net Annual Ground Water Draft 351.5

Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses

upto 2025

76.11

Stage of Ground Water Development 58.5%

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)

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CHAPTER-8

LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,

HORTICULTURE, MINING

Forest:-

There is no area of the district

under forest leaving 63sq.km

i.e. the area of Kanwar jheel

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Begusarai district does not

comprise of any forest. In

contrast to the eastern

portions of the old district of

Munger, this district lying

south to the Ganga does not

comprise of any forest of sal

and other large trees. At most

of the places, there are gardens of mango and litchi. Chakmuzaffar a village of Naokothi block is

famous for banana. Apart from these, Babul, Neem, Guava, Lemon, Gamahar, Peepal, Bamboo,

shirish are also found. Shisham is one of the most important ones of them. Wild animals are

scarcely found in this district. However, birds are seen in large numbers in various colours,

particularly in the bird sanctuary of Kaver Lake. Till now 59 types of birds from abroad and 107

types of birds from home have been recognized here.

Agriculture:-

Agriculture is the main source of

sustenance for majority of population

in the district. The main food crops

of the district are wheat, maize and

paddy. Sugar cane is main cash crop

of the district. The other main cash

crop of the district is chilli. The

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district is rich in ground water resource, which can be developed for irrigation purpose. The

assured irrigation will increase the crop production and improve the economic condition of

people inhibiting the district. Irrigation in the district is provided by different sources like wells

,tubewells, tanks, ponds, rivers i.e.by both surface and ground water. However rainwater is still

majour source of irrigation in most part of the district. The total cropped area is 179056 hectrare

and net sown area is 117303 hectare. The gross area under irrigation by tube wells/bore well is

87000 hectares. (Govt of Bihar).

Horticulture:-

Begusarai district is

under Medium Level of

Production in

Horticultural Crops -

Horticulture level of

horticultural

development has found

in the district.

These districts come

under the periphery areas

where there is a lack of

infrastructure regarding

horticultural crops.

Floriculture in the district

is now developing in the

same fashion as

compared to other crops.

So, there is need to

emphasis on these crops.

Horticulture cultivation

is always advantageous.

It paves the ways and means of development. It has been observed that it could be developed in

the state if the government provides protection and subsidies to the farmers. There is a great need

to emphasis on marketing management and boosting the irrigation resource of the state along

with that there is need of awareness on profitability and techno managerial skill among farmers

to promote the horticultural cultivation in the state.

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Mining:-

The mineral resources of Begusarai district playing massive role in industrial, social and

economic development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district

Sand

Land utilization pattern is presented as below-

01 LAND USE (Sq.km)

a) Forest area: NIL

b) Net area sown: 1173.03

c) Total Cropped area: 1790.56

02 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS

IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (ha)

Dug wells and Tube wells 86000

Canal

Net irrigated area 70000

Gross irrigated area

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CHAPTER-9

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

The Bihar state can be broadly subdivided into three major unit’s i.e., main physical sub-

divisions is the Norhern Mountains, the Gangetic Plains and the Central Highlands. Northern

Mountains comprises the Himalayan ranges including their foot hills. The Gangetic plains,

situated between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau,constitute the most fertile plains of the

sub-basin ideally suited for intensive cultivation.The Central highlands lying to the south of the

Great plains consists

of mountains, hills

and plateaus

intersected by

valleys and river

plains.They are

largely covered by

forests.Aravali

uplands,

Bundelkhand

upland, Malwa

plateau, Vindhyan

and Narmada valley

lie in the this region.Predominant soil types found in the sub- basin are sandy, loamy , clay and

their combinations such as sandy loam , loam , silty clay loam and loamy sand soils.

Physiography and Relief:-

North Ganga plain is a major physiographic unit of the Indian landmass. It extends from the

Himalayan terrain in the north to the river Ganga in the south covering about 56980 km2 . a

roughly quadrilateral shape. Generally recognized as "a water-surplus area", this quadrilateral

region is bounded by a northern piedmont belt where water oozes to the surface, followed by a

broad belt of swampy lands, depressions and lakes, and finally an aggregation of alluvial fans as

all these northern streams bend to form confluence points with the Ganga (Singh & Kumar,

1970).Hence, the surface is characterized by palaeo levees, swamps or flood basins locally called

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"Chaurs", relict palaeo channels aggraded in varying degrees, meander belts, ox-bow lakes and

cut-of loops (Ahmad,1971). Its fluvial geomorphology is dominated from west to east by the

Ghagra-Gandak Interfluves, the Gandak-Kosi Interfluves and the western Kosi Fan Belt. Some

of these rivers frequently change their channels. Their channels are called by different names in

different parts of their courses. According to a study in 1976 on Wetlands in Bihar, by Govt. of

Bihar, natural wetlands of more than 100 ha each covered about 46828 ha (Directory of

Wetlands, Govt. of Bihar)

The district of Begusarai lies in the middle part of this great plain known as mid Ganga

plain. In general, it is a low-lying flat terrain (MSL45m-32m) having a southerly to southeasterly

slope. This factor governs the flow of streams. Geomorphologically it is a part of the Gandak-

Kosi inerfluve (please refer subheading Geomorphology given below). The southern part of the

district, except those of low-lying flood plains of Ganga, appears to be an elevated landmass

when compared to the adjoining districts of Khagaria and Samastipur. Hence, being a safer

destination amidst the flood drained region, it supports the human activities in a better way.

The district Begusarai is divided into three flood plains namely

i. Kereha-Old Bhagmati flood plains,

ii. Burhi Gandhak Flood plain and

iii. Ganga Flood plain

The first two flood plains of the district are very low lying areaS and are prone to the flood. The

floods owe their origin to the complex interplay of fluvial geomorphic elements in Page 18 of

172 the upstream sections of the Kosi, Bagmati-Kareh-Budhi Gandak and related rivers. These

two flood plains converge in the southeastern part of the district, which is lowland. The streams

flowing in the region show a shifting tendency. In the course of their shifting, the rivers leave

behind their scars of their previous channels. Thus due to shifting nature of streams and

physiographic characteristic, this part is full of wetlands, backswamps and oxbow lakes.

However, in the southern part, the flood plains of Ganga are least prone to flodd. Interestingly

the Railway track passing through the district marks a prominent divider line for Ganga flood

plain and Kereha- old Bhagmati flood plains & Burhi Gandhak flood plain. The Flood plains of

Burhi Gandak and Kareha are marked by the presence of paleo levees, oxbow lakes,

paleochannels, relict streams and chaurs viz Kaulachaur and Bhagwanpur chaur. These chaurs

serve as excellent fertile agricultural lands duing summer and are submerged during rains. Also

the areas around these chaurs face the problem of submergence for around three-four months a

year. Kawar lake, a large fresh water lake which is basically a huge wetland is present as an

important physiographic feature of this part.

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In the Gangaflood plain, which is approaximately 50-55km long and 5-6kms wide,in the

southern part of the district, except those low lying areas of “Taals and chaurs”, the typical

fluvial characteristics of North Bihar rivers are not visible, which are prominent in the north of

Railway track. This is the least flood prone area of the district, which gets drowned only in cases

of exceptional floods in Ganga and Burhi Gandak. This relatively upland area appears to be the

levee of river Ganga.

Geomorphology:-

Begusarai district is part of the middle Ganges plain. The district has a terraced alluvial

landscape shaped Himalayan and sub Himalayan rivers Viz., Ganga, the Burhi gandak ,the

Bagmati and small rivers like Balan.The general elevation of the district ranges between 41 – 48

m above MSL, though the Kabar tal (a lake) in Cheria Bariarpur block is having an elevation of

37 – 39 m above MSL.Geomorphologically , the district can be broadly dived into Ganga plain

and diara plain, both constituting the depositiona land scape.The important fluvial land forms in

Ganga plain are natural levee, abandoned channel. The important fluvial land forms in diara

plain are channel bar and point bar.

The District contains Asia's largest oxbow lake, kabar Taal and is situated near Manjhaul village.

Soil:-

The soil of the district is generally alkaline

and is characterized by deficiency in

nitrogen, phosphoric acid and humus. It is

most fertile soil and suitable for cultivation

of rice, jute and sugarcane.

Drainage:-

The district is drained by a no of rivers viz. Ganga, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Balan rivers and

in addition, small rivulets, dhars, nalas which are originated locally and preserve rain water,

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mark the landscape. Among the

rivers, Ganga, Burhi Gandak,

Kosi, Kareha and Bagmati are

perennial, whereas Channa River,

Bainti nadi, Kachna nadi, Monrya

nadi and Malti nadi are

seasonal.All the types of streams

i.e. the mountain fed, foothill fed,

plain fed and mixed fed, drains

the district. Ganga is a mountain

fed river while Bagmati is a

foothill fed river. Burhi Gandak,

Baya, Balan, Baintia, Chanha etc

are originated in the plains and

present examples of plain fed

rivers. The small rivulets serve as tributaries to the streams of higher order. These rivulets are

often dry lowlands during summer and flooded during rainy season.

In general, the drainage pattern of the rivers of this region forms a part of the greater Gangetic

Plain, which is characterized as dendritic drainage pattern. However, locally they exhibit their

typical characteristics. The Ganga River here shows Yazoo pattern of drainage and the area is

known a Ganga Yazoo belt. Yazoo pattern of drainage is defined by the streams, which travel in

a parallel fashion before confluence. Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kareha and Balan, Baintia, shows

very high sinuosity and are typically meandering rivers.River Ganga enters into the southwest

part draining the Chamtha block in the district. This river along with its flood plains, “Chaurs”

and “Tals” determines the boundary of the district in the southern part.

The Burhi Gandak, the 2nd most important river, also known as Sirkahana in its upper reaches,

enters the district near Parihara about 10 km upstream of its confluence with the Balan River. It

forms the boundary with Samastipur district in Khodawandpur and Cheriabariyarpur blocks. This

is a river showing very high sinuosity and has characteristically low slit content than other

Himalayan rivers. After traversing a distance of approximately 100 Km. it drains in Ganga near

Khagaria .The river cause periodic floods in the western part of the district.

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River Balan enters the district in the Bachhwara block. After taking a course of app 30kms km. it

drains into Burhi Gandak River 5 km west of Manjhaul. This is also a highly sinuous stream.

Bagmati – A very Juvenile stream of North Bihar plains, drains only the northeastern corner of

district. It enters into the district near Bakhri and is well known for its unstable nature and spill

Page 20 of 172 channels. After traversing the low-lying valley areas, it meets the Kosi near

Sankosh outside the territories of the district. It is responsible for floods in the northern part of

the district.

Baintia River is a plain fed stream originated in the adjoining district of Samastipur and enters in

Bhagwanpur block of the district. Upstreams, in the Samastipur district, it is known as Jamwari

Nadi. This drains into Burhi Gandak after joining the Balan River. It is also a stream having

water round the year. Baya Nadi drains the district Teghra, Bachhwara and Barauni block. It

merges with river Ganga at Roopnagar near Barauni fertilizer factory. This is a stream which

does not show any sinuosity in the Begusarai district and is a perrennial stream. In the mid of the

Burhi Gandak flood plain lies a vast fresh water lake known as Kawer Tal, which is basically a

wetland formed by shifting of river BurhiGandak. Kawartal gets its water either due to rains or

due to near-by overflowing rivers such as Burhi Gandak, Bagmati.

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CHAPTER-10

RAINFALL: MONTH WISE

Being part of the Gangetic plains of the Indian subcontinent, the district experiences three

climatic seasons – the summer season from March to mid-June, the monsoon season from mid-

June to October and the winter season from November to February. The month of February &

March fall in the transitional season from winter to summer described as spring or “Basant”.

Similarly the months of September & October falls in the transitional season from the monsoon

season to the winter season and described as “Shishir”.

Begusarai, the climate is warm and temperate. When compared with winter, the summers have

much more rainfall. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as CWA. The

average annual temperature is 26.0 °C in Begusarai. About 960 mm of precipitation falls

annually.

CLIMOGRAPH // WEATHER BY MONTH BEGUSARAI:-

The driest month is December. There is 1 mm of precipitation in December. In July, the

precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 259 mm.

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AVERAGE TEMPERATURES BEGUSARAI:-

With an average of 32.4 °C, May is the warmest month. At 17.2 °C on average, January is the

coldest month of the year.

BEGUSARAI WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES:-

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Avg. Temperature

(°C)

17.2 20 25.6 30.1 32.4 31.5 29.5 29.3 29 27 22.2 18.3

Min. Temperature

(°C)

10.6 12.9 18 23 26.1 26.9 26.4 26.3 25.8 22.5 15.4 11.3

Max. Temperature

(°C)

23.9 27.2 33.2 37.3 38.7 36.2 32.7 32.3 32.2 31.6 29 25.4

Avg. Temperature

(°F)

63.0 68.0 78.1 86.2 90.3 88.7 85.1 84.7 84.2 80.6 72.0 64.9

Min. Temperature

(°F)

51.1 55.2 64.4 73.4 79.0 80.4 79.5 79.3 78.4 72.5 59.7 52.3

Max. Temperature

(°F)

75.0 81.0 91.8 99.1 101.7 97.2 90.9 90.1 90.0 88.9 84.2 77.7

Precipitation /

Rainfall (mm)

17 6 10 7 28 132 259 250 186 62 2 1

The precipitation varies 258 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The variation

in annual temperature is around 15.2 °C.

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CHAPTER-11

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH

Geology:-

The geology of the area constitutes the highest alluvial plain in the domain of the Himalayan

Rivers to the north of the Ganga. It is a part of the Great Gangetic Basin. The basin was formed

during late PaleogeneNeogene times and is related to the upheaval of the Himalayas vis a vis

flexural downwarp of the Indian Lithosphere under the supracrustal load of the Himalayas

(Wadia, 1961). The entire segment abounds in buried faults and grabens. The basin came into

existence as a result of the collision of India and China continental Plates (Dewcy and Bird, 1970

in Parkash) during the Paleocene. Collision resulted in intraplate subduction along the

MCT(Main Central Thrust lying in the Himalayas) raising the Higher Himalaya to form source

rocks and “popping through” of the more southerly part of the Indian plate to form the basin.

This “popping through” might have lead to the development of longitudinal and transverse

lineaments thougout the basin. With time more southerly areas were raised and by mid-

Paleocene subduction also started along the MBF(Main Boundary Fault lying in the Himalayas).

These phenomena are reflected in the presence of a coarsening up megacycle with at least two

superimposed minor cycle and in the composition of the sandstone and conglomerates of the

basin. Later folding of the northern edge of basin to form the Siwalik Ranges during the Early

Pleistocene led to cannibalism of this part of the basin.

The basin had east west elongated shape and started with a shallow marine environment, which

changed to estuarine and deltaic one with time. By mid-Miocene, continental sedimentation

marked by fluvial environment dominated the scene and this set up has continued to the recent

with minor modifications. The basin had predominantly transversal pattern controlled by

southerly flowing rivers emerging from the Himalaya and during Neogene period, a master

stream along the southern margin of the basin drained into the Bay of Bengal. The fluvial

sedimentation took place the form of mega-alluvial cones. Sedimentation in the basin was

influenced by tectonism through out its evolution.

The Indogangitic Basin, still an active one, needs to be studied for detailed stratigraphic

correlation, sedimentary facies relationship, change in climate through space and time and

modern sedimentation.

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A Quaternary fault system has been identified in the region. This is an echelon pattern of surface

faults associated with Begusarai fault . Within this fault zone, various geomorphic features are

found which have their origin in both the lateral and vertical movement of fault-bounded slices,

as well as in the persistent strike-slip. In regions where tectonic activity is less pronounced,

streams generally flow more or less perpendicular to the adjacent highlands.

The Quaternernay sediments of the Indogangetic plains have been traditionally subdivided into

the older and younger alluvium and locally called Bhanger and Khader. Entire area of Begusarai

falls in the domain of “Khader” sediments

Regional Geology:-

Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of

alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.

Geological succession and their occurrences distribution

Age Geology Occurrences

Quaternary Alluvial Deposits(sand, clay, silt,

Fragments)

North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain

Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills

Gondwana Coal Measures,Forming a series of

small outlier basins

Banka District

Vindhyans Sandstones,shales, Limestones etc. Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts

Satpura Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,

Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger District

Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,

granites, dolerites and pegmatite’s

Nawada, Jamui and Banka

Archaean Gneisses,

Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzites

, amphibolites & intrusive all

metamorphosed sedimentary and

igneous rocks

Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada

,Jamui, Banka and Bhagalpur

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Hydrogeology:-

Geological setup , distribution of rainfall and the ease of circulation of vwater through

interconnected pores of the geological formations constituting the aquifer make the

hydrogeological frame work of the area.Based on the geological diversities and relative ground

water potentialities in the aquifer belonging to different geological formation, the district can be

subdivided broadly into two hydrogeological units- (a) Older alluvium ( Ganga formation and (b)

Newer alluvium ( Diara formation).

The alluvium of the Ganga plain is consisting of alterations of gravel, sand of various grades and

clay beds. Gravel and sand constitute the prolific aquifers. The thickness of alluvium is more

than 600m. In the diara plain, the alluvium consiss of sand silt and clay.

Mode of Occurrence of Ground Water:-

The ground water occurs under water table condition, semi confined to confined condition. The

ground water in the phreatic aquifer occurs under water table conditions. The shallow pheratic

aquifer is commonly tapped by dug-wells of depth ranges from 5 to 15 m bgl. The shallow tube-

wells tap unconfined aquifer and disposed at a depth between 20 to 60 m. The deep tube-wells

have been constructed tapping aquifers disposed at deeper levels. These aquifers are in semi-

confined to confined condition.

Water Level Fluctuation:-

The water level is measured

at 11 HNS stations in the

district and it has been

found that that the pre-

monsoon (May 2011) depth

to water level generally

varies from 6.7 to 9.5 mbgl.

It remains within 10m in

major part of the district;

(Fig. 1).The water level is

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beyond 10m only small patch in northern part of the district. The post-monsoon water level

generally varies from 2.85 to

6.10 m bgl .However, It remain

within 5 m in major part of the

district (Fig. 2). The seasonal

water level fluctuation from

pre to post monsoon indicate

rise of 1.15 to 5.35m.

(a) Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-

Sand is one of the major minor mineral of Begusarai district of Bihar. Ganga and Gandak

River is major sand source in the district.

(b) Availability of Sand or gravel or aggregate resources:-

Ganga nadi and Gandak River is major sand source and in district. The rivers of the

district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the monsoon period

and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the sediment as

braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.

(c) Existing Mining Lease of sand and aggregates:-

Refer to Chater-3

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Drainage System with description of main rivers in the district:

Total geographical area of Begusarai District: 1918 sq. km.

S. No. Name of the River Area drained (Sq. Km) % Area drained in the District

1. Ganga 114.0 5.943

2. Bagmati 0.60 0.031

3. Bainti 0.47 0.024

4 Balan 3.76 0.196

5 Baya River 1.46 0.076

6 Burhi Gandak 8.40 0.437

7 Chanha Nadi 0.50 0.026

8 Dauki Nadi 1.0 0.052

Total 130.19 6.785

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-

S. No. Name of the River

of stream

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

Place of origin Altitude at origin (in

m.)

1. Ganga 58.0 Dularpur 47

2. Bagmati 12.3 Mauji Hari Singh 40

3. Bainti 14.0 Kabia 47

4 Balan 60.0 Chak Dilar 44

5 Baya River 16.5 Dadupur 49

6 Burhi Gandak 98 Narullahpur 51

7 Chanha Nadi 10.5 Sinduari 41

8 Dauki Nadi 16 Sikandarpur 44

The Details are given below:-

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River of Stream Portion of

the river

or stream

recommen

ded for

mineral

concessio

n ( in Sq.

Km)

Length of

area

recommende

d for mineral

concession

(in

Kilometer)

Average

width of

area

recommend

ed for

mineral

concession

in meter)

Area

recommended for

mineral

concession (In

lakh Square

Meter)

Mineable

Mineral

Potential (In

Lakh Metric

Tonne) 60%

of total

Mineral

Ganga 114.0 58.0 1965.51 1139.99 3139.55

Bagmati 0.60 12.3 48.78 5.99 16.52

Bainti 0.47 14.0 35.57 4.69 12.94

Balan 3.76 60.0 62.66 37.59 103.55

Baya River 1.46 16.5 88.48 14.59 40.20

Burhi Gandak 8.40 98 85.71 83.99 231.33

Chanha Nadi 0.50 10.5 47.61 4.99 13.76

Dauki Nadi 1.0 16 62.5 10 27.54

Total 3585.39

Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-

Mineral Potential

Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)

3585.39Lakh MT 3585.39Lakh MT

Annual Deposition (30%)

1076.817 Lakh MT 1076.817 Lakh MT

Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-

The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment

area of the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is

defined. The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-

morphology and other factors, it can be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.

in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of three meters considered as resource

mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral

potential of particular river/ stream.

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The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral

potential, the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like

sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential the

percentage of each mineral constituent is taken as Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.

The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like catchment

Lithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are certaingeo-

morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc. where

annual deposition is more even two to three meters.

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CHAPTER-12

STATUS OF BRICK KILNS IN BEGUSARAI

The state of Bihar is developing rapidly. In the five year period from 2004 to 2009 Bihar’s Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) has grown

by 11.03% and between 2001 and

2011 there has been a significant

increase in urbanization with the

number of towns increasing from 120

to 213 according to the latest census.

This has been possible through

investment in various sectors,

especially the construction sector. If

this growth rate needs to be sustained, the demand for quality building materials will increase

manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with the need for over 7.5 billion bricks over

the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field study was conducted in 38 districts on

Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick industry and to assess the market potential

and barriers for introducing energy efficient technologies for walling materials. The major brick

producing districts of Bihar is Patna, Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, East and West

Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized brick kilns the

state produces around 17 billion bricks per year. The brick sector in Bihar is growing at a rate of

9%, however it continues to be dominated by traditional technology - the Fixed Chimney Bulls

Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal) the state of Bihar is the only state which has transformed the brick firing technology

from movable to fixed chimney.

STATUS OF BRICK KILNS IN BEGUSARAI DISTRICT

S.N. No. of operational units of brick earth in

Begusarai district during financial year (2016-

17)

No. of units of brick earth in

Begusarai district identified by IEED

1 163 222

List of Brick Kilns in the district is attached in Annexure-II

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REFERENCES

1. Singh, U,(1965): “Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.” National

Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37

2. Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy

Approach National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008

3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

4. Census of India 2011 - Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).

Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the

Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August

2012.

5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Patna.pdf

6. cgwb.gov.in/gwprofiles/st_Bihar.htm

7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar

9. http://www.cwc.nic.in

10. http://www.ecobrick.in

11. National wetland atlas bihar - Ministry of Environment and Forests

12. CLIMATE –DATA.ORG https://en.climate-data.org/location

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