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5/3/2019
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BEGUSARAI Sand Mineral & Brick Kilns
As per Notification no. S.O.3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th July, 2018 of Ministry of
Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India
Prepared by
INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA
Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V.
College, Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-
www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-
9472919161, 7004620817
Submitted to
Under Secretary
Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 1
PREFACE
The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India,
made Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification
of 27th
January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in
view the experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the
MoEF&CC came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th
September 2006. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different
kinds of development projects as listed in Schedule-1 of the Notification.
Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in
I.A. No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of
Deepak Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now
become mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And
also in view of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the
matter regarding sand mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for
mining leases in cluster for minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change in consultation with State governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand
Mining detailing the provisions on environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District
Environment Impact Assessment Authority and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining
using information technology and information technology enabled services to track the mined
out material from source to destination.
The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of
mining of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding
document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up,
environmental and ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on
data of various departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report
will form the basis for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and
appraisal of projects. The Report will be updated once every five years.
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OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand
Mining Guideline, 2016) is to ensure the following –
Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;
and
Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and
installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of
replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.
Identification of mineral wealth in the district.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 3
INDEX
Sl. No. Chapters Page No.
Chapter-1 Introduction 4
Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 12
Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and
period of validity
15
Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 19
Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand or minor mineral in last three years 20
Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 21
Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 25
Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,
Horticulture, Mining etc.
27
Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 30
Chapter-10 Rainfall: month-wise 35
Chapter-11 Geology and Mineral Wealth
Drainage System with description of main rivers
Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams
37
Chapter-12 Status of Brick Kilns in Begusarai 44
References 45
Annexures-
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 4
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment
Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest
department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District
Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of are of
aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion
and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited
and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining
in that area.
Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining
activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in
replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral
potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all
relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all
data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.
Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of
removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can
be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks mining all data
gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral
potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall form the basis of
application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall
be updated once every 5 years.
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Historical Perspective:-
Legend ascribes the origin of Begusarai to a mythological King Putraka who created Begusarai
by magic for his queen Patali, literally Trumpet flower, which gives it its ancient name
Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the first born to the queen, the city was named
Pataliputra. Gram is the Sanskrit for village and Putra means son.
Begusarai From a scientific history perspective, it would be appropriate to surmise that the
history of Begusarai started around the year 490 BC when Ajatashatru, the king of Magadh,
wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagriha to a more strategically located place to
combat the Licchavis of Vaishali. He chose the site on the bank of Ganges and fortified the area.
From that time, the city has had a continuous history, a record claimed by few cities in the world.
Gautam Buddha passed through this place in the last year of his life, and he had prophesized a
great future for this place, but at the same time, he predicted its ruin from flood, fire, and feud.
Location, Area and Administrative Details:-
Begusarai district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar. The name of the district apparently
comes from "Begum" (queen) and "Sarai" (inn). The Begum of Bhagalpur used to visit "Simaria
Ghat" (holy place on the banks of the Ganges) for a month of pilgrimage, which later took to the
slang of Begusarai. Begusarai
was established in 1870 as a
subdivision of Munger District.
In 1972, it was given district
status. Begusarai district having
an area of 1918 sq.km. lies
between 250 15’, 25
0 45’ and
850 45’; 86
0 30’ on the northern
bank of river Ganga. The
district is bounded on the north
and west by Samastipur district,
on the west by Vaishali and
some part of Muzaffarpur
districts, on the south by the mighty river Ganges, and on the east by Khagaria districts.
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Administration The district lies on the northern bank of river Ganga. The district is at present
comprises of 5 sub-division, 18 community development blocks, and 1229 revenue villages and
Begusarai town is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district headquarters is
connected to all block headquarters by all weather roads. The district has direct train link with
Patna, Kolkata , Delhi, and other places of importance. The total population of district is
2970541 , out of which rural population is 2400718and Urban population is 569823 ( as per 2011
census).
Topography:-
District Begusarai lies in the middle part of the north Ganga plain. In general, it is low flying
fvflat terrain (MSL 45m-32m) having a southerly to southeasterly slope. This factor governs the
flow of streams. Geomorphologically it is a part of the Gandak-Kosi interfluves. The southern
part of the district, except those of low lying flood plains of Ganga, appears to be elevated
landmass when compared to the adjoining district of Khagaria and Samastipur. Hence, being a
safer destination amidst the flood drained region, it support the human activity in a better way.
The district is drained by number of rivers viz. Ganga, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Balan rivers
and in addition, small rivulets, dhars, nalas which are originated locally and preserve rain water,
mark the landscape.
Forest:-
There is no area of the district under forest leaving 63 sq.km i.e. the area of Kanwarjheel
Wildlife Sanctuary. Begusarai district does not comprise of any forest. In contrast to the eastern
portions of the old district of Munger, this district lying south to the Ganga does not comprise of
any forest of sal and other large trees. At most of the places, there are gardens of mango and
litchi. Chakmuzaffar a village of Naokothi block is famous for banana. Apart from these, Babul,
Neem, Guava, Lemon, Gamahar, Peepal, Bamboo, shirish are also found. Shisham is one of the
most important ones of them. Wild animals are scarcely found in this district. However, birds are
seen in large numbers in various colours, particularly in the bird sanctuary of Kaver Lake. Till
now 59 types of birds from abroad and 107 types of birds from home have been recognized here.
Basin/Sub-Basin and Drainage:-
Begusarai district is part of the middle Ganges plain. The river Ganga flows towards east parallel
to the southern boundary of the district. The other rivers flowing in the district are the Burhi
Gandak, Bagmati, Balan, Bainty, Baya and Chandrabhaga
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Land use, Agriculture and Irrigation Practices:-
Agriculture is the main source of sustenance for majority of population in the district. The main
food crops of the district are wheat, maize and paddy. Sugar cane is main cash crop of the
district. The other main cash crop of the district is chilli.The district is rich in ground water
resource, which can be developed for irrigation purpose. The assured irrigation will increase the
crop production and improve the economic condition of people inhibiting the district. Irrigation
in the district is provided by different sources like wells ,tubewells, tanks, ponds, rivers i.e.by
both surface and ground water. However rainwater is still majour source of irrigation in most
part of the district. The total cropped area is 179056 hectrare and net sown area is 117303
hectare. The gross area under irrigation by tube wells/bore well is 87000 hectares. (Govt of
Bihar).
Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)
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Location of Begusarai district in the map of Bihar:-
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The district is divided into 5 subdivision and 18 blocks which are as under:-
Division District Sub-division Blocks
Munger
Begusarai Begusarai Begusarai,Barauni
Matihani,Birpur,
Samho Akha Kurha
Balia Balia, Dandari
Sahebpur Kamal
Teghra Teghra,Bachhwara
Bhagwanpur,Mansoorchak
Manjhaul Cheriya Bariyarpur.
Chhorahi, Khudabandpur
Bakhari Bakhari, Garhpura
Nawkothi
Blocks map of Begusarai District:-
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 10
Hydrogeology :-
Geological setup, distribution of rainfall and the ease of circulation of vwater
through interconnected pores of the geological formations constituting the aquifer make the
hydrogeological frame work of the area.Based on the geological diversities and relative ground
water potentialities in the aquifer belonging to different geological formation, the district can be
subdivided broadly into two hydrogeological units- (a) Older alluvium ( Ganga formation and (b)
Newer alluvium ( Diara formation).
The alluvium of the Ganga plain is consisting of alterations of gravel, sand of various grades and
clay beds. Gravel and sand constitute the prolific aquifers. The thickness of alluvium is more
than 600m. In the diara plain, the alluvium consiss of sand silt and clay.
Mode of Occurrence of Ground Water:-
The ground water occurs under water table condition, semi confined to confined condition. The
ground water in the phreatic aquifer occurs under water table conditions. The shallow pheratic
aquifer is commonly tapped by dug-wells of depth ranges from 5 to 15 m bgl. The shallow tube-
wells tap unconfined aquifer and disposed at a depth between 20 to 60 m. The deep tube-wells
have been constructed tapping aquifers disposed at deeper levels. These aquifers are in semi-
confined to confined condition.
Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)
Climate and Rainfall:-
Being part of the Gangetic plains of the Indian subcontinent, the district experiences three
climatic seasons – the summer season from March to mid-June, the monsoon season from mid-
June to October and the winter season from November to February. The month of February &
March fall in the transitional season from winter to summer described as spring or “Basant”.
Similarly the months of September & October falls in the transitional season from the monsoon
season to the winter season and described as “Shishir”.
Soils:-
The soil of the district is generally alkaline and is characterizedby deficiency in nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and humus. It is most fertile soil and suitable for cultivation of rice, jute and
sugarcane.
Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 11
Connectivity:-
By Air
Begusarai is a great city to visit in the state of Bihar. There are no flights from other cities of the
country to Begusarai. Nearest airport is Patna Airport. Begusarai is well connected to other major
cities of the country via regular trains. You can easily get regular buses to Begusarai from other
major cities of the country.
By Train
There is/are some direct train(s)
from Begusarai to Patna. These
train(s) is/are , Koshi Exp
(18697), Intercity Exp (15713)
and Rajya Rani Exp (12567) etc.
By Road
It is 124 km from Patna and can be reached by Bus and Car as public transport.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 12
CHAPTER - 2
OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT
Topography:-
District Begusarai lies in the middle part of the north Ganga plain. In general, it is low flying
fvflat terrain (MSL 45m-32m) having a southerly to southeasterly slope. This factor governs the
flow of streams. Geomorphologically it is a part of the Gandak-Kosi interfluves. The southern
part of the district, except those of low lying flood plains of Ganga, appears to be elevated
landmass when compared to the adjoining district of Khagaria and Samastipur. Hence, being a
safer destination amidst the flood drained region, it support the human activity in a better way.
The district is drained by number of rivers viz. Ganga, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Balan rivers
and in addition, small rivulets, dhars, nalas which are originated locally and preserve rain water,
mark the landscape.
General Geology:-
The geology of the area constitutes the highest alluvial plain in the domain of the Himalayan
Rivers to the north of the Ganga. It is a part of the Great Gangetic Basin. The basin was formed
during late PaleogeneNeogene times and is related to the upheaval of the Himalayas vis a vis
flexural downwarp of the Indian Lithosphere under the supracrustal load of the Himalayas
(Wadia, 1961). The entire segment abounds in buried faults and grabens. The basin came into
existence as a result of the collision of India and China continental Plates (Dewcy and Bird, 1970
in Parkash) during the Paleocene. Collision resulted in intraplate subduction along the
MCT(Main Central Thrust lying in the Himalayas) raising the Higher Himalaya to form source
rocks and “popping through” of the more southerly part of the Indian plate to form the basin.
This “popping through” might have lead to the development of longitudinal and transverse
lineaments thougout the basin. With time more southerly areas were raised and by mid-
Paleocene subduction also started along the MBF(Main Boundary Fault lying in the Himalayas).
These phenomena are reflected in the presence of a coarsening up megacycle with at least two
superimposed minor cycle and in the composition of the sandstone and conglomerates of the
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 13
basin. Later folding of the northern edge of basin to form the Siwalik Ranges during the Early
Pleistocene led to cannibalism of this part of the basin.
Approach to Sand Mining:-
River sand mining is a common practice as habitation concentrates along the rivers and the
mining locations are preferred near the markets or along the transportation route, for reducing the
transportation cost. River sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as
aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a
stream channel.
Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-
To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and
socially responsible manner.
To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.
To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out
material:
Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection
and restoration of the ecological system.
Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures
such as jetties, water intakes etc.
Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.
No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in
stream habitats.
Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.
To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground
water.
To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works
as filter prior to ground water recharge.
To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in
determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted
Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for
sustainable mining.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 14
River Basin Map of Bihar
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 15
CHAPTER - 3
LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA
AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY
Sl No. Name Of River Name Of the Sand
Ghat
Area
(Ha)
Period(in
yrs)
GPS Coordinates
1 Gandak NaokhothiGhat 5 Up to 31st
Decembe
r,2019
25° 30' 30.9763" N
86° 11' 28.6916" E
25° 30' 44.9875" N
86° 11' 45.9319" E
25° 30' 43.5951" N
86° 11' 47.5953" E
25° 30' 29.2892" N
86° 11' 30.7018" E
2 Gandak MohanpurGhat 4.2 25° 30' 38.0306" N
86° 16' 55.6094" E
25° 30' 42.5853" N
86° 16' 54.8569" E
25° 30' 43.4617" N
86° 16' 58.5147" E
25° 30' 36.0344" N
86° 17' 3.6625" E
25° 30' 32.4577" N
86° 17' 2.6968" E
3 Gandak BalhaSuhagiGhat 5 25° 31' 15.7918" N
86° 16' 15.7499" E
25° 31' 18.1889" N
86° 16' 16.3407" E
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 16
25° 31' 15.1308" N
86° 16' 33.5889" E
25° 31' 12.0758" N
86° 16' 33.8503" E
4 Gandak ChariaBariyarpurG
hat
4.8 25° 34' 54.3940" N
86° 04' 22.4507" E
25° 34' 56.9046" N
86° 04' 23.0442" E
25° 34' 52.5011" N
86° 04' 45.0982" E
25° 34' 50.8726" N
86° 04' 44.6413" E
5 Ganga MadharapurBhola
nathGhat
5 25° 28' 14.6304" N
85° 56' 11.9819" E
25° 28' 20.0812" N
85° 56' 11.6214" E
25° 28' 17.6100" N
85° 56' 23.3163" E
25° 28' 12.7715" N
85° 56' 22.8018" E
6 Ganga JaymanglaManojG
hatSimariya
5 25° 21' 47.3281" N
86° 01' 3.0380" E
25° 21' 51.7022" N
86° 01' 6.8910" E
25° 21' 44.2552" N
86° 01' 14.7335" E
25° 21' 40.7013" N
86° 01' 11.0087" E
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 17
7 Ganga ChakGhat 4.8 25° 21' 11.9187" N
86° 11' 17.3631" E
25° 21' 10.4091" N
86° 11' 30.5911" E
25° 21' 6.1223" N
86° 11' 29.0187" E
25° 21' 8.6733" N
86° 11' 17.1329" E
8 Ganga RamdiriGhat 4.8 25° 21' 4.4125" N
86° 06' 54.2462" E
25° 21' 3.2549" N
86° 06' 58.9467" E
25° 20' 51.9033" N
86° 06' 52.3712" E
25° 20' 53.6660" N
86° 06' 48.5946" E
9 Ganga NaurangaVishanpu
rGhat
4.9 25° 22' 15.5492" N
86° 18' 13.1988" E
25° 22' 14.5534" N
86° 18' 27.9428" E
25° 22' 10.7186" N
86° 18' 27.0987" E
25° 22' 11.5514" N
86° 18' 13.0165" E
10 Ganga ChamthaGhat 4.7 25° 31' 26.5506" N
85° 44' 29.6159" E
25° 31' 32.2786" N
85° 44' 28.3134" E
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 18
25° 31' 32.7074" N
85° 44' 37.0267" E
25° 31' 26.2144" N
85° 44' 38.7390" E
11 Ganga KharahatGhat 4.9 25° 25' 16.6582" N
86° 27' 32.3482" E
25° 25' 24.7497" N
86° 27' 38.6980" E
25° 25' 20.9054" N
86° 27' 44.0217" E
25° 25' 14.2497" N
86° 27' 36.6251" E
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 19
CHAPTER - 4
DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE
YEARS
Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three calendar years
Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)
1 2015 552.66
2 2016 1098.08
3 2017 893.19
Total 2543.93
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 20
CHAPTER - 5
DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SANDMINERALS IN LAST THREE
YEARS
Status of production of sand Minerals in last three years is Nil because of Non- EC approved
sand ghat in the district. Details has been presented in calendar year.
Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)
1 2015 NIL
2 2016 NIL
3 2017 NIL
Total NIL
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 21
CHAPTER - 6
PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE
DISTRICT
Process:-
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and
erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of
gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is
transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,
density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to
rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.
Deposition is the processes
where material being
transported by a river is
deposited. Deposition occurs
when a river loses energy. This
can be when a river enters a
shallow area (this could be
when it floods and comes into
contact with the flood plain) or
towards its mouth where it
meets another body of water.
Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area over which they flood is known as the floodplain and
this often coincides with regions where meanders form. Meanders support the formation of flood
plains through lateral erosion.
When rivers flood the velocity of water slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to
transport material is reduced and deposition occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 22
across the whole floodplain. After a series of floods layers of sediment form along the flood
plain.
Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result
of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore
rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the
river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.
If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported
Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling
velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load
by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance
then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will
be transported high in the flow as wash load.
As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of
different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.
The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.
geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity
of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The
obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode
load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by
an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and
the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river
transports until it deposits its load.
Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The
maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age
river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the
river’s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river
loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 23
energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing
as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in
evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing
it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load
because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load
because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As
rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The
channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its
tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be
small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the
material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers
flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend
most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now
eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral
erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore
be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be
deposited.
This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition
on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion
narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river
will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest
current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is
likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old
meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy
rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,
when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they
encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,
piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.
Rivers in the Gangetic plains have a habit of meandering, i.e., changing course. In India this is a
prominent feature of rivers which swell in the monsoon, occasionally suddenly, and the torrential
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 24
movement carves out a new course in the soft alluvial plain. The Ganga River, in Patna, has
meandered and migrated northwards in the Patliputra area. This migration has resulted in
deposition of earth on the south [right] bank of the river and created a massive space of a few
hundred hectares between the urban development line and the active river channel.
A river system can be divided into three subsystems: -
Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater
region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.
Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way
through which water and sediment move from the collecting area toward the ocean.
(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)
Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river
(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin
Removal of washed in Silt Load:-
Geologically, the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the
Indo -`Gangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the
upper Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic
minerals found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.
The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.
Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it
replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This
silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to
carry to the consumers.
Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential
minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and
variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)
etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and
deposition of sand etc.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 25
CHAPTER-7
GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
Begusarai District is one of the thirty-eight districts of the Indian state of Bihar. The city
of Begusarai is its administrative headquarters and is part of the Munger Division.
Begusarai district occupies an area of 1,918 square kilometres (741 sq mi). The district lies on
the northern bank of river Ganges. Begusarai district is a part of Munger division. It is located at
latitudes 250.15N & 250.45N and longitudes 850.45E & 860.36E.
Sl.
No.
ITEMS Statistics
01 GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 1918
ii) Administrative Divisions 5
Number of Tehsil/Block 18
Number of Panchyat 257
Villages 1229
iii) Population (As on 2011 Census):
Rural
Urban
Total
2400718
569823
2970541
iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1104.7
02 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major physiographic units Thick unconsolidated
alluvium
Major Drainages Burhi Gandak, Balan, Bainty,
Baya, Chandrabhaga, Ganga
and Bagmati
03 LAND USE (sq.km)
a) Forest area: NIL
b) Net area sown: 1173.03sq. km
c) Total Cropped area: 1790.56 sq.km
04 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Vertisols, inceptisols, entisols.
05 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS Paddy, wheat, cash crops
IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)
Area (ha)
Dug wells and Tube wells 86000ha
Canal
Net irrigated area 70,000ha
Gross irrigated area
06 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL Alluvium
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 26
FORMATIONS
HYDROGEOLOGY
Major Water bearing formations
Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011
Alluvium
6.7 – 9.5 m bgl
Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011
Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)
in m/yr
2.85 – 6.1 m bgl
No significant decline
07 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB
(As on 31.03.2013)
No. of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH = Total) EW=8, OW=2, PZ=7
Depth Range (m) 55 – 56 m bgl
Discharge 23-50
Storativity (S)
9.2 X 10-3
to 8.39 X 10-5
Transmissivity (m2/day) 2300-12,000
08 GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of Chemical constituents more than
permissible limit (e.g., EC, F, As, Fe)
As
09 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (as
on 31st March 2009) – in mcm
Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources 600.83
Net Annual Ground Water Draft 351.5
Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses
upto 2025
76.11
Stage of Ground Water Development 58.5%
Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 27
CHAPTER-8
LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,
HORTICULTURE, MINING
Forest:-
There is no area of the district
under forest leaving 63sq.km
i.e. the area of Kanwar jheel
Wildlife Sanctuary.
Begusarai district does not
comprise of any forest. In
contrast to the eastern
portions of the old district of
Munger, this district lying
south to the Ganga does not
comprise of any forest of sal
and other large trees. At most
of the places, there are gardens of mango and litchi. Chakmuzaffar a village of Naokothi block is
famous for banana. Apart from these, Babul, Neem, Guava, Lemon, Gamahar, Peepal, Bamboo,
shirish are also found. Shisham is one of the most important ones of them. Wild animals are
scarcely found in this district. However, birds are seen in large numbers in various colours,
particularly in the bird sanctuary of Kaver Lake. Till now 59 types of birds from abroad and 107
types of birds from home have been recognized here.
Agriculture:-
Agriculture is the main source of
sustenance for majority of population
in the district. The main food crops
of the district are wheat, maize and
paddy. Sugar cane is main cash crop
of the district. The other main cash
crop of the district is chilli. The
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 28
district is rich in ground water resource, which can be developed for irrigation purpose. The
assured irrigation will increase the crop production and improve the economic condition of
people inhibiting the district. Irrigation in the district is provided by different sources like wells
,tubewells, tanks, ponds, rivers i.e.by both surface and ground water. However rainwater is still
majour source of irrigation in most part of the district. The total cropped area is 179056 hectrare
and net sown area is 117303 hectare. The gross area under irrigation by tube wells/bore well is
87000 hectares. (Govt of Bihar).
Horticulture:-
Begusarai district is
under Medium Level of
Production in
Horticultural Crops -
Horticulture level of
horticultural
development has found
in the district.
These districts come
under the periphery areas
where there is a lack of
infrastructure regarding
horticultural crops.
Floriculture in the district
is now developing in the
same fashion as
compared to other crops.
So, there is need to
emphasis on these crops.
Horticulture cultivation
is always advantageous.
It paves the ways and means of development. It has been observed that it could be developed in
the state if the government provides protection and subsidies to the farmers. There is a great need
to emphasis on marketing management and boosting the irrigation resource of the state along
with that there is need of awareness on profitability and techno managerial skill among farmers
to promote the horticultural cultivation in the state.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 29
Mining:-
The mineral resources of Begusarai district playing massive role in industrial, social and
economic development of the district.
Available mineral resources in the district
Sand
Land utilization pattern is presented as below-
01 LAND USE (Sq.km)
a) Forest area: NIL
b) Net area sown: 1173.03
c) Total Cropped area: 1790.56
02 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS
IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)
Area (ha)
Dug wells and Tube wells 86000
Canal
Net irrigated area 70000
Gross irrigated area
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 30
CHAPTER-9
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT
The Bihar state can be broadly subdivided into three major unit’s i.e., main physical sub-
divisions is the Norhern Mountains, the Gangetic Plains and the Central Highlands. Northern
Mountains comprises the Himalayan ranges including their foot hills. The Gangetic plains,
situated between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau,constitute the most fertile plains of the
sub-basin ideally suited for intensive cultivation.The Central highlands lying to the south of the
Great plains consists
of mountains, hills
and plateaus
intersected by
valleys and river
plains.They are
largely covered by
forests.Aravali
uplands,
Bundelkhand
upland, Malwa
plateau, Vindhyan
and Narmada valley
lie in the this region.Predominant soil types found in the sub- basin are sandy, loamy , clay and
their combinations such as sandy loam , loam , silty clay loam and loamy sand soils.
Physiography and Relief:-
North Ganga plain is a major physiographic unit of the Indian landmass. It extends from the
Himalayan terrain in the north to the river Ganga in the south covering about 56980 km2 . a
roughly quadrilateral shape. Generally recognized as "a water-surplus area", this quadrilateral
region is bounded by a northern piedmont belt where water oozes to the surface, followed by a
broad belt of swampy lands, depressions and lakes, and finally an aggregation of alluvial fans as
all these northern streams bend to form confluence points with the Ganga (Singh & Kumar,
1970).Hence, the surface is characterized by palaeo levees, swamps or flood basins locally called
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 31
"Chaurs", relict palaeo channels aggraded in varying degrees, meander belts, ox-bow lakes and
cut-of loops (Ahmad,1971). Its fluvial geomorphology is dominated from west to east by the
Ghagra-Gandak Interfluves, the Gandak-Kosi Interfluves and the western Kosi Fan Belt. Some
of these rivers frequently change their channels. Their channels are called by different names in
different parts of their courses. According to a study in 1976 on Wetlands in Bihar, by Govt. of
Bihar, natural wetlands of more than 100 ha each covered about 46828 ha (Directory of
Wetlands, Govt. of Bihar)
The district of Begusarai lies in the middle part of this great plain known as mid Ganga
plain. In general, it is a low-lying flat terrain (MSL45m-32m) having a southerly to southeasterly
slope. This factor governs the flow of streams. Geomorphologically it is a part of the Gandak-
Kosi inerfluve (please refer subheading Geomorphology given below). The southern part of the
district, except those of low-lying flood plains of Ganga, appears to be an elevated landmass
when compared to the adjoining districts of Khagaria and Samastipur. Hence, being a safer
destination amidst the flood drained region, it supports the human activities in a better way.
The district Begusarai is divided into three flood plains namely
i. Kereha-Old Bhagmati flood plains,
ii. Burhi Gandhak Flood plain and
iii. Ganga Flood plain
The first two flood plains of the district are very low lying areaS and are prone to the flood. The
floods owe their origin to the complex interplay of fluvial geomorphic elements in Page 18 of
172 the upstream sections of the Kosi, Bagmati-Kareh-Budhi Gandak and related rivers. These
two flood plains converge in the southeastern part of the district, which is lowland. The streams
flowing in the region show a shifting tendency. In the course of their shifting, the rivers leave
behind their scars of their previous channels. Thus due to shifting nature of streams and
physiographic characteristic, this part is full of wetlands, backswamps and oxbow lakes.
However, in the southern part, the flood plains of Ganga are least prone to flodd. Interestingly
the Railway track passing through the district marks a prominent divider line for Ganga flood
plain and Kereha- old Bhagmati flood plains & Burhi Gandhak flood plain. The Flood plains of
Burhi Gandak and Kareha are marked by the presence of paleo levees, oxbow lakes,
paleochannels, relict streams and chaurs viz Kaulachaur and Bhagwanpur chaur. These chaurs
serve as excellent fertile agricultural lands duing summer and are submerged during rains. Also
the areas around these chaurs face the problem of submergence for around three-four months a
year. Kawar lake, a large fresh water lake which is basically a huge wetland is present as an
important physiographic feature of this part.
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In the Gangaflood plain, which is approaximately 50-55km long and 5-6kms wide,in the
southern part of the district, except those low lying areas of “Taals and chaurs”, the typical
fluvial characteristics of North Bihar rivers are not visible, which are prominent in the north of
Railway track. This is the least flood prone area of the district, which gets drowned only in cases
of exceptional floods in Ganga and Burhi Gandak. This relatively upland area appears to be the
levee of river Ganga.
Geomorphology:-
Begusarai district is part of the middle Ganges plain. The district has a terraced alluvial
landscape shaped Himalayan and sub Himalayan rivers Viz., Ganga, the Burhi gandak ,the
Bagmati and small rivers like Balan.The general elevation of the district ranges between 41 – 48
m above MSL, though the Kabar tal (a lake) in Cheria Bariarpur block is having an elevation of
37 – 39 m above MSL.Geomorphologically , the district can be broadly dived into Ganga plain
and diara plain, both constituting the depositiona land scape.The important fluvial land forms in
Ganga plain are natural levee, abandoned channel. The important fluvial land forms in diara
plain are channel bar and point bar.
The District contains Asia's largest oxbow lake, kabar Taal and is situated near Manjhaul village.
Soil:-
The soil of the district is generally alkaline
and is characterized by deficiency in
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and humus. It is
most fertile soil and suitable for cultivation
of rice, jute and sugarcane.
Drainage:-
The district is drained by a no of rivers viz. Ganga, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Balan rivers and
in addition, small rivulets, dhars, nalas which are originated locally and preserve rain water,
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 33
mark the landscape. Among the
rivers, Ganga, Burhi Gandak,
Kosi, Kareha and Bagmati are
perennial, whereas Channa River,
Bainti nadi, Kachna nadi, Monrya
nadi and Malti nadi are
seasonal.All the types of streams
i.e. the mountain fed, foothill fed,
plain fed and mixed fed, drains
the district. Ganga is a mountain
fed river while Bagmati is a
foothill fed river. Burhi Gandak,
Baya, Balan, Baintia, Chanha etc
are originated in the plains and
present examples of plain fed
rivers. The small rivulets serve as tributaries to the streams of higher order. These rivulets are
often dry lowlands during summer and flooded during rainy season.
In general, the drainage pattern of the rivers of this region forms a part of the greater Gangetic
Plain, which is characterized as dendritic drainage pattern. However, locally they exhibit their
typical characteristics. The Ganga River here shows Yazoo pattern of drainage and the area is
known a Ganga Yazoo belt. Yazoo pattern of drainage is defined by the streams, which travel in
a parallel fashion before confluence. Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kareha and Balan, Baintia, shows
very high sinuosity and are typically meandering rivers.River Ganga enters into the southwest
part draining the Chamtha block in the district. This river along with its flood plains, “Chaurs”
and “Tals” determines the boundary of the district in the southern part.
The Burhi Gandak, the 2nd most important river, also known as Sirkahana in its upper reaches,
enters the district near Parihara about 10 km upstream of its confluence with the Balan River. It
forms the boundary with Samastipur district in Khodawandpur and Cheriabariyarpur blocks. This
is a river showing very high sinuosity and has characteristically low slit content than other
Himalayan rivers. After traversing a distance of approximately 100 Km. it drains in Ganga near
Khagaria .The river cause periodic floods in the western part of the district.
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River Balan enters the district in the Bachhwara block. After taking a course of app 30kms km. it
drains into Burhi Gandak River 5 km west of Manjhaul. This is also a highly sinuous stream.
Bagmati – A very Juvenile stream of North Bihar plains, drains only the northeastern corner of
district. It enters into the district near Bakhri and is well known for its unstable nature and spill
Page 20 of 172 channels. After traversing the low-lying valley areas, it meets the Kosi near
Sankosh outside the territories of the district. It is responsible for floods in the northern part of
the district.
Baintia River is a plain fed stream originated in the adjoining district of Samastipur and enters in
Bhagwanpur block of the district. Upstreams, in the Samastipur district, it is known as Jamwari
Nadi. This drains into Burhi Gandak after joining the Balan River. It is also a stream having
water round the year. Baya Nadi drains the district Teghra, Bachhwara and Barauni block. It
merges with river Ganga at Roopnagar near Barauni fertilizer factory. This is a stream which
does not show any sinuosity in the Begusarai district and is a perrennial stream. In the mid of the
Burhi Gandak flood plain lies a vast fresh water lake known as Kawer Tal, which is basically a
wetland formed by shifting of river BurhiGandak. Kawartal gets its water either due to rains or
due to near-by overflowing rivers such as Burhi Gandak, Bagmati.
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CHAPTER-10
RAINFALL: MONTH WISE
Being part of the Gangetic plains of the Indian subcontinent, the district experiences three
climatic seasons – the summer season from March to mid-June, the monsoon season from mid-
June to October and the winter season from November to February. The month of February &
March fall in the transitional season from winter to summer described as spring or “Basant”.
Similarly the months of September & October falls in the transitional season from the monsoon
season to the winter season and described as “Shishir”.
Begusarai, the climate is warm and temperate. When compared with winter, the summers have
much more rainfall. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as CWA. The
average annual temperature is 26.0 °C in Begusarai. About 960 mm of precipitation falls
annually.
CLIMOGRAPH // WEATHER BY MONTH BEGUSARAI:-
The driest month is December. There is 1 mm of precipitation in December. In July, the
precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 259 mm.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 36
AVERAGE TEMPERATURES BEGUSARAI:-
With an average of 32.4 °C, May is the warmest month. At 17.2 °C on average, January is the
coldest month of the year.
BEGUSARAI WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES:-
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Avg. Temperature
(°C)
17.2 20 25.6 30.1 32.4 31.5 29.5 29.3 29 27 22.2 18.3
Min. Temperature
(°C)
10.6 12.9 18 23 26.1 26.9 26.4 26.3 25.8 22.5 15.4 11.3
Max. Temperature
(°C)
23.9 27.2 33.2 37.3 38.7 36.2 32.7 32.3 32.2 31.6 29 25.4
Avg. Temperature
(°F)
63.0 68.0 78.1 86.2 90.3 88.7 85.1 84.7 84.2 80.6 72.0 64.9
Min. Temperature
(°F)
51.1 55.2 64.4 73.4 79.0 80.4 79.5 79.3 78.4 72.5 59.7 52.3
Max. Temperature
(°F)
75.0 81.0 91.8 99.1 101.7 97.2 90.9 90.1 90.0 88.9 84.2 77.7
Precipitation /
Rainfall (mm)
17 6 10 7 28 132 259 250 186 62 2 1
The precipitation varies 258 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The variation
in annual temperature is around 15.2 °C.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 37
CHAPTER-11
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH
Geology:-
The geology of the area constitutes the highest alluvial plain in the domain of the Himalayan
Rivers to the north of the Ganga. It is a part of the Great Gangetic Basin. The basin was formed
during late PaleogeneNeogene times and is related to the upheaval of the Himalayas vis a vis
flexural downwarp of the Indian Lithosphere under the supracrustal load of the Himalayas
(Wadia, 1961). The entire segment abounds in buried faults and grabens. The basin came into
existence as a result of the collision of India and China continental Plates (Dewcy and Bird, 1970
in Parkash) during the Paleocene. Collision resulted in intraplate subduction along the
MCT(Main Central Thrust lying in the Himalayas) raising the Higher Himalaya to form source
rocks and “popping through” of the more southerly part of the Indian plate to form the basin.
This “popping through” might have lead to the development of longitudinal and transverse
lineaments thougout the basin. With time more southerly areas were raised and by mid-
Paleocene subduction also started along the MBF(Main Boundary Fault lying in the Himalayas).
These phenomena are reflected in the presence of a coarsening up megacycle with at least two
superimposed minor cycle and in the composition of the sandstone and conglomerates of the
basin. Later folding of the northern edge of basin to form the Siwalik Ranges during the Early
Pleistocene led to cannibalism of this part of the basin.
The basin had east west elongated shape and started with a shallow marine environment, which
changed to estuarine and deltaic one with time. By mid-Miocene, continental sedimentation
marked by fluvial environment dominated the scene and this set up has continued to the recent
with minor modifications. The basin had predominantly transversal pattern controlled by
southerly flowing rivers emerging from the Himalaya and during Neogene period, a master
stream along the southern margin of the basin drained into the Bay of Bengal. The fluvial
sedimentation took place the form of mega-alluvial cones. Sedimentation in the basin was
influenced by tectonism through out its evolution.
The Indogangitic Basin, still an active one, needs to be studied for detailed stratigraphic
correlation, sedimentary facies relationship, change in climate through space and time and
modern sedimentation.
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A Quaternary fault system has been identified in the region. This is an echelon pattern of surface
faults associated with Begusarai fault . Within this fault zone, various geomorphic features are
found which have their origin in both the lateral and vertical movement of fault-bounded slices,
as well as in the persistent strike-slip. In regions where tectonic activity is less pronounced,
streams generally flow more or less perpendicular to the adjacent highlands.
The Quaternernay sediments of the Indogangetic plains have been traditionally subdivided into
the older and younger alluvium and locally called Bhanger and Khader. Entire area of Begusarai
falls in the domain of “Khader” sediments
Regional Geology:-
Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of
alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.
Geological succession and their occurrences distribution
Age Geology Occurrences
Quaternary Alluvial Deposits(sand, clay, silt,
Fragments)
North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain
Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills
Gondwana Coal Measures,Forming a series of
small outlier basins
Banka District
Vindhyans Sandstones,shales, Limestones etc. Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts
Satpura Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,
Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger District
Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,
granites, dolerites and pegmatite’s
Nawada, Jamui and Banka
Archaean Gneisses,
Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzites
, amphibolites & intrusive all
metamorphosed sedimentary and
igneous rocks
Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada
,Jamui, Banka and Bhagalpur
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Hydrogeology:-
Geological setup , distribution of rainfall and the ease of circulation of vwater through
interconnected pores of the geological formations constituting the aquifer make the
hydrogeological frame work of the area.Based on the geological diversities and relative ground
water potentialities in the aquifer belonging to different geological formation, the district can be
subdivided broadly into two hydrogeological units- (a) Older alluvium ( Ganga formation and (b)
Newer alluvium ( Diara formation).
The alluvium of the Ganga plain is consisting of alterations of gravel, sand of various grades and
clay beds. Gravel and sand constitute the prolific aquifers. The thickness of alluvium is more
than 600m. In the diara plain, the alluvium consiss of sand silt and clay.
Mode of Occurrence of Ground Water:-
The ground water occurs under water table condition, semi confined to confined condition. The
ground water in the phreatic aquifer occurs under water table conditions. The shallow pheratic
aquifer is commonly tapped by dug-wells of depth ranges from 5 to 15 m bgl. The shallow tube-
wells tap unconfined aquifer and disposed at a depth between 20 to 60 m. The deep tube-wells
have been constructed tapping aquifers disposed at deeper levels. These aquifers are in semi-
confined to confined condition.
Water Level Fluctuation:-
The water level is measured
at 11 HNS stations in the
district and it has been
found that that the pre-
monsoon (May 2011) depth
to water level generally
varies from 6.7 to 9.5 mbgl.
It remains within 10m in
major part of the district;
(Fig. 1).The water level is
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 40
beyond 10m only small patch in northern part of the district. The post-monsoon water level
generally varies from 2.85 to
6.10 m bgl .However, It remain
within 5 m in major part of the
district (Fig. 2). The seasonal
water level fluctuation from
pre to post monsoon indicate
rise of 1.15 to 5.35m.
(a) Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-
Sand is one of the major minor mineral of Begusarai district of Bihar. Ganga and Gandak
River is major sand source in the district.
(b) Availability of Sand or gravel or aggregate resources:-
Ganga nadi and Gandak River is major sand source and in district. The rivers of the
district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the monsoon period
and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the sediment as
braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.
(c) Existing Mining Lease of sand and aggregates:-
Refer to Chater-3
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 41
Drainage System with description of main rivers in the district:
Total geographical area of Begusarai District: 1918 sq. km.
S. No. Name of the River Area drained (Sq. Km) % Area drained in the District
1. Ganga 114.0 5.943
2. Bagmati 0.60 0.031
3. Bainti 0.47 0.024
4 Balan 3.76 0.196
5 Baya River 1.46 0.076
6 Burhi Gandak 8.40 0.437
7 Chanha Nadi 0.50 0.026
8 Dauki Nadi 1.0 0.052
Total 130.19 6.785
Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-
S. No. Name of the River
of stream
Total Length in the
District (in Km)
Place of origin Altitude at origin (in
m.)
1. Ganga 58.0 Dularpur 47
2. Bagmati 12.3 Mauji Hari Singh 40
3. Bainti 14.0 Kabia 47
4 Balan 60.0 Chak Dilar 44
5 Baya River 16.5 Dadupur 49
6 Burhi Gandak 98 Narullahpur 51
7 Chanha Nadi 10.5 Sinduari 41
8 Dauki Nadi 16 Sikandarpur 44
The Details are given below:-
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 42
River of Stream Portion of
the river
or stream
recommen
ded for
mineral
concessio
n ( in Sq.
Km)
Length of
area
recommende
d for mineral
concession
(in
Kilometer)
Average
width of
area
recommend
ed for
mineral
concession
in meter)
Area
recommended for
mineral
concession (In
lakh Square
Meter)
Mineable
Mineral
Potential (In
Lakh Metric
Tonne) 60%
of total
Mineral
Ganga 114.0 58.0 1965.51 1139.99 3139.55
Bagmati 0.60 12.3 48.78 5.99 16.52
Bainti 0.47 14.0 35.57 4.69 12.94
Balan 3.76 60.0 62.66 37.59 103.55
Baya River 1.46 16.5 88.48 14.59 40.20
Burhi Gandak 8.40 98 85.71 83.99 231.33
Chanha Nadi 0.50 10.5 47.61 4.99 13.76
Dauki Nadi 1.0 16 62.5 10 27.54
Total 3585.39
Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-
Mineral Potential
Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)
3585.39Lakh MT 3585.39Lakh MT
Annual Deposition (30%)
1076.817 Lakh MT 1076.817 Lakh MT
Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-
The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment
area of the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is
defined. The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-
morphology and other factors, it can be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.
in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of three meters considered as resource
mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral
potential of particular river/ stream.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 43
The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral
potential, the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like
sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential the
percentage of each mineral constituent is taken as Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.
The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like catchment
Lithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are certaingeo-
morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc. where
annual deposition is more even two to three meters.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 44
CHAPTER-12
STATUS OF BRICK KILNS IN BEGUSARAI
The state of Bihar is developing rapidly. In the five year period from 2004 to 2009 Bihar’s Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) has grown
by 11.03% and between 2001 and
2011 there has been a significant
increase in urbanization with the
number of towns increasing from 120
to 213 according to the latest census.
This has been possible through
investment in various sectors,
especially the construction sector. If
this growth rate needs to be sustained, the demand for quality building materials will increase
manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with the need for over 7.5 billion bricks over
the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field study was conducted in 38 districts on
Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick industry and to assess the market potential
and barriers for introducing energy efficient technologies for walling materials. The major brick
producing districts of Bihar is Patna, Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, East and West
Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized brick kilns the
state produces around 17 billion bricks per year. The brick sector in Bihar is growing at a rate of
9%, however it continues to be dominated by traditional technology - the Fixed Chimney Bulls
Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal) the state of Bihar is the only state which has transformed the brick firing technology
from movable to fixed chimney.
STATUS OF BRICK KILNS IN BEGUSARAI DISTRICT
S.N. No. of operational units of brick earth in
Begusarai district during financial year (2016-
17)
No. of units of brick earth in
Begusarai district identified by IEED
1 163 222
List of Brick Kilns in the district is attached in Annexure-II
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - BEGUSARAI DISTRICT - BIHAR Page 45
REFERENCES
1. Singh, U,(1965): “Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.” National
Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37
2. Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy
Approach National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008
3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf
4. Census of India 2011 - Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August
2012.
5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Patna.pdf
6. cgwb.gov.in/gwprofiles/st_Bihar.htm
7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf
8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar
9. http://www.cwc.nic.in
10. http://www.ecobrick.in
11. National wetland atlas bihar - Ministry of Environment and Forests
12. CLIMATE –DATA.ORG https://en.climate-data.org/location