DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN - PMKSY · 2016-09-02 · District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page...

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page i

Gove rnment of M izoram Department of Agricultur e

PR AD HAN M AN TRI KRISHI SINCHAYEE YOJA NA (P M KS Y)

DISTR IC T IRRIGATION PLAN

CHAM PHA I D ISTRICT

2016DISTRIC T LEVEL IM PLIM ENTAT ION COMM IT TEE

Champ hai DistrictMiz oram

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page ii

CONTENT

Chapters Title Page Nos.

Forward Executive Summary Introduction 1 i Background 5 ii Vision 5 iii Objective 6 iv Strategy/approach 6 v Methodology 7 Chapter - I General Information of Champhai District 11 1.1 District Profile 11 1.2 Demography 12 1.3 Biomass and Livestock 13 1.4 Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography 15 1.5 Soil Profile 35 1.6 Soil Erosion and Runoff status 47 1.7 Land use Pattern 48 1.8 Geomorphology of Mizoram 54 1.9 Geology of Mizoram 60 1.10 Slope 64 1.11 Hydro geomorphology and Groundwater Prospects of

Champhai District 65

1.12 Land Irrigability Class 70 Chapter - II District Water Profile 72 2.1 Crop water Requirement 72 Chapter - III Water Availability 80 3.1 Surface Water Scenario 80 3.2 Status of surface water availability 80 3.3 Status of Ground Water Availability 82 3.4 Ground Water Quality 88 3.5 Ground Water Management Strategy 88 Chapter - IV Water Requirement/Demand 91 4.1 Domestic Water Demand 91 4.2 Crop Water Requirement: 91 4.3 Livestock Water Demand 93 4.4 Industrial Water Demand 94 4.5 Water demand for Power generation 94 Chapter – V Strategic Action Plan 96 5.1 Methodology 96

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page iii

CONTENTS OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

Nos. 1.1 District profile of Champhai District 11

1.2 Demography of Champhai District 12

1.2.1 Set up of R.D. Blocks in Champhai District 12

1.2.2 Area, household, population & literacy of Block wise (2011 census)

13

1.3 Livestock of Champhai District 13

1.4 Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography 15

1.4.1 Agro-ecological Situation (AES) of the District 17

1.4.2 Temperature (0C) of Champhai district from 2010-2013 20

1.4.3 Annual Rainfall (mm) 10 years in Champhai district 20

1.4.4 Monthly rainfall record (mm) of four different centers under Agriculture Department

21

1.4.5 Average relative (%) humidity of Champhai district 22

1.4.6 Basin of India 28

1.4.7 Classification of Watershed: 30

1.4.8 Classification According to Watershed Atlas of India of All India Soil & Land Use Survey, Mizoram 30

1.4.9 District-wise Number of Micro Watershed and Area in Mizoram 30

1.5 Soil Profile 35

1.6 Soil Erosion and Run-off status 47

1.7 Land Use Pattern 48

1.8 Geomorphological Statistics of Champhai District 54

1.9 Lithological Statistics of Champhai District 60

1.10 Area under different Slope class of Champhai district, Mizoram 64

1.11 Hydro geomorphology and Groundwater Prospects of Champhai District 65

1.12 Irrigation Status of Champhai District 70

1.13 Land Irrigability Statistics of Champhai district 70

2.1 Crop water requirements 72

2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crops 75

2.3 Irrigation based Classification 79

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page iv

3.1 Status of Water Availability 80

3.2 Status of Surface Water Availability 80

3.3 Status of Ground Water Availability 82

3.4 Status of Command Area 82

3.5 Existing Type of Irrigation 85

3.6 Ground water potential Zone 87

3.7 Brief ground water level data in Mizoram and ground water analysis 89

3.8 Standard of water quality 89

3.9 District-wise Ground Water Availability & Ground Water Extracted 90

4.1 Domestic Water Requirement/ Demand 91

4.2 Crop Water Requirement 91

4.3 Livestock Water Demand 93

4.4 Water Demand for Industries 94

4.5 Water Demand for Power Generation 94

4.6 Total Water Demand at Various Sector 95

4.7 Water Budget 95

5.1 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Champhai Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions) 98

5.2 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Khawzawl Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions) 100

5.3 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Ngopa Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions) 102

5.4 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Khawbung Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions) 104

5.6 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in in Ngopa block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop

106

5.7 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in in Khawbung block, District under PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop

107

5.8 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in in Khawzawl block, Champhai District under PMKSY: per Drop More Crop

108

5.9 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Champhai block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop

109

5.10 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Khawzawl block Champhai District 110

5.11 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Champhai block Champhai District 111

5.12 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Khawbung block Champhai District 112

5.13 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Ngopa block Champhai District 113

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page v

5.14 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Champhai District under PMKSY & MGNREGA

116

5.15 Strategic Plan of Surface Irrigation, CAD, RRR, Champhai District under PMKSY

120

5.16 Budget Details for Proposed Component in the District Irrigation Plan of Champhai District 124

5.17 Population Census of Champhai District, Mizoram 125

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page vi

CONTENTS OF MAPS Sl. No. Title Page

Nos. 1. Map of Mizoram showing Administrative District 2

2. Location Map of Champhai District, Mizoram 10

3. Elevation Map of Mizoram 16

4. Agro climatic Zone & Isohytal Map of Mizoram 19

5. Soil Map of Ngopa RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 34

6. Soil Map of Khawzawl RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 36

7. Soil Map of Khawbung RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 38

8. Soil Map of Champhai RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 39

9. Land Capability Map 41

10. Land Use Pattern Map of Champhai District, Mizoram 49

11. Land Use/ Land Cover Map 51

12. Geomorphological Map of Mizoram 58

13. Geomorphological Map of Champhai District 59

14. Slope Map of Champhai RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 66

15. Slope Map of Khawzawl RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 67

16. Slope Map of Khawbung RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 68

17. Slope Map of Ngopa RD Block, Champhai District, Mizoram 69

18. Land Irrigability Map 71

19. Sub-Surface Water Potential Map of Champhai District, Mizoram 81

20. Watershed Map of Champhai District, Mizoram 114

21. Surface Drainage Map of Champhai District, Mizoram 115

22. Map of Champhai District showing Shifting Cultivation Areas 131

23. Map of Mizoram showing coding & boundary up to Sub Water shed level 132

24. Map of Mizoram showing coding & boundary up to Sub Catchment evel 133

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page vii

FORWARD

The District Irrigation Plamn Under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) in respect of Champhai District Mizoram has been prepared using Remote Sensing & GIS technique with the Offecers of the concerned Line Departments during survey & investigation works and as per their field inspection data and in accordance with the template of PMKSY issued by the Department of Agriculture & Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India.

Thereby, it is to state that these programmes will enchance the physical access of water on the farm and wxpand cultivable area under assured irrigation which will benefit all the cultivators of the village in Champhai District. The District Irrigation Plan comprises of strategies to meet the aims of ‘Har Khet Ko Pani,’ ‘Per Drop More Crop,’ IWMP and MGNREGA and bring agriculture land under the cover of irrigation.

The District Irrigation Plan under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) prepared under the supervision of District Level Implementing Committee (DLIC), Champhai District, Mizoram, is verified and found technically feasible as per guidelines and hereby, recommended for approval and implementation of this Mission.

Dated Champhai

The 31st August, 2016

District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The major objective of PMKSY is to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water, enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop), enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices by exploring the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture and attract greater private investment in precision irrigation system.

PMKSY has been conceived amalgamating ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and the On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC). The scheme will be implemented by Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Development. Ministry of Rural Development is to mainly undertake rain water conservation, construction of farm pond, water harvesting structures, small check dams and contour bunding etc. MoWR, RD &GR, is to undertake various measures for creation of assured irrigation source, construction of diversion canals, field channels, water diversion/lift irrigation, including development of water distribution systems. Ministry of Agriculture will promote efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm “(Jal Sinchan)”, construction of micro-irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities, extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures Programme architecture of PMKSY will be to adopt a ‘decentralized State level planning and projectised execution’ structure that will allow States to draw up their own irrigation development plans based on District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and State Irrigation Plan (SIP). It will be operative as convergence platform for all water sector activities including drinking water & sanitation, MGNREGA, application of science & technology etc. through comprehensive plan. State Level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC) chaired by the Chief Secretary of the State with the authority to oversee its implementation and sanction of projects.

The programme will be supervised and monitored by an Inter-Ministerial National Steering Committee (NSC), constituted under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister with Union Ministers from concerned Ministries. A National Executive Committee (NEC) constituted under the Chairmanship of Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog to oversee programme implementation, allocation of resources, inter ministerial coordination, monitoring & performance assessment, addressing administrative issues etc.


Components and responsible Ministries/Departments 1) AIBP by MoWR, RD &GR To focus on faster completion of ongoing Major and

Medium Irrigation including National Projects. 2) PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani) by MoWR,RD& GR Creation of new water sources

through Minor Irrigation (both surface and ground water). Repair, restoration and renovation of water bodies; strengthening carrying capacity of traditional water sources, construction rain water harvesting structures (Jal Sanchay); Command area development, strengthening and creation of distribution network from source to the farm. Improvement in water management and distribution system for water bodies to take advantage of available source, which is not utilised to its fullest capacity (deriving benefits from low hanging fruits).At least 10% of the command area to under micro/precision irrigation.

Diversion of water from source of different location where it is plenty to

nearby water scarce areas, lift irrigation from water bodies/rivers at lower elevation to supplement requirements beyond IWMP and MGNREGS irrespective of irrigation command. Creation and rejuvenation of traditional water storage systems like Jal Mandir (Gujarat); Khatri, Kuhl (H.P.); Zabo (Nagaland); Eri, Ooranis (T.N.); Dongs (Assam); Katas, Bandhas (Odisha and M.P.) etc. at feasible locations.

3) PMKSY (Watershed) by Dept. of Land Resources, MoRD Water harvesting

structures such as check dams, nala bund, farm ponds, tanks etc. Capacity building, entry point activities, ridge area treatment, drainage line treatment, soil and moisture conservation, nursery raising, afforestation, horticulture, pasture development, livelihood activities for the asset-less persons and production system & micro enterprises for small and marginal farmers etc. Effective rainfall management like field bunding, contour bunding/trenching, staggered trenching, land levelling, mulching etc.

4) PMKSY (Per drop more crop) by Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, MoA

Programme management, preparation of State/District Irrigation Plan, approval of annual action plan, Monitoring etc. Promoting efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan) Topping up of input cost particularly under civil construction beyond permissible limit (40%), under MGNREGS for activities like lining inlet, outlet, silt traps distribution system etc.


Construction of micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities including tube wells and dug wells (in areas where ground water is available and not under semi critical/critical/over exploited category of development) which are not supported under PMKSY (WR), PMKSY (Watershed) and MGNREGS. Secondary storage structures at tail end of canal system to store water when available in abundance (rainy season) or from perennial sources like streams for use during dry periods through effective on-farm water management Water lifting devices like diesel/ electric/ solar pumpsets including water carriage pipes.

Extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and

agronomic measures including cropping alignment to maximise use of available water including rainfall and minimise irrigation requirement (Jal sarankchan) Capacity building, training for encouraging potential use water source through technological, agronomic and management practices including community irrigation.

Awareness campaign on water saving technologies, practices,

programmes etc. organisation of workshops, conferences, publication of booklets, pamphlets, success stories, documentary, advertisements etc. Improved/innovative distribution system like pipe and box outlet system with controlled outlet and other activities of enhancing water use efficiency.

District Irrigation Plans (DIPs)

District Irrigation Plan (DIP) shall be the cornerstone for planning and implementation of PMKSY. DIP will identify the gaps in irrigation infrastructure after taking into consideration the District Agriculture Plans (DAPs) already prepared for Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) vis-à-vis irrigation infrastructure currently available and resources that would be added during XII Plan from other ongoing schemes (both State and Central), like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme(MGNREGS), Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) Scheme, Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development (MLALAD) Scheme, Local body funds etc. The gaps indentified under Strategic Research & Extension Plan (SREGP) are be used in preparation of DIP.

DIPs will present holistic irrigation development perspective of the district outlining medium to long term development plans integrating three components viz. water sources, distribution network and water use applications incorporating all usage of water like drinking & domestic use, irrigation and industry. Preparation of DIP will be taken up as joint exercise of all participating departments. DIP will form the compendium of all existing and proposed water resource network system in the district.


The DIPs may be prepared at two levels, the block and the district. Keeping in view the convenience of map preparation and data collection, the work would be primarily done at block level. Block wise irrigation plan is to be prepared depending on the available and potential water resources and water requirement for agriculture sector prioritising the activities based on socio-economic and location specific requirement. In case of planning is made based on basin/sub basin level, the comprehensive irrigation plan may cover more than one district. The activities identified in the basin/sub-basin plan can be further segregated into district/block level action plans. Use of satellite imagery, topo sheets and available database may be appropriately utilised for developing irrigation plans at least on pilot basis to begin with and subsequently extended to all projects. i) Background -

Hon’ble President in his address to the joint Session of the Parliament of 16th Lok Sabha indicated that “Each drop of water is precious. Government is committed to giving high priority to water security. It will complete the long pending irrigation projects on priority and launch the ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana’ with the motto of ‘Har Khet Ko Paani’. There is a need for seriously considering all options including linking of rivers, where feasible; for ensuring optimal use of our water resources to prevent the recurrence of floods and drought. By harnessing rain water through ‘Jal Sanchay’ and ‘Jal Sinchan’, we will nurture water conservation and ground water recharge. Micro irrigation will be to ensure ‘Per drop-More crop’. Out of about141 million Ha.of net area sown in the country, about 65 million hectare (or 45%) is presently covered under irrigation. Substantial dependency on rainfall makes cultivation in unirrigated areas a high risk, less productive profession. Empirical evidences suggest that assured or protective irrigation encourages farmers to invest more in farming technology and inputs leading to productivity enhancement and increased farm income. The overreaching vision of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) will be to ensure access to some means of protective irrigation to all agricultural farms in the country, to produce ‘per drop more crop’, thus bringing much desired rural prosperity.

ii) Vision - To use the available water resources in the district to the maximum potential in

an efficient way catering to the basic needs of every living being and enhancing the livelihoods of rural population to the maximum extent thus alleviating poverty in a sustainable way without compromising the interests of future generations.


iii) Objective -

The broad objectives of PMKSY will be:- a) Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation

of district level and, if required, sub district level water use plans). b) Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area

under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani). c) Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use of

water through appropriate technologies and practices. d) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase availability

both in duration and in extent. e) Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving

technologies (More crops per drop). f) Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation

practices. g) Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed

approach towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water, arresting runoff, providing livelihood options and other NRM activities.

h) Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management

and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries. i) Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal wastewater for peri-urban

agriculture. j) Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

This will in turn increase agricultural production and productivity and enhance farm income.

iv) Strategy/approach -

To achieve above objectives, PMKSY will strategize by focussing on end-to end solution in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network, efficient farm level applications, extension services on new technologies & information etc. Broadly,


PMKSY will focus on: a) Creation of new water sources; repair, restoration and renovation of defunct

water sources; construction of water harvesting structures, secondary & micro storage, groundwater development, enhancing potentials of traditional water bodies at village level like Jal Mandir (Gujarat); Khatri, Kuhl (H.P.); Zabo (Nagaland); Eri, Ooranis (T.N.); Dongs (Assam); Katas, Bandhas (Odisha and M.P.) etc.

b) Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both

assured and protective) are available or created; c) Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and run off control measures to

improve ground water recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to access recharged water through shallow tube/dug wells;

d) Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the

farm viz, underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and other application devices etc.

e) Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer

producers’ organisations/NGOs. f) Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits,

demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop management practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on more crops per drop of water through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field days, and extension activities through short animation films etc.

g) The aforesaid areas only outline the broad contours of PMKSY; combination of

interventions may be required depending on location specific conditions and requirements, which will be identified through District and State Irrigation Plans.

v) Methodology:

The preparation of District Irrigation plan is an integration of geospatial technology, Space application technologies and spatial and non-spatial data.

1) Transformation of available thematic information (district provided Gyan data)

on to the village level on Bhuvan portal and extract geo-referenced village map data.


2) Integration of thematic layers with socio-economic data for classification of area into specific composite land units on village level.

3) Preparation of appropriate action plan based on potential of composite land

units and developmental needs of study area is on the basis of available data. 4) Field visit to validate the recommended measures with respect to the ground

situation and requirement of the local people. 5) Finalization of development plans based on field observation.

Available thematic information for preparation for water resource and land resource development plan.

Land Use/land cover map Groundwater potential map Soil map - depth, texture, erosion and land capability Slope map. High resolution Satellite mage through Bhuvan portal. Lithology. Hydro geomorphology. Land Irrigability Class map Slope map Agroclimatoc zone map Hydro soils map Watershed map Geology & Geomorphology map

Area for development of water resources structure geospatial technology has

been used in this process first identify the area of crop land based on high resolution satellite data and then identify the irrigated area by different source of irrigation methods. To identify the un irrigated area an overlay method is used. District irrigation plan covers the fallowing planning component of the district in sustainable development approach:

Increase in vegetation/biomass in the district. More number of surface water bodies in district. Shift from annual crop to perennial. Increase in the extent of crop area. Improvement in the soil moisture availability Reclamation of waste lands. Convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level.


Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani)

Best use of water through appropriate technologies and practices. Improve on-farm water use efficiency. Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving

technologies (More crop per drop). Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation

practices. Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas. Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management

and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries. Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban

agriculture, Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

The overreaching vision of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

will be to ensure access to some means of protective irrigation to all agricultural farms in the country( har khet ko paani) and to produce ‘per drop more crop’, thus bringing much desired rural prosperity.


Chapter - I DISTRICT PROFILE OF CHAMPHAI DISTRICT

1.1 District Profile

Champhai Town is the fourth capital district of the state. It is located at the eastern part of Mizoram. (Source: Statistical Hand Book, 2003) Champhai district occupies the eastern most part of Mizoram. it is situated between 93°00’32” to 93°26’18” E longitude and 24°05’03” to 23°00’04” N latitude. It is bounded on the east by Myanmar and on the west by Aizawl and Serchhip district, on the north by Manipur and the south by Myanmar and Serchhip district. The district headquarters is at Champhai which is 194 Km. from the state capital Aizawl. The total area of Champhai district is 3185.83 Sq.Km. which is 15.11 % of the total area of Mizoram. It is home to Mizo tribes. The entire population is tribal and economically very poor. People of the district depends their livelihood on subsistence jhum/shifting cultivation.

Table 1.1 District profile of Champhai District

Sl. No. Name of District District Code Latitude Longitude

1 Champhai 284 24°05’03” to 23°00’04” N 93°00’32” to 93°26’18” E

a) Religion and Social Groups:

The district is mostly homogenous as far as religion and social groups of the district are concerned and this may be the main reason of peace in the district. Mizoram is well known as the most peaceful state in the country. Here people are very helpful and are concerned for each other. The food taking system in the society may also have great role in peacefulness. The role of the church is very prominent among the population as majority of the population is Christians. Among the Christians there are various denominations such as Mizoram Presbyterian Church, Mizoram Baptist Church, United Pentecostal Church, etc., where Presbyterian Church is dominant in the district.

Other religions like Hindu, Sikh, Mosolman, Buddhism and others are also

present in the district, but their population is very less. The study of the religion for the district is very interesting, as it bears some peculiar character, unlike the people of other states. If we see the age distribution of the population, the district is very peculiar. Most of the population is young and old population is very less. This may be directly related with the sanitation and health parameters. So, there is a lot to do in the health sector. Moreover, mass media has a great role to play to improve the health scenario of the region.


1.2: Demography

Table 1.2 Demography of Champhai District

General Population (As per the 2011 Census)

Dev. Block

Villages No. of

Revenue Villages

Area (ha)

No. of

GPs. Male Female Total S.C S.T In-

habitated

Un-in habita

ted

Khawzawl 39 39 98792 30 20995 20565 41560 41560 Nhopa 15 15 73326 12 9464 9190 18654 18654 Champhai 25 25 75867 28 21214 21488 42702 42702 Khawbung 29 29 70598 26 12200 10844 22044 22044

Total 108 108 318583 96 82873 62087 124980 124980 Source: Statistical Handbook, Mizoram-2012

a) Administrative Set-up

As per the census of 2011 the total population of the district is 1,24,980. The variation in the density as well as the distribution of population is related to the physical, social and economic factors, which are responsible for the characteristics of the population in the district.

Table 1.2.1 Set up of R.D. Blocks in Champhai District

R.D. Block Villages (Nos.) Population Household (Nos.) Khawzawl 39 41,560 8,613 Ngopa 15 18,654 3,817 Champhai 25 42,702 8,699 Khawbung 29 22,044 4,467 Total 108 1,24,980 25,596

Source: Statistical Handbook, Mizoram-2012


Graph : Population and Households in the block wise.

Table 1.2.2 Area, household, population & literacy of Block wise (2011 census)

Area (sq.km.) Population Total House hold Literacy (%) Male Female

3185. 83 62,873 62,087 1,24,960 25,596 95.91

Source: Statistical Handbook, Mizoram-2012 1.3 Biomass and Livestock

Water plays an important role in livestock productivity. Livestock productivity in pastoral areas depends greatly on the availability of water. There are several factors, which determine water balance, water turnover and functions of the animal. Assessment of livestock and water requirement is helpful in modeling water and livestock relationships. The demand for meat, dairy products and eggs rises faster than the demand for crops; thus both scenarios call for livestock production to increase relatively more rapidly than crops. The world livestock system is broadly divided into pastoral grazing, mixed farming and industrial system (Sere and Seinfeld, 1996). Estimate of the current demand of 1.7 billion tons of cereals and 206 million tons of meat in developing countries could rise by 2020 to 2.5 to 2.8 billion tons of cereals and to 310 million tons of meat (IFPRI, 2000). Water is used by the herbivore as a medium for physical and chemical energy transfer, namely for evaporative cooling and intermediary metabolism (Konandreas and Anderson; King 1983, Kirda and Riechardt, 1986). Livestock and poultry water consumption depend on a number of physiological and environmental conditions such as:

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Khawzawl Ngopa Champhai Khawbung

41560

18654

42702

22044

8613

3817

8699

4467

Population

Household


Type and size of animal or bird Physiological state (lactating, pregnant or growing) Activity level Type of diet-dry hay, silage or lush pasture Temperature-hot summer days above 25°C can sometimes double the water

consumption of animals. Water quality – palatability and salt content

In the below table the demand of water for animals is shown and all the figures

are taken from the Livestock Census of India.

Table 1.3 Livestock of Champhai District

Name of Block

Small Animals Large Animals Any other

Milch or Meat

animal

Draft Animal

(Buffalo/Yak/Bulls/Any

other (Nos.)

Grand Total Poultry

No. Duck No.

Pig No.

Goat No.

Sheep No.

Indigenous Cow

No.

Hybrid Cow No.

In-Descriptive

buffalo No.

Hybrid Buffalo

No.

Champhai 49693 284 10147 133 200 3038 - 905 - 101 58567 Khawbung 46521 2 9198 120 9 1923 - 756 - 40 64864 Khawzawl 50187 2 9451 337 42 1277 - 488 - 80 48646 Ngopa 38366 64 8993 232 8 1497 - 426 - 60 64501

Source: Livestock Census of India, 2011


1.4 Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography

Name of State – Mizoram Name of District – Champhai Name of R.D. Block – Khawzawl

Bloc

k

Agro

-Eco

logi

cal z

one t

ype

Type

of T

erra

in

Bloc

k are

a (Ha

)

Norm

al an

nual

Rain

fall (

mm

)

Aver

age M

onth

ly ra

infa

ll (m

m)

No o

f Rain

y day

s (no

.)

Maximum Rainfall Intensity (mm) Average weekly temperature ( 0C)

Potential evapo-transpiration Elevation

(PET)

Upto

15m

in

Beyo

nd 15

but

upt

o 30

min

Beyo

nd 30

but

upt

o 60

min

Period Period

Cum

ulat

ive to

tal

Min

Max

Mean

Summer Winter Rainy

Sum

mer

Win

ter

Rain

y Sea

son (April-May) (Oct-Mar) (June-Sept)

Min

Max

Mean

Min

Max

Mean

Min

Max

Mean

Khawzawl II & III hilly 98792 1372 114.33 126 15.1 34 24.7 10.6 29 20 21 34 27 9.4 6 16 31.7

Champhai II & III hilly 75867 1686.4 140.53 154 15.1 34 24.7 10.6 29 20 21 34 27 9.4 6 16 31.7

Khawbung II & III hilly 70598 1488.1 124.01 135 15.1 34 24.7 10.6 29 20 21 34 27 12 6 16 34.4

Ngopa II & III hilly 73326 1732.1 114.33 119 15.1 34 24.7 10.6 29 20 21 34 27 9.4 6 16 31.7

Source: Agriculture Statistical Abstract 2013-14, Department of Agriculture Champhai District


Table 1.4.1 Agro-ecological Situation (AES) of the District

Sl. No.

Agro-Ecological Situation Characteristics

1 AES - I The altitude ranges from 500 - 900 m. Soil type: Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, mottles of low chroma, strongly acidic

2 AES – II The altitude ranges from 900 - 1373 m. Soil type: Deep to very deep, dark yellowish brown, clay loam, strongly acidic

3 AES – III The altitude ranges from 1373 - 1889 m. Soil type: Deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, sandy clay surface, medium to strongly acidic

a) CLIMATE

Climate is the aggregate of all atmospheric or meteorological influences such as moisture, wind pressure, temperature and evaporation. Climate is one of the most important factors of the geographical environment to which man is subjected and man’s activities like agriculture, forestry, supply of water, industry, etc.

The climate of Mizoram is controlled by its location, physiographic, pressure regime in the North West India and Bay of Bengal, warm and moist maritime tropical air masses from the Bay of Bengal, Local Mountain and valley winds. Overall its climate is tropical monsoon type. As the Champhai district lies in the Eastern part of the state, it enjoys a moderate climate owing to its temperate sub alpine climate. It falls under the direct influence of the South West Monsoon. As such the area receives an adequate amount of rainfall which is responsible for a humid temperate sub alpine climate characterized by long winter and short summer with heavy rainfall. In general the climate of the district is temperate sub alpine and humid type.

b) SEASON

Based on the variation in temperature, rainfall, humidity and other general weather conditions, four different types of seasons are observed for the district. They are as follows

i) The cold or winter season (Thlasik)

Winter season starts from the month of December to first half of February. This is the coldest season of the year. During this period rainfall is much less as compared to other seasons, and whatever amount of rainfall received is originated from North East Monsoon, generally known as the retreating monsoon. This season is very pleasant with clear blue sky in the absence of covering and all the people of Mizoram are in festive mood since the most celebrated festival ‘Christmas’ occurs during this season.


ii) Spring season (|hal)

Spring season is the shortest season of the year. It starts from the second half of the February to the first half of March. Temperature is mild during this period and the sky is clear and the Mizo people accustomed to build new houses during this season as there are no weather disturbances during the period.

iii) Summer season/Rainy season (Nipui/Fur)

Summer season or rainy season is the longest season covering about seven

months starting from the second half of March till the first half of October. The early part of this season i.e. from second half of March till First half of May is characterized by bright sunshine and clear sky with little or no cloud till it is disrupted by the coming of Monsoon showers. The warmest months, i.e. June and July, prevails during this period and maximum insolation is received during the early part of this season.

A study from the daily rainfall records reveals that the heavy outpour generally

starts from the second quarter of May and this heavy outpour is usually subsides in the first quarter of October. Rainfall during May, June, July, August & September i.e. 5 months alone contributed 76% of the total annual rainfall. This is the season when the cyclonic rains are often felt. The temperature remains high, but is kept down to a considerable extent by the usual rains.

iv) Autumn season (Favang)

Autumn season covers for a period generally starting from the second part of

October to November. The season is very pleasant and the summer rain already diminished. This is the season the Mizos are longing for since they have no undone jobs in their jhum fields, just waiting for the ripening of their paddies. People are in festive moods. During this time one of Mizo festivals called ‘Mim Kut’ was used to be celebrated. But now what we called ‘Thalfavang Kut’ takes the name instead and is celebrated with joy.

c) TEMPERATURE

Temperature of Champhai district does not fluctuate much. The average maximum and minimum temperature of the district is 34.50oC and 5.72oC, respectively. The highest temperature was recorded on 21th July 2010 and it was 34.50oC. On an average July and August was recorded to be the warmest months with mean maximum temperature 27.50oC and mean minimum temperature 20.40oC.


Table 1.4.2 Temperature (0C) of Champhai district from 2010-2013

Months 2010 2011 2012 2013

Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min January 27.30 6.6 22.11 6.0 26.5 5.72 24.2 6.60 February 29.40 7.9 25.29 8.5 31.1 5.97 27.2 7.90 March 31.50 12.5 31.41 8.3 34.8 11.62 31.6 12.50 April 34.20 13.45 32.24 16.6 34.20 15.11 34.3 13.45 May 34.30 16.7 33.96 18.1 35.60 18.17 34.2 16.70 June 34.00 20.4 32.92 19.5 33.70 19.53 34.4 20.40 July 34.50 22 33.08 22 32.80 21.45 33.1 22.00 August 33.50 22 32.81 20.1 34.30 22.19 33.5 22.00 September 33.10 20.4 32.41 21.4 31.80 21.42 33.7 20.40 October 31.10 17 30.71 18.4 31.40 18.45 31.9 17 .5 November 29.40 13 29.37 11.3 30.40 10.37 29.4 13.00 December 27.60 6.3 26.59 9 27.60 9.33 27.6 6.30 Source: Statistical Abstract, 2012-2013, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. of Mizoram.

d) RAINFALL

Champhai district receives adequate amount of rainfall during the monsoon season as it comes under the direct influence of South West Monsoon and it received 2763 mm average rainfall during 2010. The rainfall data shows that the heavy rainfall starts from the second part of May to the first part of October. In the last five years, the highest rainfall was recorded for the month June of 2012 (602 mm). Intensive rainfall occurs in certain pockets of the district. Often hailstorm occurs during April and May.

Table 1.4.3 Annual Rainfall (mm) 10 years in Champhai district

Year Rainfall (mm)

2003 1884 2004 2028 2005 1639 2006 1863 2007 2344 2008 1799 2009 1571 2010 2220 2011 1736 2012 1940

Source: Statistical Abstract, 2012-2013, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. of Mizoram.


Graph : Annual Rainfall (mm) 10 years in Champhai district

Table 1.4.4 Monthly rainfall record (mm) of four different centers under Agriculture Department

Sl. No

Name of Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

CHAMPHAI DISTRICT 1 Champhai 11.1 46 8.4 327 83.6 420 260 343.5 164 160 58.9 Nil 1883

2 Vaphai (Khawbung Block)

44.5 35 39 199 209 334 159 337 204 125 40.4 Nil 1726

3 Ngopa Nil 15.2 Nil 277 194 509 315 404.1 621 128 59 Nil 2521 4 Khawzawl Nil 39.1 4.6 253 52.2 356 247 293.2 202 156 26.5 Nil 1631

Average Rainfall for Champhai District: 1940

Source: Statistical Abstract, 2012-2013, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. of Mizoram.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

18842028

16391863

2344

17991571

2220

17361940

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm


Graph: Monthly rainfall record (mm) of four different centers.

e) Relative Humidity:

Relative humidity is the ratio of moisture content in the air to the moisture holding capacity of the same air and it is directly related to the rate of evaporation. Of the various components of atmosphere, moisture constitutes from nearly zero to about 4 percent by volume. Humidity plays a very important role in the heat budget as well as day to day weather changes. During these years the highest relative humidity (85.50%) was found for the month of July 2012.

Table 1.4.5 Average relative (%) humidity of Champhai district

Months 2010 2011 2012 Average January 71.40 70.10 71.40 70.97 February 59.40 60.30 59.40 59.70 March 57.50 59.20 57.50 58.07 April 58.40 56.70 58.40 57.83 May 71.70 72.50 71.70 71.97 June 73.60 75.30 79.60 76.17 July 89.20 82.80 85.50 85.83 August 82.80 81.40 81.80 82.00 September 85.50 79.60 80.60 81.90 October 83.90 80.50 82.50 82.30 November 75.20 74.50 75.20 74.97 December 70.30 68.10 70.30 69.57

Average 73.24 71.75 72.83 72.61 Source: Statistical Abstract, 2012-2013, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. of Mizoram.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Champhai

Vaphai

Ngopa

Khawzawl


Graph : Average relative (%) humidity of Champhai district

f) WIND

The monsoon wind is the most important wind that prevails in Mizoram. During summer, the sub-tropical high pressure belt and the thermal equator are displaced northward in response to the changing pattern of solar heating of the earth. From the ocean, particularly from the north Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal, they move towards the land mass and blow over the Asian continent. This south-west monsoon reaches Mizoram during second half of May and prevails up to the first half of October. The summer monsoon is characterized by highly variable weather with frequent spells of drought and heavy rains. Besides this, winter monsoon also prevails which is a gentle drift of air in which the winds generally blow from the north east. This retreating monsoon cause sporadic rainfall especially in Mizoram and other north eastern states producing sometimes heavy cyclonic rains.

As evidence from the earlier records, Mizoram state is vulnerable to impact of tropical cyclone which develop in North Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal), and the cyclones of the Post Monsoon season (October to December) are more intense than those of Pre-Monsoon season (April & May). Cyclones are associated with strong winds, torrential rains and storm. Though the impact has not yet been devastating, it has often led to loss of properties and even lives. The impact of cyclone has often led to damages to houses, power line cut-off, blockage of road, damages to crops and plantations, loss of live

0

10

20

30

40

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2010

2011

2012

Average


stocks, etc. Generally these winds come from the north western part of the state as the winds originate from the Bay of Bengal. According to the statistical reports on Vulnerability Analysis of Mizoram conducted by State Remote Sensing Centre, Mizoram, out of the fifty two villages/wards, eleven (21.15%) villages/wards are classified under high vulnerable class, eighteen (34.62%) villages/wards under medium vulnerability class and twenty three (44.23%) villages/wards under low vulnerable class.

g) DRAINAGE SYSTEM Champhai district is drained by both the north flowing rivers like Tuisa, Tuivai and Tuivawl rivers and the south flowing river like Tiau, Tuipui and Tuichang rivers. Besides these, there are a good number of streams and rivulets of various patterns and length. Most of these streams and rivulets are ephemeral in nature. Since the drainage system for a particular area is governed mainly by the natural drainage course and topography, therefore the drainage system of Champhai district has been studied with the help of satellite imageries and the survey of India topographical maps. And it is found that most of the drainage patterns of the study area as a whole are dendritic to sub-dendritic patterns and the topography is young and the soils are highly erosional in character. The district capital Champhai lies in the east-central part of the district and serves a good trade center. The drainage system of Champhai district as a whole is said to be dendritic to Sub-dendritic in nature and the streams are youthful stage with deep courses. The topography is young and its soils do not show much diversity. They are highly erosional in character. The main drainage lines or rivers of the district are discussed one by one below:- i) Tiau Drainage System Tiau river drains the eastern fringe of Mizoram (India) and Myanmar for a distance of about 83 Km. The river rises from the north eastern part of the district near Khuangphah village and it flows in the southward direction. Tiau river system is the second largest drainage system within the district covering an area of 725.25 Sq.Km. i.e. 22.77% of the geographical area of the district. It’s important tributaries are Tuitho Lui, Sihmit Lui, Iva Lui and Tlawva Lui. The drainage system as a whole is elongated in north to south direction showing angulated; dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns. Among these tributaries Tuitho Lui, Iva Lui and Tlawva Lui have created narrow fluvial flood plains making the area suitable for Agricultural and Agro-Horticultural development for the local inhabitants.


ii) Tuipui Drainage System Tuipui river is the most important river of the district since it has created a vast fluvial flood plain which may be called ‘Rice bowl of Champhai district’ at a height of 1,300m above mean sea level; that too within the periphery of the Champhai town. It originates near Champhai township and first it flows eastwards and then northwards and finally flows southwards till it confluences to Tiau river in the southern most part of the district. This drainage system covers the largest area among the seven watersheds of the district covering an area of 815.58 Sq.Km. i.e. 25.60% of the geographical area of the district. iii) Tuichang Drainage System Tuichang river system is the third largest drainage system within the district covering an area of 559.89 Sq.Km. i.e. 17.57% of the geographical area of the district. It originates from Darngawn tlang near Khawzawl township at a height of 1,449m above mean sea level. The river does not create much fluvial flood plain and yet it serves as a fishing ground for the nearby villages. It’s main tributaries include Tuimarul Lui, Tuisen Lui, Phaisen Lui, Nghalrawh Lui, Tuikau Lui and Kharzawl Lui are the important ones. The drainage system as a whole is elongated in north to south direction showing angulated; dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns. iv) Tuivawl Drainage System Tuivawl river originates from Rullam tlang at a height of 1,590m above mean sea level near Rullam village in Serchhip district and flows northward till it confluences to Tuivai river in the north. It formed a district boundary with Aizawl district in the western side of the district up to a considerable length. Tuivawl river system is the least drainage system in area-wise within the district covering an area of 196.44 Sq.Km. i.e. 6.17% of the geographical area of the district. Tuivawl river does not create much fluvial flood plain along its course except a few narrow valley fills. The river is of 6th in stream order and it is utilized for fishing ground for the nearby villages. Its main tributaries within the district are Serlui, Saichal Lui, Tuingam Lui and Chhirdem Lui. The drainage system as a whole is elongated in north to south direction showing angulated; dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns. v) Tuivai Drainage System Tuivai river originates from Manipur state in the north east of Mizoram and it forms a stste boundary line between the two states for a considerable length and then after entering Mizoram it forms again district boundary line between Aizawl and Champhai district. Again this river made a U-turn towards north and then again it form state boundary line with Manipur and after that it flows westwards and then


northwards till it confluences to Tuiruang (Barak) river in the north. Tuiruang river flows towards north forming state boundary line again till it enters into Manipur state. LB Tuivai drainage system covers only a few part of its drainage area in Champhai district covering an area of 247.94 Sq.Km. i.e. 7.78% of the geographical area of the district. Tuila Lui is the only important tributary of LB Tuivai in the district which flows northwards creating some fluvial flood plains along its course. Other tributaries of less importance are Tuikhur Lui, Tuisik Lui and Leisang Lui. These tributaries highlighted dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns. vi) Tuiphal Drainage System Tuiphal is an important river from an agricultural point of view since it has created a vast fluvial flood plain along its course. It originates from Zirtanzo tlang at a height of 1,894m above mean sea level near Khuanglam village in the Sialkal hill ranges. It flows in north-west direction till it meets with Tuivai river. Tuiphal river system covers an area of 270.71 Sq.Km. i.e. 8.5% of the geographical area of the district. Its important tributaries are Tuimai Lui, Tuiluai Lui, Phalte Lui and Tuithil Lui. These tributaries highlighted dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns. vii) Tuisa Drainage System

Tuisa Lui originates from Tlangsam tlang near Tualcheng village in the Sialkal hill ranges at a height of 1,750m above mean sea level. It is a north flowing river and Tuisa river created quite a number of fluvial flood plains along its courses and hence this drainage system has an importance from agricultural and horticultural point of view. Tuisa river system is covering an area of 370.02 Sq.Km. i.e. 11.61% of the geographical area of the district. Its main tributaries are Dimphai Lui, Leiva Lui, Tangkawng Lui, Tuingo Lui, Tuikual Lui, Tuimang Lui, Tuiching Lui and Bak Lui. These tributaries highlighted dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns. The drainage map of the study area is given in Fig. 4.1 where the drainage patterns of the study area can be observed and the perennial and non-perenial streams are also shown. The total length of perennial streams and non-perennial streams are 1,865.13 Km. and 13,265.14 Km.

viii) SPRINGS/TUIKHUR A good number of springs/waterholes are identified at various places of the district especially near the settlements. The location of these springs/waterholes are studied aspect-wise and it is identified that the eastern aspects yield more springs/waterholes as compare to the western flanks for the whole hill ranges. This is due to the fact that eastern aspects are generally deep slopes. Generally the springs


located within or near the periphery of settlement area are utilized for tapping drinking water. The total number of springs observed is 26 in number and that of Tuikhur/waterholes in the district is found to be as many as 238 and the total number of working. Hand pumps found during the field visits is found to be as many as 65 numbers. The locations of this springs/Tuikhur are plotted and are shown in the drainage map of the study area in figure 4.1

h) Watershed Management:

Proper watershed management is based upon the efficient utilization of

natural resources for the welfare of the people as a whole. As discussed earlier, most of the cultivable areas have been degraded mainly due to improper land use pattern, shifting cultivation and unlimited and irregular felling of trees. Land use classification may be important to identify each and every watershed for proper management. Accordingly, plans should be made for each watershed to obtain efficient utilization in a sustained manner.

i) Watershed: Recognizing the importance of management of soil and water resources in the country following the natural system, the department of Agriculture and Cooperation developed the delineation and codification system and “Watershed Atlas of India” has been published (Anon, 1990). The atlas has been devised based on the drainage map on 1:1 million scale following stream hierarchy where the whole country has been divided into six River Resource Region, 35 Basin, 112 Catchments, 550 Sub catchments and 3257 Watersheds. The codification has been made in a simplistic manner following alphanumeric system.

A watershed can be symbolized as 1A2B3 where “1” stands for River

Resource Region, “A” designates the Basin in that river resource region, “2” indicates the Catchment within the basin, “B” indicates Sub catchment and “3” stands for the watershed number in the sequence of stream hierarchy.

The watershed approach has been accepted as a major theme for

development of rainfed areas with a view to conserving natural resources of water, soil and vegetation by mobilizing social capital. It is in this context, the watersheds of the state have been identified.


ii) Definition of Watershed:

The term ‘Watershed’ strictly refers to divide/separating one drainage basin from another.

The land area from which water drains to a given point is a watershed.

It is a self-defended area, which does not allow any water from outside the catchments to enter into it, and allows its water to discharge to a common point in a stream, rivulet or river. In other words, a watershed or catchments must have a ridge outer area of the watershed around it and also from the inner area of the watershed itself.

A watershed is a natural hydrological entity in its technical sense. Hydrologically, a watershed could be defined as an area the runoff from which drains through a particular point on the drainage system. It is an aerial expanse of land surface from which the run-off flows through a defined drain, channel, stream or river. On reaching the land, a part of the rain water that does not evaporate or percolate into the soil, drains into ditches, streams or lakes.

The AISLUS organization of the departments of agriculture and co-operation has

been engaged in conducting rapid reconnaissance surveys for prioritization of smaller Hydrologic units within catchment areas of river valley projects and flood prone rivers.it has developed a system for delineating and codifying the catchment areas into smaller Hydrologic units i.e. sub watersheds following the 4 stage delineation through the methodology developed has been serving the requirement of prioritization, a need for national level framework of watersheds, was always felt by the user agencies. The present bulletin on watershed atlas of india is an endeavor in that direction wherein the entire country has been divided into Watershed is a natural hydrologic entity governed by the terrain topography from where runoff is drained to a point. The term watershed is a general phenomenon thus its size and area depends on the scale of the base map used for delineation and codification.

Tables: 1.4.6 Basin of India - 6 Major Water Resources Region, -35 River Basin, -112 Catchments, -500 Sub-catchments, -3237 Watersheds following a 5 stage delineation approach.


Sl. No.

Basin Code Basin Name Area (sq.km)

1 1A Sutlej 53,108 2 1B Beas 20,187 3 1C Ravi 13,626 4 1D Chenab 29,945 5 1E Jhelum 29,513 6 1F Indus 1,38,613 7 1G Ephemeral incipient drainge not flowing into Indus 28,676 8 2A Lower Ganges 2,96,614 9 2B Upper Ganges above confluence with Ghaghra 2,07,557

10 2C Yamuna 2,12,829 11 2D Chambal 1,36,593 12 3A Brahmaputra right bank upto Lohit confluence 1,05,416 13 3B Left bank ok of Brahmaputra 1,07,133 14 3C Brahmaputra tributaries that flow into Bangladesh 56,093 15 3D Eastern parts Manipur and Mizoram draining into Chidwim(Burma) 28,320 16 4A Cape Comorin to Cauvery 37,564 17 4B Cauvery 84,654 18 4C Between Cauvey and Krishna 1,43,845 19 4D Krishna 2,71,444 20 4E Godavari 3,15,076 21 4F Between Godavari and Mahanadi 53,949 22 4G Mahanadi 1,41,875 23 4H Mahanadi to Ganges water resource region 84,326 24 5A Cape Comorin to Sheravati 54,771 25 5B Sharavati to Tapi 58,146 26 5C Tapi 66,652 27 5D Narmada 95,879 28 5E Mahi 39,712 29 5F Sabarmati 26,967 30 5G Southern Kathiawar 39,322 31 5H Draining into gulf of Kutch 58,257 32 6A Luni and other drainage into Rann of Kutch 92,518 33 6B From luni to Jaisalmer 58,489 34 6C Jaisalmer and Bikaner 69,697 35 6D Rohtali to Ambala on east and Ganganagar in west 52,582

Various steps involved in delineation of watersheds at micro level are illustrated

and is given below:-


Table 1.4.7 Classification of Watershed:

Sl. No. Category of Hydrologic Units Example of Code Size Range (ha)

1 Region 2 270,00,000 - 1130,00,000 2 Basins A 30,00,000 - 300,00,000 3 Catchments 1 10,00,000 - 50,00,000 4 Sub catchments A 200,000 - 10,00,000 5 Watersheds 2 20,000 - 300,000 6 Sub watersheds a 3,000 - 5,000 7 Mini Watershed 2 1000 - 3000 8 Micro watersheds a 500 - 1000

Table 1.4.8 Classification According to Watershed Atlas of India of All India Soil

& Land Use Survey, Mizoram

Sl. No. Name Code Numbers

1 Region 3 1 2 Basin 3C 2 3 Catchment 3C2 3 4 Sub Catchment 3d1b 7 5 Watershed 3c2b4 34 6 Sub – Watershed 3c2b2a 128 7 Mini Watershed 3c2b2a1 936 8 Micro Watershed 3c2b2a1a 3440

Table 1.4.9 District-wise Number of Micro Watershed and Area in Mizoram

Sl. No. District Nos of Micro

Watershed Area in Ha. 1 Aizawl 580 3,57,631 2 Lunglei 769 4,53,800 3 Saiha 221 1,39,990 4 Champhai 553 3,16,583 5 Kolasib 283 1,38,251 6 Serchhip 317 1,42,160 7 Lawngtlai 319 2,55,710 8 Mamit 398 3,02,575

Total 3440 21,08,700

i) Topography The area is characterized, apart from several minor ridge lines by six main ridge lines and intervening valleys and less prominent ridges. On the western flank of the study area, runs Tuivawl river flowing for a distance of about 46.50 Km. It flows along a relatively small valley and dissected terrain and has practically no large flood plain. On the eastern side of Tuivawl river runs a highly dissected ridge line, which starts from Chhawrtui tlang towards north-west till Sahmulatual tlang. This ridge line passes


through Puilom Kawlkulh and Tawitawkawn villages, whose total length is 42.30 Km. This ridge line varies in height. It attains a height of 1,257 meters at Chhawrtui tlang, 1,062 meters at Puilo village and 1,200 meters at Kawlkulh village and 1,147 meters at Tawitawkawn. This ridge line attains a height of 1,587 meters at Melkhat tlang, 1,548 meters at Bualpui tlang and at Sahmulatual, the ridge line attains a height of 1,812 meters. On the eastern side of this ridge, another ridge line continues in the northern side from Meitei tlang (1,622 meters) and continues towards Aiduzawl village (1,553 meters) and Hmawngzawl village (1,172 meters) and extends all the way to Kawnzawr tlang (1,182 meters), Khumzawl tlang (1,109 meters) and Phalte tlang (1,178 meters). This ridge line is terminated by Tuiphal lui, whose total length is about 15.50 Kms. On the eastern side of these two main ridges, runs Tuiphal lui which originates near Khuanglam village in the east and flows through the central part of the district towards north-west direction before it drains itself into Tuivai river. The total length of Tuiphal lui within the district is about 36.20 Kms. On the northern side of Tuiphal lui, which is the central part of the district, another major ridge line starts from Behliang tlang (1,614 meters) in the east and continues towards north-west direction and passes through Khuanglam village (1,682 meters). The ridge continues through Khuanglam tlang (1,681 meters) and Pamchung village (1,180 meters) upto Pamchung tlang (1,196 meters). The ridge is terminated by Tuiphal lui. The total length of this ridge is about 17.50 Km. Another ridge runs in the northern side starting from Sialkal tlang towards eastern side and passes through Selam village (1,655 meters) and ends at Takzang tlang (1,272 meters). The total length of this ridge is about 13.76 Kms. Just west of this ridge, another ridge line starts near Tuimai lui which joins with the Sialkal tlang, and extends through Lengteng tlang whose peak is called Nauzuarzo (2,141 meters). This ridge is terminated by a small stream. It then continues towards northern direction for a short distance through Ngaikham tlang (1,895 meters) before ending at the peak of Mutelen tlang (1,432 meters). On the north-western part of the district, another ridge line extends from Vanchungbung tlang (1,190 meters) and passes through Tingahmun tlang (1,258 meters), Chawrahmun tlang (1,266 meters), Ngopa village (1.249 meters), Khawdungsei tlang (1,200 meters) and Khawkawn village (1,280 meters) before ending near Tuivai lui in the noerthernmost part of the district. To the eastern side of this ridge, flows Tuitla lui towards north before ultimately draining itself to Tuivai river in the northern boundary of the district. The length of the Tuitla lui is about 31.43 Kms. To the east of the Tuitla lui, runs another ridge line which starts from Mimbung tlang whose peak is about 1,627 meters high. This ridge line terminates in the north-eastern side of the district. The length of this ridge line is about 7.37 Kms. On the easternmost side of the district, run two ridges almost parallel to each other. These two ridges are separated by Tangkawng lui. One of them starts from Khuangphah tlang (1,508 meters) and passes through Zopui chip (1,618 meters) and


continues through Tangkawng mual until it is terminated by Tuisa lui. The total length of this ridge is about 14.80 Kms. The other ridge starts near Khuangphah village and passes through New Vaikhawtlang village (1,185 meters) and extends all the way to Vaikhawtlangdung whose height varies from 1,066 to 1,172 meters. This ridge terminates near Vaikhawtlang village, after extending through a length of about 17.03 Kms. These two ridges are sandwiched by Tuisa lui in the west and Tuimang lui in the east. Tuisa lui originates after five small streams join together near Bungzung tlang (1,286 meters). It then flows towards the northern direction for about 62.38 Kms. before emptying itself to Tuimang lui in the north. Tuimang lui, on the other hand originates near Khuangphah village and flows towards northern direction, forming eastern boundary of the district for about 24.32 Kms. To the south of these two ridges, runs another ridge line named Diltlangdung almost in north-west direction and joins another ridge extending in the north-south direction. The latter bifurcates into two ridges at Bualzang tlang. The eastern eastern side of this ridge passes through Hnahlan village and extends through Hnahlan tlangdung, while the western ridge straightly runs in the north to south direction before terminated by Tuisa lui in the north. On the south of this ridge, flows Tuitho lui originating near Khuanglam village. It flows in the south-east direction until it drains itself in the Tiau river in the east. The Tiau river in the east forms the eastern and southern boundary of the district as well as the international boundary of India with Myanmar. The Tiau river originates to the north-east of Khuangphah village, and flows southward direction. The total length of the river within the district is about 148.06 km. Another important river within the district is the Tuipui river which originates near Khankawn, located within Champhai town area. It flows eastward for a short distance before making a left-turn near Zotlang village and then flows through Champhai plain in the northward direction, until Keilungliah lui joins it near Zote village. It then flows in the north-west direction before changing course in the southward direction near Tualpui village. It flows in the central part of the district and ultimately drains itself in the Tiau river in the south. The total length of the river within the district is about 110.96 km. To the west of Tuipui river, runs another major ridge line towards north starting from Chawngtlai village (1420 metres). It extends through Khawzawl village (1303 metres) and ends at Darngawn tlang (1449 metres). The length of this ridge is about 20 km. In the south western part of the study area, run two ridges almost parallel to each other. These two ridges are separated by Lungva lui. One of these two ridges, named Tlangpui tlangdung starts near Tlangpui village (1392 metres), and continues towards north. It passes through Vaisam tlang (1463 metres), Tlangpuite villae (1309 metres), Lungtan village (1307 metres) and terminates near Saichal tlang. The total length of this ridge is about 20.30 km. The other ridge named Khawhai tlangdung, starts from Tinghmun tlang (1474 metres) and continues towards north. This ridge passes through


Sialhawk village (1408 metres), Leithum tlang (1388 metres), Khawhai tlang (1592 metres) and Khawhai village (1568 metres), The length of this ridge is about 18.87 metres). In the southern part of the study area, runs another ridge line starts near Khuangthing village and runs towards north. It passes through Bunghmun tlang (1247 metres), Zawlsei village and Khawbung village. The length of this ridge line is about to the east of this ridge extends another ridge line form Samthang tlang (1395 metres). It continues towards north through Puanvawrh tlang (1470 metres), Lianchhiari Lunglen tlang (1694 metres), Dungtlang (1708 metres), Sakeibuksuk tlang (1558 metres), Puruar tlang (1521 metres) before ending at Khuang Mual (1143 metres). This ridge is terminated by a small stream (Thangai lui). The total length of this ridge is about 19.12 km. In addition to the aforesaid ridges, there are also several minor ridge lines located in various parts of the district. The Tuichang river, which forms an important major river within the district originates near Darngawn village and flows in the north-west direction before flowing in the southward direction near Mangpui tlang in the central part of the district. It flows through the central part of the district befoe forming the south-western boundary of the district. The total length of the river within the district is about 81.01 km.

Some areas like Tan tlang and its surrounding, Hlumte tlang, Ralvawng tlang, Sahmulatual (Mawmrang tlang), Vanchungbung tlang and Sur tlang are characterized by many spectacular scarps. These scarps are generally very steep, and made up of hard rock units. It has been observed that thsese scarps are mainly confined to the southern and northern part of the district, while the central and western part are lacking in these scarps. The spurs are mainly running in east-west directions. The spurs on the eastern


1.5 Soil Profile

Soil is the product of interaction between parent materials, climate and biotic factors as modified by the terrain conditions and the duration over which the interaction has been going on. Any variation in the intensity of any of these influencing factors results into different kinds of soils.

The rocks of this area are generally sandstone and shale; the derived soils are

mostly red and yellow loamy. The soil is acidic in nature due to heavy rainfall. It contains a high amount of organic carbon and is high in available nitrogen, low in phosphorous and potassium content. The area experiences warm humid sub-tropical climate. It is under the direct influence of monsoon. The average annual rainfall from 1986 to 2005 is 2,152mm. On the basis of rainfall and humidity, the soil moisture regime is classified as Udic. It is observed that the mean summer temperature (June to August) is 25.3˚C and mean winter temperature (December to February) is 15.3˚C and their difference is 10˚C which exceeds 5˚C and the soil qualify for Hyperthermic temperature class to be used as family modifiers.


a) Soil Classification Classifications of soils of the district have been done according to soil taxonomy (USDA 1994) on the basis of their physio-chemical and morphological properties. The soils found at order level are:- 1) Entisols, 2) Inceptisols and 3) Ultisols. Further placement of these soils into other lower categories has been presented in table No. 8.1 and soil statistics is given in table No. 8.2 and the soil map

Table 1.5 Soil Profile

Major Soil Classes Area (ha) 0-3% (ha) 3-10% (ha) 10-15% (ha) 15-25% (ha) >25% (ha)

Champhai

Order : Inceptisols, Sub-Order : Aquepts. Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Very deep, very dark grey to grayish brown, clay to clay loam, medium to strongly acidic, narrow and broad valley, poorly drained, slight erosion, fine loamy, Humic Epiaquepts

75844.00 916.64 5649.81 146.02 2907.77 66223.76

Khawzawl

Order : Orchrepts, Sub-Order : Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, clay loam surface and clay loam sub-surface, strongly acidic, narrow and broad valley, poorly drained, slight erosion, fine loamy, mixed, Hyperthemic, Aquic Dystrochrepts

98769.00 232.36 7825.64 116.84 13047.38 77546.78

Khawbung

Order : Orchrepts, Sub-Order : Deep to very deep, dark greyish brown to grey, clay loam, slightly acidic to medium acidic, well drained, hill side slopes, moderate to severe erosion, fine loamy, mixed, Hyperthemic, Typic Dystrochrepts

70575.00 337.37 4172.66 168.77 2935.37 62960.83

Ngopa

Order : Ultisols, Sub-Order : Udults, Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, sandy clay loam, strongly acidic, well drained, hill side slopes, moderate to severe erosion, cutans are formed, loamy skeletal, mixed, Hyperthemic, Typic Hapludults

73303.00 314.33 4744.99 127.71 3533.85 64582.12

Soil Profile

Block Land SlopeSoil TypeName of District: ChamphaiName of State: Mizoram

Source: Agril. Dept & MIRSAC


The legend-wise description of the soil series of Champhai district are given below:

Map Symbol

Soil Series/ Association Description

1 Rabung Deep to very deep, dark yellowish brown to yellowish brown, clay loam, well drained, strongly acid to very strongly acid, hill side slope and hill top/crest, moderate to severe erosion. Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Dystrochrepts.

Khuangleng Deep, very dark grayish brown to yellowish brown, loam, well drained, very strongly acid to strongly acid, hill top/crest, moderate to severe erosion. Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Udorthents.

Hnahlan Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, strongly acid, sandy clay loam, well drained, hill side slopes and hill crest/top, moderate to severe erosion, cutans are formed. Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Hupludults.

2 Khawbung Deep to very deep, dark grayish brown to gray, clay loam, slightly acid to medium acid, well drained, hill side slopes, moderate to severe erosion. Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Dystrochrepts

Kawlbem Very deep, dark yellowish to dark brown, strongly acidic surface and very strongly acidic sub-surface, clay loam to clay, well drained, hill side slopes, moderate erosion. Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Dystrochrepts.

Ngopa Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, strongly acid, sandy clay loam, well drained, hill side slopes, moderate to severe erosion, cutans are formed. Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Hapludults.

3 Kawlbem As described in Sl. No. 2 Khawbung As described in Sl. No. 2 Ngopa As described in Sl. No. 2

4 Khawhai Very deep, dark yellowish brown, clay loam to sandy clay loam, strongly acid, well drained, hill side slopes, moderate erosion. Fine loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Umbric Dystrochrepts.

Ngopa As described in Sl. No. 2 Murlen Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, very

strongly acid, well drained, moderate erosion, cutans are formed. Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Humic Hapludults

5 Murlen As described in Sl. No. 4 Lengteng Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, clay, very strongly acid, well drained,

hill side slope of less than 50%, moderate erosion, cutans are formed. Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Humic Hapludults

Khawhai As described in map symbol 4 6 Dungtlang Very deep, dark yellowish brown to yellowish brown, clay, very strongly acid, well

drained, hill side slope of less than 50%, moderate erosion, cutans are formed. Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Hapludults

Biate Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, clay loam to sandy clay, strongly acid, well drained, slight erosion, Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Umbric Dystrochrepts.

Hnahlan As described in Sl. No. 1


7 Biate As described in Sl. No. 6 Hnahlan As described in Sl. No. 1 Rabung As described in Sl. No. 1

8 Murlen As described in Sl. No. 4 Biate As described in Sl. No. 6 Kawlkulh Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, clay loam to sandy clay, very strongly

acid, well drained, moderate erosion, cutans are formed. Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Humic Hapludults

9 Lengteng As described in Sl. No. 5 Murlen As described in Sl. No. 4 Dungtlang As described in Sl. No. 6

10 Kawlkulh As described in Sl. No. 8 Biate As described in Sl. No. 6 Murlen As described in Sl. No. 4

11 Rabung As described in Sl. No. 1 Hnahlan As described in Sl. No. 1 Kawlkulh As described in Sl. No. 8

12 Ngopa As described in Sl. No. 2 Kawlkulh As described in Sl. No. 8 Khawbung As described in Sl. No. 2

13 Hnahlan As described in Sl. No. 1 Khawhai As described in Sl. No. 4 Murlen As described in Sl. No. 4

14 Khawzawl Very deep, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, clay loam surface and clay sub-surface, strongly acid, poorly drained, broad and narrow valley, slight erosion. Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Aquic Dystrochrepts.

Champhai Very deep, very dark gray to grayish brown, clay to clay loam, medium to strongly acid, narrow and broad valley, poorly drained, slight erosion. Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic. Humic Epiaquepts

Lailiphai Deep to Very deep, dark grayish brown to yellowish brown, sandy loam to sandy clay loam, poorly drained, medium to strongly acid, broad and narrow valley, slight erosion. Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Fluventic Dystrochrepts.

The description of the morphology and the analytical results of the physical and

chemical properties of the soil series are given in Appendix-I.


Sl. No. Order Sub-Order Great Soil

Group Sub-Group Family Proposed Soil Series

1 Entisols Orthents Udorthents Typic Udorthents Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Khuangleng

2 Inceptisols Aquepts Epiaquepts Humic Epiaquepts Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Champhai

Ochrepts Dystrochrepts Aquic Dystrochrepts

Fine Loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Khawzawl

Fluventic Dystrochrepts


Lailiphai

Typic Dystrochrepts

Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Kawlbem

Typic Dystrochrepts


Khawbung

Loamy Skeletal, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Rabung

Umbric Dystrochrepts


Khawhai


Biate

3 Ultisols Udults Hapludults Typic Hapludults Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Dungtlang


Hnahlan


Ngopa

Humic Hapludults Clayey, Mixed, Hyperthermic

Lengteng


Murlen


Kawlkulh

Table 8.1 - Soil Classification of Champhai District

b) LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION Land capability classes placed soils into general order of suitability or unsuitability for cultivation, forestry, grassland or other uses for sustained production. The soils that have the least limitations or hazard and respond best to management are placed in the highest category. This classification system also evaluate soils with respect to their susceptibility to erosion, soil depth, drainage problem and other soil characteristics that would effect to sustain production of agricultural crops. Land capability map is shown in Fig. 8.2. c) Land Capability Classes There are eight land capability classes designated by Roman numbers I to VIII. The hazards and limitations of land increases progressively from lands of class-II to class-VIII. Soil of class-I land do not have limitations or hazards that limit their use for sustained productivity of most of the arable crops.


Soil grouped in class-I to IV are cultivable and crop can be grown under proper and specific soil management. Class-V to VIII are not suitable for crops but are suited to permanent vegetation. Soils under class-VIII are neither suited to crop husbandry and forestry but are to be left for wildlife preservation and recreational uses. The area has been classified into land capability class-II, III, IV, VI and VII. The statistics of land capability classes are given in table 8.3. d) Land Capability Sub-Class

Land capability sub-classes are soil groups within one class that are designated by small letters e, w, s or c suffixed to the class number, for example, IIIe, IVe etc. the kinds of limitations recognized at sub-class level are – e = risk of erosion, w = wetness, drainage or overflow, s = root zone limitation or soil, c = climatic limitations. Sub-class ‘e’ shows that erosion susceptibility and past erosion are the major limiting factors. Sub-class ‘w’ is put where excess water is dominant factor to limit their use on account of poor drainage wetness, high water table and overflow. Soils of sub-class ‘s’ have their major limitations due to the shallow depth, extreme of texture, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility, sub-class ‘c’ is put where the limitations are due to climate like snowfall, frost, prolonged dryness etc. climate too dry or too cold. Class – IIe These are very deep, medium to moderately fine textured soils, poorly drained and are subject to water logging during rains. It occurs on gently sloping valley land with slight erosion hazard. Recommendation 1) Proper bunding and leveling. 2) Flood protection and drainage improvement. 3) Improvement of irrigation facilities. 4) Application of manures. 5) Introduction of suitable crop varieties. Class – IIIe These are very deep, moderate to fine textured soils and well drained. They occur on strongly sloping to steep slope with moderate erosion hazards. This soil possesses good water holding capacity.


Recommendation

1) Proper bunding and terracing. 2) Contour trench farming. 3) Construction of check dams at suitable sites. 4) Application of manures. 5) Introduction of high yielding varieties of crops.

Class – IVe

These soils are deep to very deep; moderate to fine textured soils and well drained. They occur on steep to very steep hill side slope and hill ridge with severe erosion hazards.

Recommendation

1) Proper bunding and terracing. 2) Contour trench farming. 3) Introduction of Sericulture and Silvipasture in the hill ridge. 4) Agro-Horticulture development.. 5) Application of manures 6) Provisions of check dams at suitable sites.

Class – VIe

These are deep to very deep, moderately fine textured soils and well drained. They occur on very very steep with very severe erosion hazards.

Recommendation

1) Horticultural plantation along the contour. 2) The vegetation cover should not be removed for soil and water

conservation. 3) Social forestry. 4) Prohibition of over grazing.

Class – VIIe

These are deep, moderately fine textured soils and well drained. They occur on very very steep with very severe erosion hazards.

Recommendation

1) Horticulture and forest plantation along the contour. 2) Introduction of economical and commercial species of plant for

afforestation. 3) Prohibition of over grazing.


Map

Symbol Physiography Soil Composition Area (in Sq.Km) %

1 Hill top/Hill crest L.S. Typic Dystrochrepts

13.06 0.41 L.S. Typic Udorthents L.S. Typic Hapludults

2 Hill side 10-25% slope with current Jhum and horticulture

Clayey Typic Hapludults 17.20 0.54 F.L. Typic Dystrochrepts

F.L. Typic Hapludults

3 Hill side 10-25% slope with abandoned Jhum F.L. Typic Dystrochrepts

43.01 1.35 L.S. Typic Hapludults Clayey Typic Dystrochrepts

4 Hill side 10-25% slope with open forest F.L. Umbric Dystrochrepts

23.89 0.75 F.L. Humic Hapludults Clayey Typic Hapludults

5 Hill side 10-25% slope with dense forest and forest plantation

F.L. Humic Hapludults 175.22 5.50 F.L. Umbric Dystrochrepts

Clayey Typic Dystrochrepts

6 Hill side 25-50% slope with current Jhum and Horticulture

Clayey Typic Dystrochrepts 97.17 3.05 L.S. Umbric Dystrochrepts

L.S. Typic Hapludults

7 Hill side 25-50% slope with abandoned Jhum L.S. Typic Hapludults

258.05 8.10 L.S. Umbric Dystrochrepts F.L. Humic Hapludults

8 Hill side 25-50% slope with bamboo forest L.S. Humic Hapludults

147.19 4.62 Clayey Typic Dystrochrepts F.L. Umbric Dystrochrepts

9 Hill side 25-50% slope with dense forest and forest plantation

F.L. Umbric Dystrochrepts 944.92 29.66 F.L. Humic Hapludults

L.S. Typic Hapludults

10 Hill side >50% slope with current Jhum and Horticulture

F.L. Typic Hapludults 76.15 2.39 L.S. Typic Dystrochrepts

L.S. Umbric Dystrochrepts

11 Hill side >50% slope abandoned Jhum L.S. Umbric Dystrochrepts

248.81 7.81 F.L. Humic Hapludults L.S. Typic Hapludults

12 Hill side >50% slope with open forest L.S. Humic Hapludults

126.48 3.97 F.L. Umbric Dystrochrepts L.S. Typic Hapludults

13 Hill side >50% slope with dense forest and forest plantation

L.S. Umbric Dystrochrepts 894.58 28.08 L.S. Humic Hapludults

F.L. Umbric Dystrochrepts

14 Valley/WRC

F.L Aquic Dystrochrepts

98.44 3.09 F.L. Fluventic Dystrochrepts F.L. Fluventic Umbric Dystrochrepts

15 Water body 8.92 0.28 16 Built-up land 12.74 0.40

TOTAL 3,185.83 100.00

L.S. = Loamy Skeletal F.L. = Fine Loamy

Table 1.5.1 - Soil Statistics of Champhai District


Sl. No.

Land capability class Brief description

Area Sq. Km. %

1 IIe Good arable land on gentle slopes, susceptible to slight water erosion, very deep soil, suitable for agricultural development 98.44 3.09

2 IIIe Moderately good land on strongly sloping to steep, susceptible to severe water erosion, deep to very deep soil, suitable for agricultural and horticultural development

259.33 8.14

3 IVe Fairly good land on steep to very steep slopes and hill ridge, highly susceptible to water erosion, deep to very deep soil, suitable for Agro-horticultural, sericulture and silvipastoral development

1,460.38 45.84

4 VIe Land with moderate limitations on very very steep, highly susceptible to water erosion, deep to very deep soil, suitable for horticultural plantation and forestry.

1,021.07 32.05

5 VIIe Land with severe limitations on very very steep slopes, subject to severe erosion. Unsuitable for cultivation and suitable for social forestry and grazing.

324.95 10.20

6 Water body 8.92 0.28 7 Built-up land 12.74 0.40

T O T A L 3,185.83 100.00

1.6 Soil Erosion and Runoff status

Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage.

Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three distinct actions –

soil detachment, movement and deposition. Topsoil, which is high in organic matter, fertility and soil life, is relocated elsewhere "on-site" where it builds up over time or is carried "off-site" where it fills in drainage channels. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes.

Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process.

One of the main causes of soil erosion is water erosion, which is the loss of topsoil due to water. Raindrops fall directly on topsoil. The impact of the raindrops loosens the material bonding it together, allowing small fragments to detach. If the rainfall continues, water gathers on the ground, causing water flow on the land surface,


known as surface water runoff. This runoff carries the detached soil materials away and deposits them elsewhere.

There are some conditions that can accentuate surface water runoff and

therefore soil erosion. For example, if the land is sloped, there is a greater potential for soil erosion due to the simple fact that gravity pulls the water and soil materials down the slope. Also, water will have an easier time running across the surface, carrying topsoil with it, if the ground is already saturated due to heavy rains or the soil lacks vegetation to keep the soil in place.

HYDRO-SOILS Hydro-Soils deals with run-off potential derived from soil layer using infiltration and physiography. The following four classes of Hydro-Soils have been established. Class I – Low Land with nearly level to moderately sloping areas with

medium to heavy texture of soils. Class II – Moderately Low Land with strongly sloping to steep with medium texture of

soils. Class III – Moderate High Land with steep to very steep with medium texture of soils. Class IV – High Land with very very steep with medium and coarse texture

of soils. 1.7. Land use Pattern

The major land use/ land cover classes in the area were broadly classified into built-up land, agricultural land/horticultural land, forests (dense and open), bamboo forest, forest plantation, jhum land (current and abandoned jhum/shifting cultivation), scrubland and water body. The land use/ land cover statistics is given in Table below

a) Integrated Land Use Plan

The land use planning for development of land resources in the study area was prepared keeping in mind the objectives of making best use of available land for socio-economic improvement and to facilitate dependence of farmers on permanent farming system. Various sustainable land use practices (as discussed below) were model using the layers generated in GIS environment and considerations were also given to the socio-feasibility and implementation by incorporating data from ground surveys. The area statistics is given in Table 2.6.


Proposed Land Development Plan for the Champhai District

Sl. No.

Proposed Land Development Plan Area in Sq.Km Area in %

1 WRC 86.97 2.73 2 Terrace Cultivation 186.97 5.82 3 Agro-Horticultural system 384.15 15.04 4 Agri/Horti plantations 295.20 9.27 5 Silvi-pastoral system 86.34 2.71 6 Afforestation 675.95 21.22 7 Forest 764.24 23.99 8 Bamboo forest 586.28 18.40

Non-Planned Area 9 Water body 8.85 0.28

10 Built-up 17.19 0.54 Total 3185.83 100.00

Source: Statistical Handbook, Mizoram-2012


1.7 Land Use Pattern

Name of the State : Mizoram Name of District : Champhai Name of R.D. Block : Khawzawl (Area in Ha.)

Sl.No. Name of the gram

panchayat

Name of the villages covered

Total geographical

area

Area under Agriculture Area under Forest

Area under wasteland

Area under other uses Gross cropped

area (1) Net sown area (2)

Area sown more than once (1-2)

Cropping intensity (%) (GCA/NSAx100)

75867 5373.68 5252.25 121.43 102.31 57342.10 266.67

Source: Statistical Handbook of Mizoram 2012 Name of the State : Mizoram Name of District : Champhai Name of the Block : Khawbung

(Area in Ha.)

Sl. No.

Name of the gram

panchayat


Total geographical

area







70598 5001.29 4888.27 113.02 102.31 53368.37 248.19

Source: Statistical Handbook of Mizoram 2012


Name of the State : Mizoram Name of District : Champhai Name of the Block : Khawzawl

(Area in Ha.)


panchayat


Total geographical

area







98792 6998.65 6840.50 158.15 102.31 74682.01 347.31

Source: Statistical Handbook of Mizoram 2012 Name of the State : Mizoram Name of District : Champhai Name of the Block : Ngopa

(Area in Ha.)


panchayat


Total geographical

area







73326 5195.38 5077.98 117.40 102.31 55439.53 257.82


1.8 Geomorphology i) Regional Morphology The general physiography of Mizoram is characterized by a very immature first order topography comprising north-south trending anticlinal ridges and synclinal valleys, steep slopes and narrow gorges associated with complex drainage basins. Regionally, the area can be divided into the mountainous terrain province covering the eastern parts and the ridge valley province of the central and western parts (NRSA, 1979). The mountainous terrain province comprising the eastern hill ranges vary in altitude from 400 m to 2,150m with an average elevation of 1,500m and relief of 200m to 600m. On the other hand, the ridge and valley province has almost unbroken parallel ranges with altitudes varying from 400m to 1,500m with an average elevation of 700m. The relief varies from 100m to 200m. In both the provinces, the width of the valleys generally increases to north and south. There is a great increase in the altitude of the hills from west to east. Geomorphological Map is annexed. ii) Geomorphological classification In the present study a genetical classification of the geomorphic units is adapted. The units have been broadly divided into structural and denudational classes which are further sub-divided on the basis of variations in elevation into high (> 1,000m) medium (500-1,000m) and low (< 500m) categories. Associated with these classes are other geomorphological and landform units such as plateaus, broad valleys, structural valleys fracture controlled valleys, river terraces, alluvial plains and valley fills which have been delineated using satellite images. Also marked in the geomorphological map are escarpments, ridge lines, landslides and lineaments. Geomorphological map of Mizoram state prepared on 1:250000 scales are presented in Fig. 8a, while Fig. 8b represents a part of the map prepared on 1:50000 scale for Champhai District. iii) Description of Geomorphological units A. Denudational Hills (DSH) : Denudational Hills are formed due to differential erosion and weathering of the underlying formations so that more resistant formations stands out as hills and less resistant ones form as slopes and valleys. The overall topography still reflects the structural trends of the underlying rocks to some extent. The ridges are mostly serrated and dissected and are traversed by fractures and fracture controlled valleys. The formational dips vary greatly from almost flat to steep, as a result of which landforms such as hammocky hills, cuesta, mesa and plateaus are developed. The denudational hills are further divided into three categories on the basis of altitudinal variations. They are as follows :


a) Denudational Hills – High (DSH-H) (> 1,000m) This unit comprises the high hills of the eastern region that are underlain mainly by the comparatively hard and compact sandstones and shales of the Barail group of rocks. These hills are oriented in various directions with altitudes reaching upto 2,150m and an average elevation of 1,500m. Local relief varies from 200m to 600m. The highly varying dips of the formations have resulted in a complex topography, consisting of linear ridges where the dips are relatively steeper, plateau or mesa surfaces where the dips are gentler and flat, and cuesta and dip facets where the dips are moderate. The ridges are highly dissected and serrated and have steep slopes and deep valleys. The valleys are both parallel to the general trend (NS) as well as transverse to it. Fracture controlled valleys are common along NW-SE directions. Dissected plateaus or mesas have gently sloping tops and steep slopes. b) Denudational Hills – Medium (DSH-M) (500- 1,000m)

These hills include the irregular hills of the moderate altitude (500-1,000m) in

the west and north-west of Aizawl on either side of Tlawng river where the underlying Bhuban formations show varying dips resulting in irregular hills and dissected plateaus. The north flowing Tlawng river takes a sinuous course in this region. Deep weathering and predominance of clayey lithology has resulted not only in thick vegetation cover but also landslides wherever the slopes are disturbed by human activities. c) Denudational Hills – Low (DSH-L) (<500m)

This unit forms the wide zones of low hills and mounds along the northerly flowing Langkaih and Tut river in the north-western part of Mizoram. The average heights of the hills are less than 300m. The underlying rocks include the sandstones and shales of Bokabil sub-group. The slopes are gentler and thickly vegetated. A number of low altitude dissected mesa and plateau are developed here.

B. Structural Hills (SH)

A large part of Mizoram comprises of north-south trending continuous linear hills with intervening narrow valleys which strongly reflect the structural trends of the underlying rocks. These hills are grouped under structural hills. They are formed over the folded sedimentary sequence of the Surma group of rocks as anticlinal ridges and synclinal valleys. The altitude of these hills increase from west to east. The western slopes of the hills are generally steeper and more dissected than the eastern slopes. The crest lines are normally straight but serrated at places where they are traversed by fractures and joints. The continuity of the ridges are often broken by faults and lineaments, most of which are NW-SE trending. On the basis of altitudinal variations, the structural hills are further sub-divided into three groups viz. high, medium and low.


i) Structural Hills – High (SH-H) (More than 1,000m)

The unit comprises the high linear ridges forming the central hill ranges of Mizoram and includes the hills of Aizawl, Lunglei and Tuipang. The underlying lithology consists mainly of sandstones and shales of Bhuban sub-group. The steep formational dips are reflected in the sharp ridges with steep slopes and narrow valleys. There is a tendency of the valleys becoming wider towards north and south due to the plunging folds. The drainages are generally parallel and trellis pattern ii) Structural Hills – Medium (SH-M) (500- 1,000m)

The unit occupies a large area along the western belt and northern parts and consists of moderately high linear ridges with the intervening broader valleys. The ridges are mostly serrate in nature with highly dissected slopes. The underlying rocks constitute mainly the Bhuban formations. The streams occupying the broad valleys show sinuous nature. Landforms features such as cuesta and dip facets are common. Most part of this unit is densely vegetated.

iii) Structural Hills – Low (SH-L) (< 500m) The broad belt of sub-dued topograpgy with low, irregular hills and parallel ridges and intervening flat valleys occupying the western parts of the area are included in this unit. The hills are of low altitudes, generally around 100-200m. The rivers flowing in the intervening broad valleys show meandering nature. The underlying rocks are predominantly shales and sandstone of Bokabil and Bhuban formations. C. Broad Linear Valley (BLV) Flat, broad valleys are formed along Tuichawng, Kawrpui and Karnphuli rivers in the western and south-western parts of the state. The underlying lithology is mainly of Bhuban and Bokabil sub-groups. Presently the river-borne alluvium, silt and clay cover these plains which are intensely cultivated. The rivers meander in these flat valleys. D. Dissected Plateau and mesa The complex folded nature of the underlying rocks with highly varying dips has resulted in the complex topography. Where the formations show flat dips, plateau and mesa landforms have been developed. The tops of these landforms show gently sloping surfaces while the side slopes are steep and highly dissected. They are mostly under thick vegetation cover.


E. Fracture Controlled Valleys (FV) These linear or curvilinear narrow valleys controlled by transverse fractures cutting across the general trend of the topography. These are filled by alluvial and colluvial materials and occur mostly in the north-east and eastern parts of Mizoram. These valleys are generally thickly vegetated or cultivated. F. Structural Valleys (SV) These are narrow inter-ridge valleys parallel to the structural trend of the terrain. Though the entire terrain is characterized by ridge-valley topography, those valleys which are wider and more conspicuous are demarcated and included under this unit. These are either thickly vegetated or cultivated. G. Valley Fills (In-filled valleys) (VF) These are flat inter montane valleys and basins which are irregular in shape and filled by fluvial or laccustrine deposits. One typical example is the irregular, intermontane basin of Champhai in the eastern part. Similar valleys and basins are also present in the southern parts. These are intensely cultivated. H. Alluvial Plains (AP) Alluvial Plains are flat surfaces formed by the deposition of alluvium by the major river systems. In Mizoram, alluvial plains are found along the major rivers, especially along Langkaih river in the NW part. These units are under cultivation. I. River Terraces (RT) River Terraces have been found along the major streams in the mountainous region and are comprised of sand, silt and gravel. These are mostly under agriculture or forest. J. Other Landforms a) Escarpment - They are cliffs or steep slopes and are formed either along or across the ridges due to differential erosion along fractures or faults. b) Ridge Lines - The ridge crests are continuous and parallel in the structural Hills while they are irregular and disoriented in the denude strutural hills. Many of the ridges are serrate having notched or toothed crest lines with saw-edge profile due to erosion.


c) Cuesta and Dip Facets - Cuesta landforms occur mainly in the flat or gently dipping formations while the dip facets are seen where the dips are moderate to steep. These features are distinct in the satellite images.


1.9 GEOLOGY

The study area occupies the North Eastern part of the state and presents a monotonous sequence of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks. The formations are folded into almost N-S trending anticlines and synclines and affected by longitudinal, oblique and transverse faults of varying magnitudes. While the Geological Survey of India (1974 & 2003) classified the rocks of the eastern part of the area around Champhai and its surroundings into Barail Group, the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (1975, 1978 & 1984), on the other hand, do not agree with their views. However, an attempt has been made to classify in details. Therefore, the formations are tentatively classified on the basis of lithological assemblage and sedimentary structures, incorporating the scheme of classification of both the parties. a) STRUCTURE: The structural elements noticed in the area are both primary and secondary in nature. The beds generally trend N-S to roughly NNW-SSE and dip on either side from 15° to 65° with local variations at the vicinity of faults. b) Primary Structures The rocks of the area exhibit various types of primary sedimentary structures which are useful in understanding the environment of deposition. The sediments show prominent primary bedding. Laminated bedding is common in some cases. Bedding is the most common sedimentary structure observed in the rocks of the study area. The thickness of bedding varies from few centimeters to more than a metre. Flaser and lenticular bedding are common structures observed in sandstone unit. Cross bedding is also observed in certain sandstone units. Both planar and trough type cross bedding are noticed within the fine grained sandstone unit. Ripple marks are another important primary structures observed in the rocks. They are preserved at many places especially where the fine sediments dominated. The morphology of the ripples varies widely. Linguoid, rhomboidal and parallel crested ripples occur in close association at number of places. In thickly bedded sandstones, ripple drift lamination, both in-phase is common. These structures indicate shallow marine to deltaic environment of deposition for the sediments.


c) Secondary Structures The thick sedimentary sequence of the area has been folded into a number of anticlines and corresponding synclines. The general strike of bedding is N 30° E – S 30° W which swerves to N 30° W to S 30° E in the north-central part of the mapped area. The general trend of the area in the eastern part of the district around Ngur, Vapar, Murlen and their surrounding areas slightly changes to NNW to SSE. The axial trace of the synclines follows the prominent river valleys and their corresponding axial traces of anticlines passes through the ridges (sometimes along the flanks of the ridges). Generally, the anticlines are having sharp crests while the corresponding synclines are relatively having broader troughs. At certain places, the strike of the beds is obliterated because of faulting. The joints are generally tight and widely spaced except in the shale bands where they are closely spaced. The lineaments are mapped using the Digital Elevation Model, Satellite imagery and ground checks. The area has been affected by a number of faults of varying magnitude. They are mostly transverse/oblique in disposition. Major oblique faults are Ngur lui-Tuipui-Pumpet lui Fault, which divides Zote and Ngur villages; saikah-Lungverh lui Fault located within Champhai town area; Tuimai lui-Thangpui lui Fault located in between Murlen and Khuanglam villages; Tuiphal lui Fault located in between Pawlrang and Ngopa villages; Vaikah lui Fault located near Khawdungsei village in the northern part of the district; Tuichang Fault near Khualen village; Tlawva lui-Keiphaw lui fault located near Farkawn village in the southern part of the district Chhingzawl lui-Tuiaw lui-Tuipui-Raifan lui Fault and Hmunte lui Fault in the southwestern side, and tualte lui-thlikva lui Fault near Vangtlang and Zawngtetuitlang villages. The faults are delineated with the help of Satellite Imagery, SOI topographical maps on the basis of field criteria like shifting of axial plane, course of the rivers, etc and subsequent ground check. The general trend of the oblique faults is roughly NNW-SSE. In some cases, the throw of the fault could not be measured or estimated due to the absence of any marker horizon. Presence of other minor faults is indicated in the area by reversal of dips. As the area is a part of a linear belt of folds which comprises not only Mizoram but also its adjoining areas, the area bears tectonic marks of folding and faulting. The dislocation and the deformation of strata gave rise to linear structural features in the area. The prominent directions are NNW-SSE and E-W, and the less prominent ones are in almost all direction e.g. NNW-SSW. The lineaments are varying in lengths. The total length of lineaments (including faults and inferred faults) is 104.96 km. the tructural trends of beds are also shown in the map.


d) LITHOLOGY The lithology of the study area is represented by sandstone, siltstone, shale and their intermixtures in different proportions. Additionally, loose clay, gravel, sand and silt form the unconsolidated sediments of the area. Sandstone are fine to very fine grained, ash to bluish grey in colour, compact and hard, thinly bedded; rarely yellowish brown; medium grained, and friable. Few thick beds of sandstones are found in some areas. Shale and Siltstone are dark grey and grey in colour and usually splintery. A few thickly bedded sandstone bands are noticed at certain places. These beds are important source of building and road construction materials in the area, and they form the main ridges of the area. The lithology of the low-lying areas such as Tuivawl, Tiau, parts of Tuiphal, Tuisa, Tuila and parts of Tuichang synclines, is mainly represented by shale-siltstone and little mudstone. Geomorphically, this unit occurs as subdued hills giving rise to hummocky topography. The lithological mapping was done with the help of tophography and field checks, and is divided into five litho classes, viz., Sandstone and Siltstone & Shale. In addition to these, recent alluvium deposits are observed and mapped, and have been classified into two classes, viz., Gravel, Sand & Silt, and Clayey Sand. Sandstone, the harder rock formation is found mainly along the ridgeline owing to this resistance to erosion, and it covers an area of 1538.50 Sq.Km., which is 48.29% of the total area. Siltstone and Shale are put together as they are almost inseparable, and this unit covers a total area 1556.63 of sq.k., which is 48.86%. Gravel, Sand and Silt are found along the major rivers, Tuichang, Tuivai, Tuivawl, Tuisa lui, Tiau, Tuiphal and Tuipui rivers, covers and area of 1.52 sq.km which is 0.33% of the total area. Clayey Sand deposits are found scattered all over the area along small streams with an area of 80.18 Sq.Km., which is 2.52% of the study area.

There are two divergent views regarding the classification of the Champhai sediments into rock stratigraphic unit. The workers of Geological Survey of India (1974 & 2003) hold the view that the rock succession around Champhai can be equated with Barail Group on the basis of heavy mineral content and lithological contracts it bears with the overlying Surma Group of central Mizoram. They further made an informal classification of the rock succession as belonging to member one and member two of Champhai Formation of Barail Group of Oligocene age. The geologists of the Oil & Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), such as Ganju (1975), Shrivastava et. Al. (1979) and Jokhan Ram (1984), on the other hand, did not find any supporting evidence prior to the classification of the Champhai sediments into the Barail Group. They maintained that the rock exposures around Champhai are lithologically identical with Middle Bhuban, and are mainly argillaceous. According to them, The Champhai sediments belong to the informally classified rock stratigraphic unit named Dulte Formation of Surma Group.


Therefore, they are of the opinion that these rocks are a part of Bhuban Sub-Group of Surma Group belonging to Miocene age. Since the basis of classification employed by both the parties being lithological, no specific conclusion could be drawn in this regard. Recently, Tiwari and Mehrotra (2003) have reported several definite plant fossils from Champhai rock succession. Their collection includes some leaf and fruit/seed impressions from the fossiliferous sandstone-shale horizon located along the Champhai-Aizawl road section. The specimen collected by them was identified as Podocarpus oligocenicus Aswathi et. Al. (1992), Leguminocarpon mizoramensis s. Nov., Vernonia palaeoarborea, Antal & Aswathi (1994)and Dictylophyllum mizoramensis sp. Nov. These plant remains indicate deltaic to fluvial environment of deposition for the enclosing sediments. On correlating these floral assemblage with their counterparts recovered from other parts of India and the world, the sediments containing them are assigned to Oligocene age. As such, we favour the views of Geological Survey of India as far as litho-stratigraphic nomenclature of rocks within and around Champhai is concerned. e) ECONOMIC MINERALS The study area, as a whole is void and empty as far as the content of economic mineral deposits is concerned. No major mineral deposit of economic interest is found within the study area. However, mention may be made about the stray occurrences of certain deposits. Saline spring has been observed near Rabung village, in the central part of the district. It has been observed that this saline spring is associated with seepage of gas. Besides, this saline spring is said to have certain medicinal value, and extensively relied upon by the local people. The Geology & Mining Wing of Industries Department, Govt. of Mizoram is involved in examination of this saline spring and associated gas seepage. The Sandstones within the study area are bluish-ash to khaki-coloured, hard, compact and massive. They are being used as road metals and for building construction materials. They are extensively mined near Kawlkulh, Tan tlang, Biate, Sialhawk, Ruantlang and Vapar areas. In addition to these, minor quarrying operations have been taken up in various places of the district.


Sl. No. Geomorphic Unit Area (in Sq. Km.) % 1 High Structural Hill 941.09 29.53 2 Medium Structural Hill 1,502.02 47.15 3 Low Structural Hill 681.65 21.40 4 Valley Fill 43.18 1.36 5 Flood Plain 17.89 0.56 Total 3,185.83 100.00

Table 1.10 Geomorphological Statistics of Champhai District

Sl. No. Rock Types Area (in Sq. Km.) % 1 Sandstone 1,538.50 48.29 2 Siltstone & Shale 1,556.63 48.86 3 Clayey Sand 80.18 2.52 4 Gravel, Sand & Silt 10.52 0.33

3,185.83 100.00

Table 1.10.1 Lithological Statistics of Champhai District 1.10 SLOPE Champhai District is characterized by many hill ridges running parallel to each other, most of which roughly runs from north to south. Hill ridges in the study area include many hill tops, several of which occupy prominent locations. It can be assumed that a main hill ridge that runs north to south from the more or less middle of the district divides the study area into a roughly hill eastern side and a rather smooth flat western plain. The middle hill ridge gently stars its descent from the mid-section and tappers gradually towards the north while it abruptly joins with the other hill ridges in the south forming many other minor small ridges and valleys. The eastern side of the district consists of a rather rugged hill ridges running almost parallel to each other and they sandwiches many narrow valleys and small streams. Narrow valleys separate some of the hill ridges and few of which have gentle to steep slopes. The hill side slopes are mostly gentle to steep and escarpment are also visible in innumerable places of the study area. The slope of the area has been conveniently divided into nine (9) slope facets as per the table given in table below Slope having 0 to 3% slope covers a total area of 16.05 Sq.km. constituting to 0.50% slope of the total area. Slope having 3-10% slope covers a total area of 193.06 Sq.km. constituting to 6.06 % slope of the total area. Slope having 10 to 15% slopes covers a total area of 5.20 Sq.km. constituting to 0.16 % slope of the total area. Slopes having 15 to 25% slopes cover a total area of 129.75 Sq.km. constituting to 4.07% slope of the total area. Slopes having 25 to 35% slope covers a total area of 352.88 Sq.km. constituting to 11.08 % slope of the total area. Slopes having 35 to 50% slope covers a large area of 1128.26 Sq.km. constituting to 35.41 % slope of the total area. Slope


designated as 50 to 70% slope covers a large area of 863.79 Sq.km. constituting to 27.11 % slope of the total area. Slopes having 70 to 100% slope covers an area of 408.28 Sq.km. constituting to 12.82 % slope of the total area. Slope having more than 100% slope covers a rather small area of 88.56. There are numerous low lying valleys which are predominantly occupied for Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC) including many other minor unmappable scattering narrow valleys identified as potential area for WRC which constitute to about 9.08% of the total area. Many of these areas are forested areas and in few of these places the natural resources are not being tapped still now as they are inaccessible.

Table 1.11 Area under different Slope class of Champhai district, Mizoram

Sl. No. Slope % Slope Category

Champhai Area

(in Sq.Km.) %

1 0-3 Nearly level to very gently sloping 16.05 0.50 2 3-10 Gently sloping to moderately sloping 193.06 6.06 3 10 -15 Strongly sloping 5.20 0.16 4 15-25 Moderately steep to steep 129.75 4.07 5 25-35 Steep 352.88 11.08 6 35-50 Very Steep 1,128.26 35.41 7 50-70

Very Very Steep 863.79 27.11

8 70-100 408.28 12.82 9 >100 Very Steep to escarpment 88.56 2.78

Total 3,185.83 100.00

Source: Statistical Abstract, 2012-2013, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. of Mizoram. 1.11 Hydro geomorphology and Groundwater Prospects of Champhai District The occurrence and movements of groundwater in an area is controlled by the morphology of the land surface (slope and landform) and the underlying lithology and structure (hydrogeology). High relief and steep slopes accentuate surface run off thus preventing large scale infiltration of rain water into the ground. On the other hand, topographical depressions, valleys and undulating plains help more infiltration and storage of groundwater, which in turn depends to a great extent by the hydrogeological characteristics of the underlying lithology. In the highly rugged mountainous terrain such as Mizoram, the problem is more complex. Here, the steeply sloping surfaces carry down a major part of the rain water to the valleys and streams. Small amount of water may infiltrate into fractures, joints and bedding planes of rocks and reappear elsewhere as seepages and springs. A part of the surface run off and spring water flows down to the streams and rivers.


1.12 LAND IRRIGABILITY CLASSES The suitability of land for irrigation depends on physical factors like quality and quantity of irrigation water and Socio-economic factors like land development costs, provisions of drainage facilities etc. The following land irrigability classes have been established. Class 1 Land that has few limitations for sustained use under irrigation. Class 2 Land that has moderate limitations for sustained use under irrigation. Class 3 Land that has severe limitations for sustained use under irrigation. Class4 Land that is marginal for terraced use under irrigation because of very

severe limitation. Class 5 Land that is temporarily classed as not suitable for sustained use under

irrigation pending further investigations. Class 6 Land not suitable for sustained use under irrigation. Land Irrigability Sub-Class Sub-Class are the groups of land irrigability units that have the same kind of dominant limitations for sustained use under irrigation. The limitations are indicated by suffixing the letters ‘s’ or ‘d’ to class number and are indicative of deficiency in soils, topography or drainage respectively. Land having more than one limitation is also indicated with the relevant letters of the sub-class. Interpretation of soil mapping unit into land irrigability classes and statistics are given in table below

Table 1.13 Land Irrigability Statistics of Champhai district

Sl. No. Class Description Area

(Sq.Km.) %

1 2nd Irrigable lands with moderate limitations of soil and drainage, fine textured, slow permeability, poor drainage, slight erosion. 98.44 3.09

2 3rd Irrigable lands with severe limitations of soil and topography, land has strongly sloping to steep, medium to moderate fine textured, well drained, moderate erosion.

272.40 8.55

3 4th Marginal irrigable lands with very severe limitations of soil and topography, land has steep to very steep, medium to moderately fine textured, well drained, severe erosion and excess run-off.

1,447.32 45.43

4 6th Land not suitable for sustained use under irrigation, very very steep slopes and hill crest, very severe erosion. 1,346.01 42.25

5 Water body 8.92 0.28 6 Built up land 12.74 0.40

Total 3,185.83 100.00


Chapter - II DISTRICT WATER PROFILE

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to

assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re-vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. There is a great necessity of irrigation in Indian agriculture. India has a great diversity and variety of climate and weather conditions. These conditions range from extreme of heat to extreme of cold and from extreme dryness to excessive rainfall. Due to some reasons irrigation is needed in Indian agriculture. Uncertainty of Monsoon rainfall both in time and place. Irregularity in distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Excessive rainfall causing flood. Draught is an annual event in some areas. India is a land of Rabi Crops. But there is not rainfall in winter months. Some soils need more water. Introduction of H.Y.V seeds and multiple cropping need water throughout theyear. The types of Irrigation mainly practiced in India are: i) Tanks - a) Pond

b) Tank ii) Well - a) Dug Well

b) Tube Well - i) Shallow ii) Deep 2.1 Crop water Requirement

Crop water requirement is the water required by the plants for its survival, growth, development and to produce economic parts. This requirement is applied either naturally by precipitation or artificially by irrigation. Hence the crop water requirement includes all losses like: a) Transpiration loss through leaves (T) b) Evaporation loss through soil surface in cropped area (E) c) Amount of weather used by plants (WP) for its metabolic activities which is estimated as less than 1% of the total water absorption. These three components cannot be separated so easily. Hence the ET loss is taken as crop water use or crop water consumptive use. d) Other application losses are conveyance loss, percolation loss, runoff loss, etc., (WL). e) The water required for special purposes (WSP) like puddling operation, ploughing operation, land preparation, leaching, requirement, for the purpose of weeding, for dissolving fertilizer and chemical, etc. Hence the water requirement is symbolically represented as:

WR = T + E + WP + WL + WSP


(The other application losses and special purposes are mostly indented for wet land cultivation. Hence for irrigated dry land crop the ET loss alone is accounted for crop water requirement). The estimations of the water requirement of crop are one of the basic needs for crop planning on the farm and for the planning of any irrigation project.

2.1 Irrigation Status of Champhai District

Crop Type Kharif Rabi Summer Crop Total

Irriga ted

Rain fed Total Irriga

ted Rain fed Total Irriga


ted Rain fed Total

Cereals 4479 4302 8781 4479 4302 8781 Coarse Cereal 770 1110 770 1110

Pulses 307 307 283 283 283 307 590 Oilseeds - 268 269 8 8 8 269 277 Sugarcane 178 178 178 178

Source : Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Mizoram.

a) Khawzawl Block


Irriga ted




ted Rainfed Total

Cereals 1343 1204 2548 1343 1205 2548 Coarse Cereal 215 215 215 215 Pulses 75 75 Oilseeds 85 85 80 80 80 85 166 Sugarcane -

b) Champhai Block


Irriga ted




ted Rainfed Total

Cereals 1388.5 1075 2464 1388 1076 2464 Coarse Cereal 192 192 0 193 193 Pulses 145 145 145 145

Oilseeds 77 77 85.8 86 77 163 Sugarcane - 57 57 75 67 142


c) Khawbung Block


Irriga ted




ted Rainfed Total

Cereals 940 989 1930 941 989 1930 Coarse Cereal 177 177 0 177 216 Pulses

Oilseeds 70. 70 60.0 60 71 131 Sugarcane - 61 61 75 62 137

d) Ngopa Block


Irriga ted




ted Rainfed Total

Cereals 806.22 1032.4 1838.7 806 1032 1839 Coarse Cereal 184.8 184.8 185 216 Pulses

Oilseeds 73.68 73.68 57.2 57 74 131 Sugarcane - 64.32 64.32 75 64 139


Table 2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crops

Crop Sown Rainfed Irrigated Total

Season Cereal Coarse Cereal Pulses Oilseeds

Any other crops

Area (ha)

Produc tion (MT)

Produc tivity kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Area (ha)

Production (MT)

Productivity (kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Produc

tion (MT) Productivity (kg)

Area (ha)

Kharif(rice) Rice 4302 4822 1120 4479 8915 1990 13737 1564 8781 Coarse Cereal Maize 770 1110 1450 1110 1450 770 Pulses Bean, arhar 307 403 1312 403 1312 307

Oilseeds Soybean Mustard 268 252 940 252 940 268

Rabi Rice Coarse Cereal Maize Pea,Bean Pulses 283 420 1484 420 1484 283 Oilseeds 8 20 2500 20 2500 8 Sugarcane(cane) 179 2362 13195 2362 13195 179



a) Khawzawl block



Any other crops

Area (ha)

Production (MT)

Productivity kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Area (ha)

Produc tion (MT)

Productivity (kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Produc


Area (ha)

Kharif (rice) Rice 1205 1445 1120 1344 2956 2200 4402 1727 2548

Coarse Cereal Maize 216 226 1050 226 1050 216 Pulses Bean, arhar 75 73 970 73 970 75 Oilseeds Soybean

Mustard 86 56 650 56 650 86

Rabi Rice Coarse Cereal Maize Pea, Bean Pulses Oilseeds 80 69 860 69 860 80 Sugarcane (cane) 40 520 13 MT 520 13MT 40



b) Champhai block



Any other crops

Area (ha)

Production (MT)

Productivity kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Area (ha)

Produc tion (MT)

Productivity (kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Produc


Area (ha)

Kharif (rice) Rice 1075 1290 1120 1388 3054 2200 4344 1764 2463

Coarse Cereal Maize 192 202 1050 202 1050 192 Pulses Bean, arhar 145 144 990 144 990 145

Oilseeds SoybeanMustard 77 58 750 58 750 77




c) Khawbung block



Any other crops

Area (ha)

Production (MT)

Productivity kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Area (ha)

Produc tion (MT)

Productivity (kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Produc


Area (ha)

Kharif (rice) Rice 990 1188 1120 941 2070 2200 3258 1687 1931

Coarse Cereal Maize 177 186 1050 186 1050 177 Pulses Bean, arhar 145 144 990 144 990 145





Source: MID

Gross Irrigated Area Net Irrigated AreaPartially Irrigated /

Protective IrrigationUn-Irrigated or Totally

RainfedChamphai 1532.00 130.00 - 74312.00

Khawzawl 734.00 84.00 - 98035.00

Khawbung 868.00 68.00 - 69707.00

Ngopa 680.00 50.00 - 72623.00

Irrigation based ClassificationName of State: MizoramName of District: Champhai

Name of BlockIrrigated (Area in ha) Rainfed (Area in ha)

c) Ngopa block



Any other crops

Area (ha)

Production (MT)

Productivity kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Area (ha)

Produc tion (MT)

Productivity (kg)

Cost of cultivat

ion Produc


Area (ha)

Kharif (rice) Rice 1032 1238 1120 806 1773 2200 3012 1639 1838

Coarse Cereal Maize 184 193 1050 193 1050 184 Pulses Bean, arhar




Table 2.3 Irrigation based Classification


Chapter - III WATERAVAILABILITY

3.1 Surface Water Scenario Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in streams, river, lake, wet land or pond/tank. It can be contrasted with ground water and atmospheric water. Non-saline surface water is replenished by precipitation and by recruitment from ground water. It is lost through evaporation, see page into the ground where it becomes ground water used by plants for transpiration, extracted by mankind for agriculture, living, industry etc. or discharged to the sea where it becomes saline. To derive surface water volume basically, we measure volumes and surface areas of a set of farm ponds and tanks and the develop relationship between surface areas and volumes. After that using these relationships, calculated volumes of the whole study region surface water bodies based on our remote sensing surface area. 3.2 Status of surface water availability Surface water is water that is found in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and other natural water courses. This valuable resource provides drinking water, water supply and supports important industries such as fishing, farming and electric power generation. Surface water supports various recreational activities such as swimming and boating and provides habitat for aquatic life. Overall, a clean abundant supply of surface water supports the health of humans and aquatic ecosystem, a strong economy and provides a high quality of life for any region.

Table 3.1 Status of water availability

Status of Water AvailabilityBCM per Ha

Sl.No Kharif Rabi Summer Total

1

(i) - - - -

(ii) 0.00000370771 0.00001483085 0.00000370771 0.00002224627

(iii)

(iv) 0.00001368 0.00005472 0.00001368 0.00008208

(v) NA NA NA NA

(vi) NA NA NA NA

(vii) - - - -

2

(i) - - - -

(ii) - - - -

(iii) 0.000000024 0.00000096 0.000000024 0.000001008

(iv) 0.000000036 0.00000144 0.000000036 0.000001512

Open well

Deep tube well

Medium Tube well

Shallow tube wells

Lift Irrigation / Diversion

Various Water Bodies Including Rain Water Harvesting

Treates Effluent received from STP

Untreated Effluent

Perennial sources of water

Ground Water

Sources

Surface Irrigation

Canal(Major & Medium Irrigation)

Minor Irrigation tanks


3.3 Status of Ground Water Availability

Presently, there is no over exploitation of ground water hence no depletion of ground water and no specific studies under Champhai District.

Table 3.3 Status of Ground Water Availability

3.4 Status of Command Area

a) Champhai block

Status of Ground Water Availability Source: CGWB & PHE Dept.

Critical Semi-Cirtical Safe Draft Recharge GapChamphai √ 0.015 - -Khawzawl √ 0.015 - -Khawbung √ 0.014 - -Ngopa √ 0.014 - -

Block

Name of State: MizoramName of District: Champhai

Status of Block as per Central Ground Water Board Notification Ground Water (BCM)

Status of command Area Source: MID

Total AreaTotal Area

Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Total Area

Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Developed Command

Undeveloped Command

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4+7 5+81 Champhai 254 226 28 45 41 4 267 322 Ruantlang 40 403 Zotlang 420 325 95 25 7 18 332 1134 Tlangsam 149 140 9 140 95 Zote 105 85 20 10 7 3 92 236 Hmunhmeltha 193 175 18 5 5 180 187 Chhungte8 Vaikhawtlang9 Murlen10 Tualcheng11 Lungphunlian12 Khuangphah13 Hnahlan 371 337 34 30 30 50 367 8414 N.E Diltlang15 Vapar 35 32 3 32 316 Ngur 113 107 6 107 617 North Khawbung

Total 1645 1435 210 150 122 78 1517 288

Name of Block: ChamphaiName of District: ChamphaiName of State: Mizoram

Name of VillageSl.NoInformation of Canal Command Information on the other Services

Area in Ha.


b) Khawzawl block



Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Total Area

Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Developed Command

Undeveloped Command

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4+7 5+81 Dulte2 Kawlkulh3 Vankal4 Khualen5 Rabung 25 20 5 20 56 Aiduzawl7 Pamchung8 Tualpui9 Ngaizawl

10 Neihdawn11 Arro12 Puilo13 Chhawrtui14 Hmuncheng15 Chawngtlai 137 130 7 130 716 Mualzen17 Tuipui18 Mualkawi19 Melbuk 15 15 15 020 Kelkang21 Tualte 45 30 15 30 1522 Vangtlang23 Chalrang24 New Chalrang 33 30 3 30 325 Chalrang Mel-226 Lungtan 85 75 10 75 1027 Tlangmawi28 Dilkawn29 Zokhawthar 65 60 5 15 12 2 72 730 Khawzawl 449 366 83 366 8331 Khawhai

Total 854 726 128 15 12 2 738 130

Information on the other Services

Name of State: MizoramName of District: ChamphaiName of Block: Khawzawl

Area in Ha.

Sl.No Name of VillageInformation of Canal Command


c) Khawbung block



Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Total Area

Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Developed Command

Undeveloped Command

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4+7 5+81 Zawngtetui2 Buang3 Khuangleng4 Bulfekzawl 228 209 19 209 195 Hruaikawn(old)6 N.Hruaikawn7 Sesih 240 225 15 225 158 Leisenzo9 Bungzung 55 50 5 50 5

10 Vanzau11 Dungtlang 72 60 12 60 1212 Leithum13 Sazep14 Lianpui15 Vangchhia 64 60 4 60 416 Vaphai 210 200 10 200 1017 Samthang18 N.Samthang19 S.Khawbung20 Zawlsei21 Chawngtui 'E'22 Farkawn23 Thekte24 Khankawn25 Thekpui 55 10 45 10 4526 Khuangthing

Total 924 814 110 814 110

Name of District: ChamphaiName of Block: Khawbung

Area in Ha.

Sl.No Name of VillageInformation of Canal Command Information on the other Services

Name of State: Mizoram


d) Ngopa block

3.5 Existing Type of Irrigation



Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Total Area

Developed Area

Undeveloped Area

Developed Command

Undeveloped Command

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4+7 5+81 Chiahpui2 Khawdungsei3 Khawkawn4 Mimbung 107 100 7 100 75 Hrianghmun 200 180 20 180 206 Teikhang 45 40 5 40 57 Kawlbem 63 55 55 08 Ngopa 242 220 22 220 229 Selam

10 Lamzawl 75 69 8 69 811 Pawlrang12 Changzawl13 Hliappui 55 50 5 50 514 Hliappui 'S'15 Saichal

Total 787 714 67 714 67

Name of District: ChamphaiName of Block: Ngopa

Name of State: Mizoram

Area in Ha.

Sl.No Name of VillageInformation of Canal Command Information on the other Services

Source: MID, PHED, Agri Dept, RD Dept.

Govt. Canal

Community/Pvt Canal

Community Ponds including

small

Individual / Pvt Ponds

Govt. Reservoir / Dam

Govt.

Pvt.Commun

ity / Govt.

Pvt. Govt.

Pvt.

Champhai No 32 - 3 - 28 50 - - - - - - - 167 110 167

Khawzawl No 21 - 36 63 10 30 - - - - - - - 61

Khawbung No 11 - 4 - 22 26 - - - - - - - 59

Ngopa No 17 - - - 22 23 - - - - - - - - - 62

Total No 81 - 43 63 82 129 - - - - - - - 167 - - 292 167

Name of District: Champhai

3.4 Existing Type of Irrigation Name of State: Mizoram

BlockWater

extracting units (4+5

Open wells Bore well

Other Sources includin

g Traditio

nal WHS

(3)

Treated effluent

discharged from STP

Water Extraction devices / lift

Total

Electricity pump (4)

Diesel

pump (5)

Other (6)

Irrigation sources (1+2+3)

Canal Based Tanks / Ponds / ReservoirsSource of Irrigation

Surface Irrigation (1) Ground Water (2)

Tube wells


i) GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONATION With the rapid urbanization and growth of population, the demand for water supply increases. Sometimes, surface water resource is often inadequate to meet the ever-increasing demand of water supply. Therefore, ground water resources have been developed on a large scale and have been tapped and harnessed to a considerable extent. For an area experiencing constant drought and which faces water scarcity problem, ground water resources have been an alternative solution to the problem. Ground water resources have been exploited not only for domestic purposes, but also for irrigation and agricultural purposes. Preparation of ground water potential zonation map is one of the first steps in exploring and exploiting the ground water resources. Ground water potential zonation map divides an area into zones of varying degrees of ground water potentiality based on an estimated significance of various geo-environmental factors operated and observed on the surface which are responsible for inducing the potentiality of an area. Ground water potential zonation map helps to choose and identify the potential zones, selecting viable sites for carrying out exploration and provides the basic data of the different potential zones of ground water resources for the study area. To locate the occurrence and potential zones of ground water within the study area, thematic maps of lithology, geomorphology, geological structure and slope are prepared. These maps are combined together by using ARC/INFO GIS package to generate the final map from which different ground water potential zones will be derived. Besides, the existing hand pumps and spring inventory data are added to the final map. Since geological structure is one of the major factors controlling the occurrence of ground water, areas within 50m on both sides of the lineaments and faults are included. Similarly, areas proximity to spring and hand pumps are manually selected and delineated with the help of Digital Elevation Model of the study area. The different units of these thematic parameters are taken into consideration by giving different weightage values according to their respective hydrological properties. This form the main criterion by which different potential zonation is done. Since hand pumps and springs are direct expression of the ground water condition below the ground surface. They are given the highest weightage value. The final map is then prepared and the study area is classified into very good, good, moderate and poor zones.


Table 3.6 Ground water potential Zone

Sl. No. Potential Zone

Blocks Area (in Ha) Total

Khawzawl Ngopa Champhai Khawbung 1 Very Good 9780 7259 7511 6989 31,540 2 Good 17763 13184 13641 12693 57,281 3 Moderate 31939 23706 24528 22824 1,02,998 4 Poor 39309 29176 30187 28091 1,26,764

Grand Total 98792 73326 75867 70598 318583

Source : CGWB & PHED a) Very Good This zone generally covers valley fill, flood plain and low lying areas which are located within the proximity of water bodies, where there will be continual recharge. Besides, it includes the intersection of the structural units, such as lineaments and faults, with valley fill and flood plains. These geological structures offer channels for the sub-surface flow of water. Ground water can easily move through these fractures and are found to be very suitable sites for ground water occurrence. Lithologically, this zone comprises areas where unconsolidated sediments, such as gravel, sand, silt and clayey sand are deposited. These have high potentiality of retaining water since they allow maximum percolation due to their maximum pore spaces between the grains. Locally, this zone covers the flood plains of Tlawng, Tuirial and Barak rivers. Settlement area such as Sairang, Zohmun, Tinghmun and Kani are included within this. This zone covers the plains of Tuirini, Tuivawl and tuivai rivers. It also covers the plains of minor rivers such as Changte Lui, Lau Lui, Zilngai Lui and Tuimang Lui. All the spring and hand pumps located within the settlement area also fall in this zone. The very good zone extends over an area of 109.14 Sq. Km. which is 3.05% of the total study area. b) Good All the remaining geological structures fall under the good potential zone. The low lying areas including parts of flood plains and valley fills are also included in this zone. This is because low and gentle relief areas have much better opportunities for infiltration and subsequent yield of ground water. Among the rock types exposed in the study area, sandstones are generally capable of storing and transmitting water through their interstices and pore spaces present in between the grains and are considered to be suitable aquifer. Hence, parts of area where sandstones are exposed also come under this zone. It mainly covers the plains of Tlawng river, parts of Tuivai and Tuirial synclines. This zone spreads over an area of about 593.55 Sq.Km. and forms 16.60% of the study area.


c) Moderate This zone mainly comprises areas where the recharge condition and the water-yielding capacity of the underlying materials are neither suitable nor poor. Topographically, it covers gently sloping smooth surface of the hill. Although the lithology may comprise good water-bearing rock formation such as sandstone, the potentiality is minimized by the sloping nature of the topography where run-off is maximum. In general, the moderate zone falls within the poor water-bearing rock formation such as silty shale that is in turn, characterized by the presence of secondary structures in them. The moderate zone is evenly distributed within the study area and covers an area of 1,005.20 Sq.Km. and occupies 28.11% of the total study area. d) Poor This zone is mainly distributed in the elevated areas. In the area of high relief, a greater part of precipitation flows out as surface run-off, which is a poor condition for infiltration beneath the ground surface. Hence, the ground water yield is generally assumed to be low. Unless the elevated areas are traversed by geological structures and posses high drainage density and suitable water-bearing rock formation, their ground water yield is generally low. The poor zone is mainly distributed along the ridges and is predominantly high in terms of area extend and covers majority of the district. This zone occupies an area of about 1,868.42 Sq.Km. which is 52.24% of the total study area. 3.4 Ground Water Quality:

As per earlier field investigation reports, it is found that the water sample collected from springs indicates thar pH values range between 6.9 and 8.3. Electrical conductivity of the water is found to vary from 31-249 micromhos/cm at 25ºC excepting a few places. The concentration of bicarbonate ranges from 12 to 158 ppm. The range of concentration of Calcium and Magnesium is in between 4-22 and 1-10 ppm respectively. Concentration of iron ranges from 0.02 to 0.3 ppm which is within permissible limit. In general, the chemical quality of ground water in the district is fresh and potable and is suitable for domestic and industrial purposes 3.5 Ground Water Management Strategy:

Hydrogeological investigations carried out by the Central Ground Water Board during 1984-85 & 1985-86 in the entire state revealed the occurrence of a good number of perennial springs in different altitudes. The discharges of the springs progressively increase in the lower altitudes. These springs can be developed scientifically for providing safe drinking water to the rural people. Rain water harvesting which is well known to the people of the district can also be developed for solving scarcity of potable water.


Existing hydrogeological set up indicates the limited ground water development prospects in the linear rolling valleys. Though the valleys are underlain by shale, siltstone and sandstone, the intercalated sandstone layers may be productive for construction of shallow ground water structures. Thus, ring well with 2-3 mm diameter and 10-15 m depth below ground level may be constructed in the suitable locations. These wells may be constructed with half baked bricks keeping weep holes in the sandstone layers. In the major part of the district, tapping perennial springs and rainwater harvesting would remain the main source for water supply to the local populace. The springs should be properly developed, conserved and protected wherever they are used for domestic purposes. Some of the spring waters in lower altitudes may be impounded in some structures and pumped again for water supply.

Table 3.7 BRIEF GROUND WATER LEVEL DATA IN MIZORAM AND GROUND WATER ANALYSIS

Sl. No. District Lowest range

(in meter) Highest range

(in meter) Common range

(in meter) 1 Champhai 8.56 13.89 10.83

Lowest range Highest range Common range 1 pH 4.90 8.40 6.80 2 Electrical Conductivity 174µs/cm 1756µs/cm 200-300µ/cm 3 Alkalinity 0/mg 860 mg/l 100-150 mg/l 4 Turbidity 05.NTU 91.0 NTU 1.0 NTU 5 Chloride 0 mg/l 300.0 mg/l 30-50 mg/l 6 Hardness Trace 500 mg/l 100-150 mg/l 7 Iron 0 mg/l 20 mg/l 0.3-0.5 mg/l

Source : CGWB & PHED

Table3.8 STANDARD OF WATER QUALITY- IS-10500 (2012)

Sl. No. Parameters Unit

BIS (IS:10500)-2012 WHO Desirable

Limits Desirable Limits

Max. Permissible

Limits 1 pH - 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.2 2 Arsenic Mg/L 0.01 0.05 0.01 3 Fluoride Mg/L 1.0 1.5 1.5 4 E-Coli Number Absent Absent Absent 5 TDS Mg/L 500 2000 1200 6 Nitrate Mg/L 45 45 50 7 Iron Mg/L 0.30 0.30 0.30 8 Calcium (as Ca) Mg/L 75 200 No Specification 9 Magnesium (as Mg) Mg/L 30 100 No Specification 10 Sulphate Mg/L 200 400 500 11 Alkalinity Mg/L 200 600 No Specification 12 Turbidity NTU 1 5 10



Table 3.9 District-wise Ground Water Availability & Ground Water Extracted.

Sl. No. District Area

(in Ha.) Household

(in Nos.) Population

(in Nos.) Ground Water

Availability (BCUM)

Ground Water Extracted (BCUM)

1 Aizawl 3,57,631 82,524 4,00,309 0.00668 0.00176 2 Lunglei 4,53,800 33,058 1,61,428 0.00848 0.00224 3 Saiha 1,39,990 11,144 56,574 0.00262 0.00069 4 Champhai 3,18,583 25,520 1,25,745 0.00595 0.00157 5 Kolasib 1,38,251 17,270 83,955 0.00258 0.00068 6 Serchhip 1,42,160 12,622 64,937 0.00266 0.0007 7 Lawngtlai 2,55,710 22,984 1,17,894 0.00478 0.00126 8 Mamit 3,02,575 17,731 86,364 0.00565 0.00149

MIZORAM 21,08,700 2,22,853 10,97,206 0.03940 0.0104



Chapter - IV WATER REQUIREMENT/DEMAND

4.1 Domestic Water Demand

According to Froukh the term ‘domestic water demand’ is the amount of water required for domestic uses. Water demand forecasting is essential to water utilities, both for day-to-day operations and for long-term planning. A number of factors like climate, culture, food habits, work and working condition, level and type of development, and physiology determine the requirement of water.

Average Per capita Domestic water requirement is 70 litres per day. Based

on this information Gross water Demand for Whole District in current years is 0.0001152450 BCM per annum. The projected gross water demand in 2020 will be 0.0000130687 BCM for per annum. Thus water gap is 0.0000154421 BCM for district Champhai per annum

Table 4.1 Domestic Water Requirement/ Demand

4.2 Crop Water Requirement: It is essential to know the water requirement of a crop which is the total quantity of water required from its sowing time up to harvest. Naturally different crops may have different water requirements at different places of the same country, depending upon the climate, type of soil, method of cultivation, effective rain etc. The total water required for crop growth is not uniformly distributed over its entire life span which is also called crop period. Actually, the watering stops same time before harvest and the time duration from the first irrigation during sowing up to the last before harvest is called base period, they do not differ from practical purposes. The total depth of water required to raise a crop over a unit area of land is usually called delta. Some typical values of delta for common crops in some regions of India are as follows:

Source: PHEDBlocks Population in

2011Population in

2015Water Demand

(BCM)Projected

population in 2020Gross Water Demand

(BCM)

Champhai 125745 150738 0.0000742762 175731 0.000086591Khawzawl 35931 37820 0.0000186358 39708 0.000019566Khawbung 22137 24530 0.0000120872 26924 0.000013267Ngopa 18730 20793 0.0000102458 22857 0.000011263Total 202543 233881 0.0001152450 265220 0.000130687

Domestic Water Demand


Rice

- 1000mm to 1500mm for heavy soils or high water table - 1500mm to 2000mm for medium soils - 2000 to 2500 for light soils or deep water table - 1600mm to upland conditions

Maize

- 100mm during rainy season - 500mm during winter season - 900mm during summer season

Horticulture Crops: 400 – 500mm Sugarcane

- 1400mm to 1500mm in Bihar - 1600mm to 1700mm in Andhra Pradesh - 1700mm to 1800mm in Punjab - 2200mm to 2400mm in Madhya Pradesh - 2800mm to 3000mm in Maharashtra

This information is based on Handbook of Agriculture (fifth edition, 2000) published

by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Table 4.2 Crop Water Requirement

Crop Water Requirement Source: Agriculture and MID Statistic

Block Crops Area sown (ha) Irrigated area (ha)

Crop water demand (mm)

(Average taken)

Water potential required (BCM)

Existing Water Potential (BCM)

Water potential to be created

(BCM)Champhai Various Crops 7605.00 441.60 Various delta 0.0000376000 0.000151700 0.00000643300

Khawzawl Various Crops 5297.00 254.00 Various delta 0.00002619333 0.00033693000 0.00000418600

Khawbung Various Crops 7707.00 229.00 Various delta 0.00003829917 0.00015707100 0.00000148000

Ngopa Various Crops 6346.00 141.00 Various delta 0.00003156542 0.00026281200 0.00000268500

G.Total 26955.00 1065.60 0.00013365792 0.00090851300 0.00001478400


4.3 Livestock Water Demand Global trend in animal production indicates a rapid and massive increase in the consumption of livestock products. It is predicted that meat and milk consumption will grow at 2.8 and 3.3% per annum respectively, in developing countries like India where the whole system of rural economy has revolved around livestock production. Providing enough quality water is essential for good livestock husbandry. Water makes up 80% of the blood, regulates body temperature and is vital for organ functions such as digestion, waste removal and the absorption of nutrients. Understanding daily livestock watering needs is keys when designing a livestock watering system. The daily water requirement of livestock varies significantly among animal species. The animal’s size and growth stage will have a strong influence on daily water intake. Consumption rate can be affected by environmental and management factors. Air temperature, relative humidity and the level of animal exertion or production level are examples of these factors. The quality of the water, which includes temperature, salinity and impurities affecting taste and odour, will also have an effect. The water content of the animal’s diet will influence its drinking habits. Feed with relatively high moisture content decreases the quantity of drinking water required. Given that drinking water needs are species, farm and management specific, many producers today are opting to install water-metering equipment to obtain accurate measurements of water use If medication is ever provided through the livestock’s watering system, the meter can be used to ensure proper dose rates. Table 4.3 gives block water demand for livestock for current year and for 2020. Number of livestock as per 2011 census is 114601. Estimation is done based on livestock water demand which is different for types of animals. There is no additional water requirement as stored water is more than water requirement. 25% of water is reserved for this purpose in all current and future structures.

Table 4.3 Livestock Water Demand

Block Total number of Livestock

Present Water Demand (BCM))

Water Demand by 2020 (BCM))

Existing Water potential (BCM))


Champhai 64,501 0.00275 0.003575 0.000483 0.003092 Khawbung 58,569 0.00215 0.002795 0.000445 0.002350 Khawzawl 6,864 0.00235 0.003055 0.000006 0.003049 Ngopa 49,646 0.00200 0.002600 0.000934 0.001666


4.4 Industrial Water Demand

In Champhai, small scale industry like winery and milk processing plant are present which does not consume much of water. The main sources of water for the industrial sector are domestic and commercial water connection provided by Public Health Engineering Department. The supply of water connection is not sufficient to meet the requirement. Since the water supply is not sufficiently guaranteed, industrial units tend to purchase from tankers.

Net water demand for industries in the current year is 0.0000000095 BCM.

Industrial water demand for the year 2020 is estimated at 0.0000001188 BCM. Data is obtained from Public Health Engineering Department, Winery and CHAMUL.

Table 4.4 Water Demand for Power Generation

4.5 Water demand for Power generation

At present there are two small power plants under the District, and there are two on-going projects which generates hydro electricity. In addition to this another three new projects are to be taken up in near future to generate more electricity. Hence, additional water is required for the upcoming project purposes.

Table 4.5 Water Demand for Power Generation

Industrial Water Demand Source: PHED, Winery, CHAMULBlock Name of the

industryWater demand

(BCM)Water demand in

2020 (BCM)Existing Water

potential (BCM)Water potential to be

created (BCM)

ChamphaiChamphai Winery, Hnahlan Winery, CHAMUL

0.00000000950 0.000001188 0.00000000250 0.000001186

Khawzawl - - - -Khawbung - - - -Ngopa - - - -Total 0.00000000950 0.000001188 0.00000000250 0.000001186

Water Demand for Power Generation

Block Power Requirement MW Water demand (BCM)

Water demand in 2020 (BCM)

Existing Water potential (BCM)


(BCM)Champhai 0.5 0.012 0.012 0.012 -Khawzawl - - - - -Khawbung 258.5 18.982 18.982 8.212 10.77Ngopa 4 0.616 0.616 0.616 -

Source: P&E Dept.


Table 4.6 Total Water Demand at Various Sector

4.7 Water Budget

A water budget reflects the relationship between input and output of water through a region. Thus, we have a direct comparison of water and the natural demand for water. The following data provides current water gap and projected water gap for the year 2020.

Table 4.7 Water Budget

Domestic Crop Livestock Industrial Power Generation

1 Champhai 0.000086591400 0.0000376000 0.00027500 0.00000000950 0.01200 0.0123992009002 Khawzawl 0.000019566100 0.0000261933 0.00023500 0.00 - 0.0002807594303 Khawbung 0.000013266800 0.0000382992 0.00021500 0.00 18.98200 18.9822665659664 Ngopa 0.000011262800 0.0000315654 0.00020000 0.00 0.61600 0.616242828220

0.000130687100 0.0001336579 0.00092500 0.00000000950 19.61000 19.611189354516

Total Water Demand of the district for Various sector

Total

ComponentTotal, BCMSl.No Block

Surface water Ground Water Present Projected (2020) Present Projected (2020)

Champhai 0.0124394787 0.000000050400 0.0124395291 0.01239920090 0.0123822124 0.0000403282 0.00005731670

Khawzawl 0.0005761658 0.000000084000 0.0005762498 0.000280759430 0.0002987521 0.00029549037 0.00027749770

Khawbung 0.0003598282 0.000000096923 0.0003599251 18.982266565966 18.98227974680 18.9819066408 18.98191982168

Ngopa 0.0004609578 0.000000109565 0.0004610674 0.616242828220 0.6162489478 0.61578176085 0.61578788043

Total 0.0138364305 0.000000340888 0.0138367714 19.611189354516 19.6112096591 19.5980242203 19.5980425165

Water Budget

Existing water availability (BCM) Water Demand (BCM) Water Gap (BCM)Total (BCM)Name of Blocks


Chapter –V STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN

Net Area Sown in Champhai District is 22,059 Ha. out of which area is either

partially or totally rainfed. Terrains, topography, forest area clearances, availability of skilled manpower, approachability of sites, presence of left wing extremism, land slope, availability quality power, land acquisition issues, site availability are some of the various factors which are determining the irrigation strategy for specific areas.

Major crop in the district is Paddy crop, which consumes 1200mm of water. If in place of paddy, crops like maize, pulses and oilseeds are sown for the same available water, cropped are can be increased to four times. Changing crop pattern will also improve soil fertility and reduces crop vulnerability to droughts and diseases. In this regard, it may be mentioned that the water sector has very strong linkages with all other developmental activities. In view of fast changing development scenario, it is emphasized that the key priorities and identified strategies cannot be considered as static and firm. These need to be reviewed and improved upon from time to time. In this regard, a comprehensive “Strategic Plan for District Irrigation” has been prepared through geospatial approach. 5.1 Methodology Diverse research methodologies using RS and GIS have been applied by different authors to identify potential rainwater harvestings in remote and data scarce areas; in most of these methods, thematic maps are derived from remote sensing data and integrated in GIS to evaluate suitable sites for rainwater harvesting. Remote sensing is of immense use for natural resources mapping and generating necessary spatial database required as an input for GIS analysis. GIS is a tool for collecting, storing and analyzing spatial and non-spatial data, and developing a model based on local factors can be used to evaluate appropriate natural resources development and management action plans. Both these techniques can complement each other to be used as an effective tool for selecting suitable sites for water harvesting structures. In assessment of proposed rainwater harvesting structures potential using GIS and RS, outlines six key factors that require to be integrated into a GIS framework in order to successfully develop a suitable model for RWH. This include rainfall, hydrology (rainfall-runoff relationships), slope, land cover, soils (texture, structure, depth) and socio-economics of the area under consideration. The following criteria have been followed for making decision on selecting suitable site for various water harvesting structure as per National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) guidelines.


Check dams The slope should be less than 25 percent. The land use may be barren, shrub land and riverbed. The infiltration rate of the soil should be less. The type of soil should be sandy clay loam. Percolation tanks and nala bunds The slope should be less than 10 percent. The infiltration rate of the soil should be moderately high. The land use/cover may be barren or scub land. The type of soil should be silt loan. The suitability of WHS sites can be confirmed as the site is located on second and third order drainage and satisfies the conditions of land use, soil type and slope as per NMSA guidelines. Water harvesting structures are extremely important to conserved precious natural resources like, soil and water, which is depleting day by day at alarming rate. The following table provide strategic action plan for irrigation for each block as well as for whole district and estimated costs and period of implementation.


Table 5.1 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Champhai Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions)

(Rupees in lakh)

Sl. No.

Name of Block

Concerned Ministry Component Activity Total

Number/Capacity Command Area (Ha)

Period of Implementation

Estimated Cost Remarks

1 Champhai Ministry of

Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

Per drop more crop (other

Intervention) Secondary Storage

Structures 50 2,000 5 years 100.00

Construction of Secondary Storage Structures with Poly lining, protective fence,

Connectivity from perennial source, inlet and outlet (Construction cost - Rs. 350 per

cum)




Intervention) Farm Ponds 75 75 5 years 67.50

50% of cost (Construction cost - Rs. 125 for plain/Rs. 150 per cum for hilly areas) limited to Rs. 75000 for plain areas and Rs. 90000

for hilly areas including lining.




Intervention) Tank Renovation &

Restoration 100 100 5 years 15.00 Restoration/Renovation of small tank. 50%

of the cost of renovation limited to Rs. 15,000/- per unit




Intervention) Pipe/pre-cast distribution

system 100 100 5 years 10.00 Pipe/pre-cast

distribution system. 50% of the cost of system limited to Rs. 10,000/- per ha.



Per drop more crop

Micro Irrigation at Open fieldDrip Irrigation

Systems (Wide spaced crop) 4m to <8m

40 40 Ha. 5 years 16.95 Spacing : 4m to <8m @ Rs 42,375/Ha



Per drop more crop

Micro Sprinkler Irrigation Systems (Closed spaced

crop) 40 40 Ha. 5 years 29.45 Small & Marginal Farmers & Rs. Rs

73,625/Ha

7 Champhai Miniistry of

Land Resources

On Farm Development

In Situ Moisture Conservation 100 100 Ha. 5 Years 4.00

In-situ moisture conservation: land leveling, field bunding, mulching, broad bed and furrow system, 50% of cost limited to

Rs.4,000/- per ha.


Sl.No.

Name of Block

Concerned Ministry Component Activity Total Number Command

Area (Ha) Period of

Implementation Estimated

Cost Remarks

8 Champhai Miniistry of Land Resources

Resource Conservation

Bench Terracing / Zing Terracing 100 100 Ha. 5 Years 20.00 50% of cost limited to Rs. 20,000/- per ha.

9 Champhai Gully Control Structure

Upper reach gully control bund(Earthen with vegetative support/loose boulder/gabion)

50 50 Ha. 5 Years 1.50

50% of the cost subject to a limit of Rs. 3,000/- per structure in case of individual and 100% in case of common land proposed in project mode with other activities.


Middle reach gully control bund (Earthen with vegetative support/loose boulder/check bund/gabions)

50 50 Ha. 5 Years 6.00

50% of cost subject to a limit of Rs. 12,000/- per structure in case of individual and 100% in case of common land proposed in project mode with other activities.


Lower reach gully control structure (Earthen with vegetative support/loose boulder/ check bund/gabions)

60 60 Ha. 5 Years 12.00


Total 282.40


Table 5.2 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Khawzawl Block,Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions)

Sl. No.

Name of Block





1 Khawzawl Ministry of







cum)





















Per drop more crop






Per drop more crop



73,625/Ha

7 Khawzawl Miniistry of

Land Resources

On Farm Development



Rs.4,000/- per ha.


Sl. No.

Name of Block


Area (Ha) Period of


Cost Remarks

8 Khawzawl Miniistry of

Land Resources



9 Khawzawl Gully Control Structure

Upper reach gully control bund(Earthen

with vegetative support/loose

boulder/gabion)

50 50 Ha. 5 Years 1.50



Middle reach gully control bund (Earthen

with vegetative support/loose boulder/check bund/gabions)

40 40 Ha. 5 Years 4.80 50% of cost subject to a limit of Rs. 12,000/- per structure in case of individual and 100% in case of common land proposed in project mode with other activities.


Lower reach gully control structure

(Earthen with vegetative support/loose boulder/ check bund/gabions)

50 50 Ha. 5 Years 10.00


Total 261.00


Table 5.3 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Ngopa Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions)

Sl. No.

Name of Block





1 Ngopa Ministry of







cum)

2 Ngopa Ministry of






3 Ngopa Ministry of






4 Ngopa Ministry of






5 Ngopa Ministry of


Per drop more crop




6 Ngopa Ministry of


Per drop more crop



73,625/Ha

7 Ngopa Miniistry of

Land Resources

On Farm Development



Rs.4,000/- per ha.


Sl.No.

Name of Block


Area (Ha) Period of


Cost Remarks

8 Ngopa Miniistry of

Land Resources



9 Ngopa Gully Control Structure



boulder/gabion)

50 50 Ha. 5 Years 1.50





50 50 Ha. 5 Years 6.00





60 60 Ha. 5 Years 12.00


Total 271.18


Table 5.4 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Khawbung Block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drops More Crop (Other Interventions)

Sl. No.

Name of Block





1 Khawbung Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers

Welfare






cum)


Welfare






Welfare






Welfare


Intervention) Pipe/pre-cast

distribution system 80 80 5 years 8.00 Pipe/pre-cast



Welfare

Per drop more crop





Welfare

Per drop more crop

Micro Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

(Closed spaced crop) 50 50 Ha. 5 years 36.81 Small & Marginal Farmers & Rs. Rs

73,625/Ha

7 Khawbung Miniistry of

Land Resources

On Farm Development



Rs.4,000/- per ha.


Sl.No.

Name of Block


Area (Ha) Period of


Cost Remarks

8 Khawbung Miniistry of

Land Resources



9 Khawbung Gully Control Structure



boulder/gabion)

30 30 Ha. 5 Years 0.90





60 60 Ha. 5 Years 7.20





50 50 Ha. 5 Years 10.00


Total 410.10


Table 5.6, Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in in Ngopa block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop

Category of farmers & Spacings

Average System Cost(per Ha) as

per scheme guidelines

(Rs. In lakhs)

Estimated No. of

beneficiaries

Targetted Area(Ha)

Total cost

of installation

(Rs. In lakh)

Sharing of amount among Central Govt. State Govt. and Beneficiary

Technology

Share of Central Govt/ Assistance Sought from DAC

&FW (Rs. In lakh) 54% of COI

Mandatory State Govt.

Share (Rs. In lakhs) (6% of COI)

Share of Beneficiary contribution (Rs. In lakh) (40% of COI)

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

A. Horticultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at Open field: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Wide spaced crop) S &M a) M. Orange 4m to < 8m 0.42375 5 15 6.35625 3.432375 0.381375 2.5425 b) Kiwi 4m to < 8m 0.42375 50 100 42.375 22.8825 2.5425 16.95 c) Dragon fruit 2m-4m 0.73 d) Grape 2m-4m 0.73 38 76 55.48 29.9592 3.3288 22.192 2) Drip Irirgation System (Closed spaced) S &M a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 7 7 8.75 4.725 0.525 3.5 b) Vegetables < 1.20m 1.25 9 9 11.25 6.075 0.675 4.5 c) Strawberry < 1.20m 1.25 2. Micro Irrigation under Protected Cultivation: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Closed spaced) S &M a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 10 10 12.5 6.75 0.75 5 b) Vegetables 1.20m 1.25 7 7 8.75 4.725 0.525 3.5 2) Micro Sprinkler Irirgation Systems S &M a) Vegetables < 1.20m 0.73625 7 7 5.15375 2.783025 0.309225 2.0615 b) Flowers < 1.20m 0.73625 10 10 7.3625 3.97575 0.44175 2.945 B. Agricultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at open field: a) Drip Irrigation Systems S &M b) Sugarcane etc 4m to 8m 0.42375 C. Training Programmes (3 Nos. of trainings) 0.50 per training 1.5 1.5

Sub Total 159.4775 86.80785 9.47865 63.191


Table 5.7 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in in Khawbung block, District under PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop

Technology Category of farmers

& Spacings

Average System Cost(per Ha) as

per scheme guidelines (Rs.

In lakhs)

Estimated No. of

beneficiaries Targetted Area(Ha)

Total cost of

installation (Rs. In lakh)

Share of Central Govt/ Assistance Sought from DAC &FW (Rs. In lakh)

54% of COI

Mandatory Tate Govt.

Share (Rs. In lakhs) (6% of COI)


Non DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non DPAP/DDP A. Horticultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at Open field: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Wide spaced crop) S &M

a) M. Orange 4m to < 8m 0.42375 72 216 91.53 49.4262 5.4918 36.612 b) Kiwi 4m to < 8m 0.42375 65 130 55.0875 29.74725 3.30525 22.035 c) Dragon fruit 2m-4m 0.73 190 190 138.7 74.898 8.322 55.48 d) Grape 2m-4m 0.73 50 100 73 39.42 4.38 29.2 2) Drip Irirgation System (Closed spaced) S &M 0 0 0 0 a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 95 95 118.75 64.125 7.125 47.5 b) Vegetables < 1.20m 1.25 120 120 150 81 9 60 c) Strawberry < 1.20m 1.25 150 150 187.5 101.25 11.25 75 2. Micro Irrigation under Protected Cultivation: 0 0 0 0 1) Drip Irrigation System (Closed spaced) S &M 0 0 0 0 a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 140 140 175 94.5 10.5 70 b) Vegetables 1.20m 1.25 112 112 140 75.6 8.4 56 2) Micro Sprinkler Irirgation Systems S &M 0 0 0 0 a) Vegetables < 1.20m 0.73625 100 100 73.625 39.7575 4.4175 29.45 b) Flowers < 1.20m 0.73625 110 110 80.9875 43.73325 4.85925 32.395 B. Agricultural Crop: 0 0 0 0 1. Micro Irrigation at open field: 0 0 0 0 a) Drip Irrigation Systems S &M 0 0 0 0 b) Sugarcane etc 4m to 8m 0.42375 554 1108 469.515 253.5381 28.1709 187.806 C. Training Programmes (27 Nos. of trainings) 0.50 per training 13.5 13.5 D. Administrative cost/contingency @ 5% 51.5047 51.5047

Grand Total: 1758 2571 1818.6997 1012 105.2217 701.478


Table 5.8 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in in Khawzawl block, Champhai District under PMKSY: per Drop More Crop Technology Category of

farmers & Spacings

Average System

Cost(per Ha) as per scheme

guidelines (Rs. In lakhs)

Estimated No. of

beneficiaries

Targetted Area(Ha)

Total cost of



54% of COI


Share (Rs. In

lakhs) (6% of COI)


NonDPAP/DDP Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP Non DPAP/DDP

Non DPAP/DDP

A. Horticultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at Open field: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Wide spaced crop) S &M a) M. Orange 4m to < 8m 0.42375 121 363 153.82125 83.063475 9.229275 61.5285 b) Kiwi 4m to < 8m 0.42375 100 200 84.75 45.765 5.085 33.9 c) Dragon fruit 2m-4m 0.73 200 200 146 78.84 8.76 58.4 d) Grape 2m-4m 0.73 180 180 131.4 70.956 7.884 52.56 2) Drip Irirgation System (Closed spaced) S &M a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 140 140 175 94.5 10.5 70 b) Vegetables < 1.20m 1.25 130 130 162.5 87.75 9.75 65 c) Strawberry < 1.20m 1.25 160 160 200 108 12 80 2. Micro Irrigation under Protected Cultivation: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Closed spaced) S &M a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 150 150 187.5 101.25 11.25 75 b) Vegetables 1.20m 1.25 134 134 167.5 90.45 10.05 67 2) Micro Sprinkler Irirgation Systems S &M a) Vegetables < 1.20m 0.73625 140 140 103.075 55.6605 6.1845 41.23 b) Flowers < 1.20m 0.73625 140 140 103.075 55.6605 6.1845 41.23 B. Agricultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at open field: a) Drip Irrigation Systems S &M b) Sugarcane etc 4m to 8m 0.42375 691 1382 585.6225 316.23615 35.13735 234.249 C. Training Programmes (27 Nos. of trainings) 0.50 per training 13.5 13.5 D. Administrative cost/contingency @ 5% 63.368375 63.368375

Grand Total: 2286 3319 2277.11213 1265 132.014625 880.0975


Table 5.9 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Champhai block, Champhai District under PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop

Technology Category of farmers

& Spacings

Average System

Cost(per Ha) as per scheme

guidelines (Rs. In lakhs)

Estimated No. of

beneficiaries Targetted Area(Ha)

Total cost of



54% of COI


Share (Rs. In

lakhs) (6% of COI)


Non DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP Non

DPAP/DDP A. Horticultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at Open field: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Wide spaced crop) S &M a) M. Orange 4m to < 8m 0.42375 154 462 195.7725 105.71715 11.74635 78.309 b) Kiwi 4m to < 8m 0.42375 150 300 127.125 68.6475 7.6275 50.85 c) Dragon fruit 2m-4m 0.73 250 250 182.5 98.55 10.95 73 d) Grape 2m-4m 0.73 230 230 167.9 90.666 10.074 67.16 2) Drip Irirgation System (Closed spaced) S &M a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 170 170 212.5 114.75 12.75 85 b) Vegetables < 1.20m 1.25 180 180 225 121.5 13.5 90 c) Strawberry < 1.20m 1.25 200 200 250 135 15 100 2. Micro Irrigation under Protected Cultivation: 1) Drip Irrigation System (Closed spaced) S &M a) Flowers < 1.20m 1.25 170 170 212.5 114.75 12.75 85 b) Vegetables 1.20m 1.25 170 170 212.5 114.75 12.75 85 2) Micro Sprinkler Irirgation Systems S &M a) Vegetables < 1.20m 0.73625 162 162 119.2725 64.40715 7.15635 47.709 b) Flowers < 1.20m 0.73625 160 160 117.8 63.612 7.068 47.12 B. Agricultural Crop: 1. Micro Irrigation at open field: a) Drip Irrigation Systems S &M b) Sugarcane etc 4m to 8m 0.42375 691 1732 733.935 396.3249 44.0361 293.574 C. Training Programmes (27 Nos. of trainings) 0.50 per training 13.5 13.5 D. Administrative cost/contingency @ 5% 78.8253 78.8253

Grand Total: 2687 4186 2849.1303 1581 165.4083 1102.722


Table 5.10 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Khawzawl block Champhai District

Sl.No

Name of

Block

No.of village covered

Concerned Ministry/ Dept. Activity

Total Number/ Capacity (Cum.)

Command Area/

Irrigation Potential (Ha.)

Period of Implementat

ion (5/7 Yrs)

Estimate Cost

(` in lakh)

1

K H A W Z A W L

24

Ministry of Rural Development

(MoRD) / Department of Land

Resources (DoLR)

Plantation including Horticulture, Afforestation, etc.

- 1150

5 years

176.32

Check Dams 128 250 192.93

Terrace 920 306 276.02

Contour & Trench 700 250 209.55

Bunding 640 160 192.93

Other Soil & Water Conservation 809 380 242.78

Water Harvesting Structure 325 580 292.63

Farm Pond 531 875 325.86

Percolation Tank 320 350 143.08

Pond/Fishery 465 470 209.55

Other WHS 470 470 141.82

All Livelihood Activities 270 - 267.06

All Production & Micro Enterprise Activities 986 - 296.73 Total 2967.26


Table 5.11 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Champhai block Champhai District

Sl. No

Name of

Block




Command Area/



ion (5/7 Yrs)

Estimate Cost

(` in lakh)

3

C H A M P H A I

21


(MoRD) / Department of

Land Resources (DoLR)


- 1600

5 years

249.64

Check Dams 116 210 174.77

Terrace 665 315 199.73


Bunding 457 220 137.34



Farm Pond 270 500 162.30



Other WHS 57 60 57.13


All Production & Micro Enterprise Activities 742 - 222.82

Total 2248.22


Table 5.12 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Khawbung block

Champhai District

Sl.No

Name of

Block




Command Area/



ion (5/7 Yrs)

Estimate Cost

(` in lakh)

2

K H A W B U N G

21


(MoRD) / Department of Land

Resources (DoLR)


- 1400

5 years

216.86

Check Dams 110 190 165.52

Terrace 808 380 242.53


Bunding 420 200 127.01



Farm Pond 340 610 204.02



Other WHS 73 75 73.00


All Production & Micro Enterprise Activities 764 - 229.20

Total 2292.01


Table 5.13 Strategic Action for Irrigation in District under PMKSY (Watershed Development Component), Ngopa block

Champhai District

Sl. No

Name of

Block




Command Area/



ion (5 / 7 Years)

Estimate Cost

(` in lakh)

4

N G O P A

7


(MoRD) / Department of

Land Resources (DoLR)

Plantation including Horticulture, Afforestation, etc. - 1100

5

166.82

Check Dams 74 140 111.22

Terrace 570 200 172.31


Bunding 230 110 69.92



Farm Pond 210 400 126.70



Other WHS 80 85 71.76


All Production & Micro Enterprise Activities 529 - 158.70 Total 1587.35


Table 5.14 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in Champhai District under PMKSY & MGNREGA

Sl. No

Name of Blocks/

Sub District No. of

Villages Concerned

Ministry/Department Component Activity Total

Number/Capacity (cum)

Command Area/Irrigation Potential(Ha)


(5/7 yrs)

Estimate cost

(in Lakh)

1 Ngopa RD Block

14

Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)/Department of Land Resources (DoLR)

Convergence with MGNREGA

Newly Created Water conservation 15 Nos 15 Ha

5 years

22.50 Water harvesting 20 Nos 25 Ha 30.00 Creation of Irrigation canals and Drains 25 Nos 30 Ha 28.75

Percolation Tank 100 Nos 50 Ha 15.00 Providing infrastructure for irrigation NIL NIL NIL Land Development 75 Nos 100 Ha 15.00

Renovation Renovation of water bodies including desilting 10 Nos 10 Ha

5 years 7.00

Renovation and maintenance of irrigation Canals Drains

15 Nos 20 Ha 7.50

Total 125.75


Sl. No

Name of Blocks/

Sub District No of

villages Concerned





(5/7 yrs)

Estimate cost

(in Lakh)

2 Khawbung RD Block

25




5 years


Percolation Tank 120 Nos 80 Ha 18.00 Providing infrastructure for irrigation NIL NIL NIL

Land Development 120 Nos 120 Ha 24.00 Renovation

Renovation of water bodies including desilting 55 Nos 50 Ha

5 years 38.50


30 Nos 40 Ha 15.00

Total 218.25


Sl. No

Name of Blocks/Sub

District

No of

villages Concerned





(5/7 yrs)

Estimate cost

(in Lakh)

3 Khawzawl RD Block

36




5 years

75.00 Water harvesting 75 Nos 90 Ha 112.50 Creation of Irrigation canals and Drains 30 Nos 45 Ha 34.50 Percolation Tank 200 Nos 100 Ha 30.00 Providing infrastructure for irrigation NIL NIL NIL



5 years 84.00


45 Nos 50 Ha 22.50

Total 548.50


Sl. No.

Name of Blocks/Sub

District

No of villages

Concerned





(5/7 yrs)

Estimate cost

(in Lakh)

4 Champhai RD Block

22




5 years


Percolation Tank 150 Nos 80 Ha 22.50 Providing infrastructure for irrigation NIL NIL NIL



5 years 45.50


40 Nos 40 Ha 20.00

Total 394.75


Table 5.15 Stretegic Plan of Surface Irrigation, CAD, RRR, Champhai District under PMKSY

Sl. No. Name Location RD Block Activity CCA (in Ha.) Total

cost Year wise Financial breakup (in lakhs) Spill

Over Total Agri Horti Total 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 CHAMPHAI BLOCK 1 Dimphai MIP Tualcheng Champhai Surface Irrigation 20.00 - 20.00 49.74 8.25 41.49 - - - - 49.74 2 Dihmunzau MIP Tlangsam Champhai Surface Irrigation 32.00 - 32.00 80.00 - 48.00 32.00 - - - 80.00 3 Zote-Tiau zau MIP Zote Champhai Surface Irrigation 48.00 - 48.00 120.00 - 48.00 72.00 - - - 120.00 4 Aitamzau MIP Ruantlang Champhai Surface Irrigation 18.00 - 18.00 45.00 - - 27.00 18.00 - - 45.00 5 Vanapa thlan zau MIP Vapar Champhai Surface Irrigation 52.00 - 52.00 130.00 - - - 52.00 78.00 - 130.00 6 Tuikualzau MIP N.Khawbung Champhai Surface Irrigation 15.00 - 15.00 37.50 - - - - 22.50 15.00 37.50 7 Phaichuanzau MIP Hmunhmeltha Champhai Surface Irrigation 45.00 - 45.00 112.50 - - - - 45.00 67.50 112.50

Sub-Total 230.00 - 230.00 574.74 8.25 137.49 131.00 70.00 145.50 82.50 574.74 1 Lungverh MIP Zotlang Champhai RRR of Water

bodies - - - 102.413 - 40.97 61.45 - - - 102.413

2 Tuipuite MIP Tlangsam Champhai RRR of Water bodies - - - 105.00 - - 42.00 63.00 - - 105.00

Sub-Total - - - 207.413 - 40.97 103.45 63.00 - - 207.413 1 Tuipui MIP Champhai Champhai Lift Irrigation 210.00 - 210.00 525.00 - - 210.00 315.00 - - 525.00

Sub-Total 210.00 - 210.00 525.00 - - 210.00 315.00 - - 525.00 1 Dimphai MIP Tualcheng Champhai CAD 20.00 - 20.00 23.69 7.11 7.11 9.48 - - - 23.69 2 Dihmunzau MIP Tlangsam Champhai CAD 32.00 - 32.00 35.20 - 10.56 10.56 14.08 - - 35.20 3 Zote-Tiau zau MIP Zote Champhai CAD 48.00 - 48.00 52.80 - 15.84 15.84 21.12 - - 52.80 4 Keilungliah MIP Champhai Champhai CAD 70.00 - 70.00 77.00 - 23.10 23.10 30.80 - - 77.00 5 Kanghlai MIP Champhai Champhai CAD 40.00 - 40.00 44.00 - 13.20 13.20 17.60 - - 44.00 6 Aitamzau MIP Ruantlang Champhai CAD 18.00 - 18.00 19.80 - - 5.94 5.94 7.92 - 19.80 7 Farluichhuah MIP Ruantlang Champhai CAD 40.00 - 40.00 44.00 - - 13.20 13.20 17.60 - 44.00 8 Banglalui MIP Tuipui Champhai CAD 15.00 - 15.00 16.50 - - 4.95 4.95 6.60 - 16.50 9 Vawngzawl(H) MIP Hmunhmeltha Champhai CAD 35.00 - 35.00 38.50 - - 11.55 11.55 15.40 - 38.50 10 Vanapa thlan zau MIP Vapar Champhai CAD 52.00 - 52.00 57.20 - - - 17.16 17.16 22.88 57.20 11 Anhling-Libial MIP Zote Champhai CAD 25.00 - 25.00 27.50 - - - 8.25 8.25 11.00 27.50 12 Lailiphai MIP Hnahlan Champhai CAD 100.00 - 100.00 110.00 - - - 33.00 33.00 44.00 110.00 13 Tuikualzau MIP N.Khawbung Champhai CAD 15.00 - 15.00 16.50 - - - - 4.95 11.55 16.50 14 Phaichuanzau MIP Hmunhmeltha Champhai CAD 45.00 - 45.00 49.50 - - - - 14.85 34.65 49.50 15 Dillui MIP Hnahlan Champhai CAD 30.00 - 30.00 33.00 - - - - 9.90 23.10 33.00 16 Zilhri MIP Ngur Champhai CAD 60.00 - 60.00 66.00 - - - - 19.80 46.20 66.00

Sub-Total 645.00 - 645.00 711.19 7.11 69.81 107.82 177.65 155.43 193.38 711.19

Grand Total 1,085.00 - ####### 2,018.34 15.36 248.26 552.26 625.65 300.93 275.88 2,018.34


Sl. No. Name Location RD Block Activity CCA (in Ha.) Total

cost Year wise Financial breakup (in lakhs) Spill

Over Total Agri Horti Total 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 KHAWBUNG BLOCK 1 Tlabung Ph-II MIP Vangchhia Khawbung Surface Irrigation 48.00 - 48.00 119.47 47.79 71.68 - - - - 119.47 2 Tuiaw MIP Khawbung(S) Khawbung Surface Irrigation 26.00 - 26.00 64.63 25.85 38.78 - - - - 64.63 3 Phunchawng Ph-II MIP Thekpui Khawbung Surface Irrigation 35.00 - 35.00 87.50 - - 35.00 52.50 - - 87.50 4 Chawngaw-Tiau MIP Farkawn Khawbung Surface Irrigation 55.00 - 55.00 137.50 - - 55.00 82.50 - - 137.50 5 Pumphir Zau MIP Farkawn Khawbung Surface Irrigation 5.00 95.00 100.00 250.00 - - - 150.00 100.00 - 250.00 6 Vawmkhum zau MIP Khawbung(S) Khawbung Surface Irrigation 26.00 26.00 65.00 - - - 39.00 26.00 - 65.00

Sub-Total 195.00 95.00 164.00 724.10 73.64 110.46 90.00 135.00 - - 724.10 1 Tlabung Ph-II MIP Vangchhia Khawbung CAD 48.00 - 48.00 50.25 15.08 15.08 20.10 - - - 50.25 2 Tuiaw MIP Khawbung(S) Khawbung CAD 26.00 - 26.00 29.49 8.85 8.85 11.80 - - - 29.49 3 Phunchawng Ph-II MIP Thekpui Khawbung CAD 35.00 - 35.00 38.50 - - 11.55 11.55 15.40 - 38.50 4 Chawngaw-Tiau MIP Farkawn Khawbung CAD 55.00 - 55.00 60.50 - - 18.15 18.15 24.20 - 60.50 5 Pumphir Zau MIP Farkawn Khawbung CAD 5.00 95.00 100.00 110.00 - - - 44.00 33.00 33.00 110.00 6 Vawmbuk zau MIP Khawbung(S) Khawbung CAD 26.00 26.00 28.60 - - - 11.44 8.58 8.58 28.60 7 Tlabung MIP Vangchhia Khawbung CAD 60.00 - 60.00 66.00 - - 19.80 19.80 26.40 - 66.00 8 Saikhumphai Ph-II MIP Vaphai Khawbung CAD 100.00 - 100.00 110.00 - - - 33.00 33.00 44.00 110.00 9 Khuailui MIP Sesih Khawbung CAD 90.00 - 90.00 99.00 - - - - 29.70 69.30 99.00 10 Sihmit MIP Bulfekzawl Khawbung CAD 60.00 - 60.00 66.00 - - - - 19.80 46.20 66.00

Sub-Total 505.00 95.00 600.00 658.34 23.92 23.92 81.40 137.94 190.08 201.08 658.34

Grand Total 700.00 ###### 764.00 1,382.44 97.56 134.38 171.40 272.94 190.08 201.08 1,382.44


Agri Horti Total 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20

1 Bawnzawl MIP Arro Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 35.00 - 35.00 87.15 16.50 70.65 - - - - 87.15 2 Lungdup MIP Dilkawn Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 22.00 30.00 52.00 130.00 - 78.00 52.00 - - - 130.00 3 Phaisen hnar MIP Khawzawl Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 24.00 1.00 25.00 62.50 - 25.00 37.50 - - - 62.50 4 Tuiphal Ph-II MIP Rabung Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 75.00 - 75.00 187.50 - 75.00 112.50 - - - 187.50 5 Hmunte zau MIP Biate Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 68.50 1.50 70.00 175.00 - - 70.00 105.00 - - 175.00 6 Lungva MIP Tlangpui Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 65.00 65.00 162.50 - - - 65.00 97.50 - 162.50 7 Phaizau MIP Chhawrtui Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 38.50 1.50 40.00 100.00 - - - - 60.00 40.00 100.00 8 Raifan MIP Khawhai Khawzawl Surface Irrigation 21.50 1.50 23.00 57.50 - - - - 34.50 23.00 57.50

349.50 35.50 257.00 962.15 16.50 248.65 272.00 - 192.00 63.00 962.15

1 Bawnzawl MIP Arro Khawzawl CAD 35.00 - 35.00 37.77 11.33 11.33 15.11 - - - 37.77 2 Lungdup MIP Dilkawn Khawzawl CAD 22.00 30.00 52.00 57.20 - 17.16 17.16 22.88 - - 57.20 3 Phaisen hnar MIP Khawzawl Khawzawl CAD 24.00 1.00 25.00 27.50 - 8.25 8.25 11.00 - - 27.50 4 Tuiphal Ph-II MIP Rabung Khawzawl CAD 75.00 - 75.00 82.50 - 24.75 24.75 33.00 - - 82.50 5 Lower Tuimuk MIP Khawzawl Khawzawl CAD 40.00 - 40.00 44.00 - 13.20 13.20 17.60 - - 44.00 6 Tuichanghnar MIP Khawzawl Khawzawl CAD 20.00 - 20.00 22.00 - 6.60 6.60 8.80 - - 22.00 7 Hmunte zau MIP Biate Khawzawl CAD 68.50 1.50 70.00 77.00 - - 23.10 23.10 30.80 - 77.00 8 Lungva MIP Tlangpui Khawzawl CAD 65.00 - 65.00 71.50 - - - 21.45 21.45 28.60 71.50 9 Phaizau MIP Chhawrtui Khawzawl CAD 38.50 1.50 40.00 44.00 - - - - 13.20 30.80 44.00 10 Raifan MIP Khawhai Khawzawl CAD 21.50 1.50 23.00 25.30 - - - - 7.59 17.71 25.30 11 Phaitha MIP Khawzawl Khawzawl CAD 50.00 - 50.00 55.00 - - - - 16.50 38.50 55.00

459.50 35.50 495.00 543.77 11.33 81.29 108.17 137.83 89.54 115.61 543.77 809.00 71.00 752.00 1,505.92 27.83 329.94 380.17 137.83 281.54 178.61 1,505.92

Sub-TotalG. Total

CCA (in Ha.)Total cost

Year wise Financial breakup (in lakhs) Spill Over

Total

KHAWZAWL BLOCK

Sl. No. Name Location RD Block Activity

Sub-Total


Agri Horti Total 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20

1 Khuangthlilui MIP Pawlrang Ngopa Surface Irrigation 5.00 75.00 80.00 200.00 - 80.00 120.00 - - - 200.00 2 Aidul MIP Teikhang Ngopa Surface Irrigation 81.00 2.00 83.00 207.50 - - 83.00 124.50 - - 207.50 3 Tuila MIP N.E Khawdungsei Ngopa Surface Irrigation 20.00 20.00 50.00 - - - 20.00 30.00 - 50.00 4 Hanzang lui MIP Mimbung Ngopa Surface Irrigation 89.00 1.00 90.00 225.00 - - - 90.00 135.00 - 225.00 5 Tuipet MIP Mimbung Ngopa Surface Irrigation 60.00 60.00 150.00 - - - 60.00 90.00 - 150.00

255.00 78.00 333.00 832.50 - 80.00 203.00 294.50 255.00 - 832.50

1 Khuangthlilui MIP Pawlrang Ngopa CAD 5.00 75.00 80.00 88.00 - 26.40 26.40 35.20 - - 88.00 2 Baklui MIP Hrianghmun Ngopa CAD 70.00 70.00 77.00 - 23.10 23.10 30.80 - - 77.00 3 Aidul MIP Teikhang Ngopa CAD 81.00 2.00 83.00 91.30 - - 27.39 27.39 36.52 - 91.30 4 Vawngzawl(T) MIP Teikhang Ngopa CAD 40.00 40.00 44.00 - - 13.20 13.20 17.60 - 44.00 5 Tuila MIP N.E Khawdungsei Ngopa CAD 20.00 20.00 22.00 - - - 6.60 6.60 8.80 22.00 6 Hanzang lui MIP Mimbung Ngopa CAD 89.00 1.00 90.00 99.00 - - - 29.70 29.70 39.60 99.00 7 Tuipet MIP Mimbung Ngopa CAD 60.00 60.00 66.00 - - - 19.80 19.80 26.40 66.00 8 Phaltechhuah MIP Pawlrang Ngopa CAD 20.00 20.00 22.00 - - - 6.60 6.60 8.80 22.00 9 Tuingo MIP Kawlbem Ngopa CAD 40.00 40.00 44.00 - - - 13.20 13.20 17.60 44.00

425.00 78.00 503.00 553.30 - 49.50 90.09 182.49 130.02 101.20 553.30 680.00 156.00 836.00 1,385.80 - 129.50 293.09 476.99 385.02 101.20 1,385.80

3,274.00 417.00 3,437.00 6,292.503 140.75 842.09 1,396.92 1,513.41 1,157.57 756.77 6,292.503

Sub-Total

Sub-TotalG. Total

OVERALL. Total

CCA (in Ha.) Total cost Year wise Financial breakup (in lakhs) Spill Over

Total

NGOPA BLOCK

Sl. No. Name Location RD Block Activity


Table 5.16 Budget Details for Proposed Component in the District Irrigation Plan of Champhai District

Sl. No. Department Component Amount

(Rs. in Lakh) 1 Agriculture Department PMKSY Per Drop More Crop (Other Intervention) 1224.68 2 Horticulture Department PMKSY Per Drop More Crop (Micro Irrigation) 7104.42 3 Rural Development Department PMKSY Watershed (IWMP) 9094.84 4 Minor Irrigation Department a) PMKSY (Har Khet Ko Pani) 6292.503 5 PMKSY : MGNREGA MGNREGA 1287.25

Total 25003.693


Table 5.17 Population Census of Champhai District, Mizoram.

District Code

Town/Village Code

Name of Village

Rural/ Urban

No. of Household

Total population

Total Popu Male

Total Popu

Female

Age Group 0 - 6

years

Schedule Caste

Schedule Tribe Literates Total

Workers Main

Workers

284 000000 Champhai Rural 15452 77216 39110 38106 13256 10 75747 61022 39067 36363 284 000000 Champhai Urban 10068 48529 24278 24251 7389 7 47719 39780 21275 16748 284 000000 Champhai Total 25520 125745 63388 62357 20645 17 123466 100802 60342 53111 284 000000 Ngopa Rural 3822 18730 9543 9187 3220 3 18194 14636 9568 8731 284 000000 Ngopa Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 284 271289 Chiahpui Rural 167 864 421 443 174 0 852 648 472 337 284 271290 N.E.Khawdungsei Rural 400 1825 929 896 304 0 1805 1461 941 893 284 271291 Khawkawn Rural 161 908 452 456 153 0 901 739 407 323 284 271292 Mimbung Rural 357 1990 1021 969 305 0 1985 1602 960 947 284 271293 Hrianghmun Rural 115 583 299 284 111 0 583 396 301 293 284 271294 Teikhang Rural 325 1744 868 876 337 0 1725 1229 893 850 284 271295 Kawlbem Rural 268 1479 735 744 332 0 1451 998 682 679 284 271297 Ngopa Rural 945 4155 2168 1987 607 3 3818 3403 1952 1682 284 271298 Selam Rural 209 1017 524 493 228 0 963 780 472 463 284 271299 Lamzawl Rural 72 350 183 167 58 0 339 280 229 223 284 271300 Pawlrang Rural 205 896 429 467 172 0 891 715 520 520 284 271301 Changzawl Rural 106 452 255 197 57 0 437 371 301 247 284 271302 Hliappui Rural 321 1547 786 761 224 0 1529 1284 952 809 284 271303 Hliappui S. Rural 2 16 7 9 5 0 16 11 9 9 284 271304 Saichal Rural 169 904 466 438 153 0 899 719 477 456

284 000000 Ngopa Total 3822 18730 9543 9187 3220 3 18194 14636 9568 8731


District Code

Town/Village Code

Name of Village

Rural/ Urban

No. of Household

Total population

Total Popu Male

Total Popu

Female

Age Group 0 - 6

years

Schedule Caste


Workers Main

Workers

284 000000 Khawzawl Rural 4518 22413 11313 11100 3756 1 22027 17770 11352 10496 284 000000 Khawzawl Urban 2821 13518 6879 6639 2075 1 13358 11076 5366 4485 284 271305 Dulte Rural 194 908 446 462 133 0 899 758 491 486 284 271306 Kawlkulh Rural 700 3094 1531 1563 406 0 2970 2550 1491 1397 284 271309 Vankal Rural 77 326 182 144 36 0 309 281 207 206 284 271310 Khualen Rural 50 239 129 110 42 0 204 182 93 71 284 271311 Rabung Rural 295 1528 777 751 304 0 1515 1151 791 791 284 271312 Aiduzawl Rural 61 326 161 165 62 0 320 256 181 180 284 271313 Pamchung Rural 63 303 151 152 68 0 302 235 189 179 284 271314 Tualpui Rural 113 589 290 299 102 0 586 454 321 321 284 271315 Ngaizawl Rural 144 797 397 400 197 0 792 511 354 251 284 271316 Neihdawn Rural 116 607 295 312 106 0 607 487 339 339 284 271318 Arro Rural 42 156 87 69 28 0 155 117 102 100 284 271319 Puilo Rural 96 474 265 209 84 0 473 378 271 271 284 271320 Chhawrtui Rural 194 1011 524 487 152 0 1007 820 554 552 284 271321 Hmuncheng Rural 74 347 183 164 86 0 342 217 160 158 284 271322 Chawngtlai Rural 325 1638 847 791 250 0 1629 1297 967 950 284 271324 Mualzen Rural 3 12 6 6 1 0 12 11 8 8 284 271325 Tuipui Rural 95 461 217 244 75 0 443 386 229 225 284 271326 Mualkawi Rural 128 664 335 329 129 0 660 524 243 236 284 271327 Melbuk (Khawnuam) Rural 123 533 268 265 98 0 532 410 205 193 284 271328 Kelkang Rural 220 1039 527 512 167 0 1036 851 513 512 284 271329 Tualte Rural 207 1177 594 583 169 0 1165 984 614 606 284 271330 Vangtlang Rural 93 521 280 241 72 0 517 445 299 299 284 271331 Chalrang Rural 137 696 351 345 116 0 676 569 457 269 284 271332 New Chalrang Rural 101 550 271 279 78 0 541 463 291 244


284 271333 Melhnih (Chalrang) Rural 13 28 19 9 3 0 24 14 25 25 284 271334 Lungtan Rural 115 658 340 318 119 0 658 519 354 354 284 271335 Tlangmawi Rural 47 257 133 124 44 0 254 206 143 143 284 271337 Dilkawn Rural 191 842 408 434 131 0 830 697 466 282 284 271338 Zokhawthar Rural 501 2632 1299 1333 498 1 2569 1997 994 848 284 801508 Khawzawl (NT) Urban 2306 11022 5616 5406 1746 1 10879 8964 3958 3120 284 801508 Khawzawl (NT) WARD NO.-0001 Urban 471 2196 1113 1083 338 0 2188 1779 461 443 284 801508 Khawzawl (NT) WARD NO.-0002 Urban 503 2465 1256 1209 368 0 2430 2032 862 710 284 801508 Khawzawl (NT) WARD NO.-0003 Urban 383 1841 932 909 297 0 1811 1483 615 454 284 801508 Khawzawl (NT) WARD NO.-0004 Urban 493 2327 1193 1134 378 1 2285 1884 903 677 284 801508 Khawzawl (NT) WARD NO.-0005 Urban 456 2193 1122 1071 365 0 2165 1786 1117 836 284 801509 Khawhai (NT) Urban 515 2496 1263 1233 329 0 2479 2112 1408 1365 284 801509 Khawhai (NT) WARD NO.-0001 Urban 515 2496 1263 1233 329 0 2479 2112 1408 1365

284 000000 Khawzawl Total 7339 35931 18192 17739 5831 2 35385 28846 16718 14981


District Code

Town/Village Code

Name of Village

Rural/ Urban

No. of Household

Total population

Total Popu Male

Total Popu

Female

Age Group 0 - 6

years

Schedule Caste


Workers Main

Workers

284 000000 Champhai Rural 1955 10306 5250 5056 2103 4 10129 7777 5268 4894 284 000000 Champhai Urban 6756 32734 16265 16469 5065 6 32115 26713 14826 11199 284 271339 Vaikhawtlang Rural 168 938 475 463 185 0 935 710 387 378 284 271340 Murlen Rural 86 510 271 239 107 0 509 396 274 274 284 271341 Tualcheng Rural 157 770 384 386 136 0 768 614 412 410 284 271342 Lungphunlian Rural 81 384 204 180 72 0 375 311 238 236 284 271343 Khuangphah Rural 129 728 372 356 166 0 722 506 340 337 284 271344 Hnahlan Rural 569 3157 1602 1555 575 2 3059 2400 1735 1725 284 271345 N.E.Diltlang Rural 68 379 196 183 85 0 377 288 191 190 284 271346 Vapar Rural 184 891 481 410 205 2 868 617 401 357 284 271347 Ngur Rural 335 1674 826 848 382 0 1656 1257 983 707 284 271348 N.Khawbung Rural 178 875 439 436 190 0 860 678 307 280 284 801510 Champhai (NT) Urban 6756 32734 16265 16469 5065 6 32115 26713 14826 11199 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0001 Urban 604 2901 1465 1436 409 4 2806 2421 1012 850 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0002 Urban 475 2319 1163 1156 317 1 2214 1956 845 811 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0003 Urban 1011 4736 2293 2443 681 0 4679 3939 1839 1441 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0004 Urban 731 3417 1715 1702 558 0 3387 2688 1861 1404 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0005 Urban 594 2891 1378 1513 447 0 2844 2396 1113 1001 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0006 Urban 193 1034 511 523 201 1 1028 761 379 305 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0007 Urban 791 3976 1993 1983 621 0 3936 3250 1677 897 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0008 Urban 311 1419 678 741 239 0 1370 1152 519 392 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0009 Urban 347 1662 833 829 281 0 1652 1271 609 545 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0010 Urban 297 1299 651 648 196 0 1286 1074 780 575 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0011 Urban 286 1405 694 711 208 0 1400 1163 800 460 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0012 Urban 392 1874 970 904 286 0 1733 1543 1187 794 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0013 Urban 453 2351 1179 1172 405 0 2334 1900 1149 1091 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0014 Urban 46 199 96 103 39 0 198 146 99 95 284 801510 Champhai (NT) WARD NO.-0015 Urban 225 1251 646 605 177 0 1248 1053 957 538 284 000000 Champhai Total 8711 43040 21515 21525 7168 10 42244 34490 20094 16093


District Code

Town/Village Code

Name of Village

Rural/ Urban

No. of Household

Total population

Total Popu Male

Total Popu

Female

Age Group 0 - 6

years

Schedule Caste


Workers Main

Workers

284 000000 Khawbung Rural 4479 22137 11195 10942 3684 2 21819 17743 10934 10408 284 000000 Khawbung Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 284 271349 Zawngtetui Rural 44 201 110 91 46 0 197 147 93 93 284 271350 Buang Rural 88 480 254 226 85 0 480 383 205 199 284 271351 Khuangleng Rural 334 1686 846 840 299 0 1674 1353 843 835 284 271352 Bulfekzawl Rural 61 351 184 167 62 0 350 287 109 108 284 271353 Hruaikawn (old) Rural 77 395 206 189 73 0 395 312 113 111 284 271354 Hruaikawn (New) Rural 39 178 92 86 41 0 177 120 88 88 284 271355 Sesih Rural 239 1227 596 631 233 0 1225 945 621 520 284 271356 Leisenzo Rural 155 796 397 399 118 0 795 628 409 404 284 271357 Bungzung Rural 225 1038 523 515 154 0 1036 861 440 438 284 271358 Vanzau Rural 149 657 345 312 112 0 649 475 242 242 284 271360 Dungtlang (New) Rural 185 892 445 447 162 0 882 704 380 380 284 271361 Leithum Rural 108 546 269 277 82 0 538 442 269 269 284 271362 Sazep Rural 111 649 326 323 108 0 628 506 234 234 284 271363 Lianpui Rural 120 531 280 251 91 0 525 415 298 291 284 271364 Vangchhia Rural 153 837 424 413 167 0 815 649 354 343 284 271365 Vaphai Rural 454 2252 1144 1108 419 0 2203 1746 1123 1108 284 271366 Samthang (old) Rural 190 908 463 445 111 0 902 786 510 496 284 271367 Samthang (New) Rural 13 52 29 23 8 0 52 44 32 32 284 271368 S.Khawbung Rural 444 2097 1071 1026 290 2 2025 1764 1111 1015 284 271369 Zawlsei Rural 96 492 230 262 59 0 487 422 290 195 284 271370 E.Chawngtui Rural 59 290 147 143 70 0 288 209 144 75 284 271371 Farkawn Rural 553 2700 1348 1352 374 0 2641 2271 1567 1488 284 271372 Thekte Rural 103 489 246 243 88 0 479 362 175 161 284 271373 Khankawn Rural 124 638 327 311 137 0 631 482 345 345 284 271374 Thekpui Rural 62 320 170 150 60 0 315 249 177 176 284 271375 Khuangthing Rural 293 1435 723 712 235 0 1430 1181 762 762

284 000000 Khawbung Total 4479 22137 11195 10942 3684 2 21819 17743 10934 10408


District Code

Town/Village Code

Name of Village

Rural/ Urban

No. of Household

Total population

Total Popu Male

Total Popu

Female

Age Group 0 - 6

years

Schedule Caste


Workers Main

Workers

284 000000 East Lungdar (Part) Rural 678 3630 1809 1821 493 0 3578 3096 1945 1834 284 000000 East Lungdar (Part) Urban 491 2277 1134 1143 249 0 2246 1991 1083 1064 284 271376 Tlangpui Rural 147 846 431 415 155 0 839 685 462 462 284 271377 Sialhawk Rural 430 2279 1119 1160 271 0 2258 1988 1188 1090 284 271378 Riangtlei Rural 101 505 259 246 67 0 481 423 295 282 284 801511 Biate (NT) Urban 491 2277 1134 1143 249 0 2246 1991 1083 1064 284 801511 Biate (NT) WARD NO.-0001 Urban 491 2277 1134 1143 249 0 2246 1991 1083 1064

284 000000 East Lungdar (Part) Total 1169 5907 2943 2964 742 0 5824 5087 3028 2898


Annexure 1 Table of collating information

S.N

o

Nam

e of

the

Blo

cks/

Sub

Dis

tric

ts

Con

cern

ed

Min

istr

y/

Dep

artm

ent

Com

pone

nt

Act

ivity

Tot

al

Num

ber/

Ca

paci

ty

(Cum

) C

omm

and

Are

a/

Irri

gatio

n Po

tent

ial

(Ha)

Peri

od o

f Im

plem

enta

tions

(5/ 7

yrs

)

Est

imat

ed

Cos

t (in

Rs)

la

khs

1 MoWR AIBP Major Irrigation

2 MoWR Medium Irrigation

4 Champhai MoWR Har khet ko pani Lift Irrigation 1 210 5 525.00 6 Champhai MoWR Har khet ko pani RRR of water

bodies 2 48 5 207.41

7.1 & 7.2

Champhai MoWR Har khet ko pani CAD 16 645 5 711.19 Khawbung 10 600 5 658.34 Khawzawl 11 495 5 543.77

Ngopa 9 503 5 553.30 7.1 &

7.2

Champhai MoWR Har khet ko pani Surface irrigation

7 230 5 574.74 Khawbung 6 164 5 724.10 Khawzawl 8 257 5 962.15

Ngopa 5 333 5 832.50 19.1 Champhai MoA&FF Per drop more crop

(other intervention) Secondary

Storage structure

50 200 5 100.00

17.1 Champhai MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)

Farm ponds 75 150 5 67.50


Tank Renovation &

Restoration

100 100 5 15.00


Pipe/pre-cast distribution

100 0 5 10.00


Micro Irrigation at Open

field Drip Irrigation Systems

40 40 Ha. 5 16.95


Micro Sprinkler Irrigation

40 40 Ha. 5 29.45

16 Champhai MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)

In Situ Moisture Conservation

100 100 Ha. 5 4.00


16 Champhai MoLD Per drop more crop (other intervention)

Bench Terracing /

Zing Terracing

100 100 Ha. 5 20.00


Upper reach gully

control bund

50 50 Ha. 5 1.50


Middle reach gully control

50 50 Ha. 5 6.00


Lower reach gully control

60 60 Ha. 5 12.00

19.1 Khawzawl MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)

Secondary Storage structure

50 nos 200 5 100.00

17 Khawzawl MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)

Farm ponds 70 2,000 5 140.00


Tank Renovation &

Restoration

50 50 5 45.00



50 50 5 7.50


Micro Irrigation at

Open field Drip Irrigation Systems

50 50 5 5.00

Khawzawl MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)


20 20 Ha. 5 8.48



20 20 Ha. 5 14.72


Bench Terracing /

Zing Terracing

100 100 Ha. 5 4.00


Upper reach gully

control bund

100 100 Ha. 5 20.00



50 50 Ha. 5 1.50



40 40 Ha. 5 4.80


19.1 Ngopa MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)


60 2,000 5 120.00

17 Ngopa MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)

Farm ponds 60 60 5 54.00


Tank Renovation &

Restoration

80 80 5 12.00



80 80 5 years 8.00


Micro Irrigation at


30 30 Ha. 5 12.71

Ngopa MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)


35 35 Ha. 5 25.77



80 80 Ha. 5 3.20


Bench Terracing /

Zing Terracing

80 80 Ha. 5 16.00


Upper reach gully

control bund

50 50 Ha. 5 1.50



50 50 Ha. 5 6.00



60 60 Ha. 5 12.00

19.1 Khawbung MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)


100 200 5 200.00


17 Khawbung MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)

Farm ponds 100 100 5 90.00


Tank Renovation &

Restoration

80 80 5 12.00



80 80 5 8.00


Micro Irrigation at


50 50 Ha. 5 21.19

Khawbung MoA&FF Per drop more crop (other intervention)


50 50 Ha. 5 36.81


In Situ Moisture

Conservation

100 100 Ha. 5 4.00


Bench Terracing /

Zing Terracing

100 100 Ha. 5 20.00


Upper reach gully

control bund

30 30 Ha. 5 0.90



60 60 Ha. 5 7.20



50 50 Ha. 5 10.00


17.2 Khawzawl MoRD&DoLR

IWMP Plantation including

Horticulture, Afforestation,

etc.

- 250 5 176.32


IWMP Check Dams 128 1150 5 192.93

16 Khawzawl MoRD&DoLR

IWMP Terrace 920 250 5 276.02


IWMP Contour & Trench

700 306 5 209.55


IWMP Bunding 640 250 5 192.93


IWMP Other Soil & Water

Conservation

809 160 5 242.78


IWMP Water Harvesting Structure

325 380 5 292.63


IWMP Farm Pond 531 580 5 325.86


IWMP Percolation Tank

320 875 5 143.08


IWMP Pond/Fishery 465 350 5 209.55

Khawzawl MoRD&DoLR

IWMP Other WHS 470 470 5 141.82

Khawzawl MoRD&DoLR

IWMP All Livelihood Activities

270 470 5 267.06

Khawzawl MoRD&DoLR

IWMP All Production & Micro-enterprise Activities

986 - 5 296.73

Champhai MoRD&DoLR



etc.

- 1600 5 249.64

17.2 Champhai MoRD&DoLR

IWMP Checkdams 116 210 5 174.77


IWMP Terrace 665 315 5 199.73

16 Champhai MoRD&DoLR


500 230 5 149.82


IWMP Bunding 457 220 5 137.34




Conservation

541 250 5 162.30



249 480 5 244.68


IWMP Farm pond 270 500 5 162.30



220 410 5 99.91


IWMP Pond/ Fishery 416 800 5 187.25


IWMP Other WHS 57 60 5 57.13

Champhai MoRD&DoLR


200 - 5 200.53

Champhai MoRD&DoLR


742 - 5 222.82

Khawbung MoRD&DoLR



etc.

- 1400 5 216.86

17.2 Khawbung MoRD&DoLR



IWMP Terrace 808 380 5 242.53

16 Khawbung MoRD&DoLR


508 250 5 152.68


IWMP Bunding 420 200 5 127.01



Conservation

594 270 5 178.35



283 590 5 255.36


IWMP Farm pond 340 610 5 204.02



225 400 5 101.34






Khawbung MoRD&DoLR


206 - 5 206.29

Khawbung MoRD&DoLR


764 - 5 229.20

Ngopa MoRD&DoLR



etc.

- 1100 5 166.82

17.2 Ngopa MoRD&DoLR



IWMP Terrace 570 200 5 172.31

16 Ngopa MoRD&DoLR


350 120 5 105.06

16 Ngopa MoRD&DoLR

IWMP Bunding 230 110 5 69.92

15 Ngopa MoRD&DoLR


Conservation

370 160 5 110.98



190 220 5 174.13


IWMP Farm pond 210 400 5 126.70



140 150 5 63.11





Ngopa MoRD&DoLR


142 - 5 142.94

Ngopa MoRD&DoLR


529 - 5 158.70

8 Ngopa MoA&FF Per drop more crop Micro Irrigation at Open field :

241 241 5 159.47

8 Khawbung MoA&FF Per drop more crop Micro Irrigation at Open field :

2571 2571 5 1818.69


8 Khawzawl MoA&FF Per drop more crop Micro Irrigation at Open field :

3319 3319 5 2277.11

8 Champhai MoA&FF Per drop more crop Micro Irrigation at Open field :

4186 4186 5 2849.13


MGNREGS Water conservation

15 Nos 15 Ha 5 22.50


MGNREGS Water harvesting

20 Nos 25 Ha 2 30.00


MGNREGS Creation of Irrigation canals and

Drains

25 Nos 30 Ha 5 28.75


MGNREGS Percolation Tank

100 Nos

50 Ha 5 15.00


MGNREGS Providing infrastructure for irrigation

NIL NIL 5 NIL


MGNREGS Land Development

75 Nos 100 Ha 5 15.00


MGNREGS Renovation of water bodies

including desilting

10 Nos 10 Ha 5 7.00


MGNREGS Renovation and

maintenance of irrigation

Canals Drains

15 Nos 20 Ha 5 7.50



30 Nos 40 Ha 5 37.50



35 Nos 65 Ha 5 45.00



Drains

120 Nos

80 Ha 5 40.25



NIL NIL 5 18.00



120 Nos

120 Ha 5 NIL




14 9 5 24.00



including desilting

55 Nos 50 Ha 5 38.50




Canals Drains

30 Nos 40 Ha 5 15.00



50 Nos 50 Ha 5 75.00



75 Nos 90 Ha 5 112.50



Drains

30 Nos 45 Ha 5 34.50



200 Nos

100 Ha 5 30.00



NIL NIL 5 NIL



950 Nos

950 Ha 5 190.00



including desilting

120 Nos

100 Ha 5 84.00




Canals Drains

45 Nos 50 Ha 5 22.50



50 Nos 50 Ha 5 75.00



70 Nos 80 Ha 5 105.00



Drains

45 Nos 45 Ha 5 51.75



150 Nos

80 Ha 5 22.50




NIL NIL 5 NIL



375 Nos

375 Ha 5 75.00



including desilting

65 Nos 65 Ha 5 45.50




Canals Drains

40 Nos 40 Ha 5 20.00

DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN - PMKSY · 2016-09-02 · District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page...

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Transcript of DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN - PMKSY · 2016-09-02 · District Irrigation Plan, Champhai District Page...