DISTRIBUTION, PROPERTIES, AND CARBON STOCK DISTRIBUTION, PROPERTIES, AND CARBON STOCK OF INDONESIAN PEATLAND OF INDONESIAN PEATLAND

Wahyunto, Ai Dariah and Fahmuddin AgusWahyunto wt@yahoo co idWahyunto_wt@yahoo.co.id

Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and DevelopmentCenter for Agricultural Land Resources Research and DevelopmentSoil Research Institute

INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Outline :Outline :Outline :Outline :

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEATLAND

A LOWLAND PEATS OF INDONESIA Extent and distribution, Below ground carbon stock

BULK DENSITY OF PEATSOILS IN VARIOUS LANDUSE

PEAT DECOMPOSITION IN VARIOUS LANDUSEP AT COMPOSITION IN VARIOUS AN US

PEATLAND UTILIZED PROBLEM

ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY ON SOIL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES WITH LOW EMISSION ON PEATSOIL CARBON

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Indonesian peatland 20.9 M ha (11.1% of Indon land areas),

carbon stock 33,000 M ton to 55,000 M ton, and high emission rate upon clearing and drying

Peatland have a great potential for carbon storage Peatland forests are under tremendous pressure from agric / silviculture devolopment and logging From 1985 to agric./ silviculture devolopment and logging. From 1985 to 2000 about 1.3% (260,000 ha) per year are deforested

It is indicates a wide range a below ground carbon stock in It is indicates a wide range a below ground carbon stock in peatland. Peat depth and the influence of mineral layer determine dominantly the carbon content.

Pl i th i d f tl d ith l b Planning the wise used of peatland with low carbon emission will be a challenge in the future Regional Dev.planning

There is opportunity of compensation through REDD+ if the carbon stock in peatland could be conserved

Paper describes: Indon carbon stock of peatland and its properties based on survey during 2000-2009

Source Of Peat Soil data were UsedSource Of Peat Soil data were UsedSource Of Peat Soil data were UsedSource Of Peat Soil data were Used

East Kalimantan: 46 Site, 174 soil samples data analysis

West Kalimantan: 31 Site, 245 soil samples

West Sumatra: 9 site, 39 soil samples, p

Krueng Tripa Aceh, NAD: 15 sites, 94 soil samples

total: 101 site --> 552 soil sample Lab analysis

Peatland Map of Sumatra, Kalimantan

BD, C-Org, Carbon Density of peat soil depth increment by landuse/land cover - 1

Peat Depth of Soil C-Org Bulk Carbon No. Observer Thickness Soil sample Landuse/ Peat Content Density Density

Code (Cm) Analysis (cm) landcover Maturity (%) (gr/cm3) kg/m3

Nr. 9/I 330 0-20 Sec Forest saprik 38.25 0.25 94.37Nr. 9/II 20-40 fibrik 32.23 0.20 63.33

1 Nr. 9/III 40-60 fibrik 42.55 0.12 52.19Nr 9/IV 60-80 fibrik 35 64 0 08 27 06Nr. 9/IV 60 80 fibrik 35.64 0.08 27.06Nr. 9 (average) 330 0-20 saprik 37.17 0.16 59.24

Nr. 21/I 155 0-20 Sec Forest hemik 46.74 0.14 66.94Nr. 21/II 20-40 hemik 52.97 0.10 54.82

2 Nr. 21/III 40-60 fibrik 49.65 0.08 41.88Nr. 21/IV 60-80 fibrik 46.12 0.08 37.39Nr. 21(Average) 155 0-20 hemik 48.80 0.10 50.26

Hs. 5/I 175 0-20 Sec Forest fibrik 34.38 0.12 41.87Hs. 5/II 20-40 fibrik 50.76 0.12 60.37

3 Hs. 5/III 40-60 fibrik 49.08 0.09 41.88Hs. 5/IV 60-80 fibrik 38.13 0.09 34.33Hs. 5(Average) 175 0-20 fibrik 43.08 0.10 44.61

Hs. 11/I 90 0-20sec forest/bush saprik 45.86 0.15 68.64

4 Hs. 11/II 20-40 saprik 38.67 0.13 51.32pHs. 11/III 40-60 fibrik 49.99 0.11 53.76Hs. 11(Average) 60-80 12.28 0.08 10.36

Nr. 24/I 90 0-20 Sec Forest saprik 45.46 0.27 123.90Nr. 24/II 20-40 slash & burn saprik 44.70 0.19 84.61

5 Nr. 24/III 40-60 hemik 40.99 0.09 37.54Nr. 24/IV 60-80 hemik 35.86 0.15 55.20Nr. 24(Average) 90 0-20 saprik 41.75 0.17 75.31Nr. 12/I 320 0-20 Sec.Forest/ hemik 31.23 0.14 45.03Nr. 12/II 20-40 Sawah hemik 35.91 0.13 45.14

6 Nr. 12/III 40-60 fibrik 37.48 0.10 37.52Nr. 12/IV 60-80 fibrik 41.76 0.08 33.17Nr. 12(Average) 320 0-20 hemik 36.56 0.11 40.22Nr. 22/I 190 0-20

sec forest/bush saprik 43.16 0.16 67.76

Nr. 22/II 20-40 sawah saprik 54.61 0.16 85.087 N 22/III 40 60 fib ik 46 97 0 15 70 207 Nr. 22/III 40-60 fibrik 46.97 0.15 70.20

Nr. 22/IV 60-80 fibrik 35.87 0.08 30.45Nr. 22(Average) 190 0-20 saprik 45.15 0.13 63.37Hs. 6/I 170 0-20 Sec Forest/ fibrik 38.04 0.11 42.45Hs. 6/II 20-40 sawah fibrik 47.81 0.08 40.43

8 Hs. 6/III 40-60 fibrik 48.93 0.09 41.76Hs. 6/IV 60-80 fibrik 48.14 0.06 29.13Hs 6(Average) 170 0 20 fibrik 45 73 0 08 38 44Hs. 6(Average) 170 0-20 fibrik 45.73 0.08 38.44Nr. 28/I 90 0-20 Sec Forest saprik 44.63 0.19 86.23Nr. 28/II 20-40 dry field/ hemik 40.17 0.14 56.08

9 Nr. 28/III 40-60 palawija hemik 42.93 0.09 40.77Nr. 28/IV 60-90 47.69 0.09 43.93Nr. 28(Average) 90 0-20 saprik 43.86 0.12 56.75

BD, C-Org, Carbon Density of peat soil depth increment by l d /l d 2landuse/land cover -2

Peat Depth of Soil C-Org Bulk Carbon No. Observer Thickness Soil sample Landuse/ Peat Content Density Density

Code (Cm) Analysis (cm) landcover Maturity (%) (gr/cm3) kg/m3Hs 3/I 40 0-20 shurb& bush fibrik 40 78 0 16 63 27Hs. 3/I 40 0 20 shurb& bush fibrik 40.78 0.16 63.27Hs. 3/II 20-40 fibrik 32.28 0.14 46.62

10 Hs. 3/III 40-60 fibrik 19.55 0.13 25.54Hs. 3/IV 60-80 14.12Hs. 3 (Average) 40 0-20 fibrik 26.68 0.14 45.14WT. 4/I 580 0-20 sec forest/ saprik 50.25 0.24 121.39WT 4/II 20 40 h b& b h ik 45 91 0 15 67 66WT. 4/II 20-40 shurb& bush saprik 45.91 0.15 67.66

11 WT. 4/III 40-60 hemik 39.49 0.14 56.43WT. 4/IV 60-80 hemik 32.73 0.14 44.26WT. 4/V 80-100 28.62 No data

WT. 4(Average) 580 0-20 saprik 42.10 0.16 72.43WT. 7/I 80 0-20 oil palm saprik 35.02 0.33 116.29p pWT. 7/II 20-40 10 years saprik 43.80 0.29 126.61

12 WT. 7/III 40-60 saprik 33.23 0.23 77.15WT. 7/IV 60-80 hemik 31.28 0.16 49.28WT 7(Average) 80 0-20 saprik 35.83 0.25 92.33WT. 11/I 590 0-20 Oil palm saprik 34.48 0.36 123.17WT 11/II 20-40 6 year saprik 38 40 0 27 104 15WT. 11/II 20-40 6 year saprik 38.40 0.27 104.15

13 WT. 11/III 40-60 hemik 64.02 0.17 106.82WT. 11/IV 60-80 hemik 53.60 0.10 55.95WT. 11/V 80-100 hemik 58.15 No data

WT11(Average) 590 0-20 saprik 49.73 0.22 97.52WT. 1/I 410 0-20 Oil palm saprik 28.57 0.21 59.48

P i i l ikWT. 1/II 20-40 Pesisir slt saprik 39.19 0.12 48.7514 WT. 1/III 40-60 saprik 44.58 0.12 51.90

WT. 1/IV 60-80 hemik 59.80 0.11 67.78WT.1(Average) 410 0-20 saprik 43.04 0.14 56.98WT. 3/I 210 0-20 Oil palm saprik 44.41 0.14 61.12WT. 3/II 20-40 saprik 36.46 0.11 38.57p

15 WT. 3/III 40-60 hemik 39.11 0.11 44.03WT. 3/IV 60-80 hemik 51.54 0.11 54.75WT.3 (Average) 210 0-20 saprik 42.88 0.12 49.62

C-Org CONTENT & BD by DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION

No. Degree of Peat Bulk Density (g/cm3) C Org.Content (%)Decomposition Range Average Range Average

A SUMATRAA SUMATRA1 Fibric 0.06 - 0.10 0.08 23 - 60 38.52 Hemic 0 02 - 0 16 0 09 43 - 68 45 52 Hemic 0.02 0.16 0.09 43 68 45.53 Sapric 0.05 - 0.36 0.18 25 - 60 52.5B. Kalimantan-11 Fibric 0.01 - 0.14 0.07 37 - 61 412 Hemic 0.01 - 0.32 0.17 18 - 63 45.53 S i 0 08 0 31 0 2 25 58 53 53 Sapric 0.08 - 0.31 0.2 25 - 58 53.5C. Kalimantan-21 Fibric 0 09 - 0 26 0 18 25 - 54 39 51 Fibric 0.09 - 0.26 0.18 25 - 54 39.52 Hemic 0.15 - 0.33 0.22 37 - 63 503 Sapric 0.26 - 0.38 0.31 60 - 72 66p

Bulk Density and C Org content by Various LanduseBulk Density and C Org content by Various Landuse

Landuse/ Number Peat Bulk C Org C density C Total g yLand cover of Thickness Density Content Kg/m3 Density C Stock

Transect (cm) (g/cm3) (%) (t/ha/m) (t/ha)Transect (cm) (g/cm3) (%) (t/ha/m) (t/ha)Sec.Forest 26 90 - 330 0.10 - 0.17 37 - 41 44 - 75 446 - 753 657.7 - 1150.4Shurbs&Bushes 7 40 - 580 0.10 - 0.16 26 - 42 45 - 72 451 - 724 219.8 - 279.2S h/d fi ld 19 90 320 0 08 0 13 36 45 38 63 227 633 403 9 117 8Sawah/dryfield 19 90 - 320 0.08 - 0.13 36 - 45 38 - 63 227 - 633 403.9 - 117.8Oilpalm 12 80 - 590 0.12 - 0.25 35 - 92 49 - 92 496 - 975 738.6 - 3633.4p

INDICATED WETLAND DISTRIBUTION FOR I DICATED WETLA D DISTRIBUTIO FOR INDONESIA

Swampy land Peatlands

(Source : Subagjo, 1998)

PEATLAND DISTRIBUTION FOR KALIMANTAN, SUMATRA AND PAPUA ISLANDS

PEATLAND IN INDONESIA Peat thickness Total Area Peat thickness Total Area

No. Island/ Province <200 cm >200 cm of Peatland(ha) (ha) (ha)

SUMATRA1 Riau 1 611 055 2 432 546 4 043 6011 Riau 1,611,055 2,432,546 4,043,6012 South Sumatra 1,454,383 29,279 1,483,6623 Jambi 387,052 329,787 716,8394 North Sumatra 302,908 22,387 325,2955 Nanggroe Aceh D 202 794 71 247 274 0415 Nanggroe Aceh D 202,794 71,247 274,0416 West Sumatra 146,250 63,984 210,2347 Lampung 87,567 87,5678 Bengkulu 60,212 2,840 63,052

Total of Peatland 4,252,221 2,952,070 7,204,291, , , , , ,Percentage 59.0 41.0 100.0KALIMANTAN

1 West Kalimantan 1,211,956 518,024 1,729,9802 Central Kalimantan 1,493,850 1,513,765 3,007,615, , , , , ,3 South Kalimantan 234,919 2,031,789 2,266,7084 East Kalimantan 377,070 319,927 696,997

Total of Peatland 3,317,795 2,448,426 5,766,221Percentage 57.5 42.5 100.0PAPUA

1 Papua 5,413,668 1,587,570 7,001,2382 West Papua 844,442 129,775 974,217

Total 6,258,110 1,717,345 7,975,455Total of Peatland 78.5 21.5 100.0Grand Total of 13,828,126 7,117,841 20,945,967Indonesia Peatland 66.0 34.0 100.0

PEATLAND BELOW GROUND CARBON STOCK FOR INDONESIA No. Island/ Province Below ground carbon stock (mill. ton)No. Island/ Province Below ground carbon stock (mill. ton)

<200 cm >200 cm TotalA. SUMATRA1 Riau 1,891.77 12,713.27 14,605.042 South Sumatra 1 389 06 81 23 1 470 292 South Sumatra 1,389.06 81.23 1,470.293 Jambi 290.83 1,122.36 1,413.194 North Sumatra 298.26 79.02 377.285 Nanggroe Aceh D 233.57 225.29 458.866 West Sumatra 82 11 340 13 422 246 West Sumatra 82.11 340.13 422.247 Lampung 35.94 35.948 Bengkulu 20.82 9.72 30.54

Total of carbon stock 4,242.36 14,571.02 18,813.38Percentage (%) 22 55 77 45 100 00Percentage (%) 22.55 77.45 100.00

B. KALIMANTAN 1 West Kalimantan 1,290.26 2,334.93 3,625.192 Central Kalimantan 472.47 5,879.06 6,351.533 South Kalimantan 25 14 59 89 85 033 South Kalimantan 25.14 59.89 85.034 East Kalimantan 112.92 1,098.99 1,211.91

Total of carbon stock 1,900.79 9,372.87 11,273.66Percentage (%) 16.86 83.14 100.00

C PAPUAC. PAPUA 1 Papua 1,107.83 1,423.01 2,530.842 West Papua 306.27 785.74 1,092.013 Total of carbon stock 1,414.10 2,208.75 3,622.85

P t (%) 39 03 60 97 100 00Percentage (%) 39.03 60.97 100.00Grand Total (Indon) 7,557.25 26,152.64 33,709.89Percentage (%) 22.42 77.58 100.00

Outline :Outline :Outline :Outline :

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEATLAND

A LOWLAND PEATS OF INDONESIA Extent and distribution, Below ground carbon stock

BULK DENSITY OF PEATSOILS IN VARIOUS LANDUSE

PEAT DECOMPOSITION IN VARIOUS LANDUSEP AT COMPOSITION IN VARIOUS AN US

PEATLAND UTILIZED PROBLEM

STRATEGY ON SOIL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES WITH LOW EMISSION ON PEATSOIL CARBON

SAPRISTS Peatsoil Carbon stock Vs type of landuse

Type of landuse/ Peat depth C-Org content Bulk Denstity Carbon Density Carbon stockLand Cover (cm) (%) (gr cm-3) (kg m-3) t ha-1m-1

Range Average Range Average Range Average Range AverageRange Average Range Average Range Average Range Average

Sec forest-Kaltim 330-500 35-55 45 0.14-0.18 0.16 49-83 66 491-826 659Sec forest-Tripa 130 11-43 27 0 08-0 19 0 14 23-34 29 293 293Sec forest Tripa 130 11 43 27 0.08 0.19 0.14 23 34 29 293 293Sec forest/slash-burn90-225 36-52 44 0.12-0.17 0.15 44-77 61 460-753 607

oil palm-1(Nunukan) 75-590 30-55 43 0 14-0 25 0 2 42-94 68 422-975 699oil palm 1(Nunukan) 75 590 30 55 43 0.14 0.25 0.2 42 94 68 422 975 699oil palm-2 (Kubu) 165-287 25-53 39 0.17-0.32 0.25 48-72 60 475-722 599Oilpalm-3 (Tripa) 180-237 15-60 38 0.05-0.3 0.18 31-67 49 451-494 473Rubber - Kubu 218-260 42-58 50 0 08-0 14 0 11 60-76 68 597-758 678Rubber - Kubu 218-260 42-58 50 0.08-0.14 0.11 60-76 68 597-758 678

Sec forest/ dry field 70-250 20-50 35 0.1-0.17 0.14 35-53 44 227-532 380Sec forest/ sawah 100 250 28 47 38 0 09 0 14 0 12 35 66 51 234 680 457Sec forest/ sawah 100-250 28-47 38 0.09 -0.14 0.12 35-66 51 234-680 457

Zea mays 484-700 55-57 56 0.08-0.11 0.1 40-50 45 426-530 478pineapple 637 56 58 57 0 04 0 11 0 8 41 41 412 412pineapple 637 56-58 57 0.04-0.11 0.8 41 41 412 412

HEMISTS Peatsoil Carbon stock Vs type of landuse

Type of landuse/ Peat depth C-Org content Bulk Denstity Carbon Density Carbon stockLand Cover (cm) (%) (gr cm-3) (kg m-3) t ha-1m-1

Range A erage Range A erage Range A erage Range A erageRange Average Range Average Range Average Range Average

Sec forest 155-700 18-51 35 0.09-0. 0.12 22-80 51 220-802 511Sec forest-2 (Tripa) 220-500 43-68 56 0.02-0. 0.6 15-59 37 311-413 362Sec forest/slash-burn 150-360 38-45 42 0.08-0. 0.12 31-68 50 327-709 518Shurbs & bushes 240-460 27-63 45 0.01-0. 0.06 30-68 49 408-430 419oil palm-1(Tripa) 325 52-68 60 0.04-0. 0.07 24-58 41 413 413oil palm-2 (Kubu) 117-278 31-51 41 0.19-0. 0.26 38-69 54 376-694 535Rubber 216-283 54-58 56 0.10-0. 0.12 60-61 61 600-612 606

Sec forest/ sawah 130-330 36-46 41 0.09-0. 0.1 37-50 44 368-646 507

Zea mays 420-580 56-57 57 0.09-0. 0.1 40-50 45 430-534 482pineapple 617-700 56-57 57 0.07-0. 0.08 35-41 38 354-408 381

FIBRISTS Peatsoil Carbon stock Vs type of landuse

Type of landuse/ Peat depth C-Org content Bulk Denstity Carbon Density Carbon stockLand Cover (cm) (%) (gr cm-3) (kg m-3) t ha-1m-1

Range Average Range Average Range Average Range AverageRange Average Range Average Range Average Range Average

Sec forest-Kaltim 70-350 37-51 44 0.01-0.13 0.07 43-66 55 446-639 543Sec Forest- Tripa 220-500 23-60 42 0 06-0 16 0 11 34-95 65 609 609Sec Forest- Tripa 220-500 23-60 42 0.06-0.16 0.11 34-95 65 609 609Sec forest/slash-burn

oil palm 1(sumatra 350 390 28 63 46 0 07 0 16 0 12 28 79 54 433 529 481oil palm-1(sumatra 350-390 28-63 46 0.07-0.16 0.12 28-79 54 433-529 481oil palm-2 (Kubu)Rubber

Sec forest/ dry field 40 26 26 0.14 0.14 45 45 451 451Sec forest/ sawah 170 45 45 0.08 0.08 38 38 384 384

Zea mays 594 57 57 0.12 0.12 61 61 612 612pineapple 637-670 55-57 56 0.07-0.08 0.08 34-39 37 344-388 366Vegetables 715-726 56-57 56 0.08 0.08 36-39 38 361-386 374

Peatland Utilized ProblemPeatland Utilized Problem Shallow peat (<3 m) marginally suitable for Agric.

cultivationcultivation

Thicker in peat, the lower potential for agric. CultivationCultivationHighly decomposed peat (sapric) more fertile when compare to hemic and fibric peat (less decomposed)

Agric. Dev in peatland :- required additional input/ capital - Output is generally lower compared to agric- Output is generally lower compared to agric.

development in mineral soil - considered the environmental aspect of peatland:

(i) regulating water management in catchment areas(i) regulating water management in catchment areas(ii) storage carbon and maintaining biodiversity

Agric Ministry Decree No 14/2009 Pres decree Agric.Ministry Decree No.14/2009, Pres.decree 32/1990 peatland >3 m should be conserved for env.protection

MINISTRIAL DECREEMINISTRIAL DECREEMINISTRIAL DECREE on Opening up Peatland for

MINISTRIAL DECREE on Opening up Peatland for p g p

Development of Oil-palm Plantation (PERMENTAN N 14/ P t / P L 110/2/2009)

p g pDevelopment of Oil-palm Plantation

(PERMENTAN N 14/ P t / P L 110/2/2009)(PERMENTAN No. 14/ Permentan/ P.L.110/2/2009) (PERMENTAN No. 14/ Permentan/ P.L.110/2/2009)

Pedoman Pemanfaatan Lahan Gambut untuk Budidaya Kelapa Sawit

Pedoman Pemanfaatan Lahan Gambut untuk Budidaya Kelapa Sawity py p

Director General for Estate CropsAgency For Agricultural Research and DevelopmentAgency For Agricultural Research and Development

INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Quartz-sand Substratum Restricted for the Development of New Oilpalm Plantation

MAIN CONCESSION AREAS FOR OILPALM PLANTATION

- Peat depth < 3 meters- Clayey Material substratum- Sapric, Hemic -Peat maturity

Alternative Alternative Strategy on Soil ManagementStrategy on Soil ManagementT h iT h i With L E i i GHGWith L E i i GHG 11Technique Technique With Low Emission GHG With Low Emission GHG --11

Reduce pressure of the opening farmland/ estate Reduce pressure of the opening farmland/ estate crops through conversion of peat forest

Rehabilitation of un-utilized land/ idle land Rehabilitation of un-utilized land/ idle land (bushes/shurbs) which has a great potential to increase carbon stock and able to increase people lives lives

Intensification agric.on food crop farming system, small holder estate crops livestock improve fertilizer small holder estate crops, livestock, improve fertilizer and cultivation system

Land swamp at areas with other used for agric (APL Land swamp at areas with other used for agric (APL landstatus) that having high carbon stock (>100 Mg C/ha) to the region of land that having low carbon stock (<35 Mg C/ha)stock (<35 Mg C/ha)

Alternative Alternative Strategy on Soil ManagementStrategy on Soil ManagementTechniquesTechniques With Low Emission GHGWith Low Emission GHG --22Techniques Techniques With Low Emission GHG With Low Emission GHG 22

Improving management of peatland1 Th d tl d f l il i f t Mi 1. The used peatland for palm oil expansion refer to Min.

Agric Decree No. 14/2009(Peatland thickness <3 m, sapric/hemic, avoid quartz sand and acid sulphate soil substratum)and acid sulphate soil substratum)

2. Control burning peat (often occurred at farmland during land preparatation)

1 t fi t ti ll i th i i b t 5 M 1 cm peat fires potentially causing the emission about 5 Mg C/ha or 18 Mg CO2 eq/ha

3. Drainage arragementg g- Depth of drainage channel greatly affect CO2 emission through peat decomposition

- Depth of drainage channel should be minimized to d t l d tia degree not lower production

- CO2 emission increases with the depth of drainage(9.1 Mg CO2 is emitted per ha/year for every 10 cmdrainage depth (Hooijer et al 2006)drainage depth (Hooijer et al., 2006)

4. Use Ameliorant -->potential reduce peatland emission

OTHANK YOU

Terima kasih

Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE