Distribution of Fallout Cesium-137 in Litter Humus and Surface

8/17/2019 Distribution of Fallout Cesium-137 in Litter Humus and Surface

1/55

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Trace: Tennessee Research and CreativeExchange

Masters eses Graduate School

8-1962

Distribution of Fallout Cesium-137 in Lier,Humus, and Surface Soil Layers Under Natural

Vegetation in the Great Smoky Mountains Jerry Carlyle RitchieUniversity of Tennessee - Knoxville

is esis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been

accepted for inclusion in Masters eses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information,

please contact [email protected].

Recommended CitationRitchie, Jerry Carlyle, "Distribution of Fallout Cesium-137 in Lier, Humus, and Surface Soil Layers Under Natural Vegetation in theGreat Smoky Mountains. " Master's esis, University of Tennessee, 1962.hp://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1427

http://trace.tennessee.edu/http://trace.tennessee.edu/http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradtheshttp://trace.tennessee.edu/utk-gradmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://trace.tennessee.edu/utk-gradhttp://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradtheshttp://trace.tennessee.edu/http://trace.tennessee.edu/


2/55

To the Graduate Council:

I am submiing herewith a thesis wrien by Jerry Carlyle Ritchie entitled "Distribution of FalloutCesium-137 in Lier, Humus, and Surface Soil Layers Under Natural Vegetation in the Great Smoky Mountains." I have examined the nal electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend

that it be accepted in partial fulllment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with amajor in Botany.

R. E. Shanks, Major Professor

We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance:

J. S. Olsen, G. E. Hunt, L. F. Seatz

Accepted for the Council:Carolyn R. Hodges

Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School

(Original signatures are on le with ocial student records.)


3/55

Je 1, 1962

o the Graduate Co c il :

I am umiti erei i ie y Jerry Carlyle Ritchiee it led Diriuio of l l o Ce i 1 37 i L it er Hum ad u f ce So il Layer uder rl Ve e io i the Great Smoky Moutai I reced t ha it e ccee or e lve qurer or cred it i ar til fulfillme of e requirements or e deree of Mter of Scieceit a mor i oy

e h red i tei recommed i ccece

Accepted for e Cocil:


4/55

DISRIION FLLOU CESI137 I LIER, HUS ND SRFE SI L

LYERS UDER RL VEGEION IN HE

GRE SMO MOUNIS

heiPreeed o

he Grad ae Co cil of

he iveri of eeee

I Parial Flfllme

of the Reqiree for he Deree of

Maer of Sciece

Jerr Carlle Richie

162


5/55

ACOWLEES

e tor i e to t nk the memer o i c oitt ee o

eled re re the ncr it Se ci l tnk o to Dr . R E Shank

nd Dr J S . O l on hoe e t ion re ot t imely nd e l l

ank are t o e iven to the He lth Pyic Whole ody Contn

Loratory t Oak Ride enneee or te e o teir aa ec

tr eter and to P E rn or i itance wit te e o the

ectreter hank alo o to the Great Soky Montan NatonalPark Se rvice or t imlat ion tard re ear c in the Park he ork

done thro a niverity contractal roect orted y the

nited State Atomic Enery Commion

i i


6/55

SETIO

I ITRO TIO

II LITERTURE SUREY

I I

I

TE PROBL AREA

METODS

Fed Methods

TABLE OF OTTS

Forest Foor and Soi olection

Laorator Methods

ountin

putatons of et ounts Pr Minute PM) and Ds

interations Per Minute DPM)

Soi Analsis

RESULTS D DIS USSI O

I S ARY

BIBLIOGRAP

APEIX

i i i

PAGE

6

4

3

4


7/55


8/55

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IGR

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D

6 Ti r f 4 I Lr fr

D d

Rr i f l i-1 lv i

v

6

7


9/55

S ince the ep li n i pn in Jul f 9 4

and ith suequent tet, pi n evices hch cn

triute mst f t e rli , i t h deve pment f

nuclear per plnt the nd mre interested

in rad iact i ll t n t it Durn the

detnatin f nuler vi 17 i iv i s t pes ae pr

duced Of these 17 is iipal gaary

emitt ing f is in pr i l n ha f l ie s t b

imprt ant in rld i e r rten sen 96

The purp se f t h i tu mun f ce sm 3

the ranic aer n tp i f minera s n

representative evergrn i n f the Gret Sm

unta ins f rth arl i pai n ts d is tr ut in and mveent na i

1


10/55

TLE

PRINCIPA G-TTS OF WLDW FALUT MTA

Half-lifea

C7 Ba7 27 yer 2 6 i ne

R 6 Rh 6 er 3 eond

- Pr44 2 day 7 ie

Zr95 Nb9 6 day 3 day

R-3 - R- 3 day 7 mine

a - a- 4 2 day 4 ine

day

aHafife i the time i adioativity o decreae oneha f of i iitia va

2


11/55

L RUR SURVY

rd w Mx c n July 1 19 4 Und S s

rc d r c bb (Hrns b r Sc l Sub

c d 1 97 c r xl rd

b dd d rd x ly Ud

At r (A l d 1947

r r r r Ls Al s rd

dy c rd rs d rd r r d d urr w r nc r

d d r c l u U d S

r brr b sr f rbrn rdc

11 b r wr r nr

r d r nrducd rd c Fr s

d d wd r l cl l c n d r US

d S br r n Nw Yrk U d S r

Br 19 b d r d r c c n y

1 1 d r s d S 1 9

r rz b d wr ldwd

l r wr k d d u r c

cd d r d c y w r c lr s s n

r9 19 Und Ss Arculr Drn nrd

b rr d nc dn xnv wrk n sr9

d Ac nr y s n 19

3


12/55

May h ry ub s hd r rts ( E s bud d Hrly 1 95 3

55 and Libby 9 958 wr stud s r d ct fal ut

an Ty wr bsd stud s str t um9 and ud ts

nain t rdct uur ls rdcty

4

t n th 9 r d r ( 9 wrkn

nn at al Labrtry Lm s und c s u- 1 7

n an T i w th r r r um-7 In t

n 95 Rund ( 98 ud h r cs um- 7 n Brt s sub

in th b rm h d ts n 95 ban a

at L s A Sc c ry ur c s um-7 n

n nitd S tt s c ry m 6

n Aril 197 r N ry b rr t

t aunt s s n -r y m rs th s l t Lmnt

i (Gustafn Mr d Brr 97 hy ud n sur

aunt f c s um-7 but c cutd th mut f c s iu- 1 37 t 2 i -ccur s r r m h r r c t ud nd f r

957 t mu cs u1 7 ws ud t h ncr s t

37 ilcurs (e) r squ r l u r l l nd Brr

5 Ty ls ud h h t mu -ray t trs

a in cas in By Mrc h 9 9 h mut c s um-1 7 hd r s n t

r squar t L t Gus t s 99b t t sa t

n ars n ( 1 959 wrk n n wd u d 9 e csu-37

kltr (quia t 2 r squr l In un

6 Gt a sn Br r d Krr n ( 19 c cludd t at th aunt

37 and thr s s i rducd -ry ittr s h d rac


13/55

a ai n w w dc ii r c y r h ir hf

iv T ih mn rr i 19 6 w 198 m r qur i

a 21 m r qr mi hd bn rrd in Ocbr 1959

Gan, r in i nd Brr 1959

r rkr ch rd d n ( 19 6 a rrd

an ini iu mm-r mi r rinw r Lundb

16 Gufn Krrin nd Brr , d hr h rr

n aun f c im1 7 i h r rd L junrn

6 rk in in N rwy O 1 1 wrkin in nn v

rrd n ry mir n mri (ciy

r av


14/55

III T ROL ARA

Te ud w e Gea Smoky n s on Prk

(SM) Locaed n Bue Rdge Pronc d r o h nk

Cn (Kn nd upka 1950), Gra ok ns ha r

f ve a e Sn (154} rord mrr nd con

da ceced fo f a r r 9'•6 t 15 un h

n nnu eue ied f 6° 16 458° F

30 e nd n nnu p t i n r nd r 57.8 nhs

1 e . nce 60 f d s us a humd

c e e ev and a hum ca h hhr

evn e bund bewee h8 hum n rud cmas

ng dnc bove o san Shans 14

W uc vn ppc ad a c cond ons h ar

�n go cndn udg d sr bu on arns of rd o

ou eed o nronna rns

ocon e de e ss on our

5200 f , fou 40 ee and n a 1 h aroxm

on ad e decpo whh oo r smmrd n b

1 Caon f ce fo h nncur o Frnd 5

nd Le 5 pn w s don bwn Auus 11 nd

epbe 1 96

1 nn De Evgee Loc d on a souhas

cn ope on e no de o h ra s r o F rny

Rde Png ea d Cnga G SP a a n o

6


15/55

7

appmatel eet Te le an p a mae up P ce rbe

an Aeae Te te ee tl el te che dimeter

at eat i T n v nited mt l the ether-

li plenen

ap ta ing Evegeen ( HNE ) Lcted rth-

ang lpe n t t ie the Ach r 6 e r

e n ap t a l �an D e P t e e t r

matel et Te l e anp cted Pc rb

Ai a i Te ne t a made up ctte red Vbru

l im T gn ve a mae up dee t th ethr-

li penen

p ta ing ecduu (D) L c t th

aing lpe te nt ie te Appalh r 8 r

e n ap t a l n�an D e P t e et x

matel t Te meatel el led c w d

etla allanini and Faugandili

he rd cer cted

mi e en an a lea e

. e ap Sutaing Ee geen (SE td t

ain l n t t ide te pplcha r 8 r

e un p t l nan D e , P t e e t rx-

matel t e l e anp a made u P ce rb d

Ae a Te ne t nite cttered Vbru -

l m n ve a ma p t e eathe m H cu

plnn


16/55

. Beeh Ga Souti Deios SD) ated a t

i s ope o t e sout s ie o t e ppalaa al 8 mle f

eou p to Cis De SP at a elevat f app

te 52 eet . Te oer te e os e apy ted mal

o Fs nioi t e Bet ale aens . e gnd ve

e p o e oeae rb

Cies otin Ev erg e r' (NE ated a nth

i s ope o te ot s ie o t e t a me fr te Cmney

i Ae t t C ies pn rou SP a a elevatn

o ppote 3 ee t e ose nop s made up f uga

c e s is t e et eies Te uderty ted

o ese sts o oeo im e rud ve wa pae

oiti o es moses

7 Cies ot i ios ) ated a t

i s ope o t e s ot s ie o t e t i 5 es the mneys

i Ae t t e C ines pi oun S P at a elevat

o ppoite 3 eet . Te oetey well led apy ted

o Tii eteop esculus tadra ad elea

oi Te ee o ove s e up f fer ad adeaved

.

B Cies Soti Eveeen E . ated a ut

i sope o t sot e o i US 41 at te wet ed f te

ies i Ae t eevti on o appr ox atey 34

eet T e oe te e ose nop nsisted f Tsua aade


17/55

it Betua a ean ien i The une r t ory s d u o

R enron a iu . Te run coer a ry s rse

9

Ci ney S utfa cin ec iuou (LS Loc ed o s ouh

facin oe n te nrt ie o hiy US 441 1 rd s o h

Ciney Parkin Area GSP a an eeion o roxiey 4

fet Te c e cany cn i te of Ti ia heroy Acer

a ccaru e scu u canra , and Betua hns s h roud

cer a ae u f den e t an broa- aed herb s d e rs .

1 et caf Btt Eerreen ( 1 4E Loced o a ar

t e et ie f iay US 41 1 at et ca f Bos P icic Ar

G at an e e a in o arate y 14 fe Te odr y

ce canoy cnsited f i rin ia d P us ch a

it a fe L ir i oe nr n tu ife ra . Te run co er s ade u of

bra eae herb , re , an fern


18/55

BLE

S ARY F SAN DERN

Site Eleion Act

E ut ruc-F r

E 52 orth Sruc-Fir

D 52 North BirchBch

HSE 52 outh Sruc-Fr

HSD 52 Sut Bc-Brch

E 3 Nrh Hmc

3 Nrth Hrdwd

LSE 3 South Hmlc

LS 3 South o Hrdw

1E 1 e l in


19/55

I MEHODS

Field Meth

Foret floor nd oi c e cti on At ech the ten ite

f ie mple of the fret oor nd miner i were c ected

Repreentt ie c e ctin ite were e le cted cre be in ten t

ty well within the type decribed nd t ty wy fr ny fen

tree

Colection f the foret lr me were mde by lcin

onefootqure piece of crdbrd n the itter then tin nie

and cutt in arund the ed e the crdbrd thruh th e ret or

nd into the minerl i l he urrund in f re t r w then cre-

fuly rked wy nd the mteri under the crdbord w cected by

lyer Litter or L yer F yer nd H lyer Lutz nd hnder

19 6 he ple were p ced in be led cont iner nd bruht to

the lbortory

Sple f the miner i t ite were coected by

pcin ixinch-qure piece o crdbord in the midde o the

miner oil expoed b the co e ct in f the fre t f or me

One of two methd w ued in the cectin of the miner i

ple In the f irt method trenchin he nd hey ie

were u ed t o exoe the oi profil e beneth the iece crdbord

hen uin the hey nife three one-nd-nehinch yer f

the i nerl oi l were c o le ct ed By the ecnd met hd whi ch w u ed

11


20/55

12

only hen it as ios ib le to use the rs t ethod the so i as care

u ll y du out th a ni e and a s al l hand sh oe Al roots and rocks

in the ro ile ere incl uded in the sale he s o sale s ere

pl aced in l abeled contai ners and brouht to the lab orat ory

aboratory Methods

ountng Ater the atera brouht to th aboratory t

as laced in a 105° orceddrat oen or orty- ht hour t

as reoed and ehed then transerred to qart-ze atc bas

and t aken to t he Healt h Phys ic s Whoe Body ountn Laboratory o the

ak R ide at ional aborat ory at Oa Rde nn see hr a-ray

anayss as carried out

he e s e o s ilar atera r ea ch te er ade

into a coos ite sale or the urose o gaary ny s hs

the ie litter sales ro ere cbned and counted s one

sa le the e F ayer s ere counted as one t c h comote

sales ere laced n lastc contaners dsned by the Hlth

Physcs Laboratory or anayss o bk saes he contanr ere

then l aced oe r thal uactated odu cry ts One crysta

as 3 x 3 inches and the other as x 4 nche he x nh crysta

gae better resoluton than the x 4 nch cryt bt a not a

e cient Pu ses o d ierent energies ro th 2 x 4 nch cryt

ere sorted into channels 0 to 99 o a 200 channel RDL (Radaton n

strent eeloent aboratory use heht anlyzer and the

r the 3 x 3 inch crystal ere sorted nto channe 100 to 9 o the


21/55

ame 2 channe l pul se he iht analyzer . A backround count w md

ith each crytal and ubtracted frm the ros count before the data

ere printed out by the analyzer Beta rad iat ion contr ibuti on to the

value rec orded as mini ized by u in a beryl ium aborbr with

mas of 123 rams per square centimeter.

Standard ith imilar countin eometry for t F d

ater ial ere made by ipett in tandrd out ion o ioto io

even cell uoe p one in plat ic ba (O s on 1961 )

13

Standard for the mineral oi were made b pittin tndrd

s olut ions of is otope s into 1 ram ample o minera oi Atr

d ry in each 1 ram ample a thorouhy mixed wit h enouh oi t o

ive a t andard ith count in eomet ry im ila r to tht o th oi

ample ctivity in count per minute due to th introducd oto

a deterined by subtractin the count o a bak e o ier

oil of the ame type as that o the "piked" oi rom the count o

the "p ied " oil A so il ple fr f our and oe-ha inche to ix

inches deep as tr ipped of it p ota s ium- act iity and ued a

tandard or thor iumuranium . Monoz ite sand was o ued tdrd

f or thorium . P ota i chlor ide wa ue d a the tandrd or ot i

0 .

Cputation of count f minute ( CPM ) and d i inte rat ionper minute . E st imate of CPM due to the ind iidua iotoe wr

made by raphically trippin the pectra o tandard r the ctr

of th ample F iure 1 in Reu lt and i cu ion) . h i i don to


22/55

correct or ctter rdition in the photope o the itpe ered

( Gut on Mr inel l i nd Brr 195 8) he pectr hd been p tted n

ei log grph pper ter ing number o et imte de c ribed

bove iple themt ic l ormul w deri ved hi ch coud be ued

t o me e t imte o PM in the mple be ing tudied Append ix) A

c pr i on o the two met hod i pre ented in ble nd d cu ed

in the Reult nd Dicuion

ter M or n iotope were determined M r the itpe

were deteined by cprion with PM o tndrd o the e i

tope (ppend ix

S oil nly i he Sevier ounty oil urey (Hubbrd et

1 95 ) the Swin ounty oil urvey (P er in nd ett y 1 ) nd

geologic p o Et ennee (Rger 1953) mde poible generl

ident i icti on o probbl e o il type nd ge olog ic mter il hee

cliiction were checed by ield obervtion t ech ite

t er th e mple hd been dr ied nd we ighed de cribed

erl ier bul den it ie were clcu lted he pH w deterined e ec

tretriclly or the minerl oil nd humu (H) yer uing 1 t

1 wter nd ter il u pen ion nd Becmn Mode l pH meter

Mechn ic l nly i w de by t he hydreter met hd d e

c r ibed by Bouyouco 19 3 nd iied by Dy 9 5 )


23/55

RESUS AND DI SUSSI N

So il and fore st f l oor he so il type as in in the Swin

County soil sury Perins ad Gettys 19 fr sites ne thruh

three as Rouh ountinous land Rasey s o il materi a ) S ites u

throuh nine as al s o Rouh ounta inous land R msey s i mter il )

and s ite ten s Stase r f ine s andy l oam (Hubbard l 9) . he

eol o ic ate rial f or s ites one throuh nie was ret Smy c-

erate hile the parent aterial t site ten was uium rmthe L ittle P ieon R iver surrunded by ad pr icipl y de ri ed r

the Loest part of the Oce series (Rers 19)

Mechanical analysis o the ierl si ble I) shwed tht

the soil s moderately coarse textured ( sndy l m ) he so i ws

l ow in c lay 2) ith ore s and tan s i lt in al cas e s except t the

66E station he 5% sand % s ilt and % cly r the HSE std

is in aree ent with the 5 . 2% sand 36 s ilt d 9% cl y repted

by McCracen S hans and l ebs ch 9 2) or the same st nd

he thicness o the oranic layers diered with rest tye

(le IV s expected the e er reen types had thi cer ri c

l ayer t han the dec iduous type s he data are i n eneral areeent

it h d ata taen in the s ame area by McGinni s ( 19 8 alt huh the H

layer as uch thicer in sites LE and LSE than reported r the

he ochardood s ite McGnnis studied

ale pre se t s the e iht f the uninc rporated r ic

att er o the f ore st floor in tons per acre he HSE std shwed

15


24/55

BLE III

PRICLE SIZE ISRIBUIO I HE 15 3INH SOIL RFROM HE IFFERE SIES

Sand Silt lay

Site % % % exur a

E 38 55 Si

E 3 5 1 Sady

2 3 3 Sady

HSE 54 40 Sdy

HS 8 36 Sady m

E 5 2 8 La

L 2 3 8 Sdy

LSE 5 23 2 Lmy d

LS 8 15 5 Ly d

1E 8 29 3 dy

aeermied fr the textural t r ianle S il Surey MS o Surey St a ae 2 .


25/55

te

66

H

14

B V

HKSS OF OG Y L F ) H DF SS

ran LayersL F

0. 1

0 2

0 1

0 2

0 7

0 1

0 1

0 1

1

0 2

17

3

3

3


26/55

1

TALE V

EI O ICO O TE O AIC TTER IN THE L AN H LAYERI TO R ACRE AT EACH ITE

Lr t L H l

66 3 1 2 1 1 17.30

E 23 1 3 7 92 35.+

H 9 35

HE 20 1 1 3 2.30 3

H 1 5 9 2 6 445

E 1 66 27.2 35.5

LN 1 527 .75

LE 1 2 6 23 29 1 37.2L 207 4 . 77 4

1E 1 2 657 7.1

nd H l r


27/55

t grtst ul t ion of orgn i mttr , it th E E d

LSE stnds n t sm rng T ult o udr th spruf ir

st nd s E nd HSE f ll s btn t 7 , 00 poud s rportd b

n s 19 5 nd t 66 , 9 pounds rport d b Morgn nd Lut

1 93 1 f or sml r tps T umul t ion udr th hml ok std s

E nd LSE s bout t th mount rportd b Ginis 18)

f or ml okrdood st nd but t hs is b l ivd t o b du to

d ff rn in t p of st d s Tr s o H l r ud r th st d

Mi nn s s mpl d h i l thr s th i k H l r udr th std hr

rportd Th orgi mtt r umul ti o udr th vrr stds

ith promnnt H lr s pproximtl si x t ims s muh s tht

ud r th d iduous s tnds T H lr s th hori o of mimum

orgn i mtt r umult ion th HNE HSE LNE nd LSE stds th

mount bing pproximtl to tims t mount i th L d lrs

i t h E nd HSE s tds nd ppr oxt l f our t ims th mout it L nd lrs t E nd LSE stnd s Th d iduous st d s

sod to to t r t s s muh ul tion in th lr s in

th L r.

ulk d ns t Tb l VI shod gnrl inrs it h dpth .

T bulk dns t is of t L nd H lrs d id not vr rt bt

stnd s n t othr hnd th bulk dns it of th F l r s grtr

undr vrgrn ovr th it s undr th d iduous ovr in vr

s T bul k dns it i s of t minrl s oil rd fr om 08 grms

pr ub nt imtr to 1 6 grms pr ub tmtr hi s is

s imil r to th rng of 0 50 t o 1 1 grms pr ub i nt imtr


28/55

t

66E

E

HE

H

LNE

LE

L

1E

TALE VI

K EITIE O THE VARIO YER IN GRPER CIC CTIETER AT EACH TE

nrl olOrgn Lrs 0 1 . 5 -3

L H Ins Inchs

0. 06 l3 7 0 . 8

0. 0 0 1 2 0 . 1 7 0 4 0.4

0 03 0. 0 0 .0 6

0 0 0 1 2 0 18 06 78

003 0.45 6

0. 03 0 . 1 1 0 .1 6 0 .6 . 66

0. 03 0 0. 3 6

0. 0 0 1 1 0 1 7 0 .3 6 0.66

0.0 0.28 0.37

0. 02 0 1 2 1 .0 1 1 . 4 1

nd H lrs

3 4 . Inchs

10

64

6

8

8

N

71

1 0

4

1 4


29/55

2

rportd b Mnn s 1 95 n s stud of f orst umus tps of Est

Tnnss

T pH of t H l r of t spruf r s tnds Tb l ) s

n t rng r portd b Mnn 19 5 Th pH of t mnr

s ol s m lr t o t 3 rportd b Mnns ( 19 nd ls o b

MCrkn nk nd Cl b s 1 96 2 fo r spruf r Th pH und r

t d duou st nd t t gr l vt on 3 to 3) s n r

mnt t t 3 7 rportd b MCrkn nks nd bs ch 92)

for t uppr tr ncs of so n h lvton dcdous std

but lr tn t 1 to 3 rportd b Mnns 98) nd fond

b C n 1 93 1 n t sm r T pH of t hml ock stnds s

s m r to t pH of th spruf r s tnd s h l th hdro n on co

ntrton of t l lvton dduous stnds s n ordr of mn

tud lor tn t g l vt on dduous stnd s but n t sm

rng s t p n tnd t 100 f t T l o lvt on d c duousst nds d pH s m lr to t 7 rportd b Mcnn s 9 ) f or

slr stnd

Comprson mtod usd d t rmn ng PM F r 1 shos

t rpl mt to dtrmn CM nd t mthmt c mth s

gvn n t Appndx Tbl V provd s omr s on of dt ob

tnd b t to mtods on rs of mpls

T grpl mt od g t gr c ount to t ms nd t h

mt mt l mtod gv t gr ount t r t s Th pr c nt

d ff rn rngd fr 6 9 f vorng t grp mth to 4%

f vor ng t mtmt c l mt T pr nt df f rn ncs d


30/55

22

TALE VII

pH F THE H LAYER N THE THREE ARIRY LAYER OF MINER O

rs015 1 5 - 3 3-4 . 5

t H Inhs cs cs

66E 32 3 3 348

E 3 1 1 305 3 45 345

3. 40 3 65 3 6 5

HE 322 3 20 3 . 8 3

H 3. 70 3.55 3 . 44

E 3 1 5 3 20 352 N.

5 .8 5 4

LE 3 2 5 3 01 332 3 . 22

L 32 5 8 4 . 5 6

1E 72 4 62 4 6


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�2

:Q

z

4

.·\

�-'. .

/', o_

t I v ' ; \ .: • • • \ \

0-5" Soil Horzon3•3 Crysta

Net pectrum reovedTh u reoved

Cs7 reoved Ru 6 removed

23

IOL-

0 0 04 60 080 00 2 0 .4 0

ENERGY IN ME\FIGURE

APCA MTHOD OF STIING 1PL PCTR NTO IT C0N'T PRT


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TAL VII I

PARO O O O OTAIN CO T P ER 2 INTE TO CEI137 I TH CEI-37 PHOTOPEAK

24

pl thmt l i frnc mpl td tod %

6600 L 310 3194 +1 7

6600 9570 967 + 1

66 01 . 5 23 0 1992 -6

6600 1 5 3 9 1 0 93 + 7 4

66 0 34 395 374 6

P nt d n obtnd b d iid in th d ir nc btn t to b t gu o t mtmtl mthd ndmultplg b 100


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25

n t nl s o l T s s du to n n s n t moun of

tourn prsnt n t spl grl nrsd ck

s tt n t s u1 37 potopk gus 2 3 5 nd s o

tpl spt o t vous ls t dnnc of csi

137 nd t l mount o o issonpodud g-mrs n h

l T l ount of o f s s onprodud gmmi rs ws

du o t tt tr d n o mjor nuclr s for pproxi

t l t r s ll of 1 5 fo ol lc on of mtr il ws

d nd tr o ost o t v t of t sor l ivd gmm i rs

s gon (Lundl 1 2 Rutnu1 0 nd cr u r h ol

ot f ss onpodud g r s prsn wr id if il

n spls

Cs137 T rng of sum137 n mllcuris pr squr

l Tl I n st ud s 2 2 t o 3 0 T s is ppr oxi

tl 2 0 to 1 00 p nt g tn t 1 1 pr s qur ml r

potd n Lont , I l l no s n Jun 1 0 (ust fs on rr nd

Krngn 10 .

A cprson of o xposurs nd covr ps 40 f

t o xposurs nd ov ps 520 f ms of

corl nlss o vrn (Tl X ndd no sigific dif

fn 5 condnc lvl xposur or ovr p u

t s s gnf nt d ifnc it lv on igur sos

gpcll t d s uon o o l s u3 i l v ion Th

ofnt o drmntion R2 of rgrss ion of cs um1 3 o

l vt on s 0


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10

1:

z-�

a.

e-z0(

Aoo Horizon

2x4• Crystal

Cs-137

26

�_

-

0

0 2

0

0

.40

0

60

0

80

0 20 L 40 L 60 .8

ENERGY IN MEV

FIGURE 2

TYPCAL SECTM OF THE LTTE (L) AY, TAKEN Ot1 TH HD :T'D


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5

00

100

l1z

�

ln

101z

0

A Hoizo

•r

. 0 0 4 6 0 8 100 12 0

ENERG N MV

FGU 3

14 160 1.80

TYA JP OF F


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200

100

Ltz

i 10L

z0

(

0-1 ol Horzon

3x 3 stal

K4

28

�

-

0 0.20 00 060 080 10 1 20 140

NRGY IN MV

FIGURE 4

TYPCAL STUM OF TH 0-1.5 N� AK ! T1 l TtJ


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29

20

100

w:z

�

wa

( 10 z:0

1.5-3• ol Hozon

3x 3• ya

----

0 0 20 0.40 060 080 100 10 140 160 180

NRG N MEV

FGURE 5

TYPICAL SECTRM UF TH 1. '-3 C SOIL Y":i


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200

100

L :z

10 a

(�z0(

3-4.5" Soil Horzon

3x 3 Crysta

30

�

0

0

0

0

40

0

.60

80

O

O

120

1

60

180

ENERG Y IN MEV

FIGURE 6

TYPCAL STH.J•1 -4.5 IC OL Z'l, TKN FOt THE liND SAW


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TALE IX

DITRITION OF CEI137 IN T VARIO LAYER EXPREED IN MILLICRIE PER QARE ILE EPTER 1 1 96 1

Cesum-137 Conen b LersElevon Prepon 0 1. 5 1 . 5 3 3-4. 5

Fee Exposure Cover Inhe s Per Yer L F H Inhes Inhes Inhes To

600 ouhes Everreen 9 0 . 9 4 3 . 8 1 2 1 . 3 1 3 5 . 9 6 6 . 1 1 9 . 0 3 8 6 . 0

5200 Norh Everreen 90.0 37 . 5 2 3 5 . 9 3 3 . 1 198 0. 3 4 . 5 3 3 1 . 1

5200 Norh Deduous 9 0 0 1 9 0 18 6 . 4 - 1 04 2 1 7 . 7 6 . 9 3 3 4 . 2

5200 ouh Everreen 90.0 30.3 2 1 3 . 6 7 0 . 9 2 5 . 5 N D . N . D . 3 4 0 . 3

5200 ouh Deduous 90.0 1 7 . 8 7 5 . 2 - 1 9 3 . 6 4 4 . 8 1 7 . 4 3 4 8 . 8

3400 Norh Everreen 7 6 . 3 10.4 8 6 . 1 1 08 . 3 3 3 . 3 8 . 2 N . D . 2 4 6 . 2

3400 Norh Deduous 7 6 . 3 6 . 1 9 1 6 1 5 5 . 1 3 2 . 7 1 0 . 5 2 9 6 . 0

3400 ouh Eerr een 7 6 . 3 9 . 8 75 . 5 94.6 .9 1 1 1 1 2 . 4 2 70 . 3

3400 ouh Deduous 76 . 3 5 .4 73 .2 - 8 4 . 5 8 9 . 3 2 . 6 2 8 5 . 3

1400 Lee Eerreen 5 7 . 8 9 . 1 7 7 1 3 8 . 5 2 . 8 5 . 2 2 5 6 . 9

F nd H yers .


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TE X

NYI O VRINCE O TOTA CEI137 WITH EEVTIONCOVER TYPE N EXPO URE : CTORI EIGN

Sour d f MS

32

F

Elvton 1 23 4 23 4 6

Exposur 1 1 7 3 1 3 12

Error I 1 1 3 5 1 3 5

Covr 1 726 72 6 3 61

ov x Elv 1 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 75

ov x Exp 1 1 0 1 5 4

Error II 1 2 2 0 2 2 0

Totl 1 9 1

gnf nt t t 95 onf d l vl


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w

c&

o0.Oz·- !

�

z s000; r �

>

0

v

r r Nat!W ·bs/ow L£1-S

3


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d i c d i ibu io o c ium-1 wi io

m mo cloly rld o mou o prcpiio

c id r io p c ip ii o bw 52 d

w 1 1 8 d r io o c im-1 bw m l io w

1 2 i wol r om o 1 pc ii

io ro w 1 5 d c ium1 r io w 151 o

lo oud lioip bw pcpiio d dib

io o rd ioc lou l od d ol i (1 9 ) pod

ill i cl ly cor oll i c o i ll o dpo io

p o ro ium-9 d c um1 B oor ( 1 959) woi i

Gr Brii oud did mil om rio o low

coid lowr cocrio o cm- dd mi

r io o i r ril l Libby ( 19 58) pod i

illy o woldwid ll ou i bc o ril Gu o

1 95 9 rpord w cl o rl ioi p bw ioo c ium1 o o im-9 i riw

bl i compri o o d i ribu o o c ium-1 i

di ly i d d

d d c iduo d i m l oc io d ow

8 % o c ium-1 c iy w i o ic m r d upp

ic d o-l o mrl oil i dciduou d d 9% w

i m ly i r d u ppox i

89 % Gu o rpo d i r ori c m d pp

ic d ol o o il H oud % o ol c iy i

5 ic o il l yr wi l r r w rom % i


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TABLE XI

DITRIBTIN F EI-1 IN THE DIFFERENT YER IN PER ENTF THE TTL EI1

Mrl

rgi Lyrs

L

F

H

Mirl ol

Dcduous %

4

6

ovrEvrgr

%

4

2

%

-1 s 4 1 2

1- ics 1 2 8

4 . ics 2

Adpd fr Gusfs o Mr ill i d Brr ( 1 )

Pr c of ol cv grss d orgc mr


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36

evergreen to 5% in the deciduous. Maximum retenion in the upper part

of the soil is inferred fr the work done by Cline (1960) on the move

ment of cesium1 7 through a nineinch soil column in the laboratory

He found hat 10% of the cesium17 moved beyond the surface inch in

an acid soil when 00 column inches of well water, containing 261

microrams of otal solids per milliliter of water ws passed over

he colum He found ore movement whe 01 N KCl was substituted for

the water.

The per cent of cesium137 in the organic matter under the ever

reen was approximately 2.1 times that of the deciduous stands. This

is assed to be due to the thicker oganic layer (Table present

under the everreen stands which served as an ionexchange area on

which he cesium-137 could bece adsorbed and hereby reduce its

further movement through he profile. Cline's (160 work showed hat

"cesium afer becing adsorbed to a soil colloid becomes difficult

to replace and was relatively unavaiable to plants"

Oher ammaemittin fission prucs. The only other ideni

fiable fissionproduced gammaemitters present in the material were

ruthenium106 and cerium144 which ogether contributed approimately

28% of the total acivity pruced by fissionproduced gamaemiers

Natural gammaemitters. Potassium40 hori and uranium

cprsed he natural gammaemitters presen Tale X gives the

activity of potassium40 in micro-microcuries per gr of maerial.

The couning staisics are very poor on he esaes of potassium40


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ABLE XII

DISRIBUION OF POASSI40 IN HE VARIOUS LYERSIN MIROMIROURIES PER G

Oan LayesMneal Sl

0 3Ste L F H Inhes Inhes

66E 069 a 2ll 2 24

E 060 030 26 293

D 06 30 2 27

HSE 0.52 034 062 42 37

HSD 0.63 93 264 27

LNE 0,24 06 0 76 26

LND 0 3 092 274 2

LSE 02 03 034 27 2 32

LSD 04 04 3 2

14E 06 3 47

a F and H layes

-

37

3-4.5

Inhes

29

20

304

6

242

ND

3

2

333

33


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n h F nd H lr f hh houl d b kp n mnd hn

sud n hs d . Po um- nrd h d p h n h of

h s H nd 1 E hn dr h dp h horum nd

urnum shd no ons n p rn of hn h d ph h

v of horumurn slhl mor hn h v of

poum . Th nurl rd ov onrbud 8 % or mor of

h ol v n h sol lrs

38


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VI. �RY

T orgn lrs nd tr onndonlfn ol lr

r olltd t four dffrnt lvtons nd udr to ontrtng

ovr t ps n t rt mok ount ns -r nlss

rrd out on tm t 200 nnl RIL pul gt lr

Tot l s um1 37 vrd f rom 246 . to 3 6 . 0 m ll ur pr

s ur m l . Tr s no s gf t d ff rn t d tr but o

of s um-1 37 t ovr tp or xposur but t r s s g f td f f rn t t 9 % of d l vl n t d str but o of um

137 t lvton T s d f f rn t lvto md mo t l ol

rlt d to t mount of prp tt o rvd . T rt o o pr p

t t on fr 66 00 f t to 1 400 f t 1 7 d t rt o of um1 3

ovr t m rng s 1 . 1 .

ot of t um137 s n t orgn lr d uppr o

nd onlf ns of t mnrl s o l . E gt pr nt of t t otl

s um1 37 undr t d duous st nd nd 9 6 % undr t vrgr tnd

r n t s orgn mt r l nd uppr prt of t m rl ol

T otr dntfbl fonprodud gmm-mttr prt

r rutn106 nd r144 ontrbutd ppromtl 2%

of t f s s o produt t vt. P ots um-40 tor d urum

md up t n tur l l ourr ng gr mt trs pr t T pro

dud 0% or mor of t totl tvt n t sol lr

39


48/55

ILIO


49/55

ILIORAPHY

r L 1 95 6 ol P Jon l and on I n N York

ookr V 1 Cum1 37 n d rd m lk Natur 1 3 92 1924

oouo J 1 36 r t on f or mkng m an al anal ofol t drtr mtod n 225229

151 A rl rt on of t dr tr mtod f or makngmnl nl of ol Agron J ournal 43 : 43443

Ca n A 131 Eolog al tud of t h v gtat on of th ratok ountn of ort Carol na and Tnn I ol rat onand pl nt d tr ut on otanal at t 2241

Cl n J 1 960 Pota um1 37 and rubd um-6 rlat onpn plant uptak ol dffuon rat and rrgaton prat62037

Croutaml E d 19 60 Appl d amma-ra p

ry

Prgon Pr N York

a P R . 1 950 P al ba of prat al anal by t drotr t o l n 363374

1 956 Rport to t mtt on phal anal ( 195 4-5 ol n ot � Ar a Pr od ng 2: 1 6716 9

Enbud and J H Hrldtonton n

1 95 3 Rad oat v dut fr nlar141147

155 Rad oat v fa l l out n t n td tat n1 2

: 67760

rnld L 19 50 ra' anual of otan mr an o o o York

r rank 19 56 A ud ook f or tat t a Tran nt Rpr ntdb prmon of t or rv b and for of th Arm Engnr at ra Exprmnt tat on Corp of Eng nr

Vkburg pp

utaf on P 1 959 a armnt of ol rad oat t and al lat on of do trfr pp 15616 3 In Rad ologal Pvon mnnual Rport Jul trough mbr 95 ArgonnNat onal Laborator Pro Rport 5967

41


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4

5b Rdoc ivi mes uremen nd dose c c on ons oi col leced Argonne pp 535 In Rd ioogi c Phs ics ivis ion Seminnu Repor Jnur hrough ne 5 Argonne

N ionl Lboror Pro ces ed Repor 6 - -

l95cSc ene 3

Rio of cesium3 nd sronium in he sol5

u fs on P S S rr nd M . A Kerringn 6 Gmm-rsudie on rd iocive f ll ou in s oil pp 666 In Rdoloil Physis Division Seminnu Repor nur hrough ne960 Argonne Nton Lboror Pr oces d Repor 6

ufson P M A Kerringn nd S rr 6 Fiss ion ndnur rd ioc ivi in ground leve l ir pp 8 85 In Rd iol ogic l Phs ic s ivi s ion eminnu epor nr hro h ne 6 Argonne N on Lboror Proce ed Repor 638

ufs on P F L Mrinel i nd S rr 5 Gmmremi ing e lemen preen in he oi pp 8-2 In Rol ogicl Phs i iv is ion Semi nn Rep or nr hr oh e 5 Argonne N ionl Lbortor �

· sed Repor7

5 Meuremen of gmr emi ing e lemens in heoil pp 36 3 In d iol oil Physi s Divis ion SeminnuRport ,

Jul thogh Dr 95 Argonne Non LbororPosd pot 52

19 b t l nd fi s ionpodd y mitt ind ot ivity in th o l S n , : 222

1 99 y t d on d ot iv fl l ot pp 6977 n dolol Py v on nnl port , J ly thogh , 1 99 Agonn onl otoy Po epor6

0

4

n fo t Spil Sott on dton of he JoinC o

n

, Conf Un Sh y

ong, Son on l l Wpons stsMy 5, 6 , 7, nd , 1 99 vol

d , , M At n , c d l , W t ight , J A ld, nd E P Wht d 19 So l vy of Svi ontyTnn

Untd SttDp mn A!u

ng , P nd Stp 19 0gology nd ntl htoy

h t Soy Montin t intf � hly

2= 33


51/55

43

Kinsan , S n ( d ) 197 . ad ioogia Hah Handb. nidSas Dparn of Ha h , Eda ion , and Wf ar ; P b ic HahSrvi , ra f Sa Srvis , br A. af Sani ary Enginr

ing nr, ninnai, Ohio.

y, W F. 195 Sinc, 123

adiaiv fal and radiaiv sroni-97

19 5 ars prpard y Dr . ibby. pp . 23-2 7 nEnvronn a onana ion fr W apns s s . Hah and Safyaoraory Pro por.

l , E . , Jr . 19 3. h i s f a iv and a ra id rsof h nd Sas (I di Al sk .-Fst Srvi Agri Hanook o 1

j nggrn , . 19 Fa o f radi aiviy in shrn Sdnar , 18 5

o, K . and K. Edvars n. 199 . a s i1 7 in Sdish i and si ar , 18 3 1 111 .

ndb , . 19 2 Drina in cncnra in of ca s i-1 7 inpr ipia in and grnd v air in Sd n a r , 1 : -87

, H J and or F handr .and Sons , In , Yor

19. For s Si s . hn Wiy

Mran , J , E . Shans , and E. E . sh 12 . d ssand So rns Aids a highr vains f h ra SyMonains b pbl shd in So i S in Siy of Ar icaProdings

Mcinnis , J. . 19 8 . Frs ir and hs yps f as nn s npb ishd M . S . h s is . h nivrs iy f nn ss

Mc hnny , . and Jan Marhy . 19 . Anay ica aa spcr rysipir ia s ia of rs pnsrv p s pp 4-8 nFifh Anna Ming, ioasay and Anayica hisry ropnbr ID 7591 ·

- ·

M i r , . E . a n d . D M a ri n l i porary an S inc , 12 :

Morgan , M. F and H. A n . 19 31 .la ifaon of for o s Arony, 23 1591.

19 . aa-ray a iviy f cn-122123

h rol of organi ar in hJorna rian Siy of


52/55

Mortenson , J L 19 61 . Rad ioactive fall out Aronomy Journa 3 :343348

44

Ol son , J S 19 61 coloical samplin and meteooca cacuatonof fal lout on fores t near Oak Rid ge ak R de Nat onal Laborator .Procesed Report 3181 -

Perkins S . 0 . and W . Gettys 1 947 . Soi l Surve o Swan ount North arol ina. United St ates epartment of riculture

Rod ger s John. 1 953 Geolo ic Map of ast ene see t Expana o

Tet Tenne see Divis on of Geolo Bu let in sa

Snedecor G. W. 1 957 . Stat ist ica Methods he owa State o eePres . es Iowa.

Rundo J . 1 9 8 . Measurement of caes um137 n an be n t eUnited Kind pp . 249-2 2 n nvironmenta ontami nat on romWeapons ests. Health and Safety Laborat or roces sed Repor__42.

Shanks , R . . 1 954 mates of t he Great Smoky Mouta n co o 35 354361

So il Sury Staff 1 951 Soi l Surve Manua United State eatment of Ariculture

United States Atmic ner y Cmis ion 19 6 Falout Stud ie

Reprinted fr t he Annual Report t o onre s s f or 1 99 o te u . s Atic ner mission.

Welford , G A and W . R o l ins , Jr . 1 99 . Faout deposton oseven nucl ides in Ne York C ity during 19 9 pp 63 . F ifthAnnual Meet ing ioas ay and Analyt ical hems tr Group Gat urg. T 7591 .

1 9 6 . Fal out in New York ity n 1 96 Sce�

131l' -

1 7 1 5 .


53/55

APPI


54/55

I MATATI CAL FO DER IVAIN

T accu f he ackscae effec f otass4 the

ce s u 37 h eak , he aveage at f M of a as s u4

s aa he ces u 37 heak he CM t he ota ss u4

heak as ee e Ths s he acksc ae coect fo

asu4 Z •

The huuau ackscae cect (2 as etee

ge g he aeage a f CM f a ho uuau s aad

the cesu37 heak the CM the thuau hotoeak

S ce he thuuau hteak use ha o a s 4 ack catte

t a acksc ate e ( Z3 ha to e eteed fo otasu

4 he th uau h eak Th s as oe et he

aeage a f CM f a as s 4 s aa he thouuau

heak he CM he as 4 hoeak

hee

The c g he ave

CMa = C [CMc Z + CM ( CMc Z 3 Z�

Ca s CM the cesum37 hoeak ue to ceum37

CM s he ta CM he ces37 hotoeak

c s he CM he assu4 hteak

CMd s the CM he houau htoeak

Z s he ackscae ce f assu4 the cesum

37 heak

46


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47

2 is the akatte eti f thiunium in he

ei37 phtpeak

3 i the aatte eti f ptassium in th thoium-

ai h pa

I I TIATIO O M

C is he uns pe minute fo a

f a istope in h sme

C2 is the ts minute fo

stadad f th isotop in P 1

theefe

M1 i the d is ieat ios pe miute

f istope i CP1

M2 i the d is inea is pe minte

f th tandad ispe in CP

Distribution of Fallout Cesium-137 in Litter Humus and Surface

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Transcript of Distribution of Fallout Cesium-137 in Litter Humus and Surface