Distribution and Use of Various Forages in Ethiopia · Distribution and Use of Various Forages in...
Transcript of Distribution and Use of Various Forages in Ethiopia · Distribution and Use of Various Forages in...
Distribution and Use of Various Forages in Ethiopia
By Hannah E. Hix
2008 World Food Prize Borlaug – Ruan Intern
International Livestock Research Institute
Forage Diversity Department
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Background Information
My name is Hannah Elizabeth Hix, and I attended the World Food Prize Youth
Institute in both my junior and senior years (2006 and 2007) of high school as the
participant from Union High School in La Porte City, Iowa. I am currently a freshman at
Iowa State University majoring in Animal Science.
I became interested in the Borlaug – Ruan internship program after listening to
the presentations given by the interns during the years I participated in the Youth
Institute. I became extremely interested in the International Livestock Research Institute
(ILRI) because of my passion for agriculture, most specifically with the livestock industry.
As I was already certain I was going to major in animal science, I thought an internship at
ILRI would be a wonderful opportunity to help people and expand my views of
agriculture. This outlook helped me decide to apply for the Borlaug – Ruan internship.
In the summer of 2008, I spent eight weeks in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, working at
the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). ILRI is a member of the Consultative
Group for International Agriculture Research (CGIAR). The ultimate goal of all the
research centers involved in CGIAR is to reduce poverty through sustainable agriculture
methods. In turn, this will allow people to improve their livelihoods by raising or
purchasing better food. ILRI specifically aims to develop sustainable technologies
directed at smallholder livestock and crop operations in developing nations.
After being accepted for the internship, I was given the choice of working with
either livestock genetics or forages. Although I was extremely interested in studying
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animal genetics, I chose to work in the Forage Diversity department in hopes that I
would gain a new appreciation for other aspects of agriculture.
While at ILRI, I worked with the Forage Diversity Department under the direction
of Dr. Jean Hanson. Dr. Hanson was my main supervisor throughout the duration of my
project. I also worked with Fikirte Neway, who was a tremendous help with the creation
of the GIS (geographic information system, similar to GPS technology) maps and
distribution statistics.
I had many responsibilities while working at ILRI. In order to complete my
project, it was first necessary to correct all the errors in the computerized version of the
seed request database. This entailed checking each entry against the paper records in
the books. After this was completed, I compiled various statistics concerning the
popularity of various forages and used GIS technology to plot the distribution of the
forages I studied. I then created a survey directed toward local farmers regarding their
land use, livestock inventory, and feeding program. I cataloged all of the responses and
was able to generate many statistics regarding the forage crops and their use. All of this
data would eventually be formatted into a report to present my findings.
Introduction
While the true definition of a forage is any plant or part of a plant that can be
eaten by animals, the term is usually further defined as a crop grown mainly for
livestock feed. Forages can help increase soil stability and fertility by adding more
organic matter content, reduce erosion and fertilizer application by providing
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groundcover, and improve agricultural profitability. There are three categories of
forages: legumes, grasses, and multipurpose browses (fodder trees). Forages have much
potential in agricultural systems in Ethiopia, as well as all of Africa.
The agricultural regions in Ethiopia can be split into two distinct sectors: the
highlands and the lowlands. The highlands, classified as any land that is 1,500 meters or
more above sea level, consist of only 40 percent of Ethiopia’s total landmass, but are
home to over 80 percent of the human population. Therefore, the highlands are also
home to 90 percent of the livestock in Ethiopia, including 75percent of the cattle and
sheep. The annual rainfall, number of growing days, and average temperature in the
highlands varies from area to area. The major commodities grown in the highlands
include coffee, barley, teff (a product similar to hay, only part of it can be eaten by
humans and the remains fed to livestock), wheat, cattle, sheep, and poultry. Because of
the steepness of the land, oxen are commonly used in the highlands for farm work. The
lowlands, any land under 1,500 meters above sea level, consist of 60 percent of
Ethiopia’s total land mass, and home to only around 20 percent of the country’s total
population. The lowlands are home to only 10 percent of the livestock, including 70
percent of the goats and 100 percent of the camels. The lowlands are characterized as
being drier and warmer than the highlands, but also having fewer growing days.
The International Livestock Research Institute in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has
established a forage genebank (storage area for certain products for sustainable use)
through the Forage Diversity department. This genebank allows for the preservation of
plant genetic resources. It also allows scientists to identify genotypes of various forages
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that have potential as livestock feed for both highland and lowland areas. This genebank
consists of over 18,000 accessions from over 1,000 forage plant species. The genebank
provides storage for sustainable use of these genetic resources. As part of its genebank,
the forage diversity department is also engaged in forage seed production. ILRI regularly
distributes small amounts of forages from its genebank to farmers and other
organizations. The seeds are produced in large plots at the Debre Zeit Field Station. As
requests come in from April to July, the necessary seeds are harvested, prepared, and
packaged. The seeds are then either sent to Addis Ababa or kept at the field site for pick
up by the purchaser. ILRI provides these seeds to people all around the world, but this
study was focused in Ethiopia.
Popularity of Various Forages
A large portion of this study was dedicated to the popularity of various forage
species. This was done through analyzing the data in the seed request database using
Microsoft Excel. Many statistics concerning the popularity of various forages were
created.
This map shows the number of requests for each forage species, but includes
only those species that had 10 or more requests. The most popular species were
Pennisetum purpureum (465 requests), Lablab purpureus (420 requests), Chloris gayana
(330 requests), Medicago sativa (324 requests), and Vicia villiosa (315 requests).
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These maps show the number of requests for each forage species, but are
broken down into categories: legumes (plants from the pea or bean family), grasses
(family of plants grown for pasture, feed, or turf), and browses (plants belonging to the
multipurpose tree family).
The most popular legumes are Lablab purpureus (420 requests), Medicago sativa
(324 requests), Vicia villiosa (315 requests), Macroptilitum atropurpurem (285 requests),
and Vigna unguiculata (273 requests).
Plant Popularity - Ethiopia
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Ave
na s
ativ
aB
othr
ioch
loa
pert
usa
Bra
chia
ria d
ecum
bens
Caj
anus
caj
anC
ench
rus
cilia
risC
entr
osem
a pa
scuo
rum
Cen
tros
ema
pube
scen
sC
ham
aecr
ista
rot
undi
folia
Chl
oris
gay
ana
Cyt
isus
pro
lifer
usD
esm
anth
us v
irgat
usD
esm
odiu
m in
tort
umD
esm
odiu
m u
ncin
atum
Labl
ab p
urpu
reus
Leuc
aena
leuc
ocep
hala
Leuc
aena
pal
lida
Loto
noni
s ba
ines
iiLu
pinu
s al
bus
Lupi
nus
angu
stifo
lius
Lupi
nus
mut
abili
sM
acro
ptili
um a
trop
urpu
reum
Mac
ropt
ilium
lath
yroi
des
Mac
roty
lom
a ax
illar
eM
edic
ago
litto
ralis
Med
icag
o sa
tiva
Med
icag
o sc
utel
lata
Med
icag
o tr
unca
tula
Mel
ilotu
s al
bus
Neo
noto
nia
wig
htii
Pan
icum
col
orat
umP
anic
um m
axim
umP
enni
setu
m c
land
estin
umP
enni
setu
m p
urpu
reum
Pen
nise
tum
purp
ureu
m x
gla
ucum
Pue
raria
pha
seol
oide
sS
esba
nia
sesb
anS
etar
aia
spha
cela
taS
tylo
sant
hes
guia
nens
isS
tylo
sant
hes
ham
ata
Sty
losa
nthe
s sc
abra
Trif
oliu
m d
ecor
umT
rifol
ium
pra
tens
eT
rifol
ium
qua
rtin
ianu
mT
rifol
ium
rep
ens
Trif
oliu
m r
uepp
ellia
num
Trif
oliu
m s
emip
ilosu
mT
rifol
ium
ste
udne
riT
rifol
ium
tem
bens
eV
icia
ben
ghal
ensi
sV
icia
sat
iva
Vic
ia v
illos
aV
igna
par
keri
Vig
na u
ngui
cula
ta
Plant Name
Nu
mb
er
of
Tim
es
Re
qu
es
ted
*Plant varieties requested less than 10 times not included*
Legum e P opularity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Aes
chyn
omen
e am
eric
ana
Aes
chyn
omen
e fa
lcat
aA
lysi
carp
us g
lum
aceu
s
Ara
chis
pin
toi
Cen
tros
ema
aren
ariu
mC
entr
osem
a pa
scuo
rum
Cen
tros
ema
pube
scen
sC
ham
aecr
ista
rot
undi
folia
Des
man
thus
lept
ophy
llus
Des
man
thus
sp
Des
man
thus
virg
atus
Des
mod
ium
into
rtum
Des
mod
ium
unc
inat
umIn
digo
fera
arr
ecta
Labl
ab p
urpu
reus
Loto
noni
s ba
ines
iiLu
pinu
s al
bus
Lupi
nus
angu
stifo
lius
Lupi
nus
mut
abili
sM
acro
ptili
um a
trop
urpu
reum
Mac
ropt
ilium
lath
yroi
des
Mac
roty
lom
a ax
illar
eM
edic
ago
arbo
rea
Med
icag
o lit
tora
lisM
edic
ago
sativ
aM
edic
ago
scut
ella
taM
edic
ago
trun
catu
laM
elilo
tus
albu
sN
eono
toni
a W
ight
iiP
hase
olus
acu
tifol
ius
Pue
raria
pha
seol
oide
sR
hync
hosi
a m
inim
aS
tylo
sant
hes
guia
nens
isS
tylo
sant
hes
ham
ata
Sty
losa
nthe
s sc
abra
Trif
oliu
m d
ecor
umT
rifol
ium
pra
tens
eT
rifol
ium
qua
rtin
ianu
mT
rifol
ium
rep
ens
Trif
oliu
m r
uepp
ellia
num
Trif
oliu
m s
emip
ilosu
mT
rifol
ium
ste
udne
riT
rifol
ium
tem
bens
eV
icia
ben
ghal
ensi
s
Vic
ia s
ativ
a
Vic
ia v
illos
aV
igna
par
keri
Vig
na u
ngui
cula
ta
P lant N am e
Nu
mb
er o
f T
imes
Req
ues
ted
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The most popular grasses are Pennisetum purpureum (420 requests), Chloris
gayana (330 requests), Avena sativa (160 requests), Setaraia sphacelata (152 requests),
and Panicum coloratum (116 reqeusts).
The most popular fodder trees are Sesbania sesban (245 requests), Cajanus
cajan (207 requests), Leucaena leucocephala (138 requests), Lucaena pallida (168
requests), and Cytisus proliferus (12 requests).
G rass P o p u larity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
And
ropo
gon
gaya
nus
Ave
na s
ativ
aB
othr
ioch
loa
insc
ulpt
aB
othr
ioch
loa
pert
usa
Bra
chia
ria b
rizan
tha
Bra
chia
ria d
ecum
bens
Bra
chia
ria r
uziz
iens
isC
ench
rus
cilia
risC
hlor
is g
ayan
aC
ynod
on d
acty
lon
Dac
tylis
glo
mer
ata
Dig
itaria
aby
ssin
ica
Dig
itaria
eria
ntha
Dig
itaria
mila
njia
naE
chin
ochl
oa p
yram
idal
isE
chin
ochl
oa s
tagn
ina
Ele
usin
e flo
ccifo
liaE
lym
us h
ispi
dus
Era
gros
tis r
otife
rE
ragr
ostis
sup
erba
Fes
tuca
aru
ndin
acea
Hyp
arrh
enia
filip
endu
laLo
lium
mul
tiflo
rum
Loliu
m p
eren
neM
elin
is m
inut
iflor
aM
elin
is r
epen
sP
anic
um c
olor
atum
Pan
icum
max
imum
Pas
palu
m d
ilata
tum
Pas
palu
m p
licat
ulum
Pen
nise
tum
cla
ndes
tinum
Pen
nise
tum
pol
ysta
chio
nP
enni
setu
m p
urpu
reum
Pen
nise
tum
pur
pure
um x
gla
ucum
Pen
nise
tum
trac
hyph
yllu
mP
hala
ris a
quat
ica
Poa
pra
tens
isS
etar
ia in
cras
sata
Set
arai
a sp
hace
lata
Sor
ghum
alm
umT
ripsa
cum
and
erso
nii
Vet
iver
gra
ss
P lant N am e
Nu
mb
er
of
Tim
es
Re
qu
es
ted
Fo d d e r T r e e Po p u lar ity
0
50
10 0
150
2 0 0
2 50
3 0 0
P l a n t N a m e
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Ada’a Liben Wereda
The survey interviews were conducted with farmers who reside in the Ada’a
Liben Wereda, a highland region in southern Ethiopia. The total land area of Ada’a Liben
Wereda is 1635.2 km2 (around 1016 miles). The total population is 332,917 people,
giving the region a population density of 203 people per kilometer (327 people per
mile). 51 percent of the total population is male, while 49 percent of the population is
female. Land classified as “rural” makes up 75 percent of the area, leaving the other 25
percent to be classified as urban. There are a total of 41,474 rural households in the
region. There are several types of livestock raised in Ada’a Liben Wereda, with the most
popular being cattle (160,697 head), donkeys (38,726 head), goats (37,510 head), and
sheep (22,181 head). There are several different soil types in the area, making it hard to
find one crop species that is easily grown throughout the whole region. These soil types
include, but are not limited to Koticha (black clay), Gombore (light sand), Abolse (red
and black light soil), and Cheri (stony soil). The average altitude in the area is anywhere
from 1,592 to 2,937 meters (5,223 to 9,635 feet). The average yearly rainfall ranges
from 854 to 1,130 mm (33 to 44 inches). The temperature in Ada’a Liben Wereda can
range from 13 to 20 oC (55 – 68 oF). The most common crop commodities grown in the
region include teff, wheat, chickpea, maize, and sorghum. The most commonly
produced livestock commodities are milk, butter, eggs, meat, and honey (apiculture).
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Farmer Interviews
The farmers I interviewed had been working in conjunction with ILRI for a variety
of years, usually anywhere from one to five. I interviewed 36 farmers total, 26 of which
were men, and 10 were women. These farmers all came from villages within the Ada’a
Liben Wereda, including Genda Gorba (24 farmers), Babogaya (7 farmers), Godeti (2
farmers), Buti (2 farmers), and Mekana (1 farmer). My surveys consisted of 15
questions, asking primarily about land use, livestock inventory, and feeding and forages.
The interviews were completed with the help of translators. On average, each survey
took about 20 minutes to complete. I spent three days of my total time in Ethiopia
working on interviewing local farmers. A copy of the survey is provided as an
attachment to the report.
Summary of Survey Results
Through my interviews, I discovered that the average farmer residing in Ada’a
Liben Wereda farms three hectares (ha) of land. (One hectare is about 2.7 acres.) 2.5 ha
are used for growing food crops, while .3 ha are used as pastureland for livestock. The
remaining .2 ha are used up by the farmer’s home and other farm structures. Only three
out of the 36 (eight percent) farmers that I interviewed were even remotely interested
in increasing available grazing, but none were willing to give up cropland to be
converted into pastureland.
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I also discovered that every farmer owned somewhere between one and 56
animals. The average numbers for livestock are as follows: three oxen, three cattle, two
donkeys, one goat, two sheep, and four poultry, leading to a total of 16 animals.
In terms of feed and forages, the most common sources of livestock feed are
own pasture grazing, rented pasture grazing, teff straw, wheat straw, wheat bran,
nougcake, and linseed. A majority of farmers – 21 out of 36 (58 percent) – farmers
reported having shortages of feed, and 32 (89 percent) farmers buy feed from either
their neighbors or from the factory. Many farmers favor their livestock with either more
or better feed. Several farmers – 13 (36 percent) – favored their dairy livestock, nine (25
percent) favored their draft animals, for a total of 22 farmers (61 percent) who favor
some type of livestock. This leaves 14 (39 percent) farmers who do not favor any
livestock. Only two of the 36 (5 percent) of farmers have enough feed leftover to sell. A
small majority of the farmers – 19 out of 36 (53 percent) – still have forages they
received from ILRI. Of these farmers, 37 percent planted forages in the back yard behind
the house, while 63 percent plant the forages in a completely separate field. Out of the
original 36 farmers, 11 of them (31 percent) produce their own seeds from year to year.
The majority of farmers had been working with ILRI for four years. I found no
correlations between different types of data (i.e. number of livestock raised and the
amount of pastureland owned). Therefore, I was unable to create any statistics showing
relationships between the various factors of wealth.
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Conclusions
From my data, I concluded that the popularity of forages is hard to predict. The
more popular the forage, the more the farmers value it. I noticed that the most
commonly requested forages were the same ones most commonly mentioned during
the interviews. Farmers must feel that food crops are more important than forages,
because none of the farmers were willing to give up cropland for pastureland. Pasture
grazing and cut/carry grasses are the most popular forms of livestock feed. Almost all
farmers have shortages of feed, which causes farmer to favor the livestock that they
deem is more important. Although slightly over half of the interviewed farmers still raise
forages from ILRI, they may need more training in keeping forages alive and producing
their own seed from parent plants.
Effects on Food Security
I feel that the work I completed at ILRI will have lasting effects on food security.
My work has helped add to ILRI’s understanding about why some forages remain
popular and others do not. This demand and market intelligence will help ILRI produce
the types of seed that farmers need and want, while insuring forage seed availability
into the future. My study will be analyzed to help determine a need to educate farmers
about new seeds or forage crops. My work will also help with continuing research in the
forage diversity area, both as resource to be referred to and as a model to encourage
and guide other similar projects.
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Experience
The many things I experienced while at ILRI will remain with me for a lifetime.
This experience had and will continue to have a great impact on my life. Traveling
through and living in a foreign culture is an experience that everyone should have the
opportunity to do. An experience abroad gives a person a greater appreciation for the
luxuries he or she has back home. It also helps one better view the dynamics of his or
her culture from another point of view. My internship experience has not only affected
the way I view the “American Dream” and materialism, but also my future career plans.
Because of this internship, I hope to obtain a degree in Veterinary Medicine and
return to Ethiopia to work with livestock genetics, rather than simply work as a small
town veterinarian in rural Iowa. This overseas experience was a real eye‐opener for me,
and helped me see there is more to the world than just what is good for the Americans.
The experience also expanded my views of agriculture. Growing up in rural Iowa, I saw
agriculture merely as cows and cornfields, with occasional other crops and livestock
thrown in as well. While in Ethiopia, I realized there is a lot more to the agriculture
industry, from the forages grown to feed livestock to the creation of newer, hardier
livestock breeds capable of surviving in various climates. I have benefited greatly from
this experience.
The World Food Prize Youth Institute and Borlaug – Ruan Internship are great
programs helping young adults become passionate about food security, not just for
themselves, but for people the world over. Being selected as a Borlaug – Ruan intern has
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made a huge impact on my life, and I am thankful for being selected for this amazing
opportunity.
Acknowledgements
A very special thanks to the Dr. Jean Hanson and her team in ILRI’s Forage and Diversity
Programme for mentoring me this summer as well as to the World Food Prize
Foundation and the John Deere Foundation for their generous support of my valuable
internship experience in Ethiopia.