Distribution, Abundance and Succession

8/14/2019 Distribution, Abundance and Succession

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DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE

AND SUCCESSION

K. GOPI


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NICHE

Defines how organism feeds, where it lives

and how it behaves in relation to other

organisms in its habitat


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COMPETITION

Barnacle distribution Marine algae distribution


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BARNACLE DISTRIBUTION

Involves: Chthamalus &Semibalanus

Fertilisation occurs in seawater

Free living larvae emerge Feed and grow before

attach to submergedsurfaces (rocks)

Chthamalus able to

withstand prolongedexposure during low tide

Slows the growth or killsSemibalanus(desiccation)


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BARNACLE DISTRIBUTION

LargerSemibalanus is thedominant species in acompetition ;produces asignificantly restricted

realized niche for thesmallerChthamalus Semibalanus cannot

survive the desiccation inthe uppermost life zone.But the smallerChthamalus can survivethere.

And without competitionthe Chthamalus spreadsinto all three zones, its

fundamental niche.


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FUNDAMENTAL NICHE

Based on the biologicalcharacteristics of aspecies.

For the dominantspecies, fundamentalniche may be the sameas its realized niche

For the dominated

species it will usually bemuch smaller as thecompetition forces thespecies into a smallcomponent of its

fundamental niche.


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REALISED NICHE

Results fromcompetition

For the dominant

species this niche maybe the same as thefundamental niche.

For the dominatedspecies it will usually

be much smaller thanits fundamental niche.


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MARINE ALGAE DISTRIBUTION

All seaweeds have mucilage covering over theirthallus (water reservoir)

Algae on the upper shore able to withstanddesiccation-contain more water when hydrated andloose the water more slowly when exposed

Spiral wrack-high tide mark, and may go for severaldays without seawater. The channel in its front facesdownwards, keeping the moisture

Knotted wrack, followed by bladder wrack, andnearer the low tide mark grows serrated wrack, with asaw-like edge to its front


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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Sequence ofinvasion and colonisation of new land by organisms

Seral stages- stages of colonisation when the abiotic factors

changed (sere)

Lead to climax community Divided into :

primary & secondary succession


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PRIMARY SUCCESSION

Succession on entire new land without soil

ex: river deltas, cooled volcanic lava

Also develop in aquatic habitats

Formation of soil- parent rock by erosion

Mineral skeleton may vary due blown or washed away

Humus wrapped around mineral skeleton


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HUMUS

Substance derived from dead plant and animalremains, together with animal faeces that aredecomposed by microorganisms

Contributes mineral nutrients Helps to hold water Helps to retain heat Pockets of air

Added by pioneer plants Xerosere-starts from xerophytes-plant that

survives with little amount of water (hyrosere??)


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PRIMARY SUCCESSION

As the water retention and the minerals

increase due to addition of humus, different

plants grow Herbaceous weeds,followed by shrubs and

small trees leading a climax community

Abiotic factors being replaced by bioticfactors that affects the survival


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GLOBAL WARMING

K. GOPI


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CARBON DIOXIDE GAS

0.038% by volume and0.057% by mass

Respiration

Combustion Decay of organic material

Removed byphotosyntesis- carboncycle

To maintain favourabletemperature on earth(green house effect)

CO2, temperature


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CARBON CYCLE


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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Energy from the Sun : visible light (short wave) andinfra-red radiation (longer wave)

IR radiates back to the space

The heat is not completely escape from the Earth Some reflected by clouds and some absorbed by

atmospheric gases Greenhouse effect-atmospheric glass that makes sure

temperature is not too cold for living organisms


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GREEN HOUSE GASES

Greenhouse gas-any gasthat absorbs the IRradiation

ex: CO2, H20 vapourand CH

4,atmospheric

pollutants-oxides of

nitrogen (NO2) and CFC

NO2-combustion of oiland coal & exhaustfumes

CFC- propellant inaerosols and coolant in

refrigerators


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EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

Polar ice melt

Glacier retreats

Rising sea levels

Changing weather and ocean current

patterns

Coral bleaching


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CHANGING WEATHER AND

CURRENT PATTERNS

Salinity decreases

Slows ocean currents (warmer to colder

region through convection) Alteration of heat and rainfall distribution


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CORAL BLEACHING

Microscopic algaelive symbioticallyin the cells ofcorals to give thedistinctivecolouration

Under high watertemperature, algae

expelled and theloss of colourhappens

Coral starts to die


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THANK YOU

Distribution, Abundance and Succession

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