Distributed Intelligence Architectures for Smart Grid · Distributed Intelligence Architectures for...
Transcript of Distributed Intelligence Architectures for Smart Grid · Distributed Intelligence Architectures for...
Power System Engineering Research Center
Distributed Intelligence Architecturesfor Smart Grid
Prof. Santiago Grijalvag jApril 6, 2010
0
Outline
Intelligenceg Smart Grid
Describing the Smart Grid Grid Complexity Limitations of Centralized Architectures
Distributed Architecture The Basics: Consumer Needs The Prosumer Distributed Intelligent Architecture R h A hit t C t
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Research on Architecture Components
“Smartness” Intelligence (roughly speaking)
Ability to comprehend the surroundings "catching on", "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do in order to achieve something
Intelligence
order to achieve something.
Knowledge/Learning
Understanding Decision MakingGoals
g g
EnvironmentSensing Actions
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/Situation
Intelligenceg
As the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community would As the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community would confirm, realizing intelligence is not trivial at all.
But in power systems IED, adaptive relays and advanced controls have been there for a while. All th bl t d id d t All these are able to sense, decide, and act.
Thus, what is the difference between what has been Thus, what is the difference between what has been done and the Smart Grid?
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Intelligenceg
Intelligent Devices and Controls Intelligent Devices and Controls Decision making is not hardwired Goals are set in real-time Actions are autonomous and proactive Ability to plan Ability to learn:
Understanding, Goal Setting, and Decision Making are enhanced by learningenhanced by learning
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Intelligenceg Intelligent Systems
We are interested in the intelligence of the system (the Grid)
Intelligent Devices Intelligent System There is a lot of knowledge in EMS and DMS systems. Significant level of automation (e.g. AGC) System is not autonomous
g g y
System is not autonomous
Power System
Intelligent electricity systems are in their infancy.Ha ing an intelligent electricit s stem o ld not be a tri ial task
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Having an intelligent electricity system would not be a trivial task
Smart Grid
6
Smart Grid DriversWhat is going on?
Markets
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
EnergyInvolvement
Regulators
Deregulation
Retail Markets
Choice
Government
Environmental Awareness Strategic Investment EmpowermentConsumer
Electricity Industry
P El t i
Communications
Information Systems
Core Computing
Al ith
y
Smart Metering
Power Electronics
Storage
PHEVReduced Investment
A i I f t t
Aging Workforce
Algorithms
Information
PHEV
Power TechnologyInfrastructure
Aging Infrastructure
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There are several megatrends affecting the electricity industry. Some are game changers, some are “revolutions” on their own
Smart Grid Componentsp
El i i i f (th id)
What are we dealing with?
Electricity infrastructure (the grid) Information systems including communications, cyber-
security, etcy Energy sources The consumer Specialized controls
Smart Grid has several interacting elements. Smart Grid solutions must be “aware” of these elements Specialized controls
Electricity markets Policy issues
F i h i k
be aware of these elements.
Fringe components such as transportation, energy markets, and smart village components.
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Electric Grid Complexityp yWhat are we dealing with?
Space
Country
St tRelevant State
City/Town
Station
Home/Building
Relevant Phenomenon
Time
Outlet/Appliance
ms sec days months years
EventScenario
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Electric Grid Complexityp yWhat are we dealing with?
Consider a system with about 100 branchesDo N-1 single contingenciesClustered Results
DeviceOverload %
Outaged Branches
2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva 10The Grid, which we want to make smart, is actually a very complex system
Desired Smart Grid FeaturesWhat do we want to achieve?
Self-Healing (self-healing)
Smart Grid Features
Self-Healing (self-healing) Consumer Empowering 21st Century Power Qualityy Q y Tolerant of Attack Variety of Generation Options Maturing Electricity Markets Optimize Assets
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Smart Grid GoalWhat do we want to achieve?
Transform the electricity infrastructure to be more resilient, flexible and efficient, so it can sustain theresilient, flexible and efficient, so it can sustain the economic development of a digitalized, greenersociety driven by empowered consumers.
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Smart Grid Creation Process
I f t t
How are we going to do it?
Infrastructure
Deployment Products& Services
MarketsBulk GridMicrogrids
Technology Consumers
Sources & Loads
Sustainable Economic NeedsResearch
Policy
Development
The power industry has been entrusted ith th ibilit t li th S t
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with the responsibility to realize the Smart Grid. The expectations are high.
Smart Grid Creation ProcessHow are we going to do it?
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Architecture
15
Centralized ArchitectureNuclear Power Plants
Natural GasTransmission
System
Smart Grid functionality restores the b l
Natural Gas Generators
balance Hydro power Distribution
Substationsplants SubstationsCustomers
We should recognize that there is a lot of knowledge and intelligence in current bulk
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Emerging GridNuclear Power Plants
Natural GasTransmission
SystemDistributed storage
g gRooftop Solar
Distributed wind
Smart Grid functionality restores the b l
Natural Gas Generators
Solar
balance Hydro power Distribution
SubstationsPHEV
plants SubstationsCustomers
Wind Farms
Home EnergyStorage
EnergyEfficiency
Smart Grid will increase the current dataSolar Farms
Smart Grid will increase the current data acquisition in about 4 orders of magnitude
Centralized control architecture is rapidlyb i t t d
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becoming saturated
Evidence of Saturation1. Too much data is needed for operation
C i i b l k2. Communication bottlenecks3. Intractable control and optimization problems 4. Some problems can’t be solved even with super-computers.p p p5. Events can occur due to limitations of controlling large-
scale renewable energy.6 Operators complain of too much information6. Operators complain of too much information7. EMS, DMS system complexity continues to grow8. Operation manuals are thousands of pages long
M k id h d f l9. Market guides are thousands of pages long10. Centralized infrastructure can be a security target
. . . Evidence would suggest a shift towards a
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Evidence would suggest a shift towards a more distributed architecture for the industry.This has occurred in other industries as well
Consumer NeedsConsumer’s Electricity Needs Consumer wants:
Enough electricity to meet its needs. To pay as little as possibleCost
Quantity
p y p Reliable service Frequency, voltage, power factor, balance, etc
Reliability
Quality
To use electricity in an efficient manner To contribute to address environmental problems
il bili f i h i l i
Efficiency
Sustainability
Availability of power at various changing locations Options and choice To be hands off
Ubiquity
Differentiation
Simplicity
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To be hands-offSimplicity
SG Features Consumer NeedsConsumer’s Electricity NeedsWhat SG features help meet the
consumer’s electricity needs?
Cos
t
elia
bilit
y
Qua
lity
ffici
ency
stai
nabi
lity
Ubi
quity
Qua
ntity
eren
tiatio
n
impl
icity
consumer s electricity needs?
Self-Healing
Smart Grid Features
o o
R Q Ef
Sus UQ
Diff
e Si
Self Healing Consumer Empowering Enhanced Power Quality Tolerant of Attack
o o o o
o o
o o Tolerant of Attack Variety of Source Options Maturing Electricity Markets
o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o
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Optimize Assets o o o
The Consumer that Produces
There is a radical change when the traditional consumer There is a radical change when the traditional consumer (residential, commercial, industrial) or the utility producespower in addition to only consuming power. p y g p
We can call this a Prosumer Since the prosumer sources and loads are not necessary
located at the same electric point, the prosumer is now dealing with a grid and hence it transports electricity.
It also needs to deal with both purchasing as well as It also needs to deal with both purchasing as well as selling and with economic optimization.
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The Prosumer
The Prosumer is an economically motivated entity y ythat consumes and produces electricity, operates or owns a power system that contains sources, loads, and possibly energy storage, and who optimizes the economic decisions regarding its energy utilization.
Prosumer Symbol:Prosumer Symbol:
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Prosumer Functions
External External Consumes energy Produces energy St Stores energy Participates in a market
Internal Operates a power system Economically optimizes its energy use
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Prosumer Componentsp
Sources loads storage other prosumers Sources, loads, storage, other prosumers A grid A grid control systemg y A market or other economic decision making system
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Prosumer ExamplespResidential Commercial & Commercial Aggregator UtilityProsumer
d O t /O
Acts on a
Retail Market Wholesale MarketMarket
Home Grid Microgrid Grid
and Operates/Owns
Grid
which Contains
SourcesLoads
Sources
Appliances Loads Loads Home Grids Microgrids
which Contains
StorageStorage
To Meet
El t i it N d
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Electricity Needs
Prosumer Needs(Already discussed)Consumer’s Needs
Standard connection to the grid To be paid as much as possible Grid reliability
CostGrid Reliability
AccessProducer Needs
y
Operational Goals and Framework Models, Data, and Real-Time Information
OP Framework
C t l S tOP Models/InfoGrid
Operator Control System Analytics and Decision Making
i l k d d d
OP Intelligence
Control SystemOpe atoNeeds
Economic Goals, Framework, and Standards Models, Rates, Costs, Offers and Bids Market System
MK Framework
MK SystemMK Models/InfoMarket
Operator Needs
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SG Solutions Prosumer NeedsProsumer’s NeedsWhat smart grid solutions
ensure the prosumer’s pneeds are met?
Cos
t
Rel
iabi
lity
Qua
lity
ffici
ency
stai
nabi
lity
Ubi
quity
Qua
ntity
eren
tiatio
n
Sim
plic
ity
Fram
ewor
k
Inte
llige
nce
trol S
yste
m
Acce
ss
Mod
els/
Info
Fram
ewor
k
Inte
llige
nce
K S
yste
m
Mod
els/
Info
R E
Sus UQ
Diff
e S
OP
F
OP
I
Con
tA
OP
M
MK
F
MK
IMK
MK
M
Smart Grid SolutionsSmart Grid Solutions
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Solution Types Prosumer NeedsProsumer’s NeedsWhat smart grid Solution
Types will ensure the
Cos
t
Rel
iabi
lity
Qua
lity
ffici
ency
stai
nabi
lity
Ubi
quity
Qua
ntity
eren
tiatio
n
Sim
plic
ity
Fram
ewor
k
Inte
llige
nce
trol S
yste
m
Acce
ss
Mod
els/
Info
Fram
ewor
k
Inte
llige
nce
K S
yste
m
Mod
els/
Info
Types will ensure the prosumer’s needs are met?
o o o o o o o o o o
R E
Sus UQ
Diff
e S
OP
F
OP
I
Con
tA
OP
M
MK
F
MK
IMK
MK
M
Smart Grid Solution Types
Policyo o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
Policy Market System Control Device Control o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
Device Control Device
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Solutions to Date Prosumer NeedsProsumer’s Needs : Proposed Solutions
Cos
t
Rel
iabi
lity
Qua
lity
ffici
ency
stai
nabi
lity
Ubi
quity
Qua
ntity
eren
tiatio
n
Sim
plic
ity
Fram
ewor
k
Inte
llige
nce
trol S
yste
m
Acce
ss
Mod
els/
Info
Fram
ewor
k
Inte
llige
nce
K S
yste
m
Mod
els/
Infoo : None or Little Solutions
o o o o
R E
Sus UQ
Diff
e S
OP
F
OP
I
Con
tA
OP
M
MK
F
MK
IMK
MK
M
Smart Grid Solution Types
Policy o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
Policy Market System Control Device Control o o
o o
Device Control Device
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Architecture
Prosumer Modeling Prosumer Modeling Operational Framework Market Framework Simplicity Intelligence Sustainability Sustainability
Significant work is required at the level of “power system architecture”
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p y
Prosumer Abstraction
ExternalSupply
EnergyStorage
LocalEnergy
Wires
Load 1 Load 2 . . . . Load n
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Prosumer AbstractionExternalSupply
EnergyStorage
LocalEnergySupply Storage
WiWires
Load 1 L d 2
Wires
Load 1 Load 2 . . . . Load n
Control AreaUtilityMicrogridMicrogridBuildingHouseShipHybrid CarL t
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Laptop. . .
Prosumer Abstraction
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Prosumer Abstraction
The prosumer must only interact with other prosumers.p y p If prosumers share the same level in the architecture,
we obtain a network architecture.we obtain a network architecture. Interactions occur in the device, control, and market
layers.
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layers.
Distributed Architecture
Prosumer
M k t
OtherProsumer
Control
Market Market External InterfaceEngine
C t lCTRL MK I t f
MK-CTRL Interface
Market External Interface
C t l
MK-PSMR Interface
ion
Control
Device
ControlExternal Interface
CTRL-MK Interface
System
CTRL-DEV InterfaceCTRL Engine
DEV-CTRL Interface
ControlExternal Interface
System
Info
rmat
Device SystemExternal InterfaceDevice
DEV-CTRL Interface SystemExternal Interface
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Distributed ParadigmgCentralized Paradigm Distributed Paradigm
Encapsulate Intelligence
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Autonomous Smart Grid ControlNuclear Power Plants
Natural GasTransmission
SystemDistributed storage Rooftop
S l
Smart Grid functionality restores the b l
Natural Gas Generators
Solar
balance Hydro power Distribution
SubstationsPHEV
plants SubstationsCustomers
Wind Farms
Home EnergyStorage
EnergyEfficiency
Solar Farms
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Distributed Intelligent ArchitecturegProsumer Prosumer
Prosumer Agent
Agent
Prosumer Agent
AGT-PSMR Interface AgentExternal
AgentExternal
Market Market External
Market External
AGT-MK InterfaceExternal Interface
External Interface
on
MK-AGT Interface
Control
External InterfaceEngine
ControlExternal
CTRL-MK Interface
MK-CTRL InterfaceExternal Interface
ControlExternal In
form
atio
Device
Interface
SystemExternal I t f
CTRL-DEV InterfaceCTRL Engine
D i
DEV-CTRL Interface
Interface
SystemExternal I t f
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InterfaceDevice Interface
Important Observationp
1 Smart Grid requires some intelligence1. Smart Grid requires some intelligence embedded IN the gridW d i h id “b i ”2. We need to give the grid a “brain” Actually we need multiple brains IN the grid
3. “Smartness” could be implemented using advanced software and hardware. But we need to understand the intelligence first!!
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Engineering Researchg g
1. Home Energy Optimizer
2. Smart Grid Simulator
3. Generalized Grid Applications
4. Learning Visualization
5. Autonomous HW Microgrid
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1. Home Energy Optimizergy p
Electricity Markets Calculate yReal-Time Locational Marginal Prices (LMP) LMP = f ( x, y, t) Utilities pass these prices on
to the consumer (either retail market or regulated price) Consumers respond to price.
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Home Energy Optimizergy p
Minimize Energy Cost Minimize Energy Cost
Subject to: tj Home appliance utilization and energy consumption PHEV charging cost and available schedule Energy storage capability Energy storage capability Heating/ air conditioning requirements, comfort limits Existing wind and solar sources Customer behavior
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Home Energy Optimizergy p
Microgrid Energy Optimizer
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Home Energy Optimizergy p
You Prosumer
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2. Smart Grid Simulator
Focuses on consumer behavior Focuses on consumer behavior Core algorithm is the home energy optimizer Uses distribution system software to aggregate Uses distribution system software to aggregate
statistical behavior of a collection of consumers Supports parametric simulation of various Supports parametric simulation of various
technology solutions and smart grid goals.
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Smart Grid Simulator
Impact of Distributed Generationfor losses reduction
30Realistic
Main generation
Distributed generation
LoadRealistic
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Load
46
Smart Grid Simulator
Impact of Storage for Losses Reduction
Energy demand
nominal
t
nominal
0am 12pm12am Realistic0am 12pm12am
Energy demand Energy
St
Energy Use
nominalStorage
Realistic
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0am 12pm12am t
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3. Generalized Grid Algorithmsg
Goal is to have intelligent distributed gridGoal is to have intelligent distributed grid algorithms. Transparent to PS stages (time dimension)p g ( ) Transparent to voltage levels and boundaries
(space dimension) Intelligent:
Executed proactively as needed by the layer Actively seek (negotiate) the needed informationActively seek (negotiate) the needed information Can handle granularity in a dynamic manner. Have learning capabilities
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Generalized Grid Algorithms
Dynamically
g
Expands/CollapsesNetwork Regions
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Generalized Grid AlgorithmsGeneralized Grid AlgorithmsTransparent Operations and Planning Stages Ability to use existing planning applications in
real-time to directly solve operations models. Ability for planners to work directly on, and fully
study, a real-time case in the off-line environment Seamless exchange of data models and Seamless exchange of data, models, and
simulations between planning and operations Full interoperability of EMS and planning at the p y p g
study and contingency solution level
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4. Learning Visualizationg
During the last decade the industry has made major g y jadvancements in power system visualization.
Situational awareness has been drastically enhanced.
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Learning Visualizationg
We are interested in the HM visualization process.p What analytics takes place during the visualization? How the operator learns from visualization?
tt
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Learning Visualizationg
Understanding is a key component of intelligenceg y p g Learning Visualization is the central piece of
operational intelligence.Intelligence
Learning/Knowledge
Understanding Decision MakingGoals
Environment/Situation
Sensing Actions
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/Situation
5. Autonomous HW Microgrid
Electric Power Systems Control Theory
Large-Scale Power Systems Classical Control
Energy Control Centers
Distribution Automation
Modern Control
Artificial Intelligence
Distributed Inverter Sources
Information/Smart Grid
Optimum/Robust Control
Social/Bio Networks
Microgrid Autonomous Control
Autonomous Microgrid Control
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g
5. Autonomous HW Microgridg
Principles drawn from:p Power System Control Networked Control Theory (Lyapunov Level) Multi agent theory Multi-agent theory Embedded Systems
Autonomous Agents Autonomy Reactivity Reactivity Pro-activity Social Ability
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Social Organization
5. Autonomous HW Microgridg
Agent Typesg yp Simple Reflex Agents State Based Agents Goal Based Agents Learning Agents
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Autonomous HW Microgridg
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Conclusions
Established consumer and prosumer needs Established consumer and prosumer needs Determined mapping of SG solution types to needs Need of “power system architecture” efforts Need of power system architecture efforts Based proposed layered architecture on the concept of
prosumer and formal distributed intelligent systemsprosumer and formal distributed intelligent systems. Currently working on various components of the
architecture in a demonstrable settingarchitecture in a demonstrable setting.
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Thanks!
P f S ti G ij lProf. Santiago [email protected](404) 894-2974
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