Distributed Generation & Hosting Capacity · NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Bibliography J....
Transcript of Distributed Generation & Hosting Capacity · NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Bibliography J....
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Distributed Generation &Hosting Capacity
Need for stochastic analysis
Tomas Yebra [email protected]
April 24, 2012
University of ManitobaPower System group
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1 Introduction
2 Hosting Capacity & Power
3 Hosting Capacity & Voltage
4 Hosting Capacity & Protection
5 Conclusions
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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Hosting Capacity & Power
3 Hosting Capacity & Voltage
4 Hosting Capacity & Protection
5 Conclusions
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Goals for Delivering Electric Energy
Power System
PRIMARY GOALS(Objectives)
• Voltage Quality
• Reliability
• TariffsHow is electricity
deliver?
SECONDARY GOALS(Engineering)
• Overload
• Stability
• Operational security
• Current quality
• . . .
Consumers TransmissionSystemOperators
DistributionSystemOperators
Regulator
CommandsEquipment
Deliverselectric energy
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS(INDICES)
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Performance IndicatorsIndices
Voltage
1 Overvoltage
2 Undervoltage
3 Voltage distortion
4 Imbalance
5 Flicker
Power
1 Overloded equipment
2 Losses
Current
1 Ampacity in cables
2 Harmonic distortion
Frequency
1 Overfrequency
2 Underfrequency
Reliability
1 Number of Outages
2 Number of voltage sags
3 Number of failures in equipment
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Hosting capacity
IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE
UNACCEPTABLE DETERIORATION
ACCEPTABLE DETERIORATION
NORMAL OPERATION
IMPROVEMENT
Limit of Improvement
Amount of generation (AG)
Per
form
ance
ind
ex(P
Idx)
Definition
The amount of distributed generation for which the performance becomesunacceptable.
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Hosting capacity
IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE
UNACCEPTABLE DETERIORATION
ACCEPTABLE DETERIORATION
NORMAL OPERATION
IMPROVEMENT
Limit of Improvement
Amount of generation (AG)
Per
form
ance
ind
ex(P
Idx)
Definition
The amount of distributed generation for which the performance becomesunacceptable.
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Hosting capacity
Definition
The amount of distributedgeneration for which the
performance becomesunacceptable or does not
improve.IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE
UNACCEPTABLE DETERIORATION
ACCEPTABLE DETERIORATION
NORMAL OPERATION
IMPROVEMENT
Limit of Improvement
Amount of generation (AG)
Per
form
ance
ind
ex(P
Idx)
(PIdx)
(AG)HG
(PIdx)
(AG)HG1 HG2
(PIdx)
(AG)
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Disturbance levels
Dis
turb
ance
Lev
el
Per
form
ance
Ind
ex
Immunity
Immunity level
Reference level
Planning level
Emission level
Emission
Load System Operator
SafetyNetwork
SafetyClient
ProbabilityEquip. Failure
Do notCross
Increase
Do notIncrease
ExpensiveEquipment
ExpensiveEquipment
• Reference level: The probability of equipment failure is low. International standards.
• If the Reference level is moved there are no incentives to improve the network.
• ⇑ Planning Level −→ ⇑ Hosting Capacity −→ ⇑ Emissions −→ ⇑ Risk System Operator
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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Hosting Capacity & Power
3 Hosting Capacity & Voltage
4 Hosting Capacity & Protection
5 Conclusions
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OverloadingFeeder
No Distributed generationPconsumed = PLB + PLC
Pdeliverd = PAB + PBC
No overload conditions
Pmaxdeliverd < Pmax
LB + PmaxLC ⇐ Consumers
Pmaxdeliverd < Pmax
AB + PmaxBC ⇐ Ampacity
ExampleA B CPmax
AB = 9MW PmaxBC = 3MW
PmaxLB = 4MW
PminLB = 1MW
PmaxLC = 2MW
PminLC = 1MW
Hosting capacityPdeliverd = Pconsumed − Pgenerated
Pmax1delivered = Pmax
consumed − Pmingenerated ⇐ Same case that no generation
Pmax2delivered = Pmax
generated − Pminconsumed ⇐ Change direction of power flow
Pmaxgenerated = Pmax2
delivered + Pminconsumed
No overload conditions
Pmaxgenerated < Pmax
consumed + Pminconsumed ⇐ 1stHosting capacity (HC1)
Pmaxgenerated < Pmax
feeder + Pminconsumed ⇐ 2stHosting capacity (HC2)
ExampleA PAB B
PLB
≤ 7MW
PGB
CPBC
PLC
4MW
PGC
PHC1AB = (4 + 2) + (1 + 1) = 8MW
PHC1BC = (2) + (1) = 3MW
PHC2AB = (9) + (1 + 1) = 11MW
PHC2BC = (3) + (1) = 4MW
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OverloadingImplications
Managing the risk
• Limits are deterministic.
• Minimum consumption is only a few hours per year.
• Maximum production occurs over a fraction of time.
• Probability of reaching the worst case scenerio (maximumproduction, minimum load) is very low.
• Stochastic approach• Measurement: Accurate data of consumer patterns.• Consumer: Acknowledge possible interruptions.• System Operator: Penalties for interruptions.
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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Hosting Capacity & Power
3 Hosting Capacity & Voltage
4 Hosting Capacity & Protection
5 Conclusions
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Voltage regulation
Parameters• Cross-section (A)
• Length, location (l)
• Reactance (α)
• Power factor (k)
• Nominal voltage (U)
Definition
R = ρl
A
α =X
R
k =Q
P
ZL = R + Xj = R(1 + αj)
I =1
V(P + Qj) =
P
V(1 + kj)
GRID
U
ZL = R + Xj
V
∼P,Q
Equations
∆V = |U − V | = |ZLI |
∆V = |R(1 + αj)P
V(1 + kj)|
∆V =PR
V|1− αk + (α + k)j |
∆V
V=
PR
V 2
√(1− αk)2 + (α + k)2
P =δVV 2
R
1√(1− αk)2 + (α + k)2
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Voltage regulationCross-section & Length
0 2 4 6 8 10 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Volt
age (
p.u
.)
50 mm2
100 mm2
200 mm2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 S(mm2 )
0
5
10
15
20
25
P H
ost
ing C
apaci
ty (
MW
)
0 2 4 6 8 10 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Volt
age (
p.u
.)
500 m1 km2 km
0 2 4 6 8 10 Position (km)
0
2
4
6
8
10
P H
ost
ing C
apaci
ty (
MW
)
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Voltage regulationNominal Voltage & Reactive power
0 5 10 15 20 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Volt
age (
p.u
.)
1.9 kV3.3 kV5.7 kV
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Nominal voltage (kV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P H
ost
ing C
apaci
ty (
MW
)
0 5 10 15 20 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Volt
age (
p.u
.)
XR
=0.2Q
P=0.15
XR
=0.85Q
P=0.4
XR
=1.5Q
P=0.667
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6XR
feeder or QP generator
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
P H
ost
ing C
apaci
ty (
MW
)
XR
Q
P
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Voltage regulationimplications
Factors
• HC ∝ cross-section.
• HC ∝ 1/location.
• HC ∝ voltage level.
• HC ∝ XR
and Q.
Stochastic approach
• The deterministic method:• Overvoltage: Lowest consumption and
maximum production.• Probability of suffering overvoltage or
undervoltage is zero.
• Worst-case scenerio is highly unlikely.
• Voltage regulators decrease HC, andincrease uncertainty.
• Risk analysis. Immunity level is high:Probability of failure is low.
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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Hosting Capacity & Power
3 Hosting Capacity & Voltage
4 Hosting Capacity & Protection
5 Conclusions
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Hosting Capacity & ProtectionMargin of coordination
GRID
Iup
BRK
ItripIdown
∼
Coordination
No generationImindown > Itrip Iup = 0
GenerationImindown > Itrip > Imax
up
0 2 4 6 8 10 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
I up, I dow
(A
)
Iup
Idow
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
I margin
(A
)
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Hosting Capacity & Protection
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
I margin
(A
)
5 km8 km
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Length of the feeder (Km)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
P H
ost
ing C
apaci
ty (
MW
)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 P Hosting Capacity (MW)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
I margin
(A
)
1 km4 km
0 1 2 3 4 5Position generation (Km)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
P H
ost
ing C
apaci
ty (
MW
)
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Hosting Capacity & ProtectionImplications
Summary
• ⇑ Generation =⇒ Uncoordination.
• ⇑ length feeder =⇒ ⇓ HC.
• Generation far from substation =⇒ ⇑ HC .
• Current protection is not a solution when the penetration is high.
Stochastic approach
• Different type of generation =⇒ Different contributions of faultycurrents.
• Generation is not present in the system at all times.
• ⇑ # trips 6=⇒ ⇑ # failures loads.
• Controlled island operation ⇑ reliability.
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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Hosting Capacity & Power
3 Hosting Capacity & Voltage
4 Hosting Capacity & Protection
5 Conclusions
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conclusions
Hosting capacity calculation
• The Hosting capacity concept can be applied to any otherperformance index that can be measured in the network suchas harmonics (THD, TDD,. . . ), imbalance, reliability (voltagesags, outages. . . ). . .
• A deterministic approach to calculate the hosting capacityunderestimates the potential of the current distributionsystem to integrate distributed generation in most ofperformance indecies.
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Bibliography
• J. Deuse, S. Grenard, and M.H.J. Bollen.”EU-DEEPintegrated project - technical implications of the“hosting-capacity” of the system for DER”. InternationalJournal of Distributed Energy Resources, 4(1) : 17-34, 2008.
• Bollen, M.H. and Hassan, F. “Integration of DistributedGeneration in the Power System”. Wiley-IEEE Press. 2011.
• Etherden, N. and Bollen, M.H.J.. “ Increasing the hostingcapacity of distribution networks by curtailment of renewableenergy resources”, PowerTech, 2011 IEEE Trondheim, 2011.
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The end
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