Distributed Control of AC/DC Microgrid Voltage Containing EVs · Distributed Control of AC/DC...
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Distributed Control of AC/DC
Microgrid Voltage Containing EVs
Meiqin Mao
Hefei University of Technology
2019-08-10 2019 Fort Collins Symposium on Microgrids 1
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Outlines
2019-08-10 2019 Fort Collins Symposium on
Microgrids
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Current status of electric vehicles
Introduction
Annual sales of EVs In China
Ten thousand Million
(2015-2040)Annual sales volume and forecast of global vehicle
EVs sales
Total vehicle sales
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Introduction
Challenges of EVs integration into power system
large-scale EVs integration
Disordered charging
Voltage fluctuations
Frequency fluctuations
Gird harmonic
distortion
Other
problems
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Introduction
AC&DC hybrid microgrid
Higher efficiency
Better Expandability
More reliable
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Outlines
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Microgrids
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Relationship between Voltage Deviation and Power Increment in AC-MGs
= =
P P
P θ M Nθ U
Q Q Q U / U K L U / U
θ U
Δ Δ Δ
Δ Δ Δ
Higher R/X in MGs
0; 0M L
In MGs:
1
= ( sin cos )
= ( sin cos )
ij i j ij ij ij ij
N
ij i j ij ij ij ij
jj i
M U U G B
M U U G B
=
−
− −
( sin cos )ij i ij ij ij ijL U G B = − +
=
−=
N
ijj
ijijijijjij BGUL
1
)cossin(
1
1
−
−
=
=
U / U N P
θ K Q
Δ Δ
Δ Δ
Relationship between voltage and power incensement in AC&DC-HMG
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Relationship between voltage and power incensement in AC&DC-HMG
Different from AC-MGs, the line of DC-MGs is only of the resistance characteristics
1/ − = U U N P
Thus, are mainly related to in the AC-MGs and DC-MGs
ΔU
ΔP
Relationship between Voltage Deviation and Power Increment in DC-MGs
1
1
11 12 11
2
21 22 112
2
1 24
Δ
...ΔΔ
...Δ
... ... ... .........
...ΔΔ
n
n n nn
n
n
U
UN N NP
UN N NP
U
N N NPU
U
=
The EVs are used as active power units to regulate the bus voltages
This paper:
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Outlines
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Microgrids
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Centralized algorithm
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
MGCC
1.Central controller.
2.High communication burden.
3. Communication period is longer.
4. Lower expandability.
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Decentralized algorithm - Gossip Algorithm
Local computer 1
Local computer 3
Local computer 5Local computer 4
Local computer 2
1.No central controller
2. Point to point
3. Multiple iterations
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Objective Function
2 2
REF
1 1
( ) ( ( ) U )N N
i i
i i
minF U U= =
= = − ΔP
voltage deviations
voltage magnitudes
power increments
maximin i iU U U
maximin i iP P P
s.t.
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Solution of the Proposed Model
( )
. . ( ) 0, 1,...j
min F x
s t g x j m =
By the penalty function method2
1
}))(,0(min{' =
+=
M
i
igFF x
1'
2F = +T Tx Hx c x
quadratic function
1−= −x* H c
optimal solution
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Solution of the Proposed Model
k k k= U P Cc U + P + C&
constant matrices
N* 1 U P C
1
(k k k C )*
i ij ij j ij j ij j
j
x P H U P−
=
= = + +1−= −x* H c
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Distributed Voltage Regulation Strategy for AC&DC-HMG
Voltage regulation processing : ◆ Internal regulation
◆ unified regulation 2019-08-10 2019 Fort Collins Symposium on
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
The whole voltage regulation processing
Stage 1: Each MG regulates its
voltages by distributed voltage
regulation algorithm.
Stage 2: There are six cases of
the second stage voltage
regulation.
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Distributed voltage regulation
algorithm
Six cases of the second stage
Six cases of the second step
Different cases correspond to different solutions.
Scenarios AC-MG voltages
EVs’ scheduling capacity
AC-MG voltages
EVs’ scheduling capacity
Case 1 ---- ----
Case 2 Enough Not enough
Case 3 Not enough Not enough
Case 4 Not enough Enough
Case 5 Not enough Not enough
Case 6 Not enough Not enough
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
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Outlines
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Microgrids topography
AC BUS0.4 KV
AC BUS0.4 KV
DC
AC
Bi-directional AC/DC
EV1
EV2
DC BUS0.75 KV
DC BUS0.75 KV
DC
DC
DC
DC
BT
PV
WT
PV
EV5
8
9
10
11
12
1314
16
20
21
22
23
2425
2627
15
17
18
19
EV3
32
1
7
6
5
4
EV4
Load
LoadLoad
Load
Load
Load
Simulation results and discussion
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Simulation results and discussion
Parameter setting Initial voltages
The initial voltages of AC-MG and DC-MG are mostly over limits
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Simulation results and discussion
Case 1
After voltage regulation for the first
stage, the voltage fluctuation is
within ±5%
1
2
3
0.1843
0.1056
0.95
EV
EV
EV
P MW
P MW
P MW
= −
= −
= −
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Simulation results and discussion
Case 2
After the first stage regulation, the node voltages are still mostly over the limits in DC-MG.
The solution of case 2 is launched.
Case 2*
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Simulation results and discussion
Case 2*
By using the scheme for case 2, the voltage regulation coordinated within AC-MG and DC-MG for the second stage is launched.
1
2
3
0.0931
0.8
0.45
0 1
0
4
5
EV
EV
EV
P MW
P MW
P MW
= −
=
= −
Optimal power of EV nodes
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Simulation results and discussion
Case 4After the first voltage regulation stage, there are still some node voltages over the limits in AC-MG.
The solution of case 4 is launched.
Case 4*
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Simulation results and discussion
Case 4*
By using the scheme for case 4, the voltage regulation coordinated within AC-MG and DC-MG for the second stage is launched
1
2
3
0.00956
0.1355
0.1566
EV
EV
EV
P MW
P MW
P MW
= −
=
= −
Optimal power of EV nodes
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Simulation results and discussion
Conclusions
➢ By the proposed method, the voltage deviation of the AC&DC-HMG can be stabilizedwithin 5% with power coordination between AC-MG and DC-MG with EVs connectedthe related nodes.
➢ In addition, each node regulates its voltage based on communication only withinneighboring nodes, thus reducing the burden for communications.
Future works
➢ We only considered the grid connection situation, and did not consider the situationwhen the EVs was connected in the island mode.
➢ The scheduling of electric vehicles can be optimized.
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Thank you!
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