Distillation

Setup to heat a solution

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42

Ring stand

Beaker

Wire gauze

Ring

Bunsen burner

long spout helpsvapors to condense

mixture for distillation placed in here

Furnace

Glass retortA Hero’s Fountain

Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13

A Distillation Apparatus

liquid with a soliddissolved in it

thermometer

condenser

tube

distillingflask

pure liquid

receiving flaskhose connected to

cold water faucetDorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282

The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

Salt remains after all water is boiled off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Separation of Sand from Salt1. Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a plastic spoon.

Follow this flowchart to make a complete separation.

Salt-crusted

sand.

Dry

sand.

Wetsand.

Weigh themixture.

Decant clearliquid.

Evaporateto

dryness.

Pour intoheat-resistant

container.

Fill with water.

Stir and letsettle 1 minute.

Weighsand.

Calculateweight of

salt.

Repeat3 times?

Yes

No

2. How does this flowchart insure a completeseparation?

Four-stroke Internal Combustion Engine

Different Types of Fuel Combustion

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

__CH3OH +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O

Methanol (in racing fuel)

Gasoline (octane)

Combustion Chamber

-The combustion chamber is the area where compression and combustion take place.

-Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct ratio.

•Methanol can run at much higher compression ratios, meaning that you can get more power from the engine on each piston stroke.

•Methanol provides significant cooling when it evaporates in the cylinder, helping to keep the high-revving, high-compression engine from overheating.

•Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished with water if there is a fire. This is an important safety feature.

•The ignition temperature for methanol (the temperature at which it starts burning) is much higher than that for gasoline, so the risk of an accidental fire is lower.

The Advantages of Methanol - Burning

Engines

•At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "high-performance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines.

•At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each stroke.

•The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in the high rpm.

A Race Car - Basic Information