Disposal
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Transcript of Disposal
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DisposalThermal Disposal and Other Methods
Adapted from the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal (2012)
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Thermal Disposal Methods
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
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• High-temperature combustion– Diesel fuel, propane, furnace, waste oils– Do NOT use gasoline
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents rendered non-infectious by –Minimum 1560oF for 15 minutes – Higher temperatures (1830oF) ideal
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Thermal Methods Overview
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• Contained environment• Fueled by diesel,
natural gas, propane • Emissions controlled• Highly efficient• Little residue (ash)• High fat carcasses
burn more quickly
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Fixed-Facility Incineration
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• On-site incinerators– Large animal production facilities, vet
schools/diagnostic laboratories, etc. – Limited continuous capacity
• Other waste incineration facilities–Municipal solid waste facilities, etc.– Unlikely to accept animal carcasses• Batch feed, and low heating value
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Fixed-Facility Incineration
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• History of used • “Uncontrolled” – Fuel and air inputs
not controlled• Incomplete/smoky,
low-temp combustion • Lengthy process• May be prohibited by States
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Open-Air Burning
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• Negative public perception– Use isolated areas – Use trained personnel– Involve fire authorities
• Open fields, pyres• Combustible materials
– Hay, straw, dry timbers
• Ash disposal / pathogen escapeUSDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Open-Air Burning
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• Combination of forced air and fuel used to burn carcasses or waste– Increased temperature– Accelerated combustion (up to 6x faster
than open-air burning)• Fan/manifold delivers high-velocity
air into metal box or burn pit• Mobile or fixed technology
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Air-Curtain Incineration
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• Systems vary in size and speed of throughput
• Can produce noise• Require fuel– Dry wood – Coal– Diesel (fire and fan)
• Produces ash
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Air-Curtain Incineration
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Other Disposal Procedures
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
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• Process – High temperatures (steam heat),
pressure, and pH (strong base)• Solid by-products and sterile aqueous
solution produced • On-site or fixed location• Low carcass capacity, but effective
against pathogens such as TSEs
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Alkaline Hydrolysis
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• Lactic acid fermentation – Ground carcasses mixed with lactic acid
bacteria and fermentable carbohydrates– Produces water, methane, CO2
• Does not inactivate prions• Process takes 7-10 days • Produces odors, store in sealed and
controlled-vented containers
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Anaerobic Digestion
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• Emerging thermal technology– Slow heating occurs in containers • Gasification and combustion chambers
– Batch or continuous process• Converts carcasses into gasses
and ash– Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
methane• Process takes up to 12 hours
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Gasification
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• Electrically generated heat used to ionize compressed air
• High temperatures (7000°C +)• Water is vaporized• Reduces biomass by 97%• Converts carcasses to rock-like
solid residue – Resistant to leaching
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Plasma Vitrification
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• FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines & SOP: Disposal (2012)– http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_h
ealth/emergency_management/
• Disposal web-based training module– http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
For More Information
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Authors• Reneé Dewell, DVM, MS (CFSPH)• Tom Glanville, PhD (Iowa State
University)
Significant contributions to the content were provided by USDA APHIS VS:• Lori P. Miller, PE• Darrel K. Styles, DVM, PhD
USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods
Guidelines Content
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AcknowledgmentsDevelopment of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services
PPT Author: Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPMReviewers: Janice Mogan, DVM; Reneé Dewell DVM, MS